DOCSLIB.ORG

Hans Zinsser: a Tale of Two Cultures

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hans Zinsser: a Tale of Two Cultures YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 72 (1999), pp. 341-347. Copyright © 2000. All rights reserved. ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Hans Zinsser: A Tale of Two Cultures William C. Summers Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Hans Zinsser, president ofthe Society ofAmerican Bacteriologists in 1926, was known as muchfor his literary and textbook writing asfor his scientific contributions. He was a widely known scien- tist andperson ofletters. His early interests in poetry and otherforms ofliterature were maintained and developed during his career as a microbiologist, and his most enduring legacy is based on his writing about microbiologyfor a general readership as well as his reflective andphilosophical auto- biography. Hans Zinsser (1878-1940) was presi- there have always been people, with erudi- dent of the Society of American Bacteriol- tion, learning and talent to spare, who have ogists in 1926. At that time, he was 48 made their marks in both science and the years old and Professor of Bacteriology arts: recall that science was Goethe's day- and Immunology at Harvard Medical job; Alexandr Borodin was a famous clin- School (Figure 1). It is likely that Zinsser ical chemist; and Arthur Conan Doyle was is one of the few early Society presidents a family physician. Perhaps even Steven J. whose name is still recognized by current Gould of our own time will be remem- students of microbiology. Such fame may bered for his graceful stories of living result from some astounding discovery, things long after his theory of punctuated such as Oswald Avery's work on trans- equilibrium is on the dust heap of history, forming DNA; or because of eponymic replaced by newer versions of the truth. immortality such as Rebecca Lancefield's While Hans Zinsser is not the record- immunological classifications; or because holder for authorship of the most durable of authorship of enduring works of schol- textbook, his Text Book of Bacteriology, arship or pedagogy, such as the case for first published in 1911 with Philip Hanson David Bergey and his Manual ofDetermi- Hiss, is still current in its 20th edition, native Bacteriology. Hans Zinsser's mem- published in 1992, under the editorship of ory lives on for this latter reason: he was a a distinguished group of microbiologists gifted writer of both textbooks and literary [1]. His 1914 text Infection and Resistance works. Today we marvel at individuals went through five editions, the last one who bridge C.P. Snow's Two Cultures, but published in 1939 with coauthors John F. a To whom all correspondence should be addressed: William C. Summers, Yale University School of Medicine. 333 Cedar St. New Haven, CT 06520-8040. Fax: 203-785-6309; E- mail: [email protected]. 341 342 Summers: Hans Zinsser Figure 1. Hans Zinsser (1878-1940). Photograph courtesy of American Society of Micro- biology. Enders and LeRoy D. Fothergill [2]. Hans Zinsser was born in 1878 in New Clearly, Zinsser had a gift for the written York city into a liberal German family with word. close ties to the socialists involved in the Hans Zinsser represents an increas- 1847 uprisings in Germany". Indeed, ingly rare intellectual tradition, that of Zinsser's father, an entrepreneurial indus- amateurism. Not amateur in the modem trial chemist, is buried next to Carl Schurz, sense of bumbling incompetence, but ama- one of the great German-American leaders teur in its older etymological sense, that is of his time. Hans was raised in a home of for doing something for the pure love of it. intellectual culture and privilege, with He was a scientist without a Ph.D; he was summers in Europe, private tutors, a-rd the a writer without having lived in Blooms- time and tranquility to leam to ride well, to bury; and he was an educator and leader play the violin, and to become fluent in simply by his own nature. several languages. In due course, he attend- In this brief review, I will consider ed Columbia University and concentrated Zinsser's work in what we (artificially, I his studies in the Comparative Literature think) divide into two domains of thought: department. He was particularly influenced science and literature. It is in the latter by the professor in that department, George domain, I would suggest, that Zinsser Woodberry, and a year after graduation, made his