International Year 1 Number 1 2021

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President of the Council of Higher Education Prof. Dr. Yekta Saraç: “We Have 200,000 International Students From 182 Countries”

The Maarif Learner Profile

Prof. Dr. İsmail Kara: “Wisdom (Hikmat) must be the Higher Individualized Goal of Education” Education The Heart of Asia: Afghanistan VALUING EDUCATION

CONTACT FOR YOUR DONATIONS AND GRANTS Turkish Maarif Foundation Fund Raising Department Email: [email protected] | Phone.: +90 216 323 35 35 International

2021 Number 1 CONTENT Year 1 International maarifJournal

Journal Year: 1, Number: 2, 2021 maarif Owner INFOGRAPHIC Prof. Dr. Birol Akgün In the second volume of THE MAARİF LEARNER PROFILE On Behalf of Turkish Maarif International Maarif Journal, BOOKS DESIGNING THE We need a HUMAN SCHOOL. A school that may Guide For Foundation mainly Individualized FUTURE unite us with our own soul, that may promote

President of the Education and the Future the fact that our every action has moral value, Council of Higher Education will occupy a greater part Remote Chief Editor Education Prof. Dr.

Yekta Saraç: “We Have 200,000 of Education themes are and that may raise hearts who admire modesty, International of the agenda in the coming days. Prof. Dr. Cihad Demirli Students From 182 Countries” Learning P. 21 evaluated in all its aspects, The intensity of educational studies in pure hearts that love humanity. Nurettin Topçu The Maarif Learner Profile Individualized by academicians and expert the publishing world is a sign of this. Prof. Dr. Ayşen Gürcan Advisory Board Prof. Dr. İsmail Kara: “Wisdom (Hikmat) Education must be the Higher Goal of Education” writers. P. 14 P. 54 Osman Nuri Kabaktepe The Heart of Asia: Afghanistan Zekeriya Akçam Prof. Dr. Aşkın Asan Prof. Dr. Ahmet Emre Bilgili ARTICLE Selim Cerrah Mustafa Göksu, PhD 74 / Disaster Response Training and the Prof. Dr. Ayşen Gürcan THEME Case of Japan Mehmet Arslan Prof. Dr. Mahmut Özer Prof. Dr. Semih Aktekin Prof. Dr. M. Akif Kireççi INDIVIDUALIZED Prof. Dr. Zarife Seçer Editorial Board Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cahit Bağcı EDUCATION AND THE Hasan Taşçı, PhD Nedim Kaya FUTURE OF EDUCATION Mahmut Mustafa Özdil Ahmet Türkben With the daily increase in the use of digital technologies Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yusuf 78 Alpaydın in education, the opportunities in individualized Metin Çelik, PhD education have become limitless. INTERVIEW Prof. Dr. Yekta Saraç Ali Çiçek SPECIAL EDUCATION Sait Karahasan P. President of the Council of Higher Education: Ahmet Yavuz 23 / Is Education Removing Itself from 22 32 / Future Technologies in Education 78 / Individualized Education Program (IEP) the Authority of Nation-States Nedim Kaya Mehmet Nezir GÜL Managing Editor “We Have 200,000 International Bekir Bilgili in the Era of Digitalization and 35 / From The Printing House LIFE-LONG LEARNING [email protected] Prof. Dr. Semih Aktekin Students from 182 Countries” Individualization? to The Internet: Some Observations News Reporter 28 / Why Should Education Be On Individualization In Modern 82 / ’s Exemplary Institution in Life-Long The Council of Higher Education (CoHE) has Menekşe Olgun Learning: İSMEK Muhammet Altıntaş, PhD Individualized? Pedagogical Technology And Education restructured higher education around concepts such Interviews Basis of Differentiated Instruction Research Assistant Sebih Oruç Esra Süzen ANALYSIS as goal-oriented internationalization, open science/ Ömer Avc, PhD 44 / Flow Systems: A Look at Artificial Photograph Intelligence and Individualized 86 / A School Initiative in Europe: open access, digital transformation, and critical Zekeriya Güneş Instruction Ümit Güneş, PhD Al-Sharqiyya M. Ahmet Tokdemir, PhD technologies; through its actions, it is transforming the Design Ahmet Said Çelik system while simultaneously transforming itself. P. 60 HISTORY OF EDUCATION Management Address 90 / Education for Turks in the Pre-Islamic Altunizade Mah. INTERVIEW Prof. Dr. İsmail Kara INTRODUCTION THEME Ord. Prof. Dr. Fahrettin Period Prof. Dr. Ahmet Taşağıl Kerim Gökay Cad. “Wisdom (Hikmat) 39 / From Institutional Religiosity to Erdem Sk. No: 5 04 / FUTURE OF EDUCATION THE Individual Religiosities: “Can Religious CULTURE & ART 66 Must Be The Higher EDUCATION OF THE FUTURE Üsküdar - Education Remain The Bearer of The 93 / First Music, Then M-U-S-I-C: 0 216 323 35 35 Goal Of Education” Prof. Dr. Birol Akgün Religiosity?” www.maarifdergisi.com Prof. Dr. Nurullah Altaş A Conceptual Framework About Music A new educational philosophy Education Yusuf Tökel instagram.com/maarifdergisi EĞİTİM GÜNDEMİ facebook.com/maarifdergisi is needed that will inform and ARTICLE 96 / A Masterpiece on People and Education: twitter@maarifdergisi organize institutions, curricula, 05 / Child Wellbeing at Risk in Rich Countries Good Will Hunting Şeyma Harmanyeri ISSN 2757-5624 06 / Space Explorer's Software Awarded An Overview of Education and educational styles PORTRE Edition and Cover in such a way as to 07 / Learn Turkish Online in The USA Kyocera Bilgitaş Turkey 98 / The Man With a Diploma of Grace, COUNTRIES AND CULTURES Doküman Çözümleri A.Ş. 07 / Covid-19 Threatened A Generation, Prof. Fahrettin Kerim Gökay Cad. put tradition and Schooling options and access to A Cultural Doyen: Ahmet Haluk Dursun Set Back Education No:45 Üsküdar / İstanbul wisdom (Hikmat) education are as varied as the people Ahmet Yavuz The Heart of Asia: Afghanistan (216) 339 00 20 into greater relief. 08 / Lock-Down Children Can Even Forget How of the US with regional, religious, ANALYSIS Sertifika No: 48612 to Use Cutlery I think this philosophical, and socio-economic Afghanistan, sheltered within Bandi Turkestan and Articles in the journal are incumbent 10 / Could Virtual Classroom Environments Be 102 / International Schools in Turkey on their authors. Publication and part needs differences. S. 48 Pamela De’amato Turkistani Sughra, as well as being the homeland the Future of the Education? Throughout History Kemal Şamlıoğlu, PhD all copyrights of the articles belong lots of hard of the Seljuk and the fatherland of Oghuz to the International Maarif Journal. 11 / Is Science Education Possible without a KURUMSAL Authors, who sent articles are work. 50 / Catching the Future in Education Turks, is a unique country very close to Turks. P. 64 deemed to have approved this Microscope? Ahmet Akça 107 / Turkey's Global Brand in Education: situation in advance. Quotations P. 16 12 / Pedagogical Content Knowledge Should The Turkish Maarif Foundation 72 / Education is Increasing in Afghanistan from the articles published in the 52 / Insights on Education Through Maarif journal without giving a reference Include Technology Dian Schaffhauser Metin Zamantıoğlu are prohibited.

2 3 maarif maarif INTRODUCTION EDUCATION Billion TRY AGENDA 98% 211.4 2019-2020 enrollment Total budget allocated for education rate for girls in Turkey in Turkey in 2021

data on mental health across THE FUTURE OF EDUCATION Child Wellbeing the 41 countries, suicide is one THE EDUCATION OF THE FUTURE at Risk in Rich of the most common causes of We live in an age of speed. Epidemics such shaped according to a uniform worldview death for children aged 15 to as COVID-19 as well as technological de- and produced from a center just like in so- Countries 19. Physical health indicators velopments have an effect that accelerate cial media? These are all vital issues that The latest in the UNICEF also give cause for concern. humanity’s global adaptation to the digital need to be discussed urgently. Innocenti Report Card Series, The findings of the Report age. COVID-19 has forced people to lock At a time when theoretical approaches, Worlds of Influence: Under- indicate that 1 in 15 infants are themselves in their homes and globally dis- academic studies and predictions about the standing What Shapes Child born with low birth weight, rupted societies’ economic, cultural, and future of education all over the world are Well-being in Rich Countries, social relations. This situation forces peo- intensifying, the aim of the International warns that the world's richest UNICEF Office of Research ple to rethink future plans and predictions Maarif Journal is to bring new perspectives nations must protect child Innocenti Report Card 11 PROF. DR. BİROL AKGÜN in the field of education. In this climate, to these discussions through its internation- wellbeing in the post-Covid TURKISH MAARIF FOUNDATION governments and educational institutions al experience and education staff. PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF are faced with the great challenge of design- In this issue, we present our readers situation reveals that teachers 19 fallout. The Report, based TRUSTEES Greater Investment ing the future instead of preparing for it. with a dossier discussing the future of ed- are ill-prepared for dealing on 41 OECD and EU countries, As in every field, adapting to the dig- ucation in the context of individualization in Teachers with the difficulties when looks at a broad range of areas ital age in the field of education seems in education. I believe that the articles, 63 million teachers have been facing disease. affecting child wellbeing, from anymore will be at the center of discus- prepared through the contributions of dis- affected by the COVID-19 crisis. According to the report, chances of survival, growth and sions. In this context, dozens of questions tinguished academicians who are experts On World Teachers’ Day, UNE- only 65% of protection; to whether they are such as how will traditional institutions in their fields, articles that contain very SCO requested investments in teachers and 51% of secondary learning and feel listened to; to Child well-being whether their parents have the in rich countries and schools be structured, how will they important findings on behalf of the future teachers to increase in order to school teachers in sub-Saha- A comparative overview maintain their existence in the future, of education, will make an important con- improve education. ran Africa have the required necessary resources to ade- what will the roles of teachers and learn- tribution to intellectual efforts in this field. The latest data published minimum qualifications. This quately support their children. ers be in the education system, and what Another issue we have opened to dis- by the UNESCO Institute of percentage only drops to 77% The Report considers well- identified as a key risk to sur- problems will parents have adapting to cussion is the internationalization of edu- Statistics, International Task in South Asia. Approximately being across three domains - vival. In one in 10 countries, the new era are vital issues that need to cation. Developed countries in particular Force for Teachers and Global 69 million new teachers are mental health; physical health; more than a third of children be addressed at an academic level. have made intense efforts to channel in- Education Monitoring Report needed in order to reach the and academic and social skills. As one of the most globally wide- ternational student mobility to their coun- shows that, alongside the 2030 global education goals. The results in respect of men- are overweight or obese and spread educational institutions, the Turk- tries. Although the pandemic has limited regional differences that exist, Calling attention to all this tal health are concerning. In 12 the number of obese chil- ish Maarif Foundation closely follows the this mobility, digitalization requires us to 81% of primary school teachers data on World Teachers’ Day, of the 41 countries, less than dren aged 5 to 19 worldwide developments in educational processes also be prepared for innovations in this and 86% of secondary school UNESCO asked for investments 75 per cent of children aged 15 is expected to rise from 158 in various parts of the world. Our foun- area because in this new period, having teachers have the necessary in teachers to increase in order have high life satisfaction, and million to 250 million by 2030. dation has had the opportunity to make someone living in a remote country of Af- minimum qualifications. This to improve education. while there are no comparable UNICEF on-site observations as to what kinds of rica get a diploma from an American or problems may result from countries’ so- Turkish university is not a remote possi- cio-economic and socio-cultural differ- bility. For this reason, the statements Tur- One in Every Five School-Age Children in The World is Not Enrolled ences based on technological infrastruc- key’s Council of Higher Education Presi- The 38% increase in the number of school-age When schools close, children are removed from ture. For example, how will students be dent Yekta Saraç has made in our journal children who’ve been affected by the closure of services such as education, support mechanisms, able to adapt to the new era in countries about internationalizing education are schools due to COVID-19 in November has caused and food and their security becomes imperiled. The with insufficient technology?ow H will the extremely important. serious difficulties for 90 million students worldwide highest cost is paid by the most marginalized children in terms of their education and well-being. who are most likely to drop out of school entirely. future of the world be affected if inequal op- The positive messages our readers have According to UNESCO data, nearly one in every Millions of children have been out of school for more portunity in education deepens at the glob- sent to our journal reinforce our efforts in five school-age children around the world (i.e., 350 than nine months, and more children are now reliving al level due to a lack of technological in- line with the goals we had set when we be- million children) had experienced a school closure the same process. UNICEF is concerned that a large frastructure? Can digitalization break the gan this journey. On this occasion, I would as of December 1, 2020, resulting in an almost number of schools will be shut down unnecessarily influence of nation-states in education and like to thank all our friends who have 90-million increase in the number of unenrolled and that sufficient attention is not being given to school-age children (232 million) as of November 1, taking the necessary steps to make schools safer lead us to an education system governed shared with us their opinions, good wishes, 2020. against COVID-19. Source: unicef.org by global centers where the curriculum is and criticisms about our journal.

4 5 maarif maarif EDUCATION $43 AGENDA Billion The Global Gaming Market Is Worth.

