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Hungarologische Beiträge 18, 2006
HUNGAROLOGISCHE BEITRÄGE 18 BRIDGE BUILDING AND POLITICAL CULTURES Political Cultures in Urho Kekkonen’s Finland and János Kádár’s Hungary Heino NYYSSÖNEN 1 Introduction Comparing Finland and Hungary is a fruitful task despite the ap- parent historical differences: after the Second World War the for- mer remained a democracy whilst the latter became a dictatorship. Also their relation to their greatest and most powerful neighbour, Soviet Union, seems to be different. Hungary belonged to the same military pact as the Soviet Union, but Finland’s foreign pol- icy was based on the idea of neutrality. However, the difference between the most eastern country of the West and the most west- ern country of the East is not that evident. According to an old standpoint Finns and Hungarians are re- latives and with special relationship. We can, however, doubt that the structural similarities in language and common roots 6,000 years ago hardly make sense, when we study recent po- litical culture. Rather than ‘kinship’ the concept of national in- terest gained a more important role in mutual co-operation af- ter 1945. Nevertheless, maintaining the old idea of a relation- ship, defined as ‘scientific truth’, made communication easier between these two nations. Already in the end of the 1960s Hungary had most connections with Finland among capitalist countries. In Europe Finland became a forerunner also in the 1970s, when visa between the two countries was abolished. The purpose of this article is to compare political cultures in Finland and Hungary during the Urho Kekkonen and János Kádár era. The critical question is, what kind of results we can get, 13 HEINO NYYSSÖNEN when we compare these two countries to each other and not to their ‘traditional’ frames i.e. -
From the Tito-Stalin Split to Yugoslavia's Finnish Connection: Neutralism Before Non-Alignment, 1948-1958
ABSTRACT Title of Document: FROM THE TITO-STALIN SPLIT TO YUGOSLAVIA'S FINNISH CONNECTION: NEUTRALISM BEFORE NON-ALIGNMENT, 1948-1958. Rinna Elina Kullaa, Doctor of Philosophy 2008 Directed By: Professor John R. Lampe Department of History After the Second World War the European continent stood divided between two clearly defined and competing systems of government, economic and social progress. Historians have repeatedly analyzed the formation of the Soviet bloc in the east, the subsequent superpower confrontation, and the resulting rise of Euro-Atlantic interconnection in the west. This dissertation provides a new view of how two borderlands steered clear of absorption into the Soviet bloc. It addresses the foreign relations of Yugoslavia and Finland with the Soviet Union and with each other between 1948 and 1958. Narrated here are their separate yet comparable and, to some extent, coordinated contests with the Soviet Union. Ending the presumed partnership with the Soviet Union, the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 launched Yugoslavia on a search for an alternative foreign policy, one that previously began before the split and helped to provoke it. After the split that search turned to avoiding violent conflict with the Soviet Union while creating alternative international partnerships to help the Communist state to survive in difficult postwar conditions. Finnish-Soviet relations between 1944 and 1948 showed the Yugoslav Foreign Ministry that in order to avoid invasion, it would have to demonstrate a commitment to minimizing security risks to the Soviet Union along its European political border and to not interfering in the Soviet domination of domestic politics elsewhere in Eastern Europe. -
Lähikuvassa Kekkonen