lasting contributions. Zinsser and a close friend, William A. b A general reference on Zinsser's life is found in The Biographical Memoirs ofthe National Acad- emy of Sciences [3]. Summers: Hans Zinsser 343 Bradley (1878-1939) published a small embryology of the mouse, and he also did book of their poems and dedicated the vol- extra work in bacteriology. His first scien- ume to Woodberry [4]. tific publication, it seems, was in 1903, the How Hans came to science from such year of his graduation from medical literary beginnings is described in his school, and was on the effect of radium autobiography (although one must be sus- emanations on bacteria. He obtained a picious of such memories of the elderly position as house physician at Roosevelt trying to make some logical sense of their Hospital in New York City, and after two youth, I suggest we accept this account years there, he joined a classmate in a with that caveat): small private practice of general medicine In my sophomore year, while in the Woodber- in New York. Again, in his own words (in rian poetic exaltation, and feeling much of the the third person): time like a young Shelley, I threw a snowball . .,,finding that there was no competitive across the campus at a professor emerging demand for his talents in any of the medical from the Natural Science Building. It was a laboratories, [he] established himself, for a prodigious shot, a good hundred yards, I time, as a practitioner in New York. He was think. I hit him in the ear, knocked his hat off, not a success, though the experience did a and had the time to disappear around the cor- great deal to develop his judgement. Yet his ner. I had nothing against him. It was an heart was never in practice. From the very impulse, and a happy one, because I became beginning, he retained a place for work in the guiltily conscious of him, thereafter, and laboratories of the College of Physicians and eventually I took one of his courses as a sort Surgeons, where he was usually to be found of apologetic gesture . and it was he who when some patient asked for him. When he awakened in me the realization of the philo- was telephoned for and conscientiously sophical implications of scientific fact. There rushed to his office, he was so obviously were great teachers of science at Columbia in annoyed by the interruption that few tried him those days, and the junior year - largely more than once. That sort of thing doesn't owing to the inspiration of the man whom I help" [5, p. 154]. had hit in the ear - found me, without cutting loose from the Department of Comparative Fortunately for Zinsser, for he report- Literature, feeling as though I had suddenly ed income of $1,100, against expenses of entered a new world of wonders and revela- $6,000 that year, he was offered a full-time tions, on the top floor of Schermerhorn Hall job at Columbia in 1908 as Instructor in under the reign of Edmund B. Wilson, and Bashford Dean [5, pp. 47-48]. Bacteriology. This was a busy period: he published the first edition of the Text Book Such random events and contingen- of Bacteriology with Philip Hanson Hiss, cies, of course, are what determine the Jr., with whom he also worked on the role courses of our lives, contrary to the beliefs of "leukocytic extracts" on infections. of many of my always anxious and over- Zinsser's reputation was growing so that in programmed young friends. 1910 he was offered, and accepted, the The practical necessity of a career Headship of the Department of Bacteriol- which provided a livelihood appeared to ogy at Stanford University. He went to be the main consideration that led Zinsser Stanford with some trepidation, however, to enter medical school at Columbia in because of the admonition of Jacques 1899. Opportunities for a paying job as a Loeb, the famous biologist from the Rock- scientist were uncertain at best, but medi- efeller Institute, against the flamboyant cine might allow him to follow his inter- president of Stanford, David Starr Jordan. ests in science while still earning a living. Loeb counseled Zinsser: While in medical school he completed a A man of your temperament will stand it thesis for the M.A. degree on the early about six months. Then you will come to me 344 Summers: Hans Zinsser to help you get anotherjob. But if you wish to role of these proteose-like substances in be a success at Stanford, work on fish. Jordan himself, when he works at all, works on fish. immunological reactions. He counts the scales on their behinds. [every- Through the work of Michael Heidel- one] works on fish. The geologists, the berger and Oswald Avery, we now know palaeontologists, the botanists, the English these residue antigens as polysaccharides. Department, the Romance Languages Depart- His work on syphilis was not directly suc- ment, even the philosophers - they all work cessful in his effort "to take the danger out on fish. Go there my boy, be happy, and work of love" [6], and he was only partly suc- on fish - or, at least, if you are too honest for straight fish, work on the bacteria you can cessful in paving the way to a successful find in fish.