UNICEF SUPPORTS COVID-19 THREATENED Turkey Is EDUCATION OF SYRIAN Space Explorer's A GENERATION, SET BACK Competing With CHILDREN IN TURKEY, Software EDUCATION SAYS EXPERT European Gaming Awarded After a year of the global COVID-19 Turkey, which hosts the largest pandemic, indicators measuring child Companies in The number of Syrian refugees, deserves The METU Rover (Unmanned and adolescent development have all Mobile Gaming more support, while UNICEF is Land Vehicle) project, which regressed with closed schools, surging supporting education activities for country. Some 1.2 million of them are Highlighting that Turkey has set includes 25 students from poverty, spike in forced marriages Industry Syrian children in Turkey, UNICEF school-age children,” she said. a good example about hosting different departments operating and rising depression affected by the Peak Games Strategy Direc- Representative to Turkey Regina De Supporting Turkey’s efforts for refugees, she said: “Most of the within the Middle East Technical pandemic among many other factors, a Dominicis said on the 10th anniversary those children to participate in Syrian children are born here in University (METU) Machinery setback that heralds lasting stigma for tor Ömer İnönü, who stated of the start of the Syrian civil war. schools, she stressed that “there are Turkey. They need to be supported and Innovation Community, Learn Turkish Online an entire generation, UNICEF warned the very rapid growth of the “De Dominicis, who got appointed still some 400,000 children in Turkey with equal opportunities. Turkey is has received the exclusive During the COVID-19 era that has seen a distinctive rise in Thursday. mobile penetration rate in who are out of school.” a good example of that, and the in October 2020, brought to light Best Scientists Award for the online learning, hundreds of thousands of students started "The number of children who are Turkey to also be rapidly some of the problems that children Due to the pandemic, the number is international community should hungry, isolated, abused, anxious, living European Rover Challenge learning Turkish through the Turkish distance-learning changing mobile gaming, in Syria face and presented some increasing gradually, she added, support Turkey more, I think.” 2020, Europe’s most in poverty and forced into marriage has portal offered by Yunus Emre Institute (YEE). added, “We expect the gam- statistics. The pandemic has made it difficult “When you look at the situation prestigious space-and-robotics increased," Henrietta Fore, executive “According to De Dominicis, since for families to survive and fulfill in Syria, it won’t be realistic to think competition. According to YEE’s report, director of the UNICEF, said in a statement ing market in Turkey to grow the start of the war in 2011, nearly 6 their economic needs, forcing their that Syrians abroad will return,” De Teams controlled a vehicle hundreds of thousands of people released exactly one year since the World very fast in the near future, children to work while refraining Dominicis said. million babies have been born -- 4.8 provided by the committee started learning Turkish using their Health Organization (WHO) classified reaching US and European them from going to school. “Child refugees are not a burden million inside the country and more in the competition area, online courses, the demand for which COVID-19 as a pandemic. levels in this respect.” than 1 million abroad. “UNICEF now tries to stop child for a country; besides they should a simulated Mars surface "Their access to education, has increased due to COVID-19. The digital gaming market “Turkey hosts 3.6 million Syrian labor, supporting and informing these be considered as winnings,” she condition in , by socialization and essential services refugees, more than any other children’s families,” she noted. added. developing their own algorithms During the COVID-19 pandemic, including health, nutrition and protection is one of the fastest-growing and transferring their software YEE has launched an online Turkish has decreased. The signs that children will entertainment sectors. It to the vehicle. METU Rover was learning portal in response to the bear the scars of the pandemic for years has a worldwide net worth The research, titled Updated tists. A total of 857 people car- awarded the prestigious Best demands from those who wish to learn to come are unmistakable," Fore said in of $45 billion. Drawing 857 Academics the statement. Science-Wide Author Databas- rying out scientific studies in Scientists Award. They ranked Turkish but live in countries where no YEE cultural centers attention to this fact, Inönü 4th in the overall competition, Faced with such "devastating" effects, From Turkey es of Standardized Citation Turkey have been included in have been established yet. stated, “We expect the gam- with 33 international teams Fore urged for children to be placed "at Have Made The Indicators and conducted by a the list of the most influential taking part in the finals. Videos teaching Turkish that have been prepared by the heart of recovery efforts," particularly ing market in Turkey to grow “Most Influential team of scientists from the USA scientists. With 45 scientists, expert lecturers and uploaded to YEE’s official YouTube by "prioritizing schools in reopening plans." very fast in the near future, and the Netherlands, created ITU is the Turkish university 'We were able to control channel was the first step YEE took for teaching Turkish on UNICEF cited a series of worrying figures reaching US and European Scientists of The a comprehensive scientific with the most academicians on the vehicle remotely' a technological platform at the beginning of the pandemic. in support of Fore's words. levels in this respect. The World” List impact index, listing the acad- this list. The 10 Turkish univer- Team Leader Arda Özarslan handover agreement with emicians who have conducted sities with the highest number stated that the rover they had Zynga is one of the indica- The Most Influential developed was an unmanned research and published articles of academicians on the list are effective use of laboratory tors. As part of the agree- Scientists List, prepared ground vehicle that can be BOGAZICI UNIVERSITY Building projects into which instruments and information with the coordination throughout the world. as follows: used in scientific research and WILL PROMOTE THE the union was accepted in ment, we have transferred 2020. regarding laboratory safety. of Stanford University, The study, published in the Istanbul Technical planet exploration. Stating the our mobile card games and DEVELOPMENT OF The project is committed Additionally, information journal PLOS Biology, created vehicle to be equipped for Okey to the American com- includes 857 academicians University: 45 sessions will be held on performing tasks similar to that LIBYAN UNIVERSITIES to helping improve the from Turkey. a ranking system based on Fırat University: 29 research methods and pany Zynga for $100 million. of Curiosity, the rover currently academic and administrative scientific criteria such as the staff’s capacity at Libyan trips are planned to sites Our studio will continue : 29 working on Mars, Özarslan said, A member of UNIMED since number of scientific articles universities to take on a such as the solid waste developing games as the Koç University: 29 “Thanks to the photographs 2003, Bogazici University, more active role in scientific disposal sites in Istanbul, from academicians publishing taken in the area where the together with universities subsidiary Zynga Turkey. As Hacettepe University: 27 research, especially in composting facilities, worldwide, their impact, and competition would take place, from and , Peak Games, our overarch- Gazi University: 27 the field of environmental water treatment plants, the number and rating of the we had made research specific participated in the IBTIKAR ing objective is to become sciences. and wastewater treatment Bilkent University: 24 to this area. It was a simulation project, which aims to citations they received. The Libyan academic and facilities. This is expected the largest mobile game of what can be found on Mars. promote the innovation of The study was carried out Tech. University: 23 administrative staff who to form new partnerships company in the world. We We aim to improve Turkey in and develop research in 11 will visit Boğaziçi University on the Mediterranean and under the coordination of Stan- Middle Eastern Technical the field of robotics and space Libyan universities as part intend to invest our capital will receive training on the international levels. ford University and resulted in University: 22 by producing our own vehicles of the Erasmus+ Capacity to this end.” a list containing 161,442 scien- Ataturk University: 20 in such organizations.” Source: AA

6 7 maarif maarif UNICEF calls for emergency funding EDUCATION UNICEF is calling for a record $6.4 billion in emergency DRAWING AGENDA humanitarian funding to reach the more than 190 million HASAN AYCIN children affected by the COVID-19 outbreak.

Lock-Down losing basic skills such as how Children Can to use utensils. Even Forget How The majority of children in to Use Cutlery mid-childhood are struggling with their motor-skills develop- A report from the English ment. The report states, "Lost Education Watchdog has learning is unarguable but hard indicated the presence to assess at this stage.” of significant signs of The report states that some regression in children children have also found the under lock-down. lock-down to be a positive experience. The opportunity to have quality time as a fam- The report warns some ily plays a key role for these young children have forgot- children. ten how to use utensils or has delivered a report about process are small children.” Among older children, Ofst- have regressed to diapers. the impact the COVID-19 These children have suffered ed warns of a loss of concen- This autumn, the Office for pandemic has had on children from the time spent out of tration among those returning Standards in Education (OF- based on their visits to 900 school, developing symptoms to school and worries that any STED), a corporation super- schools and kindergartens. such as children’s linguistic online arguments that might vising public schools, some OSTED Chief Inspector and numeric skills regressing, have started on social media private schools, kindergar- Amanda Spielman stated, potty-trained children revert- during the lock-down could tens, and child-care centers, “The most affected by the ing to diapers, and children continue in the classroom.

School Violence a combination of policies and And Bullying interventions. This comprehensive response Negatively Affect to school violence and bullying is often referred to as the Education whole-school approach and is underpinned by nine key Violence in schools has components: denied millions of children and young people their Strong political leadership fundamental right to with a legal and policy education. A recent UNESCO framework for addressing report reveals more than school violence and bullying 30% of the world’s students Training and support to have been victims of for teachers in regard to Provide reporting partnerships between the bullying and to have suffered school violence and bullying mechanisms together with education sector and a wide devastating consequences prevention as well as positive support and referral services such as dropping out, lower classroom management range of partners (other for students affected by school academic achievement, and Curricula, learning, government sectors, NGOs, violence and bullying declines in physical and/or and teaching to promote a academia) mental health. Having all stakeholders, compassionate school climate, Monitoring school The evidence shows that students’ social and emotional including parents, be involved violence and bullying; effective responses to school skills, and a safe school and Student empowerment and violence and bullying should classroom environment in terms participation evaluating responses be comprehensive and include of psychology and physicality Collaborations and Source: UNESCO

8 9 maarif maarif Virtual classrooms are very important with respect to realizing FROM THE WORLD online education and its effectiveness. In addition to education, this OF EDUCATION technology is suitable for many different jobs and tasks where people are not required to be in the same environment such as seminars, video conferencing, promotions, and consultancy services.

learning. In this way, students can receive a teacher who wants to benefit from Could Virtual instant feedback while concretizing these technologies in their class should topics and concepts. Information tech- have a solid grasp of the technology Classroom nologies in mathematics teaching can be in question, use teaching methods discussed under three headings: doing that appropriately communicate Environments math, practicing and conceptual learn- with students, master the theoretical ing. The purposeful and strategic use of aspects of the subject, and teach the Be the Future of these technologies supports teaching; appropriate technology in the teaching increases learners’ problem-solving, environment using the most beneficial the Education? reasoning, and verification skills; and teaching method. Dynamic geometry provides conceptual learning as well software generally provides visualiza- Zekiye Utanç as operational skills. However, what is The ability of the students tions of geometric objects. It enables important here is that a teacher who students to interact with geometric nformation technologies help with wants to use these tools should properly to physically interact with objects, test theorems, investigate the I focusing on the main subject and design the learning environment with virtual math objects is state of the problem, and create new avoiding the complexity of routine oper- clear and understandable instructions so one of the most important states using its infrastructure. Is Science insufficient. Other reasons were listed ations in mathematics teaching. Students that it supports students’ ability to reach features of augmented However, augmented reality technolo- such as the location being unsuitable, can interpret, generalize, and examine the determined goals/achievements. This reality in educational gy is a new technology that enables Education the biology curricula being overloaded, a problem in a laboratory environment. is discussed in the literature under the applications. objects in the real world to be visualized Possible without and teachers’ microscope use being Information technologies play an impor- topic of technological pedagogical con- as opposed to creating virtual images inadequate. Unfortunately, similar tant role in meaningful and permanent tent knowledge. According to this model, such as in dynamic geometry software; a Microscope? problems in using microscopes are augmented reality technology helps experienced in many other countries. students differentiate through physical Saniye Yalçın Countries’ development levels and interaction. Augmented reality is a economic conditions should be taken technology that supports the real world into consideration on this point. with virtual objects instead of replacing aving students design and conduct A general consensus exists that the use it with virtual ones. One of the most H an experiment and use a microscope of microscopes is specific to biology important features of augmented reality is important for developing scientific classes. However, microscopes can also in educational applications is that research skills. be used in other earth sciences as well students can see virtual mathematical According to research conducted in 73 as physics and chemistry classes. objects in the learning environment as if primary and 30 secondary schools in Teachers from branches other than they really exist, interacting with them , 94% of schools have a monocular biology may be hesitant to use micro- naturally and physically as if they were microscope, the use of which is very scopes. Teachers who are not competent interacting with real objects. Though important in science education; 43% of in using microscopes can be trained. technical usage may be required to the teachers use the demonstration Teachers can practice knowledge, provide various interactions, students method while operating the microscope, experiments, and techniques in the can experience it in its most basic form while 37% have their students perform classroom after their training. by just walking around the class with a practical applications. The most frequent- Providing science education without a tablet or smartphone in their hands. ly used samples in the demonstration microscope seems impossible. The Furthermore, the teacher can help classes are taken from animal and plant importance of teachers’ training as well students with their own device when tissues, while plant cells, protists, and as students’ experimentation and necessary. reproductive cells are preferred in practice in the classroom cannot be In conclusion, the purpose of practical classes. Only 61% of the teachers overlooked. Learning through practice augmented reality is to improve and rarely use a microscope during the and experience, which are two of the support current reality with its features academic year; 53% of the teachers stated most basic requirements of active rather than altering reality or the that the reason for rarely using micro- learning, is also an indispensable environment. scopes is the number of microscopes is element of science education.

10 11 maarif maarif FROM THE WORLD OF EDUCATION

Pedagogical Content Knowledge The TPACK framework describes seven it is used, what it does, and how it can be different combinations pivoting around these used in accordance with the goals. Should Include three basic forms of knowledge. These The 3 pairs of combinations of the three combinations are the three basic forms of basic forms of knowledge and lastly the triad Technology pedagogical, content, and technological are as follows: knowledge followed by the paired combina- Pedagogical Content Knowledge: The Esra Süzen tions of pedagogical content knowledge, tech- knowledge of how to teach a particular field nological content knowledge, and technologi- pedagogically. For example; while the he world is witnessing a pandemic cal pedagogical knowledge and topped off subject of numbers in mathematics is a part T during which education is carried with the triad of technological pedagogical of content knowledge, the knowledge out hand in hand with technology. The content knowledge. related to a student's age and whether they world has seen that classrooms are able to According to the TPACK framework, the are in the concrete operational stage is come out of the school space and occur in information that a teacher should have pedagogical knowledge. The combination of a virtual space. This experience has raised mastered can be classified as follows: these two forms of knowledge generates the questions about the ways in which technol- Content Knowledge: Knowledge included knowledge of how to communicate the ogy can be used most effectively in the field in learning objectives related to the specific subject of numbers to a student who is in of education. The theory of technological fields of education (mathematics, science, the concrete operational period. pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) social science etc.) such as information, skills, Technological Content Knowledge: has come to the agenda in relation to the concepts, rules, and theories. The knowledge related to the use of question of how to teach lessons most ef- Pedagogical Knowledge: The knowledge technology in teaching a particular field fectively in classrooms that have moved out of processes and practices or methods of efficiently. of schools and into dynamic spaces. This teaching and learning. Technological Pedagogical Knowl- theory, developed by Mishra and Koehler in Technological Knowledge: Knowledge edge: This form of knowledge includes 2006, reveals the dilemmas faced by teach- related to the nature of the technology, how understanding how the learning and ers from different branches while using teaching process is affected when certain technology in their lessons. technologies are used. It involves being Technological Pedagocical Technological knowledge, pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) aware of the pedagogical advantages or knowledge, and content knowledge are the limitations of the technologies in use. basic interrelated forms of knowledge that Technological Technological Technological Pedagogical Content Pedagocical Content teachers should have according to the Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge: This form of knowledge allows TPACK theoretical framework. The lack of (TPK) Technological (TCK) teachers who know how their field should Knowledge even one of these forms of knowledge can (TK) be taught to decide which technology will pose an obstacle in achieving the predeter- be more appropriate for a particular field in mined educational goals. So, what are these relation to pedagogical knowledge and to three basic forms knowledge that a teacher apply it. This form of knowledge, which is at should have? According to TPACK, content Pedagocical Content the intersection of three forms of basic Knowledge Knowledge knowledge covers the subject area the (PK) (CK) knowledge, is in itself a necessity, as has teacher teaches, pedagogical knowledge been experienced during the pandemic. covers the teaching methods and informa- This is because a teacher who is quite tion about students’ learning processes, successful in face-to-face education may Pedagocical Content and technological knowledge covers how Knowledge (PCK) have difficulties in maintaining this success technology will be included in the learning when they have to use technology in Kaynak: https://tmf.mrooms.net/course/view.php?id=3739 and teaching processes. distance education.

