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Faktor Penyebab Tiongkok Menjalin Kerjasama Dengan Iran Di Bidang Pertahanan Keamanan (2008- 2012)

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Faktor Penyebab Tiongkok Menjalin Kerjasama Dengan Iran Di Bidang Pertahanan Keamanan (2008- 2012) FAKTOR PENYEBAB TIONGKOK MENJALIN KERJASAMA DENGAN IRAN DI BIDANG PERTAHANAN KEAMANAN (2008- 2012) Skripsi Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos) Oleh: Riska Elida 1110114000024 PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2015 PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIARISME Skripsi yang berjudul: FAKTOR PENYEBAB TIONGKOK MENJALIN KERJASAMA DENGAN IRAN DI BIDANG PERTAHANAN KEAMANAN (2008-2012) l. Merupakan karya asli saya yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan memperoleh gelar Strata I di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Semua sumber yang saya gunakan dalam penulisan ini telah saya cantumkan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatultah Jakarta. ,- Jika di kemudian hari terbukti bahwa karya saya ini bukan hasil karya asli saya atau merupakan hasil jiplakan dari karya orang [ain, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 20 Februari 2015 PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING SKRIPSI . Dengan ini, Pembimbing Skripsi menyatakan bahwa mahasiswa: Nama : Riska Elida i NIM : 1l 101 14000024 Program Studi : Ilmu Hubungan Intemasional Telah menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi dengan judul: FAKTOR PENYEBAB TIONGKOK MENJALIN KERJASAMA DENGAN IRAN DI BIDANG PERTAHANAN KEAMANAN (2008-2012) dan telah memenuhi persyaratan untuk diuji. Jakarta, l7 Februari 2015 Mengetahui, Menyetujui, Ketua Program Studi Pembimbing TeAuh Santosa, MA t PENGESAHAN PANITIA UJIAN SKRIPSI SKRIPSI FAKTOR PE TTEBAB TIONGKOK MENJALIN KERIASAMA DENGAN IRAN Dr BTDANG PERTAHANAN KEAMANAN (2008-2012) oieh Riska Elida 11101t4000024 telah dipertahankan dalam sidang ujian skripsi di Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakar.ta pada langgal 2 Maret 2015. Skripsi ini telah diterima sebagai salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sa{ana Sosial (S.Sos) pada Program Studi Hubungan Internasional. Ke;tua, Seketaris, n trlL^g: Ar- Debbie Affianty, M.Si Debbie A{fianty, M.Si P""s,j[] Penguji II aT"\ l- th I 6fr""'-- Irfan R. Hutagalung L.L.M Budi S. Satari, MA Diterima dan dinyatakan memenuhi syarat kelulusan pada tanggal 17 Marct 2015 Ketua Program Studi FISIP UIN Jakarta Debbie Affianty, M.Si IV ABSTRAKSI Skripsi ini menganalisa tentang kerjasama keamanan antara Tiongkok dengan Iran periode 2008-2012. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa penyebab Tiongkok melakukan kerjasama pertahanan keamanan dengan Iran yang sedang berada dalam tekanan dunia internasional. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui studi pustaka. Penulis menemukan, bahwa Tiongkok melakukan kerjasama pertahanan keamanan dengan Iran bukan karena fakrot energi, tetapi karena faktor strategis Iran yang dapat dijadikan sebagai alat multifungsi. Tiongkok berupaya menjaga keamanan Iran dengan memberikan suplai senjata dan membantu Iran memodifikasi militer sehingga Iran dapat menjaga teritorinya yang sangat penting bagi Tiongkok. Posisi strategis Iran menjadi kunci hubungan kedua negara. Tiongkok dan Iran juga menjalin kerjasama karena ketergantungan antara kedua negara. Kerangka teori yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah national interests dan aliansi Alex Mintz dan balance of power Kenneth Waltz. Dari hasil analisa dengan menggunakan tiga teori ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Tiongkok dan Iran merasa kedua negara mendapat keuntungan dengan adanya kerjasama sehingga kedua negara ini tetap menjalankan kerjasama walaupun salah satu pihak yakni Iran berada di bawah sanksi PBB. v KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillah, Puji Syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan berkat dan rahmat sehingga skripsi yang berjudul “Faktor penyebab Tiongkok menjalin kerjasama dengan Iran di bidang pertahanan keamanan (2008-2012)” ini dapat terselesaikan. Penulis berharap semoga skripsi ini dapat menambah pengetahuan dalam ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Dalam penulisan skripsi ini, banyak kendala yang penulis alami. Penulis menyadari bahwa tanpa bantuan dan bimbingan dari berbagai pihak, sangat sulit untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Untuk itu penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada: 1) Keluarga, khusunya kedua orangtua penulis yang selalu mendoakan dan memberi dukungan pada penulis yang menjadi semangat sehingga skripsi ini selesai 2) Teguh Santosa, MA, selaku dosen pembimbing yang telah menyediakan waktu, tenaga dan pikiran dalam membantu penulis menyusun skripsi ini 3) Sahabat yang tidak bisa penulis sebutkan satu-persatu, yang banyak membantu dan mendukung penulis untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini. vi Akhir kata, penulis berharap semoga Allah SWT berkenan membalas segala kebaikan semua pihak yang telah membantu. Semoga skripsi ini bisa bermanfaat dalam menambah ilmu pengetahuan. Jakarta, 20 Februari 2015 Penulis vii DAFTAR ISI ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... v KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................... vi DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................. viii DAFTAR TABEL DAN GAMBAR ............................................................. x BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang ..................................................................... ....... 