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • René Dubos, Tuberculosis, and the “Ecological Facets of Virulence”
    HPLS (2017) 39:15 DOI 10.1007/s40656-017-0142-5 ORIGINAL PAPER René Dubos, tuberculosis, and the “ecological facets of virulence” Mark Honigsbaum1 Received: 15 January 2017 / Accepted: 23 June 2017 / Published online: 4 July 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Reflecting on his scientific career toward the end of his life, the French- educated medical researcher Rene´ Dubos presented his flowering as an ecological thinker as a story of linear progression—the inevitable product of the intellectual seeds planted in his youth. But how much store should we set by Dubos’s account of his ecological journey? Resisting retrospective biographical readings, this paper seeks to relate the development of Dubos’s ecological ideas to his experimental practices and his career as a laboratory researcher. In particular, I focus on Dubos’s studies of tuberculosis at the Rockefeller Institute in the period 1944–1956—studies which began with an inquiry into the tubercle bacillus and the physiochemical determinants of virulence, but which soon encompassed a wider investigation of the influence of environmental forces and host–parasite interactions on susceptibility and resistance to infection in animal models. At the same time, through a close reading of Dubos’s scientific papers and correspondence, I show how he both drew on and distinguished his ecological ideas from those of other medical researchers such as Theobald Smith, Frank Macfarlane Burnet, and Frank Fenner. However, whereas Burnet and Fenner tended to view ecological interactions at the level of populations, Dubos focused on the interface of hosts and parasites in the physio- logical environments of individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Infectious Disease in Philadelphia, 1690- 1807
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: INFECTIOUS DISEASE IN PHILADELPHIA, 1690- 1807: AN ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Gilda Marie Anroman, Doctor of Philosophy, 2006 Dissertation directed by: Professor Mary Corbin Sies Department of American Studies This dissertation examines the multiple factors that influenced the pattern and distribution of infectious disease in Philadelphia between the years 1690 and 1807, and explores the possible reasons for the astonishingly high level of death from disease throughout the city at this time . What emerges from this study is a complex picture of a city undergoing rapid cultural and epidemiological changes . Large -scale immigration supplied a susceptible population group, as international trade, densely packed street s, unsanitary living conditions, and a stagnant and contaminated water supply combined to create ideal circumstances for the proliferation of both pathogen s and vectors, set ting the stage for the many public health crises that plagued Philadelphia for more than one hundred years. This study uses an ecological perspective to understand how disease worked in Philadelphia . The idea that disease is virtually always a result of the interplay of the environment, the genetic and physical make -up of the individual , and the agent of disease is one of the most importan t cause and effect ideas underpinned by epidemiology. This dissertation integrates me thods from the health sciences, humanities, and social sciences to demonstrate how disease “emergence” in Philadelphia was a dynamic feature of the interrelationships between people and their socio -cultural and physical environments. Classic epidemiological theory , informed by ecological thinking, is used to rev isit the city’s reconstructed demographic data, bills of mortality, selected diaries (notably that of Elizabeth Drinker ), personal letters, contemporary observations and medical literature .