12 maarif BOOK REVIEW PAGE EDITORS Esra Süzen, Menekşe Olgun, Zekiye Utanç, Saniye Yalçın

LEARNING FROM SINGAPORE: THE Testament, when all the people POWER OF PARADOXES of the earth spoke in a single Books tongue. This unified them and Author: Pak Tee Ng, facilitated cooperation to such Translators: Ali Ünal-Ümit Cura, a degree that they undertook Designing Publisher: Anı Yayıncılık a collective project to do the seemingly impossible: They Learning From Singapore: The would build a tower in the city The Future Power of Paradoxes discusses the of Babel that was so high, they international success of Singapore’s could simply climb their way education system as a country in the into heaven.” In response to Education will occupy a far East. The book objectively explains their arrogance, sent His the smart success of Singapore in EDUCATION FOR THINKING Wrath, and even if their lives greater part of the agenda education and the realities behind were spared, their languages it. According to the author, the steps Author: Deanna Khun were not. People have forgotten in the coming days. The taken and reforms realized on the path Publisher: Harvard University Press their common language. But in to this success were not just about the case of mathematics, we are intensity of educational changing structures. While reading the talking about the most successful The book begins with an answer to global language ever spoken. book, one understands that reforming a question, one of the most basic an education system is a painful and This book discusses equations studies in the publishing questions in the world of education: THE AIMS OF EDUCATION AND difficult process where the experiences FIVE EQUATIONS THAT from Newton, Bernoulli, Faraday, “What is the purpose of education?” OTHER ESSAYS world is a sign of this. of other countries are also important. In CHANGED THE WORLD Clausius, and Einstein and how Deanna Kuhn, a professor at they emerged. These people Author: Alfred North Whıtehead addition, the book testifies to a central Columbia University’s Faculty of Author: Michael Guillen organization and the autonomy of were exceptional artists skilled in Publisher: FOL KİTAP Education, answers this question in Publisher: TÜBİTAK using the broad vocabulary and teachers and administrators, as well as her book titled Education for Thinking, Date of Publication: 2020 In these times of COVID-19, one THE ONE WORLD SCHOOL HOUSE- an understanding that contains many complex grammatical structure published in 2005 by Harvard Michael Guillen argues in his of the mathematical language. Translator: Hasan Ünder, Raşit Çelik EDUCATION REIMAGINED paradoxes. The paradoxes emphasized University Publications. Although of the most discussed topics in in this book include issues such as book that mathematics is not The book reminds the reader Author: Salman the understanding that suggests the just numbers but a poetic form that mathematics is not just about the whole world is education and variables and constants, egalitarian purpose of education to be to enable Publisher: Yapı Kredi Publications meritocracy, centralized localization/ of expression. The following numbers and that the people According to Whitehead (p. 50), its future. This issue is one of the students to acquire knowledge is sentence quoted from the behind numbers and formulas indigenization, and a learning-oriented partially correct, the answer to the “Every intellectual revolution Ihottest topics in various environments This work from Salman Khan, founder education approach as opposed to a book (p. 1) sums up the author’s should not be ignored by which has ever stirred humanity question of how much and which of Khan Academy, discusses the story teaching-oriented one. Furthermore, purpose very well: “There was offering sections of these artists’ into greatness has been a from academia to daily newspapers. New and goals of the academy and includes information should be taught remains a time, according to the Old relationships with mathematics. the book mentions some other factors ambiguous, especially at a time when passionate protest against inert publications can be encountered every noteworthy details in his criticism of the that have brought about this success ideas.” The author defends that current education system and how he information is produced at such day in this area. In education, the world in education. The author also draws an incredible speed and quantity. static thoughts should to be envisages the future of education. attention to some basic factors such as avoided when educating children is witnessing a time in which classical Just as the approach that favors Khan tells the story in his book of how educator quality, parental roles, and the knowledge transfer, the understanding What do we know about the brain, and states that no room exists theories have been shaken, all parameters the idea for the academy had emerged in a effects of social culture. Lessons can that focuses on skill acquisition is the human black box? Is it in the lap for inert information and static way that reflects the assumption that each be taken from Singapore’s impressive thoughts in education. are being reviewed, and futuristic unclear as to what skills should be of the to take control of our individual has their own learning speed, success. This book, which tells a taught. In particular, whether the behavior, emotions, and thoughts According to the author, the approaches have come to the fore due learning needs, and learning environment; tangible and real success story, can be skills determined by the business or is it in our brains? Michio Kaku main goal in raising people is to an inspiration for other countries. to the rise of digitalization. Instead of he states that the academy had advanced world in line with their needs actually attempts in this book to convey the equip them with knowledge and by taking individuals’ different needs prepare students for life outside of past, present, and future of the mind experience both culturally and preparing for the future, designing the into account. Khan offers suggestions for business needs to be questioned. The to the reader by benefiting from in a specific field. Thus, while future has become the priority of states realizing the ideal education system, one function of education to select people developing neuroscience studies and specialized knowledge provides designed for individuals by underlining the a basis for one’s perspectives, and institutions. Following the new with certain knowledge and skills artificial intelligence research based importance of individual differences. He has caused education to be exam- on studies that have been carried their sophistication shows them approaches and theories in the field of affirms digitalization in education due to its oriented. After these discussions, out in leading laboratories. The the paths to higher levels such as potential to provide an environment where education is necessary in order to play an the author argues in the rest of the book, which consists of three main philosophy and art. all these different needs can be taken book that the purpose of education chapters, leads off with the chapter into consideration. The academician, who In this book, the author active role in the future. In this issue of is to teach students to think. Kuhn “The Mind and Consciousness,” emphasizes that dynamism and prepares content accessible by everyone states the acquisition of questioning then touches on brain studies and our journal, we introduce the books that in the digital environment, argues that the process should be at the center and argumentation skills to be the their surprising results with the of education and states that have made great impacts in the world of advantages or disadvantages caused by most important goal of education chapters “Mind More Over Matter” social, cultural, and economic conditions education has a rhythm. He states education. and explains how these skills have and “Altered Consciousness.” The THE FUTURE OF THE MIND the thoughts that enter the mind directly affecting the individual will lose improved developmentally in schools structure and function of the brain their importance and that inequalities can Yazar: Michio Kaku without being made useful or by giving examples from her own have inspired science fiction just as experienced to be static thoughts be overcome with the opportunities the studies. Through education, students much as artificial intelligence. The Publisher: ODTÜ Geliştirme Vakfı digital environment provides. Yayıncılık that idly occupy the minds of should learn how to use their inquiry author gives clues about the future of students. This is why he defends Of course, the reader may want to see and reasoning skills in their current the mind based on what humans can, Translator: Emre Kumral the need for an educational some self-criticisms of the academy on and potential contexts outside cannot, and have the potential to do reform initiative, stating that those the point of developing content directed of school in real life. The author with consciousness and the mind and who follow such an education at equal opportunity with a single source. emphasizes these thinking skills to presents scientific studies about the program, as the history of However, the book makes no indication develop not only in individual but also brain and consciousness in the style education shows, leave fruitless of this. in collective (social) cooperation. of science fiction. programs for future generations.

14 15 maarif maarif INTERVIEW

Knowledge, understanding, and interpretation are not İsmail Kara: only cumulative, heaping and piling up over one another, but rather are also “Wisdom (Hikmat) must simultaneous expansions and transcendences, be the Higher Goal of the expansion and transcendence of the mind, Education” heart, and soul of the people being instructed. A new educational philosophy is needed that will inform and organize institutions, curricula, and educational styles in such a way as to put tradition and wisdom (Hikmat) by the remark “Whoever hasn’t tasted (it) into greater relief. I think this part needs lots of hard work. will never know,” this is the kind of language First, this new approach must be theorized that can be used in tekkes. I think saying that the tekke improved, modified, and revised with practice. hierarchy was more independent compared to the madrassas would be an overstate- ment. It would be better to add some extra Interviewer: Bekir Bilgili notes to this statement. One wonders, if tek- kes are independent… from whom are they rofessor Dr. İsmail Kara is one sas and tekkes [dervish lodges]. How among these structures that conduct ed- drassas, the , and their hierarchy. Tekkes [dervish lodges] seem to be more independent? If one were to make this state- of the leading scholars phi- have these two institutions shaped our ucation-training activities, and this is nor- Madrassas and educational institutions independent. However, we can talk about ment, it would be based on tekkes’ structural losophizing about the role of current understanding of traditional mal. However, what is important is what is (maktabatul ‘ilmiyyah) are of central im- transitivity here, considering the ulema characteristics, such as how they appeal to tradition in Turkey and have education? transitional among them and the process- portance as the founding and sustaining were mostly Sufis at the same time in Ot- all sections of society, keep their doors open Pchanged Turks’ views on it. Ismail Kara, Madrassas and tekkes as we know them es that nurture one another. The phrase forces of intelligence that, so to say, serve toman . In other words, tekkes and to men and women alike, appealing to the who has produced pivotal works on the today came into being around the same Sheikh-Khalifa has to be the finest phrase as societies’ mechanism of balance. madrassas were intertwined in a way. heart rather than the head, paving the way history of education in Turkey and the time between the 10th and 12th centuries, showing this transitivity. Sheikh is a term Through divine decrees and scriptural How does correspond to the inner for art at every possible level, particularly , has made important ob- though their sources and traditions ap- both used for a great scholar or mudarris sources, the ulama stand in the middle as ulama hierarchy in the Ottoman period? with regard to religious music, and assum- servations on the changing landscape of peared at the dawn of . Of course, (as in Shaykh al-Islam) as well as for a lead- tools among Muslims, because the mean- We mentioned that the madrassas and tek- ing an all-inclusive character. education from the times of the Ottoman we should add , masjids, and er of a dervish order or sheikh of a trade ing and spirit of the scriptural sources are kes were founded at around the same time. These differences are a bit exaggerat- Empire to the present day, especially in re- perhaps guilds as well as other prevalent guild. The same goes for Khalifa, as you passed down to believers through their They had also emerged to meet the needs ed today so I should say again that tekkes’ gard to madrassas and modern education- education institutions. As you know, a know the word kalfa [master builder] in interpretations. They stand between so- and aspirations of a certain period. The doors are not closed to madrassas, nor are al institutions. Ismail Kara and I discussed significant part of today’s technical and Turkish derives from the word Khalifa. ciety and state as a bridge, ensuring jus- scholastic part of Sufism resembles that madrassas’ doors closed to tekkes. They traditional educational institutions and vocational training is structured around tice on the part of the state and, in turn, of madrassas while their approaches to re- had been built side by side in large com- the form education will take in the future. the master-apprentice relationship At this point, may we talk a bit about the obedience from society. The ulama also ligious sources and their priorities differ. plexes. As you also have said, sometimes within the trade/craftsman community. characteristics of madrassas and edu- draw and functionalize the framework When compared to madrassas, tekkes and one person can be a hodja in a madrassa Professor Kara, before starting with the Moreover, the cultural and ethical con- cational institutions (Maktabatul 'ilm- of both justice and obedience. They Sufism take a more flexible approach to and at the same time be a sheikh in a tekke interview questions, I would like to thank tributions of the communities that have iyyah)? How would you assess these in- also stand between the past and future ethics, life, and the ways to experience life, and the preacher in a . They also you on behalf of the International Maarif built the neighborhoods, villages, and stitutions, taking into consideration the of Muslim societies. They carry the past which is in part emotively deep and pow- had their conflicts, especially in times of Journal for letting us interview you today. even city structures around mosques ulama’s relation to society and state? and, by adapting it to present conditions, erful. Religious/mystical experience mostly transition and crisis, because of the differ- In your works, you have identified two cannot be understated. If we are going to make a distinction in they also carry it into the future, laying outstrips knowledge itself; in other words, ences in their respective methods and ways pillars that have underpinned educa- We can say the following: differenc- knowledge and wisdom, we can attribute the cornerstones, paving the paths, and knowledge exists tightly connected to this of verbal-written articulation. This also tion after the coming of Islam: madras- es in method and content certainly exist knowledge as an area of interest to ma- building future concepts. kind of personal experience. As expressed should be of no great surprise.

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One can become human only I suppose modern emotional level. But at high school and in We see that the modern educational in- educational university, this student must learn about when they strip themselves systems harbor stitutions had become widespread in the rather conformist the strengths and weaknesses of Ottoman during the Tanzimat of their physical being and or egoistic II and compare him to other and (Reform Period). There exists this per- move towards timeless and anarchical their contemporary statesmen in order to inclinations that ception of traditional educational insti- see different ideas and interpretations. I existence – . One can do not cater to the tutions as having become more and more only make this possible higher stages of have encountered academicians working dysfunctional over time from that point by rebelling against their knowledge. at the department of history at universities onwards. Was the process of this modern- ambitions and feelings as who look at Ottoman history, Mehmed II, or ization obligatory? In your opinion, why Abdülhamid at an emotional level, did madrassas fall behind in this process? well as those imposed by who have accumulated knowledge but have It is only an allegation left unassessed that the community and political underdeveloped interpretative and compar- madrassas and tekkes had fallen behind, a structure. We can call this ative skills. I am sure that you have also met rumor that they themselves had been the going through all the lower such people. very reason for underdevelopment. levels of obedience to reach This will never work. I think a successful However, the Islamic world judged found- absolute obedience.” educational system would have students ing new educational institutions to be neces- experience and learn from these stages; it sary; it was in the face of ’s would be a system that ensures the transi- militaristic rise and effective expansion when tion between these stages. it became apparent that the modern educa- dismissing one side of it, not by reconciling tion born out of new institutionalization pro- and uniting two ends or incorporating them There are some comments about modern cesses and approaches could not be realized in legal terms. We are still communally expe- education valuing knowledge only within through traditional educational institutions riencing difficulties because of this. the context of its functional benefit. This in such as madrassas, tekkes, Enderun schools, with the particularity of religion. Think of monotypic expressions that depend on ac- comparisons featuring more variables and turn forces curricula to be very fragment- , or guilds. As you know, the first As you have also pointed out, Turkey has this as reconciling religion with science. This ceptance and internalization without paying with evaluations and criticism, including ed. In terms of bringing the comprehen- modern school formations, which were apt- experienced some splits in terms of culture may also be an opportunity at the same time them a second thought. For this very rea- self-criticism. Knowledge, understanding, sive understanding about the universe, ly named secular school formations by West- starting with the modernization process in as a diversity, but it is also a serious problem. son, it is emotional but valuable knowledge. and interpretation are not only cumulative, humans, and most importantly maybe ern researchers, started with the imperial the Tanzimat, which continued through- The discordancy or entanglement of oppor- In high school education (middle in- heaping and piling up over one another, but ourselves back again, is making use of tra- military engineering schools in the last quar- out the Republican period. It has impacted tunities and problems has resumed today. I struction), while not denying the previous rather are also simultaneous expansions and ditions feasible? ter of the 18th century. Then, especially from the educational sphere the most. What re- think that our instructors and savants do not knowledge, we should add to it and improve transcendences, the expansion and tran- We are faced with this question, as is the second half of the 19th century onward, sults did this cultural break have individu- give the attention to this serious problem upon it with the ability to compare, the skills scendence of the mind, heart, and soul of everyone else around the world: Does the modern education became widespread. ally, socially, and intellectually? that it deserves. of reasoning, thinking straight, arriving at the people being instructed. modern education system want to raise a This was natural and necessary. Yet, these These processes were also not painless for knowledge through deduction, thinking for Consider a primary school child in awe human who recognizes themself as well as processes catalyzed certain difficult prob- other societies, including Western Europe. In one of your conferences, you mentioned one’s self, and coming to a judgment. At this during a visit to the Sulaymaniyah Mosque. the political gravitational force, one who lems, such as causing a split in education, This is because a shift had occurred from three educational stages. The stages of stage, the regular information is not mono- If, having grown, this young person, already makes decisions, who questions and crit- the dichotomous thinking that resulted in an education/discipline system, the rules of emotionality, regular information, and typic anymore, it should at least differenti- in university, experiences the same emotion icizes, who holds people to account, and raising people with divergent ideas and caus- which for the most part had been defined by philosophy-wisdom. Would you clarify ate between similarities and differences. Let as they visit the mosque day in and out, if who grows intellectually and spiritually? ing conflicts between religion and science. religion, towards an instruction/education these concepts? us say that the concepts of the human con- that emotion is not cultivated through ad- Or does it want to produce some half-wit From my perspective, we have yet to be able information system centered around the To simplify these stages, let us call them pri- dition, homeland, nation, and history are vanced knowledge, better tastes, increased who is easily manageable or leadable who to solve this issue. We can even say it has got- human-mind-experiment trio formulated mary, middle, and higher instruction. In the also important here, albeit leveled up a bit, interpretational skills, and aesthetic aware- has no understanding or transcendency? ten larger and deeper in some respects. Also, by a secular and irreligious understanding. first stages of education, we emotionally and a few more steps upward, with the varying ness, then being learned has added nothing; Making use of traditions is also not mono- it is not an easy problem to tackle. We are As a result, conflicts, breaks, and problems enthusiastically instruct kids (as we should) judgments and knowledge and the breaking one might even say it has served no pur- typic, in my opinion. I would like to say often told that this dichotomy was resolved have occurred. One of the additional chal- all about the human condition, concepts of down of equations. pose. The same applies to a primary school that, for us, tradition is a phenomenon that with the -i Tadrisat Kanunu (The lenges we and the Islamic world have been nature, family, homeland, as well as national When we ascend to the level of phi- child seeing Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror is continuously being reproduced; it can be Unification of Education Law); in a sense this exposed to is the aspiration, or even asser- heroes and values. Lyrical poems, boastful losophy-wisdom (higher instruction), we as this world-renowned pro-enlightenment used to raise meek and insensitive people. is correct, but it resolved the dichotomous tion, of reconciling the philosophically sec- expressions, unforgettable sayings that in- learn about the capacities of abstraction and a big hero with a sharp sword. It in fact has been used this way. Tradition structure by chopping off and completely ular modern schools and their mindscape crease love and loyalty… These are generally and principles; we advance with broader I do not mind this at all. It is brilliant on an and knowledge (’irfan) act and are put into

