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Analysis of Wave Characteristics in Osaka Bay for Three Major Typhoons Using WAVEWATCH III

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Analysis of Wave Characteristics in Osaka Bay for Three Major Typhoons Using WAVEWATCH III Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B3 (Ocean Engineering), Vol. 75, No. 2, I_289-I_294, 2019. Analysis of Wave Characteristics in Osaka Bay for Three Major Typhoons Using WAVEWATCH III Chathura MANAWASEKARA1, Yiqing XIA2, Mangala AMUNUGAMA3, Yoji TANAKA4, Katsuyuki SUZUYAMA5 1Member of JSCE, Disaster Prevention Division, Wave Analysis Dept., ECOH CORPORATION (2-6-4, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-0014, Japan) E-mail:[email protected] 2Disaster Prevention Division, Wave Analysis Dept., ECOH CORPORATION (2-6-4, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-0014, Japan) E-mail:[email protected] 3Technical Research Institute, ECOH CORPORATION (2-6-4, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-0014, Japan) 4Member of JSCE, Disaster Prevention Division, Wave Analysis Dept., ECOH CORPORATION (2-6-4, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-0014, Japan) 5Disaster Prevention Division, Wave Analysis Dept., ECOH CORPORATION (2-6-4, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-0014, Japan) E-mail:[email protected] Typhoon generated wave behavior in Osaka Bay under recent three major typhoons (T1820, T1821, and T1824) is simulated and discussed in the study. Simulation was conducted using third generation wave model WAVEWATCH III, and results showed that the impact areas for each typhoon can be explained by looking in to the sea wave properties enter into the bay area. Wave energy is represented with significant wave height related to each categorized components of wave frequency, and their contribution to the damages and critical conditions caused by each typhoon are discussed. Analysis shows that the longer period swell enters into the bay area for T1821 than that of for T1820. In contrary, effect of wind waves for T1820 is larger in North and West side of the bay while T1821 affect more in the Eastward side. In addi- tion, wind data from two sources [Local Forecast Model (LFM) and Meso Scale Model (MSM)] by Jap- anese Meteorological Agency (JMA) were used in the study and the simulation effectiveness in related to wind source is also discussed in the study. However, results with newer and finer LFM wind data showed better agreement with observations in comparison to weaker MSM wind data. Key Words : Typhoon Cimaron (1820), Typhoon Jebi (1821), Osaka Bay, WAVEWATCH III , LFM 1. INTRODUCTION are capable of causing variety of damages and poses a serious threat to properties specially in the coastal Extensive damage to coastal structures and facili- region. Therefore, typhoon generated wave heights ties caused by three big typhoons (T1820, T1821, play a major role in determine the design limitations and T1824) passing central Japan (in latter half of of coastal structures in most part of Japan. With year 2018) has drawn great attention, particularly number of economically important sites laying with regards to the reliability of existing safety around (Kobe port, Osaka port, Kansai International measures against typhoon-induced waves. The airport etc.), Osaka bay region plays a central role in large-scale economic loss from the halted operations economy of Western Japan. Moreover, even though in Kansai International Airport due to flooding by recent super-typhoons Cimaron and Jebi both made typhoon Jebi (T1821) has also emphasized the level their initial landfall in the southern part of To- of vulnerability present under passing typhoons. kushima prefecture before crossing Osaka Bay with During the annual typhoon season (generally from slightly varied paths, typhoon induced wave charac- May to October) at least about three typhoons hit the teristics and major damage areas appeared to be have mainland of Japan, and it is evident that typhoons are significant difference from each other. Therefore, it getting stronger in recent years. High waves, sudden is worth studying the typhoon-induced wave distri- rise of water levels and strong winds under typhoons bution in the wide and shallow sea area of the bay I_289 Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B3 (Ocean Engineering), Vol. 75, No. 2, I_289-I_294, 2019. after entering through Kii-channel, and becomes the aim of the current research. In this study, we employed the third-generation wave model, WAVEWATCH III (WW3) to simulate the wave conditions under typhoon events T1820 (Cimaron), T1821 and T1824 (Trami). The applica- bility of WW3 in extreme wind situations has been addressed and confirmed in several recent studies1)2). LFM wind data provided by JMA were used as the main wind source for the study, and the main wave analysis and comparisons in the paper were con- ducted with wave simulation results using LFM winds. Additionally, a comaparison between results by LFM and MSM wind sources were done in the