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The Integrated Exploration of Raifa Lake Sediments and Dendrochronological Analysis of Raifa Forestry Pines

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The Integrated Exploration of Raifa Lake Sediments and Dendrochronological Analysis of Raifa Forestry Pines VOL. 12, NO. 7, APRIL 2017 ISSN 1819-6608 ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2017 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. www.arpnjournals.com THE INTEGRATED EXPLORATION OF RAIFA LAKE SEDIMENTS AND DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF RAIFA FORESTRY PINES Kosareva L. R., Nurgalieva N. G., Frolova L. A., Gafiatullina L. I., Krylov P. S., Terekhin A. A., Tishin D. V., Batalin G. A., Gareev B. I., Kuzina D. M., Antonenko V. V. and Akhmerov R. D. Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation E-Mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The article presents some results of comprehensive research on the properties of Raifa lake bottom sediments and dendrochronological study of Raifa forestry pines (Russia). A preliminary seismic acoustic investigations have been carried out, which allowed to select the sampling site (E 48 ° 43'40.6'' N 55 ° 54'21.7''). The length of core sample was 32 cm. Laboratory studies of the core, including the study of the elemental composition, magneto-mineralogical and carcinologic analysis revealed the features of sedimentation mass formation. Keywords: lacustrine sediments, paleolimnology, paleoclimate, seismic acoustic studies, elemental composition, magnetic properties, carcinologic analysis, dendrochronological analysis. 1. INTRODUCTION 2. METHODS Paleoclimate is currently an interesting area of The expedition, carried out by KFU staff scientific research related to understanding the processes members in summer of 2015 was held for the purpose of and causes of climate change in the past, which in turn preliminary seismic acoustic investigations, coring of makes it possible to accurately predict such changes in the bottom sediments and sampling for dendrochronological future. research on the territory of Raifa forestry. Raifa Lake is located on the territory of the Seismic profiling was collected with Boomer Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve of the complex designed and manufactured on the base of Kazan Tatarstan Republic (Russia) at the confluence of the Federal University. The Boomer data were collected along Sumka and Ser-Bulak rivers (Figure-1a). The territory of 3 km of survey lines (Figure-1a). Average survey speed reserve is situated on the left slope of the Volga valley on was about 1.5 km/h. Navigation coordinates were obtained its high quaternary terraces above the flood-plain. The by a hand-held Garmin™ GPS unit, and were recorded pond has a karst origin and crescent elongated form. The with recorded each Boomer shot (shot time interval was 2 lake covers an area of 330 thousands m2; the length s). The survey was conducted from inflatable boat with the reaches 1400m with a maximum width of 300m. The lake use of ecological electric motor. The depths discussed in is mainly fed by the spring waters, the rivers flowing into this paper assume a speed of sound in water 1500 m/s. the lake, and the ground waters. Core samples were taken with a UWITEC Despite the fact that all modern lakes are a Gravity Corer (Australia) at the 12 m water depth, core valuable sources of information about environmental length is 32 cm, and coordinates are Е 48° 43ʹ40.6ʹʹ N 55 ° changes in the last thousand years, the lakes of the Volga 54ʹ21.7ʹʹ. Bottom sediments are represented by region remain poorly understood. Among the most homogeneous dark gray clays (Figure-1b). Sampling was significant studies of the lake we can mention monitoring carried out layer by layer with the interval of 1 cm in observations of hydrochemical regime and composition of labeled plastic containers. plankton communities, conducted in reserve since 1983. Core studies were conducted using an integrated [1-4]. It should be noted that bottom sediments of the lake approach. Samples were subjected to magnetic- are entirely unexplored. mineralogical, paleobiological research, as well as to the For the best solving of the climatic conditions study of the elemental composition. reconstruction requires analysis of large amounts of related data it becomes apparent that applying an 2.1 Studies of elemental composition integrated approach in comparison with any of the other The studies of elemental composition were specific research methods is most relevant, especially in conducted on a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence terms of getting reliable results. Currently the (WDXRF) spectrometer S8 Tiger (Bruker, Germany), instrumentation laboratory facilities reached a level when which allows determining the elemental composition of it is possible to carry out an integrated analysis of obtained solid, powdery and liquid samples ranging from B to U in data. An integrated approach will enable to conduct a a vacuum or helium atmosphere. The device is equipped comparative evaluation of the magnetic properties, a with a rhodium X-ray tube with a power of 4 kW. number of chemical and paleobiological indicators in layer The sample was placed in non-magnetic agate by layer core samples of Raifa Lake and grinding jar of planetary ball mill, grinding was carried out dendrochronological indicators. for 10 minutes to achieve the required grain size of less than 10 microns. 