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Heritage Foundation Boris Magasanik
    CHEMICAL HERITAGE FOUNDATION BORIS MAGASANIK Transcript of an interview Conducted by Sondra Schlesinger In three sessions between 1993 and 1995 This interview has been designated as Free Access. One may view, quote from, cite, or reproduce the oral history with the permission of CHF. Please note: Users citing this interview for purposes of publication are obliged under the terms of the Chemical Heritage Foundation Oral History Program to credit CHF using the format below: Boris Magasanik, interview by Sondra Schlesinger, 1993-1995 (Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation, Oral History Transcript # 0186). Chemical Heritage Foundation Oral History Program 315 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106 The Chemical Heritage Foundation (CHF) serves the community of the chemical and molecular sciences, and the wider public, by treasuring the past, educating the present, and inspiring the future. CHF maintains a world-class collection of materials that document the history and heritage of the chemical and molecular sciences, technologies, and industries; encourages research in CHF collections; and carries out a program of outreach and interpretation in order to advance an understanding of the role of the chemical and molecular sciences, technologies, and industries in shaping society. BORIS MAGASANIK 1919 Born in Kharkoff, Russia, on December 19 Education 1941 B.S., biochemistry, City College of New York 1948 Ph.D., biochemistry, Columbia University Professional Experience Columbia University 1948-1949 Research Assistant, Department
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER V Some of the Charter Members
    YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 46, 32-51 (1972) CHAPTER V Some of the Charter Members The American Epidemiological Society was, at the start, a small, but fervent organization. The founding fathers who controlled it played an earnest and mean- ingful role in the early life of this organization which could not help but contribute to its success. In order to give some idea of the personalities involved, brief biographical sketches of a few of the charter members are given. Those 26 persons to whom Emerson and Godfrey had sent out letters of invita- tion in October 1927 and from whom they had received favorable replies, I believe, represent the true charter members of our Society. Another and longer list which bears the name of "Charter Members of the AES" has been unearthed among Haven Emerson's notes, made in the early years of his secretaryship. This list of 40, includes the names of 14 who were elected at the first meeting of the Society, but I have chosen the original 26 as the official charter members. In the early years there seemed to be no need to enlarge the Society beyond the group of 40 mentioned on Emerson's second list. At least it was an ideal group for the type of spirited discussions which were held at AES meetings for the next 5 years. It may be of interest to see what the backgrounds of some of this early group of 40 had been. Three of the men (Frost, Leake and Maxcy) had spent longer or shorter periods of apprenticeship on what might be called observational and statistical epidemiological field studies which dealt with subjects such as polio- myelitis, influenza, and murine typhus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jordan Report 20Th Anniversary: Accelerated Development Of
    USA ES IC V R E S N A M U H & D H H E T P L A A R E T H M F F E N O T Accelerated Development of Vaccines Preface In 1982, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Dis­ Along with these technological advances, there has been a eases (NIAID) established the Program for the Accelerated heightened awareness of the importance of vaccines for global Development of Vaccines. For 20 years, this program has helped health and security. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome stimulate the energy, intellect, and ability of scientists in micro­ (AIDS), malaria, and tuberculosis have demonstrated to the biology, immunology, and infectious diseases. Vaccine research world the importance of public health in economic development. has certainly benefited. The status report reflecting this Most recently, the threat of bioterrorism has reminded many progress in vaccine research has come to be known as the Jor­ Americans of the value of vaccines as public health tools. dan Report in recognition of Dr. William Jordan, past director of NIAID’s Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Articles by outside experts in this edition highlight many of the (DMID) and the program’s earliest advocate. scientific advances, challenges, and issues of vaccine research during these two decades. As we look to the decade ahead, the This anniversary edition of the Jordan Report summarizes 20 payoffs from basic research will continue to invigorate vaccine years of achievements in vaccine research driven by the explo­ development, but economic, risk communication, and safety sive technological advances in genomics, immunology, and challenges are likely to influence the licensing of new vaccines.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf/ Psittacosisqa Brachman PS, Editors
