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Magistrsko Delo UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA Oddelek za umetnostno zgodovino MAGISTRSKO DELO TINA LOVREC Maribor, 2016 UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA Oddelek za umetnostno zgodovino Magistrsko delo POHOD XIV. DIVIZIJE V LIKOVNIH UPODOBITVAH IN JAVNIH SPOMENIKIH Master's Thesis THE MARCH OF THE 14TH DIVISION IN ARTISTIC DEPICTIONS AND PUBLIC MONUMENTS Mentorica: Kandidatka: izr. prof. dr. Marjeta Ciglenečki Tina Lovrec Maribor, 2016 Lektorica: Tina Lorenčič, prof. slovenščine Prevajalka: Lara Jug, uni. dipl. prevajalka in tolmačinja za angleški jezik ZAHVALA Za nastanek magistrskega dela bi se najprej rada zahvalila mentorici, izr. prof. dr. Marjeti Ciglenečki, ki mi je vseskozi nudila vso potrebno pomoč in me s potrpežljivostjo vodila skozi nastajanje dela. Zahvaljujem se vsem, ki so mi med raziskovanjem priskočili na pomoč, ter vsem strokovnim delavcem, ki so odgovarjali na moja številna vprašanja. Hvala prevajalki Lari Jug, lektorici Tini Lorenčič in Morisu Krašovicu za pomoč pri tehnični ureditvi dela. Iskreno se zahvaljujem svoji družini, ki me je med študijem spodbujala in mi stala ob strani, ter nesebično verjela vame. Posebna zahvala gre tudi vsem prijateljem: P, K, T, T in še posebej tebi D. Koroška cesta 160 2000 Maribor, Slovenija IZJAVA Podpisana Tina Lovrec, rojena 20. 6. 1991, študentka Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Mariboru, študijskega programa 2. stopnje Umetnostna zgodovina in Pedagogika, izjavljam, da je magistrsko delo z naslovom Pohod XIV. divizije v likovnih upodobitvah in javnih spomenikih pri mentorici izr. prof. dr. Marjeti Ciglenečki avtorsko delo. V magistrskem delu so uporabljeni viri in literatura korektno navedeni; teksti niso prepisani brez navedbe avtorjev. ________________________ (podpis študenta-ke) Maribor, 25. 8. 2016 POVZETEK Vrhovni komandant narodnoosvobodilne vojske (NOV) in partizanskih odredov (PO) Jugoslavije, Josip Broz Tito (1892–1980), je novembra 1943 prvič predlagal, da bi na Štajersko poslali vojaško pomoč z namenom pospešitve narodnoosvobodilnega gibanja, mobilizacije in vojaške ter politične okrepitve slovenskega ozemlja. Za težavno nalogo je bila izbrana XIV. divizija, ki se je januarja 1944 iz Suhorja v Beli krajini odpravila na svoj legendarni pohod. Zaradi prejšnjih neuspelih prehodov čez reko Savo je divizija na Štajersko odšla po daljši in varnejši poti preko Hrvaške. Po mesecu dni so 6. februarja 1944 pri Sedlarjevem prekoračiti Sotlo in ponovno stopili na slovensko ozemlje. Pred njimi je bil eden najtežavnejših pohodov v zgodovini narodnoosvobodilnega boja (NOB). XIV. divizije sovražnik na njenem pohodu ni uspel pokončati, na kar opozarja dejstvo, da se je po koncu nemške ofenzive februarja 1944 ponovno zbrala, reorganizirala ter dodatno okrepila za nove borbe. V magistrskem delu je podrobneje prikazan celoten pohod XIV. divizije na Štajersko, od priprav na pohod do zaključnih akcij divizije v februarju 1944. Moj prispevek je zgolj kratek opis pohoda, delovanja XIV. divizije na Štajerskem in njene vloge v NOB. Osrednja tema so javni spomeniki, spominska znamenja, grobovi in grobišča kot tudi spominske plošče, posvečene XIV. diviziji in dogodkom z znamenitega pohoda; vsi opisani pomniki so bili sistematično pregledani in evidentirani. Izpostavljeni so tisti spomeniki in spominska obeležja, ki opominjajo na prelomne dogodke s pohoda ter borce XIV. divizije. Hkrati so omenjeni tudi drugi pomniki, ki jih lahko povežemo z omenjeno divizijo. Spominska obeležja so obravnavana po krajih, po katerih se je februarja 1944 gibala XIV. divizija, opremljena z osnovnimi podatki ter opisi. Spomenikom z večjo likovno vrednostjo sem namenilo nekoliko več pozornosti. V obdobju NOB so se izoblikovale določene kultne osebnosti, ki jih še danes povezujemo s prelomnimi dogodki iz slovenske osvobodilne vojne. V okviru raziskovanja XIV. divizije sem tako izpostavila dve vidnejši osebnosti: divizijskega fotoreporterja Jožeta Petka (1912–1945) in vodjo kulturniške skupine XIV. divizije Karla Destovnika - Kajuha (1922–1944). Ker je fotografija postala pomemben dokument o okoliščinah in grozodejstvih spopadov, sem v delo vključila še nekaj fotografij, ki jih je Petek posnel na pohodu. Izbrani posnetki divizijskega fotoreporterja vsebinsko dopolnjujejo izbrane spomenike in spominska obeležja. V zgodovini postavljanja javnih spomenikov na Slovenskem predstavlja 20. stoletje pomembno obdobje, saj smo v tem času dobili nešteto spominskih obeležij, s pomočjo katerih se je pomembno oblikovala naša narodna identiteta. Po letu 1945 in vse do srede sedemdesetih let je bilo postavljeno veliko število spomenikov NOB, katerih recepcija pa je v zadnjem obdobju na pomembni preizkušnji. Izbrani primeri spomeniških obeležij, posvečenih XIV. diviziji, nas