LÄHIKUVA 2/2016 (29. vuosikerta) LÄHIKUVASSA KEKKONEN s-ELKEINKUOLEMATONJOHTAJA s0UHUMALLAHALLITSEMINEN s+EKKOSENMATKASSA s+EKKONENVALLANKËYTTËJËNËJAVALLANKËYTÚNVËLINEENË LÄHIKUVA s2/2016 LÄHIKUVA 2/2016 • 29. vuosikerta ISSN 2343-399X LÄHIKUVA on audiovisuaaliseen kult tuu riin kes kit- SISÄLLYS tyvä, neljästi vuodessa ilmes tyvä tieteellinen referee- julkaisu. Se on avoin kir joi tusfoorumi kaikille asiasta kiin nos tu neil le. Pääkirjoitus Lotta Lounasmeri ja Johanna Sumiala JULKAISIJAT Promootiokulttuurin kuningas Kekkonen 3 Lähikuva-yhdistys ry Suomen Elokuvatutkimuksen Seura ry Turun elokuvakerho ry Artikkelit Turun yliopiston Mediatutkimus Varsinais-Suomen elokuvakeskus ry Johanna Sumiala ja Lotta Lounasmeri Melkein kuolematon johtaja. Presidentti Kekkosen TOIMITUS hautajaiset rituaalisena mediatapahtumana 6 Päätoimittaja Outi Hakola [email protected] Jukka-Pekka Puro Puhumalla hallitseminen. Vahvan johtajuuden Toimitussihteeri ilmentyminen Kekkosen radiopuheissa 1937–1967 22 Kaisu Hynnä [email protected] Päivi Timonen ja Minna Lammi Numeron 2/2016 vastaavat toimittajat Kekkosen matkassa. Finlandia-katsaukset suostuttelu- Johanna Sumiala ja Lotta Lounasmeri välineenä Kekkosen ensimmäisen presidenttikauden Toimituskunta aikana 43 Kaisa Hiltunen [email protected] Olli Seuri Maiju Kannisto [email protected] Katariina Kyrölä [email protected] Kekkonen vallankäyttäjänä ja vallankäytön välineenä. Satu Kyösola satu.kyö[email protected] Urho Kekkosen historiakuva Helsingin Sanomien Anneli Lehtisalo [email protected] 1960-lukuviittauksissa 59 Rami Mähkä [email protected] Niina Oisalo [email protected] Antti Pönni [email protected] Katsaukset Tytti Rantanen [email protected] Jukka Rastas Tommi Römpötti [email protected] Jaakko Seppälä [email protected] Kaksi kuningasta. Urho Kekkonen Kari Suomalaisen Tanja Sihvonen [email protected] pilapiirroksissa 73 Ulkoasu: Päivi Valotie Tuomas Lassinharju Kannen kuva: U. -
SILENT DEMOCRACY, NOISY MEDIA ARJA ALHO Helsinki 2004
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk University of Helsinki brought to you by CORE Faculty of Social Sciences provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto Department of Sociology SILENT DEMOCRACY, NOISY MEDIA ARJA ALHO Academic Dissertation To be presented with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Helsinki for public criticism in the Main Lecture Hall, Unioninkatu 35, on June 11th 2004 at 12 o'clock noon. Helsinki 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisors, Riitta Jallinoja and Risto Alapuro, for their support and patience; the preliminary examiners of this thesis, Matti Hyvärinen and Kyösti Pekonen, for their valuable comments; Neil Mann for guidance with the English; my friends at York University for their help at the beginning ; and my family for their love and encouragement. Siuntio, June 2004. Tätä julkaisua myy ja välittää: Yliopistopaino Kustannus | Helsinki University Press PL 4 (Vuorikatu 3 A), 00014 Helsingin yliopisto fax (09) 7010 2374 puh. (09) 7010 2363 [email protected] www.yliopistopaino.fi/kirjamyynti ISBN: 952-91-7330-X (paperback) ISBN: 952-10-1902-6 (pdf) ABSTRACT SILENT DEMOCRACY, NOISY MEDIA The aim of my research in Silent Democracy, Noisy Media is to study representative democracy and the public sphere as a domain of democracy through four specific decision-making processes. According to Habermas, the public sphere is an analytical category between the state and civil society, and embraces more than just the media, serving as a common theatre for citizens, with free access and quality of discourse. The structural transformation of the public sphere includes the trends of modernity, specifically globalization and mediazation. -
Parliament of Finland 2013
english parliament of finland 2013 arliament convened for the first plenary session tration reform, national energy and climate strategy, the of the spring term on 4 February 2013. Eero spending limits for 2014–2017, food security in 2013–2017 P Heinäluoma (Social Democratic Party) was and EU policy in 2013, and the Future Foresight. re-elected as Speaker, Pekka Ravi (National Coalition Parliament received four Prime Minister’s announce- Party) as First Deputy Speaker and Anssi Joutsenlahti ments. These dealt with the Government’s policies (The Finns Party) as Second Deputy Speaker. in 2013 and key proposals to Parliament, the progress The opening ceremonies took place on 5 February, of the reform of social and health services, structural when President of the Republic Sauli Niinistö opened reforms and Arctic strategy. Parliament for the first time following his election in Government statements to Parliament dealt with 2012. the extension of government guarantees to support the Parliament’s opening discussion took place on 12 acquisition of funds for the