    A Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends pages 361–518 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF D. Peter Drotman EDITORIAL STAFF EDITORIAL BOARD Dennis Alexander, Addlestone Surrey, United Kingdom Founding Editor Ban Allos, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Joseph E. McDade, Rome, Georgia, USA Michael Apicella, Iowa City, Iowa, USA Managing Senior Editor Barry J. Beaty, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Martin J. Blaser, New York, New York, USA Polyxeni Potter, Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Brandling-Bennet, Washington, D.C., USA Associate Editors Donald S. Burke, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Charles Ben Beard, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Jay C. Butler, Anchorage, Alaska David Bell, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Charles H. Calisher, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Arturo Casadevall, New York, New York, USA Patrice Courvalin, Paris, France Kenneth C. Castro, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Stephanie James, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Thomas Cleary, Houston, Texas, USA Brian W.J. Mahy, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Anne DeGroot, Providence, Rhode Island, USA Takeshi Kurata, Tokyo, Japan Vincent Deubel, Shanghai, China Martin I. Meltzer, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Ed Eitzen, Washington, D.C., USA Duane J. Gubler, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA David Morens, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Scott Halstead, Arlington, Virginia, USA J. Glenn Morris, Baltimore, Maryland, USA David L. Heymann, Geneva, Switzerland Tanja Popovic, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Sakae Inouye, Tokyo, Japan Patricia M. Quinlisk, Des Moines, Iowa, USA Charles King, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Keith Klugman, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Gabriel Rabinovich, Buenos Aires, Argentina S.K. Lam, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Didier Raoult, Marseilles, France Bruce R. Levin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Pierre Rollin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Myron Levine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA David Walker, Galveston, Texas, USA Stuart Levy, Boston, Massachusetts, USA John S.
    [Show full text]
  • M.Sc Ist Yr MICROBIOLOGY a Bottle of Wine Contains More Philosophy Than All the Books in the World
    M.Sc Ist yr MICROBIOLOGY A bottle of wine contains more philosophy than all the books in the world. -Louis Pasteur JANUARY 2022 M T W T F S S Ferdinand Cohn (Founder of 31 1 2 Bacteriology and Microbiology) Global Family Day 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Richard Rebecca Har Michael Craighill Gobind Krause Lancefield Khorana Rebecca Craighill Lancefield (well known for serological classification of β- hemolytic streptococcal bacteria) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 National Indian Youth Day Army Day 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus is a facultatively anaerobic, toxin producing, gram- positive bacteria that canm be found in siol vegetation anf even food. This may cause two types of intestinal illness, one diarrheal, and 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 one causing nausea and vomiting.It Ferdinand National Heinrich World can quickly multiply at room Kohn Tourism Anton de Leprosy temperature. B.cereus has also been National Girl Day Bary Day Child Day Republic implicated in infections of the eye, respiratory tracts , and in wounds. International Day B.cereus and other members of Day of Education bacillus are not easily killed by alcohol,they have been known to World Leprosy Day – 30th JAUNARY: World Leprosy colonize distilled liquors and Day is observed internationally every year on the last Sunday of alcohol soaked swabs and pads in January to increase the public awareness of leprosy or Hansen's numbers sufficient to cause Disease. This date was chosen by French humanitarian Raoul infection. Follereau as a tribute to the life of Mahatma Gandhi who had compassion for people afflicted with leprosy.
    [Show full text]
  • Science in the Contemporary World an Encyclopedia
    Science in the Contemporary World An Encyclopedia Eric G. Swedin Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England © 2005 by Eric G. Swedin All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Swedin, Eric Gottfrid. Science in the contemporary world : an encyclopedia / Eric G. Swedin. p. cm. (ABC-CLIO’s history of science series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-85109-524-1 (hardback : acid-free paper)–ISBN 1-85109-529-2 (eBook) 1. Science—Encyclopedias. I.Title. II. Series: ABC-CLIO’s history of science series. Q121.S94 2005 503—dc22 2004026950 07 06 05 04 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is available on the World Wide Web as an e-book.Visit abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper . Manufactured in the United States of America Contents Preface and Acknowledgments, xi Introduction, xiii Topic Finder, xxiii Science in the Contemporary World: An Encyclopedia A Biology and the Life Sciences, 33 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 1 Biotechnology, 36 Agriculture, 3 Birth Control Pill, 37 Alvarez, Luis W.(1911–1988), and Walter Black Holes, 40 Alvarez (1940–), 6 Boyer, Herbert (1936–), 41 Anthropology, 7 Broecker,Wallace S.