1 B. Pertanyaan Penelitian ................................................................... 7 C. Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian Penulisan ................................... 8 D. Tinjauan Pustaka .......................................................................... 9 E. Kerangka Teori ............................................................................ 13 F. Metode Penelitian ........................................................................ 17 G. Sistematika Penulisan ................................................................. 18 BAB II KEKUATAN PERTAHANAN KEAMANAN TIONGKOK A. Politik Luar Negeri Tiongkok .................................................... 21 B. Kekuatan Pertahanan Militer Tiongkok ..................................... 25 BAB III PERTAHANAN KEAMANAN MILITER IRAN A. Kondisi Iran Dalam Dunia Internasional ................................... 40 B. Kekuatan Pertahanan Militer Iran ............................................... 45 viii BAB IV HUBUNGAN KERJASAMA PERTAHANAN TIONGKOK DAN IRAN A. Faktor Penyebab Tiongkok Menjalin Kerjasama dengan Iran Di Bidang Pertahanan Kemanan .................................................................. 57 B. Pengaruh Posisi Strategis Iran Bagi Tiongkok ........................... 65 C. Kerjasama Tiongkok dan Iran di bidang pertahan keamanan ..... 76 D. Penurunan Hubungan Iran-Tiongkok ......................................... 84 BAB V KESIMPULAN ................................................................................. 89 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... 94 ix DAFTAR TABEL DAN GAMBAR TABEL 1.1 Kerjasama Iran dan Tiongkok Dalam Bidang Pertahanan Keamanan .................................................................................... 4 TABEL II.1 Impor Minyak Tiongkok ............................................................. 24 TABEL II.2 Transportasi Udara Militer Buatan Tiongkok ............................. 33 TABEL II.3 Kekuatan Militer Tiongkok . ...................................................... 36 TABEL III.1 Senjata Militer yang Diimpor Iran dan Masih Digunakan Hingga Sekarang ........................................................................ 50 BAGAN III.1 Peta Iran .................................................................................... 61 Tabel IV.1 Persenjataan Iran ............................................................................ 78 x BAB I PENDAHULUAN I.1 Latar Belakang Skripsi ini membahas faktor Tiongkok melakukan kerjasama di bidang pertahanan keamanan dengan Iran yang sedang mendapatkan tekanan internasional karena mengembangkan nuklir. Tiongkok menyetujui sanksi terhadap pengembangan nuklir Iran di DK PBB akan tetapi tidak ikut menjalankan sanksi tersebut. Tiongkok menjalin kerjasama pertahanan untuk membantu Iran dalam memodernisasi militer. Program nuklir Iran dianggap oleh sejumlah negara, terutama Amerika Serikat, sebagai upaya Iran untuk mempersenjatai diri, walaupun sejak awal Iran mengatakan program nuklir itu untuk kepentingan damai.1 Pengakuan Iran tidak lantas membuat AS dan negara sekutunya mempersilahkan Iran melanjutkan program nuklirnya. Sebaliknya berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk menghentikan keinginan Iran melanjutkan program nuklir. Sejak tahun 1979 AS telah mengembargo ekonomi Iran.2 Sikap agak berbeda diperlihatkan Tiongkok terhadap program pengembangan nuklir Iran. Tiongkok pada dasarnya tidak mendukung pengembangan nuklir Iran. 1Anthony H. Cordesman dan Bryan Gold. The Gulf Military Balance: Volume II: The Missile and Nuclear Dimensions. Diakses dari cryptome.org/2014/03/gulf-mil-balance.pdf, h. 77-78. 2 1979 Iran mengalami revolusi yang ditandai dengan pergantian pemerintahan dari Syah Reza Pahlevi yang berkiblat ke Barat menjadi pemerintahan Ayatollah Khomeini yang lebih mengutamakan nasionalisme. 1 Namun Tiongkok juga tidak menentang program nuklir Iran selama pengembangan nuklir berada di bawah pengawasan IAEA. Tiongkok juga berpendapat bahwa setiap negara yang tergabung dalam anggota Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) memiliki hak mengembangkan nuklir untuk tujuan damai.3 Tiongkok adalah salah
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