18 19 maarif maarif INTERVIEW İNFOGRAPHIC

action only at the level of slogans or mere- Intense discussions are going on about the ly in the stages of emotions. Therefore, in field of education more than ever under A lot of learning happens order to put the areas we call tradition or the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic that knowledge and its elements into action to- we’ve been struggling with for a year now. It Guide in the home already. Here’s day as active, constructive, and transcen- looks as if there will be a huge break. What how we can harness what is dental elements, expressing this as sayings are your predictions as to what shape edu- For already there and guide our or motifs, repeating or displaying them like cation will assume after the pandemic? students in demonstrating slogans, is not enough. A new educational One of the educational problems that make Remote their learning when they philosophy is needed that will inform and me think the most is the rapid shift of the ed- organize institutions, curricula, and educa- ucational system from being dependent on Learning engage in these activities. tional styles in such a way as to put tradition human-to-human interactions to following and wisdom (Hikmat) into greater relief. a relationship between human and techno- As far as I am concerned, this part needs logical devices. We have been caught unpre- lots of hard work. First, this new approach pared, but as far as I have been able to follow must be theorized, that can be improved, One of the educational in the news, big countries that produce and modified, and revised with practice. problems that make me think sell technology were somewhat ready for this the most is the rapid shift and have started to fill, control, and lead this When it comes to educational problems, of the educational system field of inconceivable vastness. After all, they Nurettin Topçu is a thinker to whom you’ve are the countries that have built an incredi- from being dependent on Games Practice attributed special importance to. You have human-to-human interactions ble structure and mechanisms of depend- research studies and a biographical work ence through computer networks, mobile to following a relationship 1. Take a game you Health Reading 1. Practice the skills about him, and you have subedited his phones, and social media channels. And now you already have, i.e. between human and already play well. Ask works. What are the factors making Nuret- the world will become more of a technolog- your child to change the 1. Take a walk or do other 1. Read for at least an music, cooking, sewing, tin Topçu important in terms of an educa- technological devices. ical dump and become more polluted, and game to make it more physical activity for twenty hour a day. gardening, drawing, tional philosophy? the neighboring countries and their popu- challenging. to thirty minutes a day. sports, etc. Nurettin Topçu was a teacher (Muallim) as lation will be robbed more and rendered all 2. Read something other Meditate or listen to a much as he was a moral philosopher. He liberty during this very action, and they are impotent and passive. They have found new 2. Ask your child: Is this 2. than the news. 2. Develop a new skill. relaxation recording. taught for a full 40 years as a philosophy as free as much as they recognize this. Liber- items and paved new channels for consump- game fun? Is it a game of chance or skill? What 3. Keep a journal of what 3. Keep a log of how long group teacher. He was one of our rare think- ty is not granted to humans but earned grad- tion, not only to create a massive market or Keep a daily journal of skills did you demonstrate 3. you read. What are your you practiced. Reflect on ers who had concerned himself with and ually through action and willpower, and it is strengthen the power of the current capitalist how you are feeling. thoughts? what you learned. written about educational problems. He for this reason that it is so valuable. There- market and make it indispensable, but also to playing the game? constructed his ideas after strongly taking fore, the stages of raising a human must fol- alter and transform the ways of thinking and educational philosophy, educational institu- low this order: nurture the emotions, nurture living and to control everything. tions, and the stages of education styles into the mind, and nurture willpower. The main permanent pandemic is this, account and posed criticisms and proposals The ethics of revolt is opposed by con- in my opinion. Choose your enslavement… accordingly. As far as I can see, his education- formism. In other words, renouncing action Certainly, this does not mean that we should al system is part of and parallels his concep- and willpower and choosing compliance, fall into desperation or submit to our circum- tion of the ethics of revolt. One can become being malleable, assuming an understanding stances. In order to determine our course of Media Do it yourself human only when they strip themselves of that clings to the values of a lower level, to action, we must assess the size of the prob- 1. Watch a film or TV show. What did you learn from 1. Create a video, their physical being and move towards time- communion, society, and political structure, lem and consider it in all its dimensions. We Redo less existence – Allah. One can only make this and by so doing choosing a sort of slavery. must look at the bigger picture with some watching? Did it change the way you view the world? podcast, piece of art, craft, or piece of writing. possible by rebelling against their ambitions Finding consolation in commiseration, sub- presence of mind and describe and interpret 2. Critique the film or TV show: Was it worth 1. Is there a project, and feelings as well as those imposed by the mitting to a crowd, moving with the herd… the matter at hand accordingly. I think that watching? What would you change? 2. Collect feedback from presentation, paper, or community and political structure. We can I suppose modern educational systems har- at this point, educational philosophy and peers through Google other product you created call this going through all the lower levels of bor rather conformist or egoistic and anar- thought and the aforementioned education- 3. Research more about the topic of the movie, Docs or virtual tuning that you would like to try obedience to reach absolute obedience. Hu- chical inclinations that do not cater to the al stages, especially that of philosophy and show, or film. sessions. again? mans become aware of and gain liability and higher stages of knowledge. wisdom, gain so much significance.

20 21 maarif maarif THEME INDIVIDUALIZED Prof. Dr. Semih AKTEKİN President of Nevşehir Hacıbektaş Veli EDUCATION AND THE University FUTURE OF EDUCATION With the daily increase in the use of digital technologies in education, the opportunities in individualized education have become limitless. We are already living the future. The question is Is Education Removing how ready are we for the future so we can keep up with the radical Itself from the Authority changes in institutions and the education system? of Nation-States in the Era of Digitalization and Individualization? The policies to be implemented for individualizing education in correspondence with technological advancements may turn education into either a tool of individual emancipation or a structure that makes cultural hegemony even more permanent.

alman Khan’s The One World Schoolhouse, translated into Turkish in 2014, asks the question of whether the standard class system is still meaningful in the digital era; his answer is that the old class systems based on the 19th-century Prussian model no longer fit our changing needs. The book discusses an alternative education model through the journey of Khan Academy. Ac- Scording to Khan, distance education opportunities all over the world provide a more flexible model that is better suited to personal needs and applicable anywhere. Salman Khan’s arguments about the obso- leteness of the current education system and that an education process suitable to individuals’ interests, tendencies, and learning speed in which they can participate wherever and whenever they choose would be more beneficial than one crammed into four walls were partially tested in 2020 as a result of the pan- demic forcing schools to engage in distance education all over the world. Thanks to distance learning, everyone including those who regard education as an ideological tool of governments, favor a school-less social model, see schools as a weapon of mass destruction, and are open to alternative models such as homeschooling has had a chance to form an opinion about how education is able to occur outside of classrooms and schools. However, this new experience showed that some of the problems that occur in schools and classrooms may persist during distance education. The problems caused by social inequality and injustice in education have further crystalized during distance learning. The problem of accessibility for families with limited technological means have once again brought the influence social justice has on education to the surface. While a society without schools or homeschooling may bring further freedom to some families and individuals as they provide a more flexible education system, for others this has been revealed to likely result in being deprived of the opportunity of even a standard/minimum education.

22 23 maarif maarif Through digitalization, education may turn into an ideological control apparatus of global forces. THEME “… the risk for the institution of education, which is claimed to be operating under the rule of nation-states INDIVIDUALIZED and therefore strongly criticized for being an ideological apparatus of the states, being able to transform into an ideological control apparatus for international institutions and powers as opposed to nation-states is EDUCATION a possibility that should not be overlooked.”

Much has been discussed about edu- A scene from ism during my middle-school years, so I the Turkish Ministry of National Educa- cation based on digital means in the previ- the video of Pink had made my own magazine with pictures, tion had updated educational programs Floyd’s “Another ous issues of our magazine, and repeating Brick in the Wall” caricatures from various newspapers and according to the constructivist system them here is unnecessary. However, the magazines, and made a section for my as well as the theory of multiple intelli- risk for the institution of education, which friends’ poems, jokes, and drawings. When gences. Study books were now found is claimed to be operating under the rule my dear science teacher saw my magazine, alongside course books, and finally our of nation-states and therefore strongly crit- she insultingly said to me, “A hardworking students were being provided with an icized for being an ideological apparatus of student like you should not deal with such activity-based education. However, this the states, being able to transform into an idle matters. Let these go and study your exciting change was not well-received by ideological control apparatus for interna- classes.” Getting such a reaction from my everyone. These changes received many tional institutions and powers as opposed teacher after days of enthusiasm and hard positive and negative criticisms, some of to nation-states is a possibility that should work had really upset me back then. When which claimed them to be enforced by not be overlooked. Globalization is not a I saw what I had tried to achieve on my own global powers and the EU. A colleague new phenomenon. Our world has been as a middle-school student was now being of mine used to show people in various undergoing globalization in many fields implemented in British schools by histo- circles an Ottoman geography book in such as economics, culture, arts, and tech- ry teachers and teacher candidates who defense that Turkey used to have simi- nology, and practically no individual or were encouraged to employ this method lar activity-based teachings in “our own society appears to have managed to stay in formation classes, I looked back on my culture and tradition,” so these Western outside of this process. The number of middle-school days and got sad. Surely, the innovations were unnecessary. Surely, individuals who consume Coca-Cola and differences between two countries were the history of the Turkish education sys- McDonald’s products, who play similar more than this. As I had taken some English tem has many unique experiences, and computer games, watch similar movies, or As an academician and an official, I ed studying with my British classmates in courses in England, I realized that students many unique ideas had occurred and will listen to similar music may provide insight have had the opportunity to observe the 1999, quite different atmosphere existed in there were encouraged to be active through occur again in these lands regarding ed- into this global process. education systems in place in many differ- Turkey. A few differences quickly drew my written and verbal activities, unlike in Tur- ucation and every other field. However, ent countries and cultures. I have attend- attention: Students were able to converse key. I was also quite fond of the system dur- those who are familiar with the history of THE SPACE BETWEEN LOCAL “While turning the global ed a number of international meetings as with their instructors in a friendly manner, ing my Master’s and PhD studies where the the Turkish education system will realize AND UNIVERSAL tendencies in education and well. My experiences in different countries the seating arrangements were different, learner is the main responsible person for that books written during the Ottoman However, for societies with ancient civi- internationalization into an have confirmed my views that education greater emphasis was placed on group the learning process. However, some of my modernization era had been inspired lizations as well as rich cultural sources advantage is possible with is a common problem of humanity, that studies, and students were directed to ac- Turkish friends with whom I’d gone abroad by the Western system, especially the and opportunities, educational institu- societies’ and individuals’ experiences in tively learn outside class hours in libraries found the British system too laid-back, im- French educational system. Indeed, I tions are factually the most important the help of a view rooted this field remarkably resemble one anoth- or through individual study. plying that Turkish schools were more dis- found out many years later that the ge- means of struggling to resist and survive in civilization, any work or er, and that the real differences in this field I observed similar conditions in the ciplined. After living five-and-a-half years in ography book my colleague set out as against this global outbreak. Surely, the study done without this are ultimately not the methodology but the high school and secondary school I had England and exchanging views with people an example had in fact been adapted term education here encompasses a consciousness involves the economic, social, and cultural states and visited for my formation training. The ar- from other countries, I had other observa- from French course books. We need to more holistic view than in-school educa- risk of becoming a passive values these societies have. chitecture, the class and recess area lay- tions about the origins and consequences remember that the correct attitude here tion; it contains an awareness of the ef- object amongst global trends My first experience with international outs in these institutions, were designed in the education system. I returned to Turkey is to critically analyze global trends and forts of civilizations and families as well on one hand and containing education was in England after I earned a such a way to make students feel at home in 2004 to perform my compulsory service adapt them to our own needs. Over the as NGOs. While turning the global ten- scholarship through the Republic of Tur- and not get bored. During one of the class- at Karadeniz Technical University. I was course of many years, the Turkish edu- dencies in education and internationali- a dysfunctional, archaic key’s Ministry of National Education within es I attended as an observant in Carlton Le responsible for giving teacher candidates cational system has attempted to adopt zation into an advantage is possible with educational system with the scope of Law No. 1416. Aside from my Willows Secondary School in Nottingham, formation classes. many approaches under different names, the help of a view rooted in civilization, narrow and shallow views on Formations, Master’s, and PhD studies at when the teacher provided students with such as the activity-based approach, the any work or study done without this con- the other.” Nottingham University, I also observed papers, scissors, paintings, old newspapers WE NEED TO BE METICULOUS student-centered approach, the multiple sciousness involves the risk of becoming classes in Carlton Le Willows High School and magazines and asked them to design a ABOUT THE SYLLABUS AND intelligences approach, and the inclusive a passive object amongst global trends as part of my formation training. The first newspaper for the day after some histori- CURRICULA approach. However, these have proven on one hand and containing a dysfunc- impression studying abroad had left on cally important date, I felt sad as I remem- We were pleased to know that the sys- to have many faults during applications tional, archaic educational system with me was the extent to which it was as lib- bered an old memory from my secondary tem we had learned and loved in Britain in class. Approaches that fail to provide a narrow and shallow views on the other. erating as it was enjoyable. When I start- school years. I was curious about journal- was slowly being implemented and that solid acquisition and clear purpose help

