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1 Foundations of Microbiology I © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION p a r t Foundations © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1NOT FOR SALE ofOR DISTRIBUTION MicrobiologyNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, ChapterLLC 1 Microbiology:© Jones Then & and Bartlett Now Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONChapter 2 The ChemicalNOT Building FOR SALE Blocks OR of DISTRIBUTIONLife Chapter 3 Concepts and Tools for Studying Microorganisms Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function in the Bacteria © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesand &Archaea Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 5 Microbial Growth and Nutrition Chapter 6 Metabolism of Microorganisms Chapter 7 Control of Microorganisms: Physical and © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCChemical Methods © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION n 1676, a century before the Declaration of Independence, a Dutch merchant named Antony van Leeuwenhoek sent a noteworthy letter to the Royal Society of London. Writing in the vernacular of © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCI © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONhis home in the United Netherlands,NOT FOR Leeuwenhoek SALE OR described DISTRIBUTION how he used a simple microscope to observe vast populations of minute, living creatures. His reports opened a chapter of science that would evolve into the study of microscopic organisms and the discipline of microbiology. During the next three centuries scientists would discover how profoundly these organisms © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Cells of Vibrio cholerae, transmitted to humans influence the quality of our lives and the environment around us. NOT FORin contaminatedSALE OR water DISTRIBUTION and food, are the cause NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of cholera. We begin our study of the microorganisms by exploring the grassroot developments that led to the establishment of microbiology as a science. These developments are surveyed in Chapter 1, where we focus on some of the individuals who stood at the forefront of discovery.© Today Jones we & are Bartlett in the midstLearning, of a third LLC Golden Age of microbiology© Jones and & our Bartlett understanding Learning, LLC of microorganisms continuesNOT FOR to grow SALE even OR as DISTRIBUTION you read this book. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 2 reviews basic chemistry, inasmuch as microbial growth, metabolism, and control are grounded in the molecules and macromolecules these organisms contain and in the biological processes they undergo. Chapter 3 sets down some basic microbiological concepts and describes one of the major tools for studying microorganisms. We will© Jonesconcentrate & Bartlett on the Learning,bacterial organisms LLC in Chapter 4, where© Jones we survey & Bartlett their structural Learning, frameworks. LLC In ChapterNOT 5, weFOR build SALE on these OR frameworksDISTRIBUTION by examining microbial growthNOT FOR patterns SALE and OR nutritional DISTRIBUTION requirements. Chapter 6 describes the metabolism of microbial cells, including those chemical reactions that produce energy and use energy. Part 1 concludes by considering the physical and chemical methods used to control microbial growth and metabolism (Chapter 7). © Jones & BartlettMuch as theLearning, alphabet LLC applies to word development,© Jones in each & Bartlett succeeding Learning, chapters LLC we will formulate words NOT FORinto SALE sentences OR DISTRIBUTIONand sentences into ideas as we constructNOT an FOR understanding SALE OR of DISTRIBUTION microorganisms and concentrate on their importance to public health and human welfare. © Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 05940_CH01_0001_5thPgs.indd 1 12/19/11 12:49 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION microbiology pathwayS Chapter Preview and Key Concepts © Jones & BartlettBeing Learning, a Scientist LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Science may not seem like the most glamorous profession. So, as you read many of the chapters in this text, you might wonder why many scientists have the good fortune to make key discoveries. At times, it might seem like it is © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the luck of the© dra Jonesw, but act & uallyBartlett many Learning,scientists hav LLCe a set of characteristics NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION that put themNOT on the FOR trail toSALE success. OR DISTRIBUTION Robert S. Root-Bernstein, a physiology professor at Michigan State University, points out that many prominent scientists like to goof around, play games, and surround themselves with a type of chaos aimed at reveal- © Jones & Bartletting the Learning, unexpected LLC. Their labs may appear to be© Jonesin disorder & ,Bartlett but they knowLearning, LLC NOT FOR SALEexa ORctly DISTRIBUTIONwhere every tube or bottle belongs. ScientistsNOT alsFORo ide SALEntify int ORimately DISTRIBUTION with the organisms or creatures they study (it is said that Louis Pasteur actually dreamed about microorganisms), and this identification brings on an intuition—a “feeling for the organism.” In addition, there is the ability to recognize patterns that might bring a breakthrough. (Pasteur had studied art as a teenager and, © Jones &theref Bartlettore, he Learning,had an appreciati LLCon of patterns.) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEThe gen OReticist DISTRIBUTION and Nobel laureate Barbara McClintockNOT onc FORe rem arked,SALE “I OR was DISTRIBUTION just so interested in what I was doing I could hardly wait to get up in the morning and get at it. One of my friends, a geneticist, said I was a child, because only children can’t wait to get up in the morning to get at what they want to do.” Clearly, another characteristic of a scientist is having a child-like curiosity for the unknown. Professor Alcamo once received a letter from a student, asking why he became a microbiologist. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,“It was because LLC I enjoyed my undergraduate© Jones microbiology & Bartlett course” Learning, he said, LLC “and when I needed to NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONselect a graduate major, microbiology seemedNOT likeFOR a good SALE idea. OR I also DISTRIBUTION think I had some of the characteris- tics described by Root-Bernstein: I loved to try out different projects; my corner of the world qualified as a disaster area; still I was a nut on organization, insisting that all the square pegs fit into the square holes.” For this author, science has been an extraordinary opportunity to discover and understand something© Jones never & bef Bartlettore kno wn.Learning, Science isLLC fun, yet challenging—and© atJones times &ard Bartlettuous, ted ious,Learning, LLC and frustrating.NOT FOR As SALE with most OR of DISTRIBUTION us, we will not make the headlines forNOT a breakthrough FOR SALE discovery OR DISTRIBUTION or find a cure for a disease. However, as scientists we all hope our research will contribute to a better understanding of a biological (or microbiological) phenomenon and will push back the frontiers of knowledge. Like any profession, being a scientist is not for everyone. Besides having a bachelor’s degree in © Jones &biology Bartlett or microbi Learning,ology, youLLC should be well read in the© Jonessciences &and Bartlett capable Learning,of working as LLC part of NOT FORan SALE interdisciplin OR DISTRIBUTIONary team. Of course, you should haveNOT good FORquantitative SALE and OR communicati DISTRIBUTIONon skills, have an inquisitive mind, and be goal oriented. If all this sounds interesting, then maybe you fit the mold of a scientist. Why not consider pursuing a career in microbiology? Some possibilities are described in other Microbiology Pathways included in this book, but you should also visit with your © Jones & Bartlett Learning,instructor .LLC Simply stop by the student© union, Jones buy & two Bartlett cups of Learning,coffee, and you LLC are on your way. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 © Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 05940_CH01_0001_5thPgs.indd 2 12/22/11 11:17 AM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE1 OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesChapter & Bartlett Preview Learning, and Key LLCConcepts NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR1.1 The SALE Beginnings OR DISTRIBUTION of Microbiology 1. The discovery of microorganisms was Microbiology: dependent on observations made with the microscope. 2. The emergence of experimental science © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,provided LLC a means to test long-held beliefs then and Now and resolve controversies. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Microinquiry 1: Experimentation and Scientific Inquiry Microbiology is at least as important to the future of the world as any 1.2 Microorganisms and Disease Transmission other branch of science, and more so than most. 3. Early epidemiology studies suggested how —Bernard Dixon (in Animalcules:
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