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Opportunities in the Fusion Energy Sciences Program

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Opportunities in the Fusion Energy Sciences Program Cover design adapted with permission of the Contemporary Physics Education Project from the wall chart “Fusion—Physics of a Fundamental Energy Source” (http://FusEdWeb.pppl.gov/CPEP/chart.html). OPPORTUNITIES IN THE FUSION ENERGY SCIENCES PROGRAM June 1999 Prepared by the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee for the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy On the World Wide Web: http://wwwofe.er.doe.gov/More_HTML/FESAC_Charges_Reports.html ii PREFACE This document has been prepared in response to a charge to the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee (FESAC) from Dr. Martha Krebs, Director of the Department of Energy’s Office of Science: ... to make final a program plan for the fusion energy science program by the end of 1999 (FY). Such a program plan needs to include paths for both energy and science goals taking into account the expected overlap between them. The plan must also address the needs for both magnetic and inertial confinement options. It will have to be specific as to how the U.S. program will address the various overlaps, as well as international collaboration and funding constraints. Finally, this program plan must be based on a ‘working’ consensus (not unanimity) of the community, otherwise we can’t move for- ward. Thus I am turning once again to FESAC. I would like to ask FESAC’s help in two stages. First, please prepare a report on the opportunities and the requirements of a fusion energy science pro- gram, including the technical requirements of fusion energy. In preparing the report, please consider three time-scales: near-term, e.g., 5 years; mid-term, e.g., 20 years; and the longer term. It would also be useful to have an assess- ment of the technical status of the various elements of the existing program. This document should not exceed 70 pages and should be completed by the end of December 1998, if at all possible. I would expect to use this work, as it progresses, as input for the upcoming SEAB review of the magnetic and Inertial Fusion Energy Programs. A FESAC Panel was set up to prepare the document. The Panel decided to follow the approach used in the preparation of the reports from the Yergin Task Force on Strategic Energy Research and Development of June 1995 and from the National Laboratory Directors on Technology Opportunities to Reduce U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions of October 1997. As a first step, a two-page description of each of the main topical areas of fusion energy sci- ences was obtained from key researchers in that area. The descriptions give the status and prospects for each area in the near-term, midterm, and longer term, discussing both opportu- nities and issues. These two-pagers are published as a separate report. The two-pagers were used as background information in the preparation of this overview, Opportunities in Fusion Energy Sciences Program. FESAC thanks all of those who participated in this work. iii iv CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. xiii 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 THE SCIENCE OF FUSION ................................................................................. 1-1 1.2 THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH ............................................................................................................ 1-2 1.3 TWO PATHWAYS TO FUSION ENERGY........................................................ 1-3 1.4 THE DOE AND WORLD FUSION PROGRAMS.............................................. 1-5 1.5 THE FUTURE PROGRAM ................................................................................... 1-5 1.6 OUTLINE OF REPORT......................................................................................... 1-8 2. FUSION ENERGY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY............................................... 2-1 2.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Fusion Fuel Cycles.................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.2 Environmental and Safety Aspects of Fusion Energy Production......... 2-2 2.1.3 Fusion Confinement Concepts ................................................................. 2-3 2.1.4 Progress in Fusion Energy Research........................................................ 2-5 2.2 MAGNETIC FUSION ENERGY .......................................................................... 2-6 2.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 2-6 2.2.2 Physics of Magnetic Confinement ........................................................... 2-8 2.2.3 Path to Magnetic Fusion Energy .............................................................. 2-17 2.2.4 Opportunities in MFE ............................................................................... 2-33 2.2.5 Longer Term Opportunities...................................................................... 2-40 2.2.6 Technology Opportunities ........................................................................ 2-42 2.3 THE INERTIAL FUSION PATHWAY TO FUSION ENERGY ....................... 2-55 2.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 2-55 2.3.2 ICF Target Physics.................................................................................... 2-57 2.3.3 An IFE Development Pathway for Lasers and Ion Beams..................... 2-69 2.3.4 IFE Drivers ................................................................................................ 2-72 2.3.5 IFE Fusion Target Concepts and Design................................................. 2-76 2.3.6 IFE Chamber and Target Technology R&D ........................................... 2-79 2.3.7 Target Injection and Tracking .................................................................. 2-86 2.3.8 Target Fabrication ..................................................................................... 2-87 2.3.9 Safety and Environment............................................................................ 2-88 3. SCIENTIFIC CONTEXT OF FUSION RESEARCH.................................................. 3-1 3.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Plasma Science.......................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.2 Conceptual Tools....................................................................................... 3-2 3.1.3 Evolution of Fusion Science..................................................................... 3-2 v 3.2MAJOR TOPICAL AREAS IN PLASMA SCIENCE......................................... 3-4 3.2.1 Hamiltonian Dynamics............................................................................. 3-4 3.2.2 Long Mean-Free Path Plasmas................................................................. 3-4 3.2.3 Turbulence................................................................................................. 3-5 3.2.4 Dynamo and Relaxation............................................................................ 3-6 3.2.5 Magnetic Reconnection............................................................................ 3-6 3.2.6 Wave Propagation..................................................................................... 3-7 3.2.7 Nonneutral Plasmas................................................................................... 3-7 3.2.8 Electrostatic Traps..................................................................................... 3-9 3.2.9 Atomic Physics..........................................................................................3-10 3.2.10Opacity in ICE/IFE...................................................................................3-10 3.2.11Plasma Diagnostics...................................................................................3-11 3.2.12Computer Modeling of Plasma Systems..................................................3-11 3.2.13Advanced Computation............................................................................3-12 3.2.14Dense Matter.............................................................................................3-13 3.2.15Laboratory Astrophysics...........................................................................3-14 3.3MAJOR TOPICAL AREAS IN ENGINEERING SCIENCE..............................3-14 3.3.1 Bulk Materials Science.............................................................................3-14 3.3.2 Surface Materials Science and Atomic Physics......................................3-15 3.3.3 Heat Transfer at Liquid/Vacuum Interfaces............................................3-16 3.3.4 Ablation, Radiation Gas Dynamics, and Condensation..........................3-16 3.3.5 Neutron and Photon Transport in Materials............................................3-17 3.3.6 Pebble Bed Thermomechanics.................................................................3-17 4. NEAR-TERM APPLICATIONS..................................................................................
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