2192 VOL. 12, NO. 7, APRIL 2017 ISSN 1819-6608 ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2017 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. www.arpnjournals.com Figure-1. a) The location map of Raifa Lake, Volga region, Russia. Map showing location of seismic reflection (Boomer) profiles obtained in 2016 year and location of sampling site with the use of gravity corer. b) Photo of the column. A 0.5 g subsample was placed in a ceramic The induced magnetization dependence on crucible and had been heated at 1100˚C for two hours to temperature was measured using Curie express balance in determine the loss on ignition (LOI). the magnetic field of 0.4 T at a heating rate of Another test subsample with a mass of 4g was 100°C/minute. Before measuring the dried sample was weighted on an analytical balance with an accuracy of 100 ground and weighed. mg, mixed with an organic wax and pressed onto a The spectrums of normal magnetization in the substrate of boric acid with a force of 300 kN. fields of up to 0.5 T were obtained by means of This pressed powder pellet was placed in a coercitivity spectrometer «J_meter» [5], which allows spectrometer, which hosted the analysis by Geo-quant separate registering of induced and remanent standardized methodology. magnetization of samples at a room temperature. The The obtained spectrum was processed by the following parameters were obtained using the normal method of fundamental parameters, the automatic magnetization curves: normal remanent saturation recognition errors and spurious peaks were removed, the magnetization (Jrs), saturation magnetization, excluding diffraction phenomenon and matrix effects were the effect of the paramagnetic component (Js), the considered, the undefined elements were taken into magnetization of the paramagnetic component in the field account using LOI value. of 0.5 T (Jp), the coercitivity force after removing the effect of the paramagnetic component (Bc), the remanent 2.2 Magnetic-mineralogical studies coercitivity force (Bcr), the position of maximum Initially, the magnetic susceptibility (χ) was coercivity spectra of NRM (Bda), the position of measured on all samples of the core column using the maximum coercitivity spectra of NRM demagnetization MFK-1A (AGICO, Czech Republic). The sediment was from saturated state (Bdb), superparamagnetic previously dried, all samples weight were measured. susceptibility in the field of up to 8 mT (Ksp). Thermomagnetic analysis is a main type of In order to determine the nature of changes of diagnosis of ferromagnetic fraction’s composition in magnetic susceptibility we have identified the contribution rocks. For conducting the thermomagnetic studies samples of the different components - ferromagnetic (χf), were taken from different depths of the column. paramagnetic and diamagnetic (χp), as well as 2193 VOL. 12, NO. 7, APRIL 2017 ISSN 1819-6608 ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2017 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. www.arpnjournals.com superparamagnetic (χsp). Each component has a different station in vil. Sadoviy (55.9 N, 48.73 E) was used to nature of origin related to sedimentation processes identify the reaction of pine growth on the climate. The changes. Methods of determining the contribution of statistical relationship of radial tree growth with weather paramagnetic component to the total signal by inductive factors was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation using normal magnetization curve, determining ferromagnetic PAST software [19]. The Spectr software was used to component by inductive normal magnetization curve identify the cyclical dynamics in radial growth of trees. minus paramagnetic component, determining the superparamagnetic component by Jr curve and its total 3. RESULTS value were applied to all samples of core column [6]. These samples were also used to carry out a 3.1 Seismic studies component analysis to determine the components of Lake basin is divided in two depression in North ferromagnetic fraction through analyzing normal part (maximum depth of the lake is 20.5m) and South-East magnetization spectra by continuous wavelet transform part (depth is 9.5 m). West slope of the lake basin is method with the Gaussian-based wavelet (MHAT) [7]. gradually deepening, however east slope is steeper (Figure-3). Seismic reflection data indicated less than 0.4 2.3 Paleobiological studies m of sediment. Carcinology analysis required pretreating samples for microscopy: thermochemical treatment with 10% 3.2 Laboratory studies of the sediment cores. potassium hydroxide solution at 70-80 °C and staining with safranin dye. The samples were sieved through a 50- 3.2.1 Studies of the elemental composition μm mesh. Microscopy of cladoceran remains was The elemental composition was measured in 31 conducted using a microscope, Carl Zeiss Axiolab A1. samples. Table-1 presents the elementary statistics of the The most abundant body part was chosen for each species element contents (in oxide form).
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