European Financial Stability February on the basis of a Prime Minister’s announce- Facility and the implementation of the structural policy ment. The first part of the discussion was reserved for a programme. debate between Prime Minister Jyrki Katainen (National The opposition submitted four interpellations. Coalition Party) and opposition leaders Timo Soini (The These concerned the Government’s economic and Finns Party) and Juha Sipilä (Centre Party). The opposi- industrial policy, ensuring reasonably priced housing, tion leaders demanded answers from the Prime Minis- support for Cyprus in connection with the eurozone cri- ter concerning local government reform, the reform of sis and support for home care. -
En Långsam Sista Vals
En långsam sista vals Urho Kekkonens maktposition enligt Kari Suomalainens politiska skämtteckningar i Helsingin Sanomat 1978-1981 Svante Thilman Pro gradu –avhandling Helsingfors universitet Institutionen för filosofi, historia, kultur- och konstforskning Historia (sv.) Handledare: Björn Forsén, Henrik Meinander April 2016 Tiedekunta/Osasto - Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos - Institution – Department Humanistiska fakulteten Institutionen för filosofi, historia, kultur- och konstforskning Tekijä - Författare – Author Svante Thilman Työn nimi - Arbetets titel – Title En långsam sista vals – Urho Kekkonens maktposition enligt Kari Suomalainens politiska skämtteckningar i Helsingin Sanomat 1978- 1981 Oppiaine - Läroämne – Subject Historia (sv.) Työn laji - Arbetets art – Level Aika - Datum – Month and Sivumäärä - Sidoantal – Number of pages year Pro gradu 80 April 2016 Tiivistelmä - Referat – Abstract Urho Kekkonens valdes år 1978 in på sin femte presidentperiod i Finland. Kekkonen hade gått från att ha varit en kontroversiell politiker som med knapp majoritet blivit president, till att vara överlägsen vid senare val. Samtidigt hade han uppnått en stark maktposition inom det finska politiska fältet. Kari Suomalainen var politisk skämttecknare i Finlands största dagstidning Helsingin Sanomat, och hade tidigt blivit en Kekkonen-kritiker. När Kekkonens femte presidentperiod inleddes, hade Kari dock redan visat mera förståelse mot Kekkonens person och gärningar. Bägges positioner hade dessutom etablerats sedan länge. Denna studie utreder, hur Kari på sina teckningar gestaltade Kekkonens maktposition och utövande av makt under Kekkonens sista presidentperiod åren 1978-1981. Ett genomgripande tema i granskningen är Kekkonens avståndshållande gentemot övriga inhemska aktörer. Metoden är kontextanalys, även om Karis synpunkt och infallsvinkel är det viktigaste. Tidsperioden är från och med Kekkonens omval i presidentvalet 1978 till och med Kekkonens avgång på grund av hälsoskäl år 1981. -
Master of Arts Thesis Euroculture
Master of Arts Thesis Euroculture Uppsala University University of Groningen Alone is Strong? A study of the parliamentary foreign policy and defence debates in Sweden and Finland following the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 Submitted by: Paulina Ek First university: Uppsala University Second university: University of Groningen Supervised by: Johan Matz, Uppsala University C.M. (Ine) Megens, University of Groningen Groningen, 1 June 2017 Signature: MA Programme Euroculture Declaration I, Paulina Ek, hereby declare that this thesis, entitled “Alone is strong? A study of the parliamentary foreign policy and defence debates in Sweden and Finland following the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014”, submitted as partial requirement for the MA Programme Euroculture, is my own original work and expressed in my own words. Any use made within this text of works of other authors in any form (e.g. ideas, figures, texts, tables etc.) are properly acknowledged in the text as well as in the bibliography. I declare that the written (printed and bound) and the electronic copy of the submitted MA thesis are identical. I hereby also acknowledge that I was informed about the regulations pertaining to the assessment of the MA thesis Euroculture and about the general completion rules for the Master of Arts Programme Euroculture. Signed ………………………………………….. Date ………1 June 2017………………. 2 Table of content: 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... -
