The Forefront of International Higher Education HIGHER EDUCATION DYNAMICS VOLUME 42

Series Editor Peter Maassen, University of Oslo, Norway, and University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands Johan Müller, Graduate School of Humanities, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa

Editorial Board Alberto Amaral, CIPES and Universidade do Porto, Portugal Akira Arimoto, Hiroshima University, Japan Nico Cloete, CHET, Pretoria, South Africa David Dill, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA Jürgen Enders, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands Patricia Gumport, , USA Mary Henkel, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom Glen Jones, University of Toronto, Canada

SCOPE OF THE SERIES

Higher Education Dynamics is a book series intending to study adaptation processes and their outcomes in higher education at all relevant levels. In addition it wants to examine the way interactions between these levels affect adaptation processes. It aims at applying general social science concepts and theories as well as testing theories in the fi eld of higher education research. It wants to do so in a manner that is of relevance to all those professionally involved in higher education, be it as ministers, policy-makers, politicians, institutional leaders or administrators, higher education researchers, members of the academic staff of universities and colleges, or students. It will include both mature and developing systems of higher education, covering public as well as private institutions.

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6037 Alma Maldonado-Maldonado Roberta Malee Bassett Editors

The Forefront of International Higher Education

A Festschrift in Honor of Philip G. Altbach Editors Alma Maldonado-Maldonado Roberta Malee Bassett Departamento de Investigaciones The World Bank, Europe and Central Educativas (DIE) Asia Region Centro de Investigaciones Avanzadas Washington, DC, USA (CINVESTAV) Colonia Granjas Coapa Distrito Federal , Mexico

ISSN 1571-0378 ISBN 978-94-007-7084-3 ISBN 978-94-007-7085-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7085-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013949495

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents

Introduction ...... ix Alma Maldonado-Maldonado and Roberta Malee Bassett

1 The Complexity of Higher Education: A Career in Academics and Activism ...... 1 Philip G. Altbach

Part I Academic Profession

2 Academe: A Profession Like No Other ...... 35 James J. F. Forest 3 How Does National Context Shape Academic Work and Careers? The Prospects for Some Empirical Answers ...... 49 Martin Finkelstein 4 Academic Drift in Brazilian Education ...... 61 Simon Schwartzman

Part II Internationalization of Higher Education

5 Is Internationalisation of Higher Education Having an Identity Crisis? ...... 75 Jane Knight 6 The Different Faces and Phases of Internationalisation of Higher Education ...... 89 Hans de Wit 7 Internationalization Revisited ...... 101 Patti McGill Peterson and Robin Matross Helms

v vi Contents

Part III Academic Mobility

8 Redefining Academic Mobility: From the Pursuit of Scholarship to the Pursuit of Revenue ...... 115 Liz Reisberg and Laura E. Rumbley 9 Academic Mobility as Social Mobility or the Point of No Return ...... 127 Alma Maldonado-Maldonado

Part IV Regional Perspectives

10 The Impact of Convergent Higher Education Reforms in European Countries ...... 141 Ulrich Teichler 11 Research Universities in Latin America: Public Policy and Political Constraints ...... 155 Jorge Balán 12 African Higher Education and Altbach’s Influence ...... 173 José Cossa 13 The Development of Private Higher Education in Japan Since the 1960s: A Reexamination of a Center-Periphery Paradigm ...... 183 Akiyoshi Yonezawa 14 Whither Innovations in Higher Education in ? ...... 195 N. Jayaram

Part V Worldwide Perspectives

15 Global Diversity: Emerging Trends ...... 209 Heather Eggins 16 International Quality Assurance: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? ...... 223 Judith S. Eaton 17 Tuition Fees, Student Loans, and Other Manifestations of Cost Sharing: Variations and Misconceptions ...... 235 D. Bruce Johnstone 18 The Contribution of Universities to Innovation: Insights from a Comparative Study of the Leading OECD Nations ...... 245 David D. Dill and Frans van Vught Contents vii

19 International Higher Education: Bridging Academia and Global Policy Development at the World Bank ...... 255 Roberta Malee Bassett and Jamil Salmi

Part VI World-Class Universities

20 Forms of Capitalism and Creating World- Class Universities ...... 267 Jennifer Olson and Sheila Slaughter 21 Development and Prospect of World-Class Universities in East Asia and Beyond ...... 281 Qi Wang and Nian Cai Liu 22 Aspiring to ‘World Class’ Universities in Australia: A Global Trend with Intended and Unintended Consequences . . . . . 295 Lesley Vidovich and Jan Currie

Part VII Epilogue: Philip G. Altbach—The Teacher

23 Philip Altbach: Through the Eyes of His Students ...... 311 David A. Stanfi eld 24 Final Remarks ...... 317 Roberta Malee Bassett and Alma Maldonado-Maldonado

About the Authors ...... 321

Introduction

Alma Maldonado-Maldonado and Roberta Malee Bassett

(O)ne person can be a change catalyst, a “transformer” in any situation, any organization. Such an individual is yeast that can leaven an entire loaf. It requires vision, initiative, patience, respect, persistence, courage, and faith to be a transforming leader. Stephen R. Covey (1992 )

A. Maldonado-Maldonado (*) Departamento de Investigaciones Educativas (DIE) , Centro de Investigaciones Avanzadas (CINVESTAV) , Calzada de los Tenorios 235, Colonia Granjas Coapa, Mexico D.F. , 14330 Mexico City , Mexico e-mail: [email protected] R. M. Bassett The World Bank , Europe and Central Asia Region , 1818 H Street , NW, MSN: MC7-715, Washington, DC 20433, USA e-mail: [email protected] ix x Introduction

