Number 105 Winter 2021
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NUMBER 105 WINTER 2021 INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION THE BOSTON COLLEGE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION Issue #105 China–Global Developing System- Relations: A Higher Impact of COVID-19 on Wide Approaches to Education Cold War? Higher Education from Teaching Excellence an Equity Perspective LIZHOU WANG AND WEN PAUL ASHWIN WEN JAMIL SALMI 5 9 13 Doctoral Education: Emerging from the Mist: Global Perspectives French Universities and Global Rankings VICTOR RUDAKOV AND MARIA YUDKEVICH 23 LUDOVIC HIGHMAN 37 The complete table of contents can be found on page 2. CONTENTS | INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION The Boston College Center for THE POST-COVID-19 DOCTORAL International Higher Education WORLD EDUCATION: A GLOBAL brings an international consciousness 3 Fighting for Funding and against RECONSIDERATION to the analysis of higher education. We Inequality post COVID-19 believe that an international perspective 23 Doctoral Education: Global will contribute to enlightened policy and HANS DE WIT AND PHILIP G. ALTBACH Perspectives practice. To serve this goal, the Center VICTOR RUDAKOV AND 5 Impact of COVID-19 on Higher publishes the International Higher Educa- MARIA YUDKEVICH tion quarterly publication, a book series, Education from an Equity and other publications; sponsors confer- Perspective 25 Africa: Resource Challenges to ences; and welcomes visiting scholars. JAMIL SALMI Doctoral Education Opinions expressed here do not neces- WONDWOSEN TAMRAT AND 7 “Futurology” and Higher sarily reflect the views of the Center for GETNET TIZAZU FETENE International Higher Education. Education in the Post-COVID-19 The Center is closely related to the grad- Environment 27 Japan: Decline of Doctoral uate program in higher education at the WILLIAM LOCKE Applicants—Crisis for Innovation? Lynch School of Education and Human YUKIKO SHIMMI Development, Boston College. The Center offers an M.A. and a Certificate of Inter- INTERNATIONAL national Higher Education. ISSUES 2021 QUESTIONABLE ER For additional information see: 9 Developing System-Wide PRACTICES IN HIGHER T https://www.bc.edu/IHEMA N Approaches to Teaching EDUCATION https://www.bc.edu/IHECert Excellence _WI 29 Can Academic Corruption Be Editor Philip G. Altbach PAUL ASHWIN 105 Eradicated? Associate Editors Hans de Wit, LIZ REISBERG Rebecca Schendel, and Gerardo Blanco 11 Information and Markets in Higher Education Publication Editors Hélène Bernot 31 To Buy or Not to Buy? Investing in NUMBER JANJA KOMLJENOVIC Ullerö and Tessa DeLaquil a Dissertation in Ukraine Editorial Office 2 ARARAT L. OSIPIAN Center for International Higher A HIGHER EDUCATION Education COLD WAR? 33 False Institutional Affiliations and Campion Hall Gaming University Metrics Boston College 13 China–Global Relations: A Higher VIVIENNE C. BACHELET Chestnut Hill, MA 02467–USA Education Cold War? Tel: +1 617 552-4236 LIZHOU WANG AND WEN WEN E-mail: [email protected] COUNTRIES AND 15 Challenging Times for Sino– www.internationalhighereducation.net REGIONS Foreign Sci–Tech Relations We welcome correspondence, 35 The Tragedies of Brazilian Higher ANTHONY WELCH ideas for articles, and reports. Education Subscription: 17 Chinese Students Halt Plans to MARCELO KNOBEL AND If you would like to subscribe, please Study in the United States FERNANDA LEAL do this via: XIAOFENG WAN www.internationalhighereducation. 37 Emerging from the Mist: French net/en/newsletter. There is no charge 19 Hong Kong Higher Education: Universities and Global Rankings for a digital subscription; a fee of A Turning Point? LUDOVIC HIGHMAN €32/year applies to a subscription PHILIP G. ALTBACH AND to the print version which can be 39 Not Yet Nirvana: International GERARD A. POSTIGLIONE purchased from the publisher: Higher Education Implications of https://shop.duz-medienhaus.de/ the US Election 21 Future-Proofing German–Chinese international-higher-education.html. PHILIP G. ALTBACH AND HANS DE WIT Partnerships in Higher Education ISSN: 1084-0613 (print), MARIJKE WAHLERS 2372-4501 (online) 40 CIHE PUBLICATIONS 40 CIHE UPDATES 40 CIHE NEWS twitter.com/BC_CIHE 43 IHE ADVISORY BOARD facebook.com/Center.for. International.Higher.Education INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION | THE POST-COVID-19 WORLD Fighting for Funding and against Inequality post COVID-19 Hans de Wit and Philip G. Altbach Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has opened a Pandora’s box about the future role of higher educa- he COVID-19 pandemic has opened a Pandora’s box of options for and predictions tion. Online education was ac- about the future role of higher education. On the one side are those who predict T ceptable for a short period, but that nothing will change and that things will return to “business as