10331-Volume34 Issue1 08 Paper
10.2478/nor-2013-0046 Nordicom Review 34 (2013) 1, pp. 105-123 Through Rose or Blue and White Glasses? Decades of News about the Soviet Union in the Finnish Press Lotta Lounasmeri Abstract The Finnish public discussion culture has often been criticized of being unanimous and consensual. In different times political journalism has treated foreign and home affairs as well as economic policy with care. In the present article, attention is paid to Finnish foreign reporting about the Soviet Union during the last decades of its existence. The empirical material used consists of media texts on major events during the Soviet era as well as interviews with key editors-in-chief at the time. The objective is to describe and analyze the ways in which critical reporting was carried out in different Finnish newspapers and the reasons behind this. Keywords: Finnish newspapers, self censorship, Soviet Union, political journalism, foreign reportage, crisis reportage Introduction The concepts of Finlandization and self-censorship have been often applied when the image of the Soviet Union in the Finnish press has been discussed. It has been claimed that giving an accurate or real picture of the Communist neighbor was impossible. In connection with self-censorship, contemporaries have often underlined that it was a matter of conviction and patriotism in practice: foreign relations were not to be dam- aged by negative or critical press coverage. A line has been drawn between this unselfish action and the tactical self-censorship motivated by power politics in internal affairs. Whichever the case, construction of the Soviet image in the Finnish press has been con- nected to official foreign policy and especially to President Urho Kekkonen during his long term in office (1956-1981). -
Parliament of Finland 2012
english parliament of finland 2012 arliament convened for the first plenary session The Government’s planned reforms of the munici- of the spring term on Monday, 6 February 2012. pal structure, social and health services, and national P As the oldest MP, Kauko Tuupainen held the chair defence stimulated lively debate in Parliament and until the election of the Speakers. Eero Heinäluoma resulted in several interpellations. The required legisla- (Social Democratic Party) was re-elected as Speaker, tive changes will be considered by Parliament in 2013. Pekka Ravi (National Coalition Party) as First Deputy A total of eight interpellations were submitted, Speaker and Anssi Joutsenlahti (Finns Party) as Second which is twice the normal amount. One interpellation Deputy Speaker. led to a vote measuring confidence in a single member The opening ceremonies took place on Tuesday, 7 of the Government, Minister of Defence Stefan Wal- February, at which time President of the Republic Tarja lin (Swedish People’s Party). In general each interpella- Halonen opened Parliament for the last time. tion ended in a vote to decide whether the Government Sauli Niinistö took over as President of the Republic as a whole enjoyed Parliament’s confidence. Since the after making his solemn affirmation before Parliament six Government parties (National Coalition Party, Social on Thursday, 1 March 2012. Democratic Party, Left Alliance, Greens, Swedish Peo- ple’s Party and Christian Democrats) hold a majority Exceptional summer session owing to the euro crisis in Parliament, the motions for a vote of no confidence made by the opposition (Finns Party, Centre Party and The European economic crisis dominated Parliament’s Left Faction) were defeated each time. -
Hungarologische Beiträge 18, 2006