24 25 maarif maarif THEME Whereas policies, opportunities, and current potential can turn education into a tool of self-emancipation, it can also INDIVIDUALIZED be used as a tool that makes cultural hegemony even more EDUCATION permanent while institutionalizing mental imprisonment.

no student at all, and these kinds of ac- tion-states’ monopolized control over about this. Will education, through als, the risk of cultural erosion and fading tivities are regarded as a waste of time. shaping their citizens through schools which certain tendencies regarded as un- awareness will always remain. Because Our teachers and parents tended to prac- come to an end? der the control of nation states, fall under the pandemic has caused an obligatory tice old school teaching methods while During my Master’s studies, a Fijian the control of global forces in the long transition in education, we are able to exaggerating and applying activity-based friend of mine was really surprised when run? Nation states have attempted to take test our resources, potential, and power. education methods out of context in our he found out that we write our own control of children’s mind from families The educational content and models we schools; therefore, they failed to produce course books in our own language. “Why through schools. Will they lose this pow- can develop during this digital transition the intended results. The use of construc- do you bother with so much work and er against global forces in the long run? will provide insights into what we can tive and multiple intelligences approach- waste so much money on this instead of achieve internationally. We should keep es justified ignoring some of the useful importing your course books from Brit- TURKEY’S HISTORIC EXPERIENCES in mind that those incapable of produc- aspects of the traditional educational ain?” he asked. While things may seem so MAY EASE THE ADAPTATION ing within their country will not be able system. In the end, we witnessed that a simple for a highly educated citizen of a PROCESS to give anything to the world. Those who model implemented successfully in some small island with a background of coloni- With years of experience in the field of fail to produce their own unique crea- countries does not make the same impact zation, one should bear in mind that syl- education, Turkey has the potential and tions will be constrained to the role of a in another country if its implementation labi and book contents are vital aspects experience to follow global trends and passive consumer of others’ products. In lacks the proper context. of education and are related to the polit- implement the necessary adaptation order to avoid becoming a passive object Different countries’ varied experienc- ical, cultural, and mental independence policies while contributing to the inter- of information content provided by glob- es with education show the existence of or the teachers’ failures. While some peo- of a nation. national field of education. Internation- al companies in the long run, all resourc- similar aims, concerns, problems, and ple have emphasized the importance of alization studies in higher education and es must be put into creating new content solutions regarding this issue. Education strengthening the family structure against METHOD OR CONTENT? the fact that thousands of students from and methods that are flexible enough is still used by governments as a tool for formal education, the conditions of the Highlighting content is as important various countries prefer Turkey for uni- for use all around the world, including shaping societies. Acquiring values, skills, The globalization trend pandemic have reversed these discussions as method while discussing education. versity education are concrete indicators digital platforms. This is primarily what and citizenship awareness and transfer- poses a big threat to completely. Schools have now proven to Those who decide what to teach in that the outside world acknowledges Tur- being nationally independent requires in ring knowledge are common educational nations’ and societies’ be indispensable assets, for parents have schools control the educational process key’s knowledge and experience. the long run. Great civilizations both take goals for all countries. Parents all around future freedom in the long no way of dealing with their children at and in turn determine the outcome. Who The schools founded and managed from and give much to others. After all, the world are ready to make any sacrifice home. However, the facts that the family will determine the content and policies by the Maarif Foundation all around we are all members of the family of hu- to help their children have a better fu- run. The content created institution has been weakened over the regarding how and what to transfer of the world show Turkey’s capacity to manity and of a civilization that holds us ture. The concerns that have been stated by global education years and that some children’s problems culture, arts, philosophy, history, re- present an alternative education model responsible for seeking knowledge even and solutions suggested regarding teach- companies can enter every with accessing education is a result of so- ligion, and ethics in terms of content? based on its own values and to benefit if we have to go as far as China. The same er quality are almost identical the world house and control young cial injustice have been given no attention While education concerns all of human- from international resources. In order civilization obliges us to differentiate over. Governments regard education as children’s minds. or are discussed insufficiently. ity, local and national elements should to use this capacity efficiently, we need right from wrong. Therefore, we need an a way to protect national unity, provide not be ignored so that all cultures may to master two basic sources and success- education system that raises awareness national development, and prepare for WILL DIGITALIZATION STANDARDIZE learn from one another. Whereas pol- fully merge them: 1) knowing yourself and provides knowledge, as well as one international competition. Significance LESSON CONTENT? icies, opportunities, and current po- and 2) knowing the world around you. that takes all the necessary precautions is ascribed to education in almost all school environments. Improving course Will the advancement of digital educa- tential can turn education into a tool of The prerequisite of being advantageous for this. Our experience during the pan- countries, and schools try to have stu- books and syllabuses is also assumed to tion lessen the impact nation states have self-emancipation, it can also be used as a in international activities and contrib- demic has taught us that abandoning the dents acquire knowledge, skills, and val- be able to raise the quality of education had on education and lead global forces tool that makes cultural hegemony even uting to other civilizations is to have an school system founded by nation-states ues as well as an aesthetic perspective. in a short time. The end of the extended to shape education from a single center more permanent while institutionalizing alternative awareness of civilization and for reinforcing their ideologies may not The TRT documentary “Most Dangerous family structure has turned schools into in the long run? Will the widespread use mental imprisonment. The globalization opportunities. Because we as Turkish always grant freedom. In fact, it con- Ways to School” shows how people all an alternative to the family. Therefore, of ready-to-apply educational materials trend may pose a big threat to nations’ society have had more than enough of tains the risk of a digital dictatorship that over of the world have sacrificed a great helping students develop the emotions, in and out of class lead institutions and and societies’ future freedom even fast- these, internationalization with the cor- can result in a cultural hegemony in ed- deal to receive an education from an of- values and thoughts that should be taught companies that produce materials not er by digitalizing education. The content rect strategies will help Turkey contrib- ucation. Those who regard mental and ficial institution and that education is still by the family is aimed for at school. How- only for science, foreign language, and created by global education companies ute to the field of education just as we physical freedom as the greatest value the greatest tool of social mobility for ever, because schools cannot and never mathematics classes but also for history, can enter every house and control young do in other fields. However, one should of humanity need to defend and develop climbing the social ladder in all cultures. will be able to give the same results as citizenship, and philosophy take control children’s minds. The Internet, TV, TV bear in mind that, if the internationaliza- an education system that will guide us to Many societies do not realize the impor- families, all the deficits observed in this of education by helping them shape the series, and movies already have this po- tion process is not supported by families, this freedom in both the national and in- tance of home-schooling and other non- area are perceived as either the schools’ content of the materials? Will the na- tential, and much has been discussed non-profit organizations, and intellectu- ternational arenas.

26 27 maarif maarif Differentiated Education THEME Differentiated education is a pedagogical approach that takes INDIVIDUALIZED personal characteristics into consideration in order to enable EDUCATION learning in heterogeneous classes that contain students with Ömer Avcı, PhD different characteristics.

affect development such as the society the basic criterion in determining classes special needs students in their class are Why Should Education Be Individualized? and culture in which an individual lives, has provided convenience up to a point. expected to prepare an individualized the ethnic group they belong to, and inter- Assuming children of the same age to be education program (IEP). Differentiated Pedagogical Basis personal relationships. Life-cycle factors at similar developmental stages is not en- education, on the other hand, requires are the incidents throughout life that can tirely incorrect. Yet, as mentioned before, educating students who are not re- be regarded as milestones and that affect The timing of human the timing of human development does garded as needing special education by of Differentiated people differently in the various develop- development does not have not have an infallible or uniform mech- considering their individual differences mental periods (ages) and under different an infallible and uniform anism that works similarly for everyone. such as learning speed, presence, inter- Instruction circumstances. For example, losing one mechanism that works The claim cannot be made that today’s ests, and motivations. parent (or both) will have different -im students are homogeneous apart from a Individualized education accepts that The mechanistic perspective in education should be abandoned and similarly for everyone. The pacts on a person’s development based on claim cannot be made few factors such as calendar age. students have different educational the fact that different students are found in each classroom in terms their age (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2010). Having needs in the classes homogenized only that today’s students are of their presence, interests and motivations, current knowledge and such a loss as an infant or in early child- DIFFERENTIATED AND in terms of the factors of age or gen- skill levels, experiences, socioeconomic status, and personalities hood compared to at the age of fifty will homogeneous apart from a INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION der. Individualized education assumes should be accepted. Modifying the perspective on education with have a different effect. few factors such as calendar The mechanistic perspective that views students’ educational needs are able respect to this idea is a requirement of a just society. In addition to the above-mentioned pri- age. every student as the same in education to differ even if they are the same age; mary factors affecting the development of obviously should be abandoned. That it rejects the ideal, average student ap- humans, who are also known as biopsy- different students exist in each -class proach which has been one of the dom- chosocial creatures, many other factors family structure (extended family, nucle- room in terms of their presence, inter- inant pedagogical approaches (Kout- arents and almost anyone reditary, and health-related factors that should be considered when discussing ar family, married/divorced parents, etc.), ests and motivations, current knowledge selini & Agathangelou, 2009). who has had the opportunity affect individuals. Psychological factors is education, including parenting styles and socioeconomic status, childcare practic- and skill levels, experiences, socioeco- to work closely with children the category where all the cognitive, sen- es, birth order, number of siblings, intel- nomic status, and personalities needs to THE THEORETICAL BASIS OF P will agree that every child is sory, and personality traits; perceptions; ligence, self-control beliefs, perceptions, be accepted. Converting the perspective DIFFERENTIATED EDUCATION: unique. We often hear that siblings are and interpretations of perception attitudes and behaviors, gender, attach- about education in this direction is a ZONE OF PROXIMAL very different from each other in terms of play a part. Sociocultural factors ment styles, and special education needs requirement of a just society. The ped- DEVELOPMENT intelligence, abilities, capacities, and per- are exemplified by things that (Bacanlı, 2012). One should keep in mind agogical approach mentioned above is Lev Vygotsky, one of the leading names sonalities even when they are raised in that, because human beings mutually in- called differentiated education and- en in the field of educational sciences, em- the same family. This difference has also fluence each other, they can be said to sures effective learning for students in phasizes the socio-cultural context of been confirmed through studies be formed of a unique amalgam of all heterogeneous classes. learning and asserted that not every- done in the field of human devel- these factors. In this article, the concept of individ- one can be the same in the learning en- opment. According to research- Even though different opinions are ualized education refers to differenti- vironment. ers, one of the most important found regarding the history of school- ated education. However, in the ac- The concept of zone of proximal devel- principles of development is the ing and why it emerged, schooling ademic literature, these two concepts opment is defined as “the distance be- impact individual differences have in the modern sense is a product are considered to be different from each tween the actual developmental level on learning. People differ from one of the Industrial Revolution. Be- other. The concept of individualized ed- as determined by independent prob- another in terms of developmen- cause of the need for the masses ucation has been used in particular in lem solving and the level of potential tal rates and characteristics. to keep up with the new pro- the context of special education. While developmental as determined through Hence, although they have duction tools and systems and students with special educational needs problem solving under adult guidance similar traits for many varia- the need for basic education (i.e., are educated in the same classroom as or in collaboration with more capable bles (e.g., age, gender, socio- educated people) was higher than their peers, they face some obstacles peers” (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86) and divides economic status), people are ever before, education began being in reaching the same goals as the other learning into three main zones. The first noted as being “unique” with provided more systematically. students because of their special needs. zone is where development currently oc- regard to learning. In order to have many people Therefore, the educational goals for curs and where the student can perform Researchers consider the fol- reach the determined goals in a short these students are determined in paral- independently. If further education is at- lowing four interactive factors time, young people started being ed- lel with their needs, and they receive an tempted in this zone again, the student when explaining human development: ucated in the same classes with their education based on their personal situa- will be bored because they have already Biological factors are all the genetic, he- peers. The fact that one’s calendar age is tion. In addition, the teachers who have developed and learned.