usual” after the cri- made clear that institutions of sis. These conservative views seem currently more realistic than those, on the other higher education are also a liv- side, who foresee a revolution through which higher education will be radically trans- formed. Numerous articles in University World News and elsewhere have argued that ing community of faculty and stu- radical change is both desirable and inevitable—and that reimagining postsecondary dents. The pandemic has put a NUMBER education is an urgent necessity. spotlight on the importance of This is not the first call for revolutionary change in one of the two oldest institutions international research collabora- in the world (the other being the Roman Catholic Church). Not long ago, many argued tion. But because of severe eco- 105 that MOOCs would transform higher education—this, of course, did not happen. As Henry nomic downturns, the pandemic _WI Mance writes in the Financial Times (“The Future of the University in the Age of Covid,” has dramatically worsened ine- N T September 18, 2020), “In fact the pandemic has underlined the demand for what universi- qualities within the higher edu- ER ties do.” At the opening of the academic year in Europe and North America, governments cation and research sector. 2021 and institutional leaders have been calling for reopening campuses, so too have some faculty and many students. Online education was acceptable for a short period to tack- le the first wave of the pandemic. But it has become manifest that institutions of high- 3 er education are more than education providers. They are living communities of faculty and students, inside, but even more outside of the classrooms. “Students are unlikely to commit large amounts of time and money to consume online content. Students go to universities to meet great people, have inspiring conversations with faculty, collaborate with researchers in the laboratory and experience the social life on campus,” the Educa- tion at a Glance report of the OECD writes correctly. And while there were concerns that student numbers, both locally and internationally, would drastically drop, the reality at the start of the academic year is that they seem to have gone up, including for interna- tional students, although countries and postsecondary institutions have been affected differently. This is not surprising, since in times of unemployment education becomes an alternative. The coming years will tell if this continues to be the case, especially with respect to international students. That returning to “normal” has a price, is certain. Where universities have opened for on-campus or hybrid instruction, student enthusiasm has led to flouting rules and little attention to safety, thus to a significant uptick of COVID-19 infections. Further, the revival of campus life is noticeable mainly at top universities in high-income countries, contributing to increased inequality and exclusion. Universities everywhere are under severe financial constraints, due to the additional costs of COVID-19 management, loss of revenue, and, increasingly, budget cuts. For these reasons, although revolutionary changes are unlikely, there is no going back to the prepandemic status quo. Changes will happen, reforms will be implemented, but gradually and with active steering and attention to the voices of students, faculty, and the outside world. The Future of Research Although only a small minority of the world’s 20,000 or more universities have a signif- icant research mission, research done in universities is of central importance for both the research university sector and for society. Universities around the world are currently engaged in COVID-19 research, and the large majority of public health experts appearing in the global media are university professors. Universities are in general protected from the politicization of science that is evident in some countries, and are being recognized THE POST-COVID-19 WORLD | INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION as key contributors to solving the most dramatic global health crisis in modern times. The pandemic has put a spotlight on the importance of research and research collabo- ration. “Global research collaboration is a good news story in a difficult time,” writes Si- mon Marginson (International Higher Education #104). If one looks at the approximately 30 initiatives currently working on a vaccine, all depend on international partnerships of researchers—located in multinational companies, research institutes, and universities that all need access to the best minds, sophisticated equipment, and testing opportu- nities in different parts of the world. The effort is truly global and illustrates the neces- sity of the globalization of science and scholarship. The COVID-19 crisis also shows that solving the problem is fundamentally interdisci- plinary and