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PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Sehie� B - No. 49 T'IN: A HISTORICAL STUDY by David Filbeck Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Filbeck, D. Tin: A historical study. B-49, vi + 117 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1978. DOI:10.15144/PL-B49.cover ©1978 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUIS TICS is published through the Lingui��ic Ci�cl e 06 C�nbe��� and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCAS IONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender, University of Hawaii N.D. Liem, University of Hawaii D. Bradley, Auscralian National J. Lynch, University of Papua University New Guinea A. Capell, University of Sydney K.A. McElhanon, University of S. Elbert, University of Hawaii Texas K. Franklin, Summer Institute of H. McKaughan, University of Hawaii Linguistics P. MUhlh�usler, Technische W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of Universitnt Berlin Linguistics G.N. O'Grady, University of G. Grace, University of Hawaii Victoria, B.C. M.A.K. Halliday, University of K. Pike, University of Michigan; Sydney Summer Institute of Linguistics A. Healey, Summer Institute of E.C. Polom�, University of Texas Linguistics E. Uhlenbeck, University of Lei.den L. Hercus, Auscralian National J.W.M. Verhaar, University of Universicy Indonesia, Jakarta ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PA CIFIC LINGUIS TICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary , PACIFIC LINGUIS TICS, Department of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University , Canberra, A.C.T. 2600 . Australia . Copyright David Filbeck. First published(§) 1978. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 172 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER ONE - THE T'IN: AN ETHNOLINGUISTIC INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Lo cation and Population 1 1.2. Ethnonyms 2 1.3. Place of Origin 7 1.4. Some Sociolinguistic Considerations 8 1.5. Collection of Data 11 CHAPTER TWO - LINGUISTIC CLASSIFICATION 13 2.1. Men-Khmer 13 2.2. Alternative Classifications. 14 2.3. Evidence for Men-Khmer Classification 16 2.4. Subgroupings Within Men-Khmer 24 2.5. Goal of Study 27 2.6. Results of Re construction 29 CHAPTER THREE - PROTO-MAL 33 3.1. The Mal Dialects 33 3.2. Phonemics of Proto-Mal 36 3.2.1. Some Phonological Changes in Dialect C 44 3.2.2. Parenthetical Elements 44 3.2.3. On the Reconstruction of Proto-Mal */r/ 47 3.2.4. Preaspiration in Proto-Mal 48 3.2.4.1. Me tathesis in Dialects B and C 49 3.2.4.2. On */hl)/ 52 3.2.4.3. The Second or Double Asterisk Series of Preaspiration 52 3.2.4.4. On ***/hl)/ 53 3.2.4.5. Why Multiple Series? 54 3.2.5. Miscellanea 61 3.3. On Subgrouping in Proto-Mal 62 i11 iv CHAPTER FOUR - PROTO-PRAY 67 4.1. The Pray 67 4.2. The Data 69 4.3. Phonemics of Proto-Pray 70 4.3.1. Parenthetical Elements 74 4.3.2. Distributional Problems 76 4.3.3. Some Etymological Difficulties 76 4.3.4. Mi scellanea 78 4.4. On Dialectal Differentiation in Pray 79 CHAPTER FIVE - PROTO-T'IN 86 5.1. Reconstructing Proto-T'in 86 5.2. Phonemics of Proto-T 'in 87 5.2.1. Parenthetical Elements 92 5.2.2. Distributional Problems 95 5.2.3. On /si?V/ in Pray 96 4.2.4. Preaspiration in Proto-T'in 98 5.2.5. Miscellanea 102 5.3. On Dialect Di fferentiation on Proto-T'in 103 5.4. Conclusion 106 BIBLIOGRAPHY 108 MAPS vi & 68 v Thi s monograph is the dissertation I wrote fo r the Ph .D. degree at Indiana University in 1971 . Fo r this publication I have in­ cluded in the opening chapter more ethno­ graphic material about the T'in tribe than what was in the original . The rest of the material , however, remains unchanged. David Filbeck , Lincoln Chris tian Seminary Lincoln, Illinois 1975 . vi THE T' IN IN THAILAND AND LAOS r, \..., ( BURMA I LAOS o Chiengral I Luang r- \ / Prabang 0 ,---..;-/'- ) ".­ \ ) ( \ I r ( \ o Chlengmai ...... ) '---- / \ � \.."'" Lampang 0 I " \ ".- � / ) ( ( / I '\ ( rr- \ { ".