28 29 maarif maarif THEME INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION

in accordance with their age and devel- HOW IS DIFFERENTIATED Learning must constantly be as- opmental level. On the other hand, the EDUCATION APPLIED? sessed and evaluated (Valiandes, 2015). third zone is far above the student’s de- An effective individualized education is Assessment and evaluation are some velopmental zone, and they will be un- based on a constructivist perspective. of the most important components of able to progress even with someone’s Traditional learning is perceived as trans- learning. However, learning cannot just help. Practicing a college-level reading mitting information from a well-informed be evaluated through tests, quizzes, and program for a first-grade student who person to the learner’s mind. In other exams. Other assessment and evalua- knows how to read and write does not words, information is seen as a physical tion tools such as projects and observa- result in any development. object transferrable from one location to tions must be used as well. The need exists to individualize edu- another. On the other hand, learning in cation by determining students’ devel- the constructivist approach is seen as an CONCLUSION opmental zone in the classroom, their interpretive and creative process that oc- Differentiated education that does not zone of proximal development. By be- curs as a consequence of learners’ active treat our beloved children as robots but Lev Vygotsky ing educated within this zone, students interactions with their physical and social instead provides them with an education will acquire the expected and targeted environment. Learning is a building pro- in accordance with their needs is one of Lev Vygotsky emphasized the socio- learning goals. Otherwise, students will cess in which the learner is not experienc- the irreplaceable elements of effective cultural context of learning in particular and asserted that not everyone can be the get bored when being educated below ing the information as a physical object education. Covering all the subjects in same in the learning environment. their potential developmental zone or but as one that is built through their in- structive education. Direct education the syllabus in a rush with the concern be unable to learn anything when they teractions with their environment by ex- may be used from time to time as need- of keeping up with the curriculum does are placed in a developmental zone be- periencing the things being taught. In this ed, but one must remember that this not mean that educational goals are be- For example, consider a child who yond their current level. For this reason case, every student learns by practicing teaching style places students in a pas- ing achieved. Once we understand how has learned how to read and write be- stated in the above-mentioned differen- and experiencing, namely by experienc- sive situation. Students should be allowed to walk in others’ shoes and provide stu- fore first grade. This child has already tiated education theory, determining ing in their potential development zone, If teachers speak less and students are to study at their learning dents with an education based on their learned how to hold a pencil, their fine students’ zone of proximal develop- which is the zone of proximal develop- encouraged to speak more in the class- speed because students in individual needs, we will be better able to motor muscles have grown accustomed ment and designing their education ment. The factors mentioned at the be- room, the content of and ways students fact have different learning prevent our children from getting lost in to writing, and they recognize the letters accordingly is important in differenti- ginning of this paper play a part in giving think will be understood better. In this the system. and their sounds. In first grade, howev- ated education and thus for actualizing meaning to these experiences. way, one can decide when and how to rates. The differentiated er, the other children don’t know how to learning. Almost every teacher can tell that the provide students with feedback. Another education approach REFERENCES read or write and work on holding pen- students in a classroom are at different lev- contribution of having students express rejects viewing students as Bacanlı, H. (2012). Eğitim psikolojisi. Anka- cils and drawing lines. Asking this child els. How can education be individualized themselves is that learning permanency machines. Some students ra: Pegem Akademi. to do the same work with the others 1 for each student in such an environment is ensured by having students actively par- Kail, R. V., & Cavanaugh, J. C. (2010). Human may improve more slowly th will not improve them; on the contrary, Not able with all these differences? This goal can ticipate in the learning process. development: A lifespan view (5 ed.). Bos- to do even than their peers. ton, MA: Cengage Learning. perhaps they will get bored and lose en- with the be achieved by determining the zone of The activities used in education should Able to do Koutselini, M. & Agathangelou, S. (2009) thusiasm for school. In the second zone, help proximal development for each student. be created in accordance with students’ with help Human rights and teaching: equity as students are in a condition where they For students whose zone of proximal de- needs and characteristics. Designing ac- praxis in mixed ability classrooms. In P. th have not made progress but are able to velopment has been determined: tivities and choosing examples based on and other individual differences impose Cunningham (Ed.), Proceedings of the 11 Conference of the Children’s Identity and learn with the help of someone more Learning must progress hierarchical- their interests and presence will enhance different educational needs. Citizenship in Europe (CICE) Thematic Net- competent. By continuing with the ex- ly (e.g., from easy to difficult). Subjects their enthusiasm for learning. Students should be given individual work: Human Rights and Citizenship Edu- ample of the student who already knows should be planned, examples and learn- Students should be allowed to study feedback. Positive and descriptive feed- cation, 237–244, (CD-ROM). : CiCe Publication. how to read and write when enrolled in 3 2 ing tasks should be chosen in accord- at their learning speed because students back contributes to their development. the first grade, this child does not need ance with the students’ zone of proximal in fact have different learning rates. Giving one-word feedback such as right, Stavroula Valiandes, S. (2015). Evaluating the impact of diferentiated instruction on to be prepared for reading and writing Able to do development. The differentiated education approach wrong, correct, or incorrect is not like- independently literacy and reading in mixed ability class- but to improve these skills. When their Students’ active participation in the rejects viewing students as machines. ly to contribute to a student’s develop- rooms: Quality and equity dimensions of ed- peers work on reading and writing, this class should be ensured. Educational Some students may improve more slow- ment. Feedback that identifies the -fac ucation efectiveness, Studies in Educational Evaluation, 45, 17–26. student’s education can be individu- environments in which direct education ly than their peers. This does not mean tors causing mistakes and that provide Figure: The Zone of Proximal Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Socio-Cultural Theory. alized so that they can study on more Development is sustained and the only active person these students are less intelligent than guidance on how to think are extremely In Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard advanced reading and writing practices is the teacher are unacceptable in con- the others. Merely, their study habits important in correcting mistakes. University Press.

30 31 maarif maarif Multi-User Virtual Environments (MUVE) is used to THEME support learning. A technology-based educational experience INDIVIDUALIZED consisting of several elements: content, syllabus, roles, a set of EDUCATION activities, homework, and evaluation procedures, etc.

Nedim Kaya vice personnel that trace amounts of the answers in the test at the end of the lesson. Board Member, Turkish peanut butter he is allergic to have been Therefore, it does the same when it gets Maarif Foundation used in this product. In the afternoon, as to today’s geometry homework. However, Ahmet returns home by bus, his mother's Ahmet prefers to study mathematics from mobile phone is notified of the location written sources, as he can click on all the and estimated time of arrival. After resting links attached to the corner and get a clear for a while at home, he monitors whether idea about what the formulas that seem any homework has been sent to him from strange to him do. Ahmet does not com- today's lessons via a tablet connected to pare his artificial intelligence teacher with the U-learning environment. Thus, he can his school teachers because he sees it not access the information he left on the smart as a teacher but as a part of the school’s Future board from his mobile phone while on the software system, an element of the world go and from his tablet at home. Ahmet de- in which he lives. He does, however, feel Technologies cides to work on his biology homework, the need to compare his teachers at school not alone but with his virtual teacher, a with one another. Some of the teachers are work of artificial intelligence (AI Learning). good, others are weak, some are compas- In Education The artificial intelligence teacher does not sionate, others are aggressive, some are give any text to Ahmet to read because it experts, others are novices, some smile, “Sitting in a classroom is Let’s imagine our persona is living in courses mentioned in it. Ahmet prefers to other thanks to the U-learning (Ubiquitous had found Ahmet had had difficulty read- and others sulk. Ahmet’s best assurance excellent preparation for life, 2025. His name is Ahmet, he is 10 years sleep on and off on the bus while listening Learning) system, with the opportunity to ing such texts it had given in the past few for the teachers with negative adjectives assuming that life is to be spent old, he even missed the Z generation and to a topic from his geography class: the ef- compare the sizes of the rock formations. days: His pupils had shrunk and he showed not to ruin his educational life is the other sitting in a classroom.” is probably from the Alpha generation. Ac- fects of newly discovered archaeological They measure the length of the rock pre- signs of insomnia. However, when it pre- resources to which he can connect to and cording to the information on the persona structures in the Southeastern re- cisely using AR (Augmented Reality) tools. sented the same information to Ahmet in a access information. What Ahmet likes the Richard Needham card; he has a 24-hour internet connec- gion on human history. The artificial intel- They notice the snake head in the central visual environment, it noticed that Ahmet most is Project-Based Learning. Teachers tion and uses mobile devices, laptops, and ligence he goes past when he gets off the column and those on the circular pillars grasped the information, including num- give Ahmet a real-life task for researching tablets. He has a big screen TV at home, bus at school measures his fever to see if to have different sizes and make a- com bers, and gave a high percentage of correct and gaining deep knowledge on a particu- his school has a smart board connected it is within normal limits today and checks parison. They leave the class excitedly, lar subject with other students; they want very educator who is con- to the internet, he has VR (Virtual Reali- whether he is sad, anxious, or scared with just like they did last week after they ex- the students to accomplish this using all the cerned about job improve- ty) glasses and his mobile phone has an AR a facial scan. amined the life-size cadaver with a virtual physical and digital facilities at their dispos- ment wonders about the an- (Augmented Reality) measurement feature; From the software’s statistical report, microscope in biology class. In the history al. The educational software they are con- swer what kind of a role will he doesn’t like to memorize things, is in- the geography teacher finds that Ahmet lesson, the teacher informs Ahmet and his nected to enables them to access data very Ethe ever-changing technological devel- terested in research, tends to watch and had repeatedly clicked on one of the links classmates that they can choose between easily (data interpretation in education) and opments have in education in the near listen instead of reading, and has difficulty sent for the class, the one with vocal con- watching, reading, or listening to the Bat- The ideal is to provide this facility makes their work very easy. future. Software companies create var- taking in any piece of information without tent, and makes a note of it. Another as- tle of Preveza from one of the alternatives students with the tools and The software developers who provid- ious fictional characters to test how and knowing its purpose. sembly takes note of this information, on the links on their mobile phones. Ah- facilities that will enable them ed Ahmet with these opportunities the to what extent their software will affect Ahmet’s school has put into use the the artificial intelligence-based school met prefers to watch the video on this to learn most effectively and previous generation of students were un- the audiences to which they appeal to. latest model of the school administration management system software. “Our topic topic because he hopes he can find good able to have actually aimed at one thing: They fill in user profiles and call them system. The software notifies Ahmet and today is Göbeklitepe,” says the teacher. visual representations of the naval victo- that appeal to their interests To personalize learning using all available personas. Presumably, these companies his mother and father that the school bus Ahmet and his friends are curious about ry. Ahmet is asked at the beginning of the and natures. In the very near means. Even if we replace Ahmet personas create hundreds of different personas in is approaching the house. The first thing the size of the T-shaped rocks, which they video what information he wants to learn future, the use of technology with different ones such as Elif, Umut, or software labs to deliver the educational in the morning he takes his mobile phone cannot discern from the picture. The and at the end whether he had learned in education may reach an Ayda, the results don’t change. The ideal is tools of the future to their target audienc- out of airplane mode and the daily course teacher connects to Göbeklitepe’s MUVE this information. unpredictable dimension. to provide students with the tools and fa- es. Let's create one of the hundreds of schedule sent by the school management (Multi-User Virtual Environment) from the When Ahmet passes by the set menu Thinking about how to use cilities that will enable them to learn most student personas that we can to facilitate system appears on his screen as a notifica- smart board in the classroom, and the in the cafeteria at lunch by having his dig- effectively and that appeal to their interests our work and try to imagine the future tion. The notification has written, visual, children appear in Göbeklitepe with their ital card scanned, he realizes his favorite these technologies efficiently and natures. These possibilities and tech- technologies and digital transformation and audio links for the homework and avatars in the virtual environment, where blackberry cake will not be offered to him will lead to healthier results nologies can be evaluated by different edu- in education through this. research from yesterday regarding the they can transfer from one device to an- because the system had informed the ser- and less opposition. cators as beneficial or harmful in different

32 33 maarif maarif THEME THEME INDIVIDUALIZED INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION EDUCATION

aspects; however, these will also certainly enter our lives in a much closer future due Sebih Oruç Research Assistant at to the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic. Akdeniz University All the technologies mentioned today are available as prototypes, but some obstacles remain to implementing them. The first of these is that the early birds, the first to use these new technologies, are hesitant to invest in this area. In addi- tion, governments are expected to make these investments in the field of educa- tion, which is already not a very profita- ble sector. Thanks to video games, MUVE software is used by almost every young person for entertainment purposes, but Will there be enough precautions to this software is not yet at the disposal of prevent pirates from hacking into the sys- education. The device problem for mo- tem and establishing and misleading the From The Printing House bile learning has almost been overcome children in a one-on-one relationship? in developing and developed countries. Thanks to video games, How can children carrying the real-life To The Internet: These devices mostly use AR and VR tech- MUVE software is used by problems of bullying, fighting, and cy- nologies, even in their infancy. Apple and almost every young person ber-crimes into this system be prevented? Some Observations Samsung have used these features as a for entertainment purposes, Will governments cooperate with primary marketing element in their mod- but this software is not yet at each other on cybersecurity laws? On Individualization els in the last two years. In fact, despite the disposal of education. Perhaps more important than solv- not doing much for the user, they insist- ing these problems is that the number of In Modern Technology ently promoted these features to give this countries and institutions able to upload technology a strong seat in the market, as The third important problem is that information onto these media is quite lim- they see this as the future. While smart the adults who will use these technolo- ited. Countries that have yet to naturally And Education boards are at least as smart as a computer, gies have a distant approach to technolo- reached the desired level of progress in The concern about the easy massification of information due to being they are actually a computer with gy and change, or are inadequate in this technology and economy in particular will the features of a whiteboard, they are regard. According to a report from the not be active in uploading curricula to the the Internet is not actually new. Similar situations have been also ready to host the technologies we’ve European Union Commission, the digi- digital environment. In this case, monop- experienced in many technological developments, from the just mentioned. As can be seen, technol- tal capacity of 44% of the European Un- olies may arise in the digital curriculum, invention of writing up to the printing press. ogy companies have done their part and ion’s population and 37% of its employed and this may also be a means of imposing developed these technologies for use in population falls below that required by a monotonous world view. different media. Although recreational, their work. In addition, more than half of Digital transformation in education he world we live in is a world Today, these discussions are carried out sports, and military users benefit greatly workplaces do not perform any effort to should be discussed in terms of its pros in which technology greatly multidimensionally because the influence from these facilities, the business world, equip their employees. That the problem and cons, but the personalization and shapes society and people. of technology has increased in both indi- especially the education community, has is much more serious in other parts of the digitalization of learning will inevitably Being an effective force in the vidual and social areas. not yet been able to adapt these properly world compared to the European Union is become a part of our lives. As we have the Tmodernization process that started in the Despite all the methodological and para- to their work. not a difficult assumption to make. experiences of institutions that rejected West, modern technology has become an digmatic differences, almost all thinkers A second obstacle encountered in im- The fourth major problem is the issue television and started a television channel important topic among social scientists have converged on emphasizing the im- plementing these technologies is that in- of cyber security. Many questions await an- later or rejected the radio and established with the transformative impact it has had possibility of understanding both modern stitutions are rather hesitant to transform swers regarding this: or a series of radio channels after a while, in all areas of life. Throughout the 20th cen- society and people without either taking their culture. One of the main reasons for What if a MUVE platform, accessible taking our place in the first train car by di- tury, thinkers from different disciplines technology and its effects into account or this is that technological change is new to all children, is compromised and in- recting and applying this correctly is obvi- have analyzed and developed theories on problematizing it. Some thinkers have em- while managers are more traditional. jects misleading information? ously better than rejecting it outright. the meaning and effects of technology. phasized the effects of technology on the