HUNGAROLOGISCHE BEITRÄGE 18 BRIDGE BUILDING AND POLITICAL CULTURES Moral and Stability: The Image of János Kádár and Urho Kekkonen in the West from 1956 to the early 1970s Vesa VARES 1 Introduction: Two Statesmen as Symbols and Images 1.1 The Countries Personified In 1975, as President of Finland, Urho Kekkonen, became 75 years old – and was as powerful as ever and as his era and po- litical line seemed to go on indefinitely – a book Urho Kekkonen – a Statesman for Peace was published. It consisted of 12 articles and a foreword. Some of the writers were active politicians and diplomats, some were scholars, some of them were both. Four of the writers were Scandinavians. The book was to celebrate Kekkonen’s career and role in world policy. As such, the book naturally was not to be very critical – one Danish article perhaps excluded – but not hagiographic in any Eastern European sense either. Nevertheless, it was intended to influence foreign opinion and to disgrace the rhetoric of ‘finlandi- zation’ in the West – it was originally in Finnish but translated into English. The foreword, written by a Foreign Ministry official and a university Professor, began a bit pompously and later went on to also praise the future of the statesman:1 The name of Urho Kekkonen, the President of Finland. Belongs to a category of names of European statesmen, who symbolize their coun- try. Kekkonen is part of Finland’s international image. Finland’s for- eign policy is synonymous with Kekkonen’s foreign policy. 137 VESA VARES Although Urho Kekkonen has already made history, he has, by no means, given up his active role. -
Finnish Diplomats As Interpreters of Finland's Foreign Policy 1955
JYU DISSERTATIONS 98 Jukka Nissinen Finnish Diplomats as Interpreters of Finland’s Foreign Policy 1955–1971 Question of Neutrality and Divided Germany JYU DISSERTATIONS 98 Jukka Nissinen Finnish Diplomats as Interpreters of Finland’s Foreign Policy 1955–1971 Question of Neutrality and Divided Germany Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston vanhassa juhlasalissa S212 kesäkuun 19. päivänä 2019 kello 14. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Jyväskylä, in building Seminarium, old festival hall S212 on June 19, 2019 at 2 pm. JYVÄSKYLÄ 2019 Editors Pasi Ihalainen Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyväskylä Timo Hautala Open Science Centre, University of Jyväskylä Copyright © 2019, by University of Jyväskylä Permanent link to this publication: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-39-7798-6 ISBN 978-951-39-7798-6 (PDF) URN:ISBN:978-951-39-7798-6 ISSN 2489-9003 ABSTRACT Nissinen, Jukka Finnish Diplomats as Interpreters of Finland’s Foreign Policy 1955–1971: Question of Neutrality and Divided Germany Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2010, 348 p. (JYU Dissertations ISSN 2489-9003; 98) ISBN 978-951-39-7798-6 (PDF) During the Cold War, between the years 1949–1973, Finland did not recognize either one of the states of the divided Germany, the socialist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) or the democratic Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany. This policy was initiated by the cautious stance of President J.K. Paasikivi, and it continued during President Urho Kek- konen’s multiple terms in office. -
Hungarologische Beiträge
Hungarologische Beiträge BRIDGE BUILDING AND POLITICAL CULTURES: HUNGARY AND FINLAND 1956-1989 Edited by Anssi Halmesvirta & Heino Nyyssönen 18 University of Jyväskylä 2006 © Publisher University of Jyväskylä, Faculty of Humanities, Hungarian Studies Technical Editors: Orsolya Fábián & Petteri Laihonen Cover: Vesa Niinikangas & Pertti Kukkola Press: Kopi-Jyvä, Jyväskylä 2006 ISBN 951-39-2422-X ISSN 1237-0223 CONTENTS Anssi Halmesvirta — Heino Nyyssönen: Editors’ Introduction .....................................................................5 Heino Nyyssönen: Political Cultures in Urho Kekkonen’s Finland and János Kádár’s Hungary ...................13 Juha Pohjonen: In Kekkonen and Kádár We Trust.....................77 Vesa Vares: Moral and Stability: The Image of János Kádár and Urho Kekkonen in the West from 1956 to the early 1970s ...........................................................................137 Mari Vares: Policy of Friendship: The Image of Hungarian-Finnish Relations during the Kekkonen Era .........201 Anssi Halmesvirta: Searching for the Social Man: Hungarian and Finnish Psychologists Collaborate...............261 Raija Oikari: On the Borders of Propaganda and What Can Be Said: Hungarian-Finnish Cultural Relations during the Kádár-Kekkonen Era..............................................299 Péter Porkoláb: Hungarian and Finnish Family Farming in Village Community from the 1950s to the 1980s ................357 Jari Ojala: Co-evolution of People Politics and Production: Finnish Agriculture after the Second World