­ "- \ / \. \J l.. '" Mal Pray/P'ai o 50 100 '--' --"------'-,--'- -' kilometres Filbeck, D. Tin: A historical study. B-49, vi + 117 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1978. DOI:10.15144/PL-B49.cover ©1978 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. CHAPTER ONE THE T'IN: AN ETHNOLINGUISTIC INTRODUCTION 1.1. LOCATION ANV POPULATION The T'in are mo untain dwellers , located mainly in Amphurs Pua, Chiang Klang and Thung Chang, the three northe rnmost districts of Nan Province , Thailand . Also , four T'in villages are reportedly locat ed in Mae Charim sub-district of Amphur Muang Nan , and one village in Amphur Sa which is located sout h of Amphur Muang. Statistics from the Tribal Research Centre of Chiang Mai University report 96 T'in villages in Nan Province with a total population of 23,397 tribal people . However , these two figure s appear too low . I personally know of several T'in villages that have not been listed by the Tribal Re search Centre . LeBar et al . ( 1964) state that there are ove r 120 T'in vi llages with a total population estimated anywhere from 12 ,000 to 35 ,000; another 5,000 to 6 ,000 T'in are reportedly locat ed in Sayaboury Province in Laos . The figure 23,397, the population given for the T'in in Thailand , appears inflated on one account . Several T'in village s have been up­ rooted and resettled into three tribal re fugee centres. Statistics compiled for September 1973 from each of these centres reveal the fo l­ lowing count of T'in re fugees: the Pa Klang Centre outside of Pua con­ tains twelve former T'in villages and a T'in population of 2,307 people; Don Keo in Chiang Klang contains five former T'in villages with a population of 537 people ; and Phae Klang in Thung Chang consists of six former T'in village s with a population of 1,202 people . Many of the fo rmer villages in these three centres , and their populations , are listed by the Tribal Research Centre as still be ing located in the mo untains. In other words the population of some T'in villages are listed twice and the duplications added on to make the grand total of 23,379 people of the T'in tribe in Thailand . How much duplication 1 Filbeck, D. Tin: A historical study. B-49, vi + 117 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1978. DOI:10.15144/PL-B49.1 ©1978 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 2 has occurred in compiling the statistics on the T'in found at the Tribal Re search Centre is difficult to assess. This makes a final estimat ion of the population of the T'in tribe in Thailand even more di fficult to arrive at . Yet a round figure of 25 ,000, which would take into account the omission of village s noted above and the dupli­ cation pointed out next , is perhaps not too wide of the mark . 1.2. ETHNONYMS The ethnonym T'in is a Thai term applied by the Thai to the people who are the subject of this monograph. Srisavasdi (1963) writes this word in Thai with a rising tone ( t'in ) ; however, this writer has never heard it pronounced this way . I have always heard it with a low tone ( t'in ) . The romanized spelling in the literat ure has varied also . In LeBar et al . (1964) , as in this monograph , the apostrophe indicates that the phoneme It I is aspirated . In Filbeck (1964 ) the convention Th in was used to indi cate aspiration . Young (1961) uses Htln. This unusual devi ce for symbolizing the aspirated It I is probably to be traced back to Mr. Young's background in the Lahu language . The romanized script devi sed fo r Lahu in Burma symbolizes all aspirated stops by writ ing the Ihl fi rst : Ihp ht hk hk'i which in turn formed the basis fo r the spell­ ing of Htin . Haas (1964) defines It 'lnl as meaning a place , an area , or a location. The Thai compound Ichaw t'lnl re�ers to the native inhabitants of an area . It is this complete designation that is sometime s heard applied to the T'in. It is also some time s understood that these people are there fore the original inhab itants of this part of Thailand , with the Tha i making a later appearance . Moreover, the term Ichaw t I Inl seems to have a derogatory flavour and it ha s been reported to me that some of the T'in are offended by its use . While T'in has entered the literature as a quasi-official name for this group , we must realize that in reality there is no such group .
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