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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting ANIMALS, FOOD, AND SOCIAL LIFE AMONG THE PRE-COLUMBIAN TAINO OF EN BAS SALINE, HISPANIOLA By MICHELLE J. LEFEBVRE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2015 © 2015 Michelle J. LeFebvre To Neill and Lydia Jane ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many people who have knowingly and unknowing contributed to the completion of this dissertation that it almost seems unfair that I am the sole author. I offer my heart felt gratitude to them all. Among those I thank by name here, I must begin with my graduate advising committee. Susan deFrance, William Keegan, Kitty Emery, Kathleen Deagan, and David Steadman have all graciously invested time, encouragement, knowledge, and resources into my graduate career and studies. This dissertation would not be possible without their excellent mentorship and support. I thank deFrance, Keegan, Emery, and Deagan for providing funding during my graduate career. Also, deFrance provided several opportunities to expand my breadth of research experience for which I am extremely appreciative. Also critical to the successful completion of this dissertation are Elizabeth Wing and Nicole Cannarrozzi. Both scholars graciously and with much encouragement have allowed me to spend the last four years manipulating and analyzing their previous work on the En Bas Saline faunal assemblage. Under the direction of Elizabeth Wing, laboratory assistants Karla Bosworth, Erika Simons, and Laura Kozuch analyzed many of the faunal samples used in this study, and I am grateful for the opportunity to work with the data. I thank the many collection managers at the Florida Museum of Natural History that have assisted me with access to comparative materials. Also, this dissertation benefited from funding provided through the University of Florida’s Department of Anthropology’s Charles H. Fairbanks Award. I thank Karen Jones, Juanita Bagnall, Patricia King, and Pamela Freeman from the Department of Anthropology office for their clerical support as well as consistent good nature and willingness to answer questions. 4 Finally, the editors and editorial staff at UF were wonderful to work with and I appreciate their time and expertise. Debra Wells created many of the figures included in Chapter 3. In addition to my “academic circle”, several friendships have sustained me and supported me throughout this dissertation research. I appreciate all the people I have had the pleasure of sharing space and time with in the Environmental Archaeology Laboratory at the Florida Museum of Natural History. I have, and continue to, learn from such interactions, debates, and discussions. In particular, I thank Meg Blessing and Nicole Cannarrozzi for so much and then some. Several people beyond the University of Florida have also helped me along the way with both their friendship and collegial encouragement. Tanya Peres, Christina Giovas, Betsy Carlson, and Sharyn Jones are constant sources of inspiration to me both professionally and personally. Scott Fitzpatrick and the entire Carriacou team are, in my opinion, exemplary colleagues both in and out of the field. I thank my family, especially my parents, for an unbelievable amount of love, acceptance, and most importantly acknowledgement of this accomplishment and what it means to me. Also, I thank them for the books and babysitting! My family-in-law, too, has been a constant source of support and encouragement. I could not ask for better and I am so glad they live at the beach. My aunt has also provided a consistent source of enthusiasm and care. This dissertation project has also benefitted from the near constant companionship of Kiko, my furry “faithful steed”. Finally, I offer my deepest gratitude to my husband, Neill Wallis, for his support and near equal determination that I complete this project. My graduate career at the University of Florida has given me not only advanced degrees, but it has also given me 5 him and our daughter, Lydia Jane. For those two reasons alone, the pursuit and completion of this dissertation will always be one of the best things I have ever done. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... 11 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 13 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 18 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO STUDY ................................................................................. 22 The Zooarchaeology of Social Complexity .............................................................. 23 Approaches to Social Inequality: Zooarchaeological Evidence for Social Status ............................................................................................................ 25 Text-aided .................................................................................................. 26 Ethno-zooarchaeology ............................................................................... 31 Approach to the Zooarchaeology of Caribbean Social Complexity ................... 33 Study Expectations and Research Goals ................................................................ 35 Organization of the Dissertation .............................................................................. 39 2 THE TAINO ............................................................................................................. 43 Structure of the Chapter .......................................................................................... 43 The “Taíno” ............................................................................................................. 44 Sources of Information and Inspiration ................................................................... 48 What We “Know”: Taíno Socio-Politics ................................................................... 49 Social Organization, Kinship, Politics, and Power ............................................ 50 Competition, Social Status, and Village Sociality ............................................. 53 Summary of Taíno Socio-Politics ..................................................................... 56 What We “Know”: Animal Use and Significance among the Taíno ......................... 57 Food-Based Exploitation and Use of Animals .................................................. 58 Vertebrate Animal Consumption ....................................................................... 59 Invertebrate Animal Consumption .................................................................... 63 Non-Food Use and Significance of Animals ..................................................... 64 Secondary non-food use and significance ................................................. 65 Primary non-food use and significance ...................................................... 69 Symbolic significance ................................................................................. 70 Summary of Food and Non-Food Uses of Animals among the Taíno .............. 72 What we “Know”: Animals and Taíno Sociality ....................................................... 73 Gender, Animal Exploitation, and Food ............................................................ 74 The Sociality of Food Presentation and Consumption ...................................... 76 7 The Sociality of Bodily Adornment .................................................................... 77 Summary of Animals and Taíno Sociality ......................................................... 78 3 EN BAS SALINE: THE NATURAL SETTING, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE, AND ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL SAMPLES ..................................................................... 81 En Bas Saline: The Geographic and Natural Setting .............................................. 81 Hispaniola ......................................................................................................... 82 Haiti and En Bas Saline .................................................................................... 85 Archaeology at En Bas Saline ................................................................................ 88 Zooarchaeological Research at En Bas Saline ................................................ 92 Methods of Excavation and Zooarchaeological Specimen Recovery ............... 97 The Zooarchaeological Samples .......................................................................... 100 A Collections-Based Study: Data Generation, Access, and Permission ......... 100 A Collections Based Study: Parameters and Considerations of Study ........... 101 Zooarchaeological Sample Selection ............................................................. 103 Selected Samples and Provenience Descriptions .......................................... 105 Garden B samples ................................................................................... 105 Garden C samples ................................................................................... 106 Garden E samples ..................................................................................
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