34 35 maarif maarif Internet THEME Cuneiform: Printing Press: 1989 INDIVIDUALIZED 3500 BC 1455 Tim Berners Lee EDUCATION Sumerians Johann Gutenberg and Vinton Cerf

human psyche and consciousness, where- Identifying and changing social and po- ity to which the individual conforms in an at the very least become quite prominent. as others, especially Marxists, have fo- litical impacts, as well as taking action in oral society, positions itself against the iso- Technologies such as the printing press cused on its socio-economic impact (Poe, response to them, are easier, or at least lated individual as written culture spreads. and radio that emphasize a single sense 2011, pp. 3, 18). In terms of the effects that possible. However, if a technological prod- The spread of the printing press, one of (sight or hearing) had changed the existing technology has had on the human psyche uct changes how a certain human com- the symbolic inventions of modernization, cognitions and learning styles in favor of ei- and ways of thinking, thinkers such as Jack munity envisages its relation to the world, has opened up knowledge to the masses to ther visual or auditory styles, in a way dis- Goody, Walter Ong, and Eric Havelock existence, and identity, this will have ir- the point that education and learning have rupting the usual interaction of the senses have focused on the psychological and reversible repercussions in practice. One become an activity able to be conducted in- and causing an imbalance. However, this cognitive differences between the individ- should also keep in mind that individuals dividually. Reading individually is such an newest situation has been generally the same uals in societies that have technology1 and are not fully aware of this transformation; alien and even dangerous concept to tradi- for at least a significant part of the popula- those in societies that do not. Names such as a matter of fact, such effects are almost tional society that, in the late 16th century tion, if not the whole. Thus, socialization (or as Harold Innis, T. Adorno, Marshall McLu- entirely subconscious. (McLuhan, 2011, p. in , people were even reported to the individualization) has occurred collectively. han and Harbert Marcuse focused on the 347). This situation is especially true for in- inquisition for reading books alone. Book As a result of individuals using the Internet social and economic effects technology dividuals born into an environment where reading by women and ordinary people in for different purposes in accordance to their has had and constructed important theo- a technology (e.g., writing with a phonetic particular drew serious reactions (Briggs & [Which Habermas called the “specializing individual interests and likings, drawing gen- ries on this subject. alphabet) has become commonplace. Burke, 2005, p. 51). In short, by enabling effect” of the reform process], or did such eralized conclusions about the results of this In this article, we will discuss the issue For example, a direct relationship exists individualization in learning, the print- an understanding lead to more individu- use as could be done with the printing press of the relationship education and indi- for printed books being the main means of ing press not only threatened the church, al reading activities?” is meaningless and is difficult. Regardless, the Internet is the vidualization have with technology; this acquiring knowledge by learning to read at which had a monopoly on knowledge, but doomed to remain purely speculative. Sim- Turning to the causes and most individualizing technology in hu- essentially requires taking into account an early age with the conceptualization of also was perceived as an invention that ilarly, turning to the causes and effects of effects of this tendency man history and has made accessing in- both the social and economic effects. Ed- things following one another in a certain threatened the values of traditional society. this tendency toward individualization and toward individualization formation in any situation possible. ucational activity is an intense cognitive order in an abstract space. In fact, a direct seeking ways to have a healthier relation- and seeking ways to have The most fundamental issue regarding activity in the sense that it shapes individ- relationship also exists for individuals’ in- TECHNOLOGY AND THE ship between technology and humanity is a healthier relationship the Internet and education is more ontolog- uals’ minds and psyches (note the creased abstraction ability through the INDIVIDUAL: A SITUATION OF THE more meaningful than asking the question between technology and ical and epistemologically based. Namely, CHICKEN AND THE EGG? root of information in English means giv- occurrence of learning using visual means “Is the Internet making us individualized humanity is more meaningful the question focuses on the nature of educa- ing form to the mind), and this aspect (i.e., a phonetic alphabet) with the objectifi- Needless to say, what a technological prod- about learning, or do we turn to the Inter- tion: Is handling education/learning in the comes to mind at first glance. How- cation of things that individuals perceive as uct provides is not the sole thing determin- net because we prefer an individualized than asking the question form of a disembodied audience’s orienta- ever, one should not overlook that external to the self. Individuals are inclined ing the attitudes toward a particular tech- life?” How this will be achieved is one of the ‘Is the Internet making us tion toward an absolutely external neutral the nature, content, and structure toward being more tangible and social in nology. The meaning that gets attributed to most important issues of the century. individualized about learning, object more correct, or should it be handled of these educational activities have nonliterate societies where hearing is the a technological product is also critical here. At the same time, the need exists to ad- or do we turn to the Internet as a process in which our bodies coexist political, economic, and social di- main and practically only means of learn- For example, even long after the invention dress the issue by taking into account the val- because we prefer an with the world in a general sense, a process mensions. ing. Unlike literate societies, time and space of the printing press, the aristocratic class ues brought about by the Internet, especial- individualized life?’ How this that includes our bodily agency based on THE TRANSFORMATIVE are not objectified a sense of the here and continued to reproduce certain special ly those that have been internalized by the a meaningful relationship with the object EFFECT now is always present. As the culture of works by hand; this method was particular- so-called “digital native” generation without will be achieved is one of the and from a meaningful distance? Cartesian OF TECHNOLOGY writing spreads in the nonliterate society, ly preferred for books to be given away as even realizing it. Although not directly relat- most important issues of the philosophy put the former formula at the The first dimension here, namely the “magical voice” of society that incorpo- gifts. A similar situation is also valid for the ed to education, the Internet stands in a very century. center of modern education and science, its cognitive influence, is certainly rates the individual into the “automatism of Internet. The intensive use of the Internet unique place in this respect in the history and this still lies at the basis of educational more important. The first reason the collectivity away from the personal” los- in all sectors, especially in education, does of humanity as it has allowed individuals to philosophy in many ways. On the contrary, for this how the cognitive effects es its socializing effect and function of incor- not mean that all traditional forms of edu- receive and even shape and reproduce any equality, freedom, sentimentality, hedon- however, representatives of the pragmatism of technology transform indi- porating the individual into the community, cation will disappear completely. digital content, from a movie or video to a ism, negotiation, pluralism, secularism, and and phenomenology that criticize Cartesian viduals’ understanding of (McLuhan, 2011, pp. 30–33). In this respect, However, looking for some kind of chick- text, according to their own preferences. In individualism are claimed to have become philosophy brought the orientation toward the world and existence. the fact that the individual-community du- en and egg situation in relation to technolo- addition, the Internet like all technologies more prominent with the Internet (Poe, the body and object back to the agenda and ality has deepened with the advent of the gy and social change is not meaningful. For has also been shaped according to the cur- 2011, p. 250). Despite the debates on wheth- adopted the latter formulation (Dreyfus, modern printing society is no coincidence. example, a question such as “Did the print- rent values of the social context in which it er or not all these values have really become 2016, pp. 67–69). However, claiming edu- Society, which constitutes the general total- ing press and reading individually develop emerged. By considering the social context prominent, a cultural environment has cation to be a process that student will con- an individualized religious understanding the Internet was born into alongside its in- obviously been formed with the Internet duct by sitting at home and watching videos based on a direct relationship with God herent characteristics, social values such as where a potential for individualization has and regarding the Internet’s presence at the

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center of education as a blessing that pro- The concern about the easy massification Prof. Nurullah ALTAŞ vides this opportunity will mean insisting of information with the Internet is not actually Marmara University on the Cartesian philosophy that reduces new. A similar situation has been experienced humans’ education/ knowledge process to in many technological developments, from a mental function lacking physicality. This, the invention of writing up to the printing in turn, will become a form of education press. In particular, the concern that memory that paves the way to a human model over- as a mental faculty will be eliminated was one exposed to information and having lost the of the most voiced concerns both with regard ability to get in touch with reality. to writing and printing. Likewise, concerns From Institutional Religiosity to Individual Religiosities: and/or hopes that the emergence of the Inter- THE MASS OF INFORMATION: ITS Figure: net will be good or bad in education are largely Rogier van der Weydan: The Magdalen “Can Religious Education Remain INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETAL COSTS related to the fears and mindsets of the genera- Reading Undoubtedly, the most important problem tions who’d been raised in classical education, of the future regarding the Internet and and these concerns are certainly not entirely The Bearer of The Religiosity?” education is the mass of information with- out of place. The way we position the Internet As educational science encourages individuals to ask questions, seek answers, and in the online platform, as well as the post- will determine what we need to pay attention truth situation resulting from this mass. Reading individually, which to when reorganizing education with it. find the truth in all subject areas, religious education being on the same path as this The post-truth situation2 almost inevitably is unimaginable. Just as all other areas of education, religious education too must had become widespread with 1 For the sake of a clear understanding, it should emerges in situations where the online the invention of the printing be stated that technology refers in this article to lead individuals to explore the religious aspect of human experience. environment becomes the main source of everything that human beings do not have bio- press, was so alien and even logically and do not find readily in nature. - Ac information. The influence of the educator dangerous to traditional cordingly, for example, writing and alphabet are on the student decreases significantly in the also technologies. eligious education has ob- post-truth situation, which can be charac- society that, in the late 16th tained its current shape by 2 Michael A. Peters’s book “Post-Truth, Fake News terized as a situation in which the reactions century in Venice, people Viral Modernity & Higher Education” is a fine incorporating effective ele- of the masses and publicity-seeking stories were even reported to the review. See also “Music Education in an Age of ments from various periods become more decisive than truth, logic, Virtuality and Post-Truth” by Paul Woodford and Rin its historical process. The educational inquisition for reading books “Politics and Pedagogy In The “Post-Truth” Era: In- facts, or science. The educator becomes goals that spring to mind first are - em alone. Book reading by surgent Philosophy and Praxis” by Derek R. Ford. only one of the many sources of informa- phasizing the need to act together and 3 tion available to the student. For example, women and ordinary people The quote is taken from McLuhan’s article preserve one’s tribe in nomadic socie- in particular drew serious “Address at Vision 65, p.4”. Retrieved from as a natural consequence of the post-truth https://www.themediumisthemassage.com/ ties, understanding the significance of situation, many completely opposite nar- reactions.” todays-television-child-is-attuned-to-up-to-the- production skills and the emphasis on ratives about historical events and figures minute-adult-news-inflation-rioting-war-taxes- having a relatively small family in agricul- crime-bathing-beauties-and-is-bewildered-when- have gained equal weight in the online envi- he-enters-the-nineteenth/ (translator’s note). tural societies, and increasing the impor- ronment; a student listening to a topic from nineteenth century environment that still tance of states and the nuclear family in a history teacher in a course can find many characterizes the educational establishment REFERENCES urban and industrial societies. Although different narratives about the same event or where information is scarce but ordered and these goals had been included in the con- McLuhan, M. (2007). Gutenberg Galaksisi: Tipo- person on the Internet. This situation can structured by fragmented, classified pat- grafik İnsanın Oluşumu / (Tr. Gül Çağalı Güven). ceptual framework of education due to create confusion in students’ minds. In fact, terns, subjects, and schedules3. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları. the requirements of the respective peri- the use of visuals and animations in the on- McLuhan argued that, people who reflect McLuhan, M. and Quentin F. (2005). The Medi- ods, they still continue to affect today’s line environment can make alternative nar- on the changes that technologies bring with um is the Massage. Canada: Gingko Press. perceptions to a certain extent. ratives more credible. At this point, McLu- them master their nature and consequences. Briggs, A. ve Burke, P. (2005). Social History of Today’s societies have witnessed rap- han’s analysis on the television child to the (McLuhan, 2011, pp. 14–15). To claim that de- the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet. UK: id changes. Enormous leaps have over- Polity Press. Internet child can be adopted: liberating on technology will allow us to mas- lapped with industrial society’s chains of Poe, M. T. (2010). A History of Communications: Today’s television child is attuned to ter its consequences is naive; however, going unlimited production and consumption. Media and Society from the Evolution of Speech up-to-the-minute “adult” news—inflation, into the depths of this issue will undeniably to the Internet. UK: Cambridge University Press. Intensive production through concepts rioting, war, taxes, crime, bathing beau- lead us to healthier interactions with these Dreyfus, H. L. (2016). İnternet Üzerine (Tr. Metin such as information society, digital age, ties—and is bewildered when he enters the technologies. Demir). İstanbul: Küre Yayınları and global society has been very popular;

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at the very least, I have witnessed many has brought Protestant ethics to the fore; Individuals can develop three kinds of such studies in my academic life. Because he claims that this has affected religions in solutions for such encounters. The first is each of these involve efforts to under- various fields besides ethics. According to a positive attitude. The pattern of religi- stand things associated with society, they Berger, the form of Protestantism that has osity that institutionally comes from the have naturally influenced understanding affected all religious structures in the world One should take into family or religious institutions is taken and religious practices as well. From the is Anglo-Saxon in origin but has become lo- consideration that discourses as they are in the context of beliefs and first moment of revelation, religion has calized successfully wherever it has been emphasizing self-expression rituals; individual learning processes are 1 been interpreted through the construct of entered . Although Berger uses the term and egalitarianism affect the processed critically and added onto them meanings in the society it addresses, and localization to indicate the localization of religious understanding of the and a so-call leap of faith takes place. it has continued to exist in this way. What Protestant understanding, Protestant un- This event exactly mirrors the phenom- I’m emphasizing here is not the distance derstanding has spread alongside globali- culture in which they appear. enon of the leap from imitated faith to between living religion and literal reli- zation and influenced religions beyond confirmed faith in the Islamic tradition. gion. Interpretations are made within lit- in terms of their understand- Yet not every individual necessarily eral religion, and another round of inter- ing of rituals and organizational models. have decreased. On the other hand, both takes this leap. The second solution can be pretations reappear once the first round The Western development of individ- the field studies and religiosity studies on defined as a transition to irrational beliefs is implemented by a society. ualism, and therefore freedom, is ex- Turkey in the literature have revealed low and practices in cases where institutional In this context, the most remarkable plained through the distribution and di- scores for institutional commitment, in- beliefs and rituals cannot be rationalized. conceptualization of recent decades has versification of power. According to Eric cluding toward places of worship, despite This is often seen in individuals possessing been globalization. New discussions af- Hoffer, the distinction between divine high scores for beliefs. These findings weak ties with traditional religious institu- fecting religion and religious education power and worldly power gradually re- also resemble field studies conducted tions or those who’ve broken their ties with have been carried out within the scope vealed the additional power categories outside of Turkey. Because the number of these institutions after a time. of this concept based on field studies. of politics, economics, and intellectu- field studies in Turkey on the Presidency The third solution involves the individ- The developments that took place with- alism2. Erich Fromm stated Protestant of Religious Affairs, mosques, and - non ual building a very clear secular values in the process of globalization have been doctrines themselves to have been an governmental religious communities is system from the very beginning. Thus, claimed to influence several societal- in answer to spiritual needs created by the limited compare to those on their coun- according to Luckmann, religious roles stitutions and practices including those collapse of the medieval social system terparts in Western countries, perhaps are both exercised and abandoned for in religion and religious education. I and the beginning of capitalism. Accord- not much can be said about the effect opportunistic reasons 6. will not compare and discuss the differ- ing to him, although freedom from the globalization has had on the dissolution These days, many sociologists talk ent views on this topic. I’m just trying to traditional ties of medieval society had of community disciplines. However, an about two important effects globaliza- present the kind of religious education endowed individuals with a new sense of increasing volume of findings also exist tion has had on religion. Accordingly, we have been pushed toward, center- independence, it had also however made that appears to indicate individualization globalization has both privatized religion ing around the claim of this influence them feel lonely and isolated, subduing to have become widespread in the forma- and obscured the “other” from religion. and taking the foundations of this claim them to new things and pushing them same research reveals that cultural glo- pirical phenomenon observed in human tion of religious identity. Privatization of religion means tradi- as the basis for my discussion. I use the into oppressive and irrational activities3. balization has created both tensions and behavior and conscious. Through individ- Sociologists evaluating studies that tional religions have lost their influence word “push” because both theorists and One should also take into considera- rapprochements among the various seg- ualization, religious thinking, symbols, present similar findings have stress that, over the social sphere. Some sociologists the practitioners of religious education tion that discourses emphasizing self-ex- ments, whether the elite or the common practices, and institutions have lost their in addition to the secularization ob- perceive this as religion having become are not content with this change, finding pression and egalitarianism affect the people. One of the most striking findings social significance in the public and po- served in industrial societies, individual- individualized, others as religion have more practicality in insisting on the con- religious understanding of the culture in from Berger’s research is that globalization litical spheres, and religion has gradually ization has also begun being observed in lost the spirit of communion, while still tents and methods they are used to. which they appear. The findings from field has paved the way for individualization in become a private matter of the people. In the realm of religion. Thomas Luckmann others as religion failing to ensure moral studies conducted in various countries various countries. studies conducted in the USA and various argues that practicing religious alongside unity. In fact, the privatization of reli- GLOBALIZATION: THE FLOOD THAT on this subject under the management According to Berger, the rise in global European countries, despite quite a high non-religious things is a problem for a gion means that traditional religious BROUGHT ABOUT INDIVIDUALIST of Berger provide interesting interpreta- culture has increased individuals’ inde- percentage of people believing in God, the member of society who links their own forms have become ineffective at ori- RELIGIOSITY tions. For example, Buddhist movements pendence from tradition and community percentage of people committed to and religiosity to segregated areas of belief enting societies overall. Known for extensive research on globaliza- in Taiwan have adopted many organiza- at all levels. This term “individualization” trusting in the Church are seen to be low. and behavior and who embraces the With the effect of modernity and glo- tion, Berger views the most important ef- tional forms of American Protestantism is distinct from individualism, which pos- Studies on institutional trust in Turkey global claim of religion. Luckmann ana- balization, traditional religious interests fect globalization has had on religions as a to spread a religious message that is nei- sesses ideological characteristics. Individ- have gathered data indicating trust in in- lyzed this situation to be faced by today’s have clearly diminished, and religious shift toward a religious understanding that ther strictly American nor Western4. The ualization as analyzed here is just an em- stitutions claiming to represent religion to youth in particular. symbols and professions have lost their