This book is a celebration of a man’s life and career. In early 2011, Phil Altbach told us that he was transitioning toward retirement. We say transitioning because retirement does not appear to be a fi xed idea for Phil. Instead, it is a mere redistribu- tion of his efforts as they span between teaching, research, consulting, and service to the fi eld of international higher education. His imminent retirement, however he was defi ning it, drove us to envision a volume that would showcase Phil as the scholar, mentor, and peer that he is for colleagues around the world. The level of loyalty that Phil engenders from his broad circle of friends was evident throughout the planning of this volume. Since the chapters to come will examine Phil’s myriad contributions to an aston- ishing breadth of areas of higher education policy and practice, we will use this chapter to discuss the life of our friend and mentor. Phil grew up in and spent his formative years there, attending primary, secondary, and tertiary education there and meeting his lifelong work and life partner, his wife Edith Hoshino Altbach, there. It was at the where Phil completed, at age 25, his PhD in Comparative Education, with his thesis “Students, Politics, and Higher Education in a Developing Society: The Case of Bombay, India,” which also launched a lifelong connection with and commitment to India, a defi ning element of his academic work. From the University of Chicago, Phil went on to serve as a postdoctoral fellow at from 1965 to 1967. His subsequent move in 1967 to the University of Wisconsin–Madison marked his fi rst academic job, and he remained in the academic staff at Madison until 1975, when he moved east to the State University of New York at Buffalo where he was professor from 1975 to 1994. Then, in 1994, Phil moved to , where he founded the Center for International Higher Education, the fi rst and, arguably, best known international higher education research center in the United States. We can talk in several ways about Philip Altbach’s career. Quantitatively, he has authored and coauthored 21 books, edited and coedited 23 books, written 16 book chapters, and published more than 50 articles. He has written 92 articles in his infl uen- tial newsletter International Higher Education and 32 blog posts in The World View , and his works have been translated into more than a dozen languages. Finally, he has served as an editor of eight (8) journals and book series. But, discussing Phil’s career quantitatively misses the real essence of Phil’s contribution to the fi eld of international higher education. Qualitatively, Phil’s reach in this fi eld is almost unparalleled. We believe it is fair to say that in his 47 years in this fi eld, Philip Altbach has been every- where in the world of international and comparative education and higher education, and no scholar or practitioner in this fi eld has been untouched by his contributions. Phil has both offi cially and unoffi cially mentored three generations of higher educa- tion scholars from every region of the globe. For the two of us, he has been our biggest fan and advocate, harshest and most useful critic, and great, great friend. We could not have asked for more as we embarked on our careers, and we know full well how lucky we are to be on “team Phil.” Our collaborators in this book feel the same way. Therefore, this book seeks to honor Philip G. Altbach by asking an array of higher education scholars and practitioners, all of whom have either directly worked with Phil or have utilized his research and who have enjoyed serving either Introduction xi as collaborators in projects, as former students, or as scholars whose work has been infl uenced by Altbach’s contributions. The result is what follows. A remarkably diverse group of 29 scholars discuss in 22 chapters the issues that Philip Altbach has studied through his storied career. Moreover, we purposefully included Phil’s fi rst PhD student, Patti McGill Peterson (now a presidential advisor at the American Council on Education), and his likely last one, current Boston College student, David Stanfi eld. Having including both in the book could work as a metaphor, but we prefer to think it is more as an indication of the affection and appreciation, as well as lifelong connection, that Phil’s students have for him. The organization of the chapters is as follows: The fi rst chapter was written by the man himself. Phil had originally written this a piece for Michael Paulsen’s Higher Education Handbook (also soon to be published by Springer) as a refl ection on his career over the past forty-plus years. He shared this with us in April 2013, on the occasion of a high profi le symposium in honor of his career. We knew imme- diately that his chapter would be a perfect complement to the contents of this Festschrift, so we received permissions from Dr. Paulsen and Spring to include it here, as the ultimate introduction to Phil and his work. The following 12 chapters present some of the main issues that Phil has dedi- cated his life to exploring: the academic profession, internationalization of higher education, academic mobility, and, more recently, linking academic research to policy practice. The subsequent group of nine chapters are divided into two groups: one on regional- and country-based approaches and the other on worldwide views. Phil has always been a strong proponent of both comparative studies and promoting specifi c country- and regional-based studies. And, fi nally, the book concludes with an epi- logue that celebrates the trajectory of Phil Altbach as a professor and dissertation adviser, a dimension of his career that may be less visible than his published work but has had no less of an impact on the fi eld of international higher education. One of the main challenges of putting together a book like this one has been limiting the selection of contributors from the breadth of possible authors around the world. Not only was there no shortage of individuals willing to contribute, we had to make very painful choices in order to contain the scope and size of the volume. Indeed, page limitations were the only barriers to extending this work beyond what follows. We express our heartfelt thanks to those whose chapters follow and our equally heartfelt gratitude and apologies to those who sincerely wished to contrib- ute but were unable to be included in this work. Finally, we would like to thank all the authors for their contribution to this Festschrift. A special thanks goes to Yoka Janssen and Anne Marie Keur (at Springer) for their support to this project and, especially, Edith Altbach, for years of constant kindnesses and for providing us with the pictures included in this book.

Reference

Covey, S. R. (1992). Principle centered leadership (p. 287). New York: Fireside.