    [Show full text]
  • Hans Zinsser 1878-1940
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS VOLUME XXIV TKNTH MKMOIR BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF HANS ZINSSER 1878-1940 BY SIMEON BURT WOLBACH PRESENTED TO THE ACADEMY AT THE ANNUAL MKETIXfi. 1947 HANS ZINSSER 1878-1940 BY SIMEON HURT WOLBACII Hans Zinsser was a compound of many talents, productive in science, education, literature, and poetry, and apparent in music, art, and sports. He had, moreover, an unusual capacity for making close and lasting friendships, a capacity arising no doubt from his own warm quality of friendliness and his generosity, tolerance, compassion, sense of fair play and courage. In any walk of life his alert, agile and able mind and splendid physique would have distinguished him. He was exceptionally fortunate in early educational advantages and home life, all quite different from those of,most American-born scientists. Outline of Dr. Ziiisscr's Life Dr. Zinsser was born in New York City on November 17, 1878, into a German family of affluence and culture. On both sides his forebears were freedom-loving', independently thinking people. His father, August Zinsser, a manufacturing- chemist, came from the Rhineland ; his mother, Marie Theresa (Schmidt) from the Black Forest region which "had long been under the influence of French thought and political doctrine." Dr. Zinsser was eight years younger than the next of three older brothers and because of this gap the attention and care he received was much like that given to an only child. The early environment provided him by highly educated and cultured parents who were devoted to each other was ideal.
    [Show full text]
  • A Synoptic Viewof the Historyof APHA Awards
    Public Health Then and Now A Synoptic View of the History of APHA Awards (1885-1977) M. ALLEN POND, MPH Introduction nounced in December 1885. A year earlier, Civil War hero, Captain Henry Lomb, a distinguished citizen Qf Rochester, Public recognition of extraordinary accomplishment by New York, and co-founder with John J. Bausch of the opti- individuals takes many forms. Historically, sovereigns have cal firm that to this day bears their names, had offered to bestowed non-hereditary titles on subjects for outstanding underwrite "prizes in relation to investigations bearing on service to their country. Medals for bravery have for cen- public health."1 Lomb was prepared to provide up to turies been tangible expressions of gratitude by nations large $2,000* for this purpose (it turned out later to be $2,800), and and small. Cash awards-for example, the Nobel Prizes-for proposed that essays be prepared in open competition on unique contributions to knowledge or productivity have sig- four topics: naled worldwide appreciation in recent years. Awards for 1. Healthy Homes and Foods for the Working Classes; excellence are a principal hallmark of every professional so- 2. The Sanitary Conditions and Necessities of School- ciety and trade association, and the American Public Health. Houses and School-Life; Association is no exception. 3. Disinfectants and Prophylaxis against Infectious Dis- eases; and 4. The Preventable Causes of Disease, Injury and The Lomb Prizes Death in American Manufactories and Workshops, and the Best Means and Appliances for Preventing and Avoiding The Association's earliest involvement in recognizing Them. distinguished service seems to have been embodied in the It is not clear what stimulated Lomb to make the offer, Lomb Prizes for essays, the first winners of which were an- but his timing is of interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Editorial Board (PDF)
    THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY Vol. XXVI MARCH, 1934 No. 3 PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF IMMUNOLOGISTS ADVISORY BOARD SIMON FLEXNER ROBERT MUIR THEOBALD SMITH New York, N. Y. Glasgow, Scotland Princeton, N. J. LUDVIG HEKTOEN G. H. F. NUTTALL F. G. NovY Chicago, Ill. Cambridge, England Ann Arbor, Mich. KARL LANDSTEINER WILLIAM H. PARK WILLIAM H. WELCH New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Baltimore, Md. A. E. WRIGHT London, England CONTENTS FRANK ~{ALTANER. A Study of "Smooth" and "Rough" Forms of the Typhoid Bacillus in Relation to Prophylactic Vaccina- tion and Immunity in Typhoid Fever ..................... 161 WILLIAM I~. TALIAFERRO AND LUCY GRAVES TALIAFERRO. Com- plement Fixation, Precipitin, Adhesion, Mercuric Chloride and Wassermann Tests in Equine Trypanosomiasis of Panama (Murrina) .............................................. 193 LEON BUCHBINDER. A New Heterophile Antigen Common to Avian Erythrocytes and Some Varieties of Genus Pasteurella; Its Significance in the Classification of Birds ................ 215 FLORENCE GRAM. Pneumococcus Leucocidin .................. 233 THE WILLIAMS & WILKINS COMPANY BALTIMORE, U. S. A. Made in United Stales of America THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY EDITED BY ARTHUR F COCA AND JOHN C. TORREY BOARD OF EDITORS J. F. ANDmRSON DENNIS EMBLETON W. H. MANWARING New Brunswick, N. J. London, England Lcland Stanford Jr. Univ, JOHN A~rER L. W. FAMULENER J. MClNTOSH St. Louis St. Luke's Htmpital, N. Y. London, England A. BREINL Townsvillc, Quoclmland. J. G. FITZGERALD C. J. MARTIN Australia University of Toronto London, England J, BRONFENBRENNIIR WILLIAM W. FORD M. J. ROSENAU St. Louis Johns Hopkins University Harvard Univemity C. H. BROWNINO Glasgow, Scotland F. P. GAY J. HENDERSON SMITH WILLIAM BULLOCH Coll.
    [Show full text]
  • The Journal of Immunology the American Association Of
    II THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY EDITED BY AaTHUR F. COCA AND JOHN C. TORREY BOARD OF EDITORS J. F. ANDERSON DENNIS EMBLETON W.H. ~{ANWARING New Brunswick, N.J. London, England Loland Stanford Jr. Univ. JOHN AUI,;R L.W. FAMULENER St. Loui, St. Luke'8 Hospital, N.Y. J" lt'{CINTOSlt A. BItEINI, J. ('~. FITZGERALD London, England TowtmviHe. Queoaslan,], University of Toronto C.J. ~ARTIN AuatralbL WILI,IAM W. FORD London. England J. }~~I{ONFI']N BRI']NNER Johrm Hopkins University Sty. Louis ~{" J, I~OSENAU C. H. BItOWNING F.P. GAY !Harvard University Gh~sgow. Scotland Coil.of Phys.& Surg., N.Y. J. HENDERSON SMITH ~VILLIAM I~ULI,OCI[ J. ~V. JOBBING London, England Londorl, ]':r|~]and Coll. of Phys. & Surg., N. Y. RUFUS J. COLE JOHN A. I{OLMER 1~,. P. STRONG Harvard University Rockefeller hmtitute University of Ponrmylvania It. R. ])EAN hllTSUJI KOSAKAI F.H. TEALE University of Cambridge, Sendai, Japan London, England Cambridge, England GEORGES DREYER PRESTONI(VES H.G. WELLS Oxford, England University of Chicago Univernity of Chicago WIImI,M J. ELSER J.C.G. LEDIN(]HAM HANS ZINSSER Cornell University London, England Harvard University THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF IMMUNOLOGISTS OFFICERS AND COUNCIL Dr. Stanhope Bayne-Joncs, President PAST PRESIDENTS University of Rochester Medical School Dr. Gerald B. Webb Rochester, N.Y. Dr. James W. Jobling Dr. Arthur F. Coco, See'y-Treas. Dr. John A. Kolmer 8 West 16th Street Dr. William H. Park New York City Dr. G. W. McCoy Dr. Arthur F. Coco Dr. Rufus I. Cole Dr. Stanhope Bayne-Jones Dr.
    [Show full text]