40 41 maarif maarif THEME INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION reputations. In particular, the findings without taking what religions say about In a sense, religious of this process, the teacher’s task is to con- from field studies indicate that the- au the meaning of the spiritual (i.e., the- education is a conversation to the development of skills that will thority tradition and community had ological issues, rituals, or existential between grown-ups and enable students to buy the goods they need had have been increasingly shaken by problems) into consideration would and that cannot be ignored. globalization, and this has inevitably be a challenging endeavor. If students those growing up. This As a conclusion, the main task of reli- made individuals more confident. This didn’t know about the polity fights that conversation also means gious education is not to mold individuals is a form of liberation that can however emerged after the death of the Prophet, thinking together about how who will inherit religiosity from institu- also be experienced as a great burden. how would they understand Shiism or to shape the future of society. tions. Rather, it should be to help equip Whether one prefers the term modern- Alevism? If students are unable to un- individuals with the knowledge and skills ization or globalization is unimportant. derstand religious views about the soul, that will help them form their own religios- Making one single conceptualization to how can they understand the problem ity. Two dimensions of this aim are found describe what is happening with higher of abortion? If students are unable to in the sense of knowledge and skills. concepts is unnecessary. In my opinion, understand how Islamic culture inte- 1. The aim of religious education is what really matters is to crystalize this grates the holy and the material in social to enable students to develop an under- phenomenon in terms of the threats and life, how can they interpret the events in standing of the nature of religion as a way possibilities that it carries with it. No one the Middle East? The ability of students to explain individual experiences. can ignore the influence of one’s own to develop an understanding of all these 2. The aim of religious education is to beliefs and interpretations on conceptu- problematic areas in social life depends form a cognitive foundation in students alizations over time as this consequently on the help they receive from religious that will help them ponder religion and makes understanding facts and events dif- education rather than the standard re- develop religious understanding. ficult. Concepts get transformed into ene- sponses provided by the uniform stance Just as mathematics and history educa- mies that need to be fought against. of the institutional framework. tion are expected to help students think In a sense, religious education is a con- mathematically and historically, religious THEN HOW SHOULD RELIGIOUS versation between grown-ups and those education must be aimed at assisting stu- EDUCATION OCCUR? growing up. This conversation also means dents with the skills of religious thinking. I think some things have become clear- thinking together about how to shape the The extent to which religious education er here. Individual influence has been future of society. Including individuals coming generations the framework they If faith as a word equates in a more spe- is also to provide a foundation that will allow achieves these goals will contribute to de- increasing more and more compared to who are growing up into this thought pro- need. In this process of discovery, children cific sense with belief only in the religion of them to benefit from tradition if they choose veloping individuals and helping include the influence institutions have had in cess is the responsibility of religious ed- will also find the opportunity to see that Islam, then we confine the child to a single to take a religious stance. This responsibili- religion in their life. Religious education in forming religiosity, the most important ucation. In this way, individuals become these interpretations arise as the results of worldview and the necessities of that faith. ty can hardly be claimed to have been tak- this way will pave the way for having actu- reason being how individuals have ques- involved in establishing the religious un- life experiences while being able to defend This kind of guidance is not very desirable in en into consideration in practice in terms of al religion contact actual life. Otherwise, tioned meanings as a consequence of the derstanding in which they will live, and in their explanations based on an Islamic in- terms of educational science. However, edu- teachers’ attitudes and schools’ understand- religious education practices will only en- valuable experiences brought about by this way, they will be able to make their re- terpretation of the life they live. cation is a concept related to children’s over- ings. Here, the case of religious education re- sure that religion appears in public life as a what they’ve encountered. Whether one ligious experiences apparent in their lives Here one faces an important propo- all development and is observed through sembles that of a shopkeeper exhibiting their folkloric element while preventing it from approves or disapproves of the answers by having made sense of them personally. sition on many minds. Religious tradi- their behavior. In this sense, taking a stand goods in a display case. Will the shopkeeper touching the lives of people and society. different religions give to the existential Just as educational science encourag- tion both requires and wants students for any single belief and organizing educa- avoid the attitudes and behaviors that oblige questions of humanity, the universality es individuals to ask questions, seek an- to have a belief that will guide them tional processes so that they emphasize the customers to buy only the items that are in REFERENCES and essentialness of this concern and the swers, and find the truth in all subject ar- throughout their lives. Two different advantages of having that single belief may the showcase by allowing them to examine, 1 Berger, Küreselleşmenin Kültürel Dinamikleri, 17. importance of all efforts to answer these eas, not having religious education be on views may arise here. First, if the word also be thought of as placing obstacles in the evaluate, and even try them out, or will cus- 2 Eric Hoffer, Değişim Sonrası, Çev. İhsan Dur- questions must be acknowledged. If stu- the same path is unimaginable. Religious “faith” is used synonymously with the way of individual development. tomers be manipulated and forced to buy du, Ayışığı Kitapları, İstanbul 2000, 86. dents have no idea about the spiritual di- education, just as all other fields of educa- concept of life itself or the philosophy of a specific one? Who has not been bothered 3 Erich Fromm, Özgürlükten Kaçış, Çev. Selçuk mension of life, they would be ignorant tion, must lead individuals to explore the life, then once again, religious education IN LIEU OF CONCLUSION by the attitudes of company middlemen at Budak, Öteki Yayınevi, Ankara 1993, 99. 4 of the vital questions at the center of ex- religious aspect of the human experience. must be given the chance to enable chil- The mission of religious education is not just bus terminals where, even though religious Berger, Bir Küre Bin bir Küreselleşme, 28-55; 56-75; 76-98. istence. This inevitably in turn motivates In this sense, the Islamic tradition be- dren to encounter the widest possible to help children find their own way in devel- education programs do not envisage such at- 5 Berger, Bir Küre Bin bir Küreselleşme, 17. secular formulations. comes students’ laboratory in the process range of ideas beyond a single religious oping a religious understanding as a form of titudes, teachers can easily assume the role 6 Thomas Luckmann, Görünmeyen Din, Tr. Understanding religious freedom of exploration. Religious education based approach and to give them opportuni- attributing meaning to life and thus looking at of the shopkeeper who must sell the goods Ali Coşkun-Fuat Aydın, Rağbet Yayınları, İs- and the impact of religion on society on the Islamic tradition must offer up-and- ties to explore. life from different perspectives. The mission students have no desire to see. In all stages tanbul 2003, 80–81.

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he ubiquitous phenomenon of reach our destination only after overcom- Figure 2a. Air Traffic Map Figure 2b. Night Lights Map Ümit GÜNEŞ, PhD flow permeates our existence ing the barriers standing in our way, be Yıldız Technical University and lies at the core of all scientif- they time, distance, or other people. ic inquiry. Flow can be defined How does flow occur? Any kind of flow Tas the transposition, motion, and transfor- arises from a difference in potential be- mation of a thing over time. The fact that tween two given states. When no poten- every living thing in nature and our envi- tial difference exists, nothing can move. ronment is in a state of flow indicates the The height difference in dams is what central importance of flow and motion in makes water flow, the difference in -elec our lives and scientific work. Whatever tric potential that moves electricity, and Flow Systems: does not flow (i.e., does not move or trans- difference in temperature that enables the transformation that this brings to our lives. form) over time is dead. One can examine transfer of heat. The same pattern man- Our lives are in a constant state of change, A Look at Artificial any given situation through the lens of flow. ifests itself in air traffic flow (Figure 2a) and this change is governed by principles We encounter flow systems everywhere and in the night lights map (Figure 2b). that occur in other natural flow systems. Intelligence and in our lives and social environments– in the Thus, flows stream from one center of at- The development of artificial These principles also shape the present and streaming of a river, in a lightning bolt, or traction or commerce toward another. intelligence research is due future impact AI has on our lives. It has the Individualized Instruction in the concepts of social mobility and fi- to both the rising number of ability to improve some aspects of our lives nancial transactions. Even the change and TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS studies in this field and the by facilitating certain flows while complicat- shift of our emotions over time is a flow. AND FLOW SYSTEMS ing others. In any case, the impact of AI on Our lives are in a constant state of change, and this In order to understand and explain the Is technological progress related to the flow increasing amount of data our lives will follow this principle of flow. change is governed by principles that also occur in events of the past and present and to pre- in which our lives are constantly caught up? input by artificial intelligence. The development of artificial intelligence other natural flow systems. These principles also shape dict what will take place in the future, one The answer lies in the properties and struc- research is due to both the rising number the present and future impact of artificial intelligence needs to thoroughly diagnose, identify, ture of flow itself. Three prominent charac- of studies in this field and the increasing and analyze the structure and principles teristics are encountered when examining Siberia's Lena River, its branches, and its amount of data input by artificial intelli- (AI) on the flow of our lives. of the flow system. By properly grasping the structure of technological advances. main tributary that joins the river to the gence due to its capability of learning from these principles, one can make more accu- The first of these is freedom. When sea. These branched formations are spotted the available data. The more data AI has, the rate predictions about future events. there is no freedom, a given thing will wherever one might look in natural and engi- more accurate AI research results will be. These principles of flow systems also have obstacles in its path and be unable neering designs as this branched formation The increase in AI research has fundamen- form the foundation of natural processes. to proceed. The second is curiosity. One has the exact kind of designation needed to tally changed human communications and Figure 1 shows a bolt of cloud-to-ground can summarize the history of human- transfer flow from one place to another. The interactions as well. When we have a one-on- lightning in Istanbul. This natural phe- kind with this one word. Curiosity is the same design is seen in artificial neural net- one call with a customer service agent, we nomenon results from the difference in source of all striving for innovative ideas, works (ANN; Figure 3b), a significant field interact with AI modules. Most of us are not electric potential between clouds and the discoveries, new roads, and channels. within artificial intelligence research where even aware that the Chatbots we often use in ground, which materializes in a lightning Without curiosity, humans can neither a large number of branches interconnect to customer service modules are robots. bolt following the path of least resistance build canals nor travel to Mars. The third produce a desired output. Flow is present in We see a similar structure in the devel- for electrical discharge. Similarly, we avoid and last characteristic is innovative ideas, these artificial neural networks, despite be- opment of the tools used in educational roads with heavy traffic in our lives and the emergence of which can be likened ing initially unobservable. In artificial neural technology during the COVID-19 school to a flow finding new roads in the flow networks, the flow of data from one place to closures in particular. Because of the re- system. Each new idea constructs a new another is governed by the principle of the sistance in the way (due to curfews and Figure 1. Lightning Bolt in İstanbul channel in the flow system – a new path most suitable path to the desired output. lockdowns), the events that had taken that has the potential to become the main place in person before (whose flow had channel for the flow system. WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL been uninterrupted) now paved the way Today when one hears the word technol- INTELLIGENCE ON OUR LIVES? for virtual classrooms as their new chan- ogy, artificial intelligence is one of the first The flow system mentioned above is pres- nel. Due to the lower resistance in this new technological developments that come to ent not only in the operation of artificial channel compared to the physical one, all mind. Can a flow system be mentioned in intelligence but also in the expansion of ar- educational flow has exclusively begun this research area as well? Figure 3a shows tificial intelligence (AI) and the change and moving toward the new channel. Which

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direction this flow evolves toward will be would rather chat with them; we deduce matching our diverse tastes. With great ex- quence, a more intense and competitive en- aspirations, and dreams more than ever. Per- Figure 3a. Lena River, Siberia seen when channels with much lower re- emotions from the emojis we receive and citement, we will be able to say, "This person vironment will follow. haps the central issue is not these innovations sistance emerge in the future. communicate our feelings with the same is exactly what I have been looking for!" This Studies on AI will rapidly transform the we will be exposed to per se but rather how Where will AI, which currently occupies emojis. We interact with another person’s scenario is also quite agreeable. But what educational field the same way it will every to produce these innovations and thus direct this place in our lives, take us in the future? digital reflection as we listen to their voice then? What will become of the vice? What other field in the future. The project Neural- the flow of information ourselves. Raising stu- Fundamentally, having scientists make through a speaker and look at their picture will be the responsibilities and judgments ink recently developed by Elon Musk with the dents according to this understanding and, comprehensive analyses about the current on a screen. We no longer ask for a street ad- regarding our virtual feelings, doings, and aim of realizing revolutionary communication more importantly, training instructors with situation is not enough. Scientists must also dress and no longer buy clothes from a store utterings? What answers will the judicial with smart devices using brain signals will this in mind are of utmost importance regard- make predictions drawing from the data or books from a bookstore. We listen to songs system propose, and what judgments will it also largely contribute to this area. Students ing humanity’s control over the future and its on the current situation. The available data curated by AI according to the previous songs make about these virtual lives? and educators will have the opportunity to ability to shape it. How can we relate to tech- becomes more beneficial by speculating we have listened to rather than listening to In such an environment, what will human communicate through brain signals instead nology in its state of flow amid all these recent about future events and developing strate- our friends’ song recommendations. interaction and the need for social communi- of having to interact in a physical classroom developments and rising expectations? One gies accordingly. A reference to the scope of science-fiction cation be like when humans become capable in front of a blackboard. One of the most should not ignore that the purpose of bene- A great example of predicting future de- will be relevant here as it is one of the areas of virtually creating someone they want and important things one should not overlook