opominjajo na vlogo, ki jim je pripisana v okviru kolektivnega spomina in memorialne dediščine. Ključne besede: XIV. divizija, NOB na Štajerskem, javni spomeniki, spominska obeležja, fotografija, Jože Petek, Karel Destovnik - Kajuh, kolektivni spomin, memorialna dediščina. ABSTRACT The supreme commander of the National Liberation Army (NLA) and Partisan Detachments (PD) of Yugoslavia, Josip Broz Tito (1892–1980) suggested sending military help to Styria in order to promote National Liberation Movement, mobilization and military and political reinforcement of Slovenian territory in November 1943. The 14th Division had been chosen for this difficult task, which set off on its legendary march in January 1944 from Suhor in White Carniola. Because of the previous failed crossings over the Sava River, the Division chose longer and safer path across Croatia. After a month, they crossed Sotla at Sedlarjevo on 6th February 1944 and reentered Slovenian territory. One of the most difficult marches in the history of National Liberation Movement (NLM) was ahead of them. The 14th Division on its march was not destroyed by its enemy, which is pointed out by the fact, that the Division was reassembled, reorganized and reinforced for new battles after the end of the German invasion in February 1944. The thesis describes in detail the whole march of the 14th Division in Styria; from the preparations for the march to the final actions of the Division in February 1944. My contribution is merely a brief description of the march, its activities in Styria and roles in the NLA. The main subjects are public monuments, memorials, graves and cemeteries, as well as monumental plaques, dedicated to the 14th Division and the events that occurred on this noted march. All monuments were systematically examined and recorded. The monuments and memorials that remind us of the turning points of the march and the 14th Division marchers are pointed out. At the same time, other monuments that can be connected to the Division are also mentioned. The memorials are discussed based on locations, where the 14th Division was located in February 1944, fitted with basic data and descriptions. I brought more attention to the monuments with higher artistic value. During the NLA period, certain cult personalities that are nowadays still connected to the turning points of the Slovenian Liberation War were shaped. In the context of research on the 14th Division, I pointed out two more known personas: the Division photo reporter Jože Petek (1912–1945) and the leader of the cultural group of the 14th Division Karel Destovnik - Kajuh (1922–1944). Because photography has become an important document on circumstances and war atrocities, I added some photographs, which were taken by Petek while on the march. The selected photographs taken by the Division photo reporter substantially complement the selected monuments and memorials. The 20th century is a very important period in the history of building monuments in Slovenia, since numerous memorials from this period importantly helped to create our national identity. A large number of monuments dedicated to the NLA were built after 1945 by mid-seventies; however their acceptance has been put to a test in the last period. The selected memorials dedicated to the 14th Division remind us of the role attributed to them in the terms of collective memory and memorial heritage. Key words: The 14th Division, NLA of Styria, public monuments, memorials, photography, Jože Petek, Karel Destovnik - Kajuh, collective memory, memorial heritage. KAZALO VSEBINE 1 UVOD .......................................................................................................... 1 2 XIV. DIVIZIJA – OD USTANOVITVE DO REORGANIZACIJE ......... 3 2.1 Štajerska v letih 1943 in 1944 ................................................................ 6 2.2 Ustanovitev XIV. divizije .................................................................... 11 2.3 Pohod XIV. divizije na Štajersko ......................................................... 16 2.4 Usoda XIV. divizije ............................................................................. 31 3 SPOMIN NA XIV. DIVIZIJO V JAVNIH SPOMENIKIH IN SPOMINSKIH OBELEŽJIH .......................................................................... 35 3.1 Spomeniško kiparstvo in spomeniki NOB v Sloveniji .......................... 36 3.2 Spomeniki, posvečeni XIV. diviziji in spominu na pohod v letu 1944 .. 44 3.3 Drugi spomeniki XIV. divizije drugod po Sloveniji ........................... 108 3.4 Pohod skozi Hrvaško ......................................................................... 137 4 XIV. DIVIZIJA IN NJENE UPODOBITVE NA FOTOGRAFIJAH ... 140 4.1 Jože Petek (1912–1945) ....................................................................
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