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Justification by Faith and the Early Arminian Controversy

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Justification by Faith and the Early Arminian Controversy JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH AND THE EARLY ARMINIAN CONTROVERSY Aza Goudriaan The debates between early seventeenth-century Arminians and their Contra-Remonstrant opponents are widely known to have focused on predestination.1 Yet Franciscus Gomarus—Arminius’ best known opponent—is said to have considered “not the doctrine of predestina- tion but that of justification” as the “cardinal point on which Arminius deviated from Reformed doctrine.”2 Justification by faith was also the subject of a correspondence that Petrus Bertius, an ally of Arminius, started in 1608 with the Franeker theologian Sibrandus Lubbertus.3 Even though justification is not mentioned in the Remonstrantie of 1610,4 yet in a survey of controversial points, published anonymously in 1616 by the Leiden theology professor Johannes Polyander, the topic was mentioned as one of the new issues that had emerged in the course 1 See for instance, in recent Dutch historiography, the work of A. Th. van Deursen, e.g. Maurits van Nassau, 1567–1625: De winnaar die faalde (Amsterdam: Bakker, 2000), 227; De last van veel geluk: De geschiedenis van Nederland, 1555–1702 (Amsterdam: Bakker, 2004), 193–194. Research for this article has been funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), in the context of a research project supervised by J. A. van Ruler, “From Erasmus to Spinoza: Classical and Chris- tian Notions of the Self in Dutch Philosophy, Theology and Letters”; sub-project: “Classical Philosophy and Arminian Theology.” I am very much indebted to J. Balserak for corrections of the English text of this article and for other suggestions, and I also wish to thank J. A. van Ruler for his comments, as well as all whose suggestions contributed to this article. On the field of research tools the printed Catalogus van de bibliotheek der Remonstrantsch-gereformeerde gemeente te Rotterdam (’s-Graven- hage: Nijhoff, 1893) deserves to be mentioned—in addition, of course, to digital library catalogues. 2 G. P. van Itterzon, Franciscus Gomarus (1930; repr., Groningen-Castricum: Bouma’s Boekhuis/B. Hagen, 1979), 375, cf. 2. 3 Epistolica disceptatio de fide iustificante deque nostra coram Deo justificatione, habita inter praestantissimum virum D. Sibrandum Lubberti ... et Petrum Bertium ... Disceptatur autem An fides a Deo habeatur pro omni legis iustitia, quam nos praestare tenebamur, adeoque an ipse actus fidei to credere, imputetur in iustitiam sensu prop- rio. Ait hic, negat ille (Delft: I. Andreae, 1612). This book is in the Knuttel pamphlet collection kept in the Royal Library (KB) in The Hague (no. 2006; the KB also owns a microfiche edition of this collection, from which I printed items mentioned in this arti- cle). On the Epistolica disceptatio, see C. van der Woude, Sibrandus Lubbertus: Leven en werken, in het bijzonder naar zijn correspondentie, PhD diss. Free University, Amsterdam (Kampen: Kok, 1963), 185–197; L. J. M. Bosch, Petrus Bertius 1565– 1629, PhD diss. Catholic University, Nijmegen (Meppel: Krips, 1979), 80, 116. 156 GOUDRIAAN of the debate on Arminian theology: The third question is whether we are justified before God by faith as by a hand or an instrument embracing the righteousness of Christ, or [justi- fied] as by a work and a conditional act by which the human being is jus- tified before God. Jacobus Arminius gave occasion for this question and after him someone who is currently a professor of ethics, called Petrus Bertius, who in a certain writing asserts against Sibrandus Lubbertus, doctor in theology at Franeker, that we are justified by the work of faith in so far as it is a work and in this he follows the error of Servet and Soc- inus.5 In a letter on doctrinal differences several ministers from the Church classis of Walcheren in Zeeland included a brief section on justification, in which Bertius and Arminius were cited as claiming that what God considered to be righteousness was the act of faith.6 The disagreement on justification was again mentioned in the report that Festus Hommius drew up and published in 1618. In this report he listed doctrinal points where Remonstrants deviated from the Dutch Confession.7 So then, jus- tification clearly was an issue in the early controversy on Arminianism.8 The debate on justification during the early Arminian controversy seems an appropriate theme of a contribution to a volume for Willem 4 On Remonstrantie and Contra-Remonstrantie, see e.g. B. Glasius, Geschiedenis der Nationale Synode, in 1618 en 1619 gehouden te Dordrecht, in hare vóórge- schiedenis, handelingen en gevolgen I (Leiden: Engels, 1860), 2–4. As Glasius and W .P .C. Knuttel (Catalogus van de pamfletten-verzameling berustende in de Koninklijke Bibliotheek I/1 (’s-Gravenhage: Algemeene Landsdrukkerij, 1889), 375, no. 1942) mention, the text of the Remonstrantie is given in the report on the Conference held at The Hague: Schriftelicke conferentie, gehouden in s’Gravenhaghe inden iare 1611, tusschen sommighe Kercken-dienaren: aengaende de Godlicke praedestinatie metten aencleven van dien (’s-Gravenhage: Jacobsz, 1612) [KB: Knuttel 1942], 1–10; here 7– 9 the five Remonstrant tenets. 5 Den staet vande voor-naemste quaestien ende gheschillen die ten huydighen dage gedisputeert worden tusschen de oude rechtgesinde die men Contra-Remon- stranten noemt, ende de nieu-gesinde diemen Remonstranten noemt (Amsterdam: M. J. Jansz, 1616) [KB: Knuttel 2289], 15: “De derde questie is/ of wy gherechtveerdicht worden voor God doort gheloove/ als door een hant/ ofte een instrument omhelsende de rechtveerdicheyt Christi/ ofte/ als door een werck ende conditionelen daet/ door de welcke de mensche voor God zy gerechtveerdicht. Tot dese questie heeft oorsaeck gegeven Iacobus Arminius ende naer hem een die jegenwoordich Ethices Professor is ghenaemt Petrus Bertius, die tegen Sibrandus Lubbertus Doctor inde Theologie tot Franicker/ beweert in een seker schrift; dat wy gherechtveerdicht worden doort werck des geloofs/ in so verre het een werck is; ende volcht daer in de dwalinghe van Serve- tus ende Socinus.” On the tract, see Knuttel, Catalogus I/1, 446–447, where Johannes Polyander is mentioned as its author; Jacobus Trigland is said to have procured the Dutch version of the French tract written by Polyander..
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