latter part of the paper. LFM, finer in resolution and the latest of two models, implemented in 2012 and provides data at every 1-hour interval. Recently, Kawaguchi et al.3) have successfully employed LFM winds in wave modelling under Typhoon Lan. A comparison between two wind sources and their results are discussed in the latter part of the paper. Fig. 1 Computational domains (D1-D4) and data extraction points in D4 2. NUMERICAL MODEL (1) Brief description of wave model In WW3 the generation, evolution and dissipation of ocean surface waves are predicted by solving the balance equation, DN txk ),;,( S = (1) Dt where, k is the wavenumber, is the wave direction, is the intrinsic frequency, x and t represent the space and time coordinates, respectively, = ()txkFN /,;, is the wave action density spec- trum, F is the wavenumber-direction spectrum, and S represents the net effect of source and sink terms for F. The latest version of WW3 (version 5.16) is em- Fig. 2 Typhoon path over mainland of Japan ployed using spherical coordinate system, and more detailed explanation on the numerics and physics of the model is available in the user manual and system documentation of WW34). (2) Model set-up and parameters The input/dissipation source terms proposed by 5) Ardhuin et al. (ST4 in WW3) are applied in the current study with frequency and directional divi- sions of 35 and 36, respectively. Four nested (one-way) computation domains are used in the simulation with increasing resolution (from D1-D4 with grid resolutions 1/4⁰, 1/16⁰, 1/64⁰, 1/256⁰, re- spectively) when converging on the target area. A 0 minimum grid size of around 400m (1/256 ) is se- lected especially in order to represent critical topo- Fig. 3 Temporal variation wave height (above) and period (below) graphical properties effectively in the computation. at NW-Kobe for simulation and observation I_290 Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B3 (Ocean Engineering), Vol. 75, No. 2, I_289-I_294, 2019. (a) (b) (c) (d) T1820 T1821 T1824 T1820-T1821 Fig. 4 (a-c)Maximum sig. wave height by each typhoon and, (d) difference in maximum wave heights between T1820 and T1821 Wind data were input to WW3 at 20min time-interval and simulation output data were also recorded at the (2) Spectral analysis same time-interval. Graphical representation of each a) Wave spectrum at points domain area shown in Fig. 1 and the path of each In order to look into the composition of sea waves, typhoon over the area are as in Fig. 2. we extracted wave spectrum at points (Pt1-Pt4) in D4 shown in Fig. 1, at the peak time of NW-Kobe. Fig. 5 illustrates the frequency and directional spectrum at 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Pt1 to Pt4 for T1820 and T1821. Even though the directional spectrum at Pt1 and Pt3 have distinct peaks between S-SW for both typhoons, it is evident (1) Validation of simulated wave that T1820 has higher level of energy travelling in Simulation results are compared with the obser- northward direction. The peak frequency lies around vations at NOWPHAS (Nationwide Ocean Wave 0.12Hz (wave period of ~8.3s) for both Pt1 and Pt3. information network for Ports and HArbours) data According to general classification, periods less than collection station located in Kobe (NW-Kobe). In the 8s (equivalently, frequency >0.125Hz) are consid- simulation T1820 reached the peak significant wave ered to be wind waves while rest to be considered height at NW-Kobe 08/24 00:20 while T1821 and swell. Thus, indicating under T1820 wind waves has T1824 reached peak at 09/04 14:40 and 10/01 00:40, been the cause for much of the impacts in the north respectively. Considering peak time as t=0 for each part of the bay. typhoon, temporal variation of wave height and pe- Concurrently, frequency spectrum of Pt4 shows riod for 9-hour period either side of the peak time are similar variations for both T1820 and T1821. How- depicted in . Even though, both T1820 and Fig. 3 ever noticeably swell component (frequency T1821 simulations slightly underestimate the peak <0.125Hz) of appears slightly higher at Pt2 for wave heights, overall, simulation results are in good T1821. Generally, with longer wave length and agreement with observation data. However, this higher wave periods swell tend to carry few times study does not account for the effect of sea level more energy than wind waves with corresponding change due to the storm surge caused by the typhoon. wave height. Therefore, we shed closer attention to Wave height is expected to increase with such rise in energy carried by each wave component through water depth, and can assume to be contributed to the discrepancy observation data. (a) (b) T1820 T1821 In addition, T1820 is slower in retreat in compar- ison to T1821, indicating that wave effect from T1820 last longer for the particular area. At the same time wave periods of 4s-8s are dominant for all ty- phoon events. Fig. 4(a-c) shows the spatial variation of the maximum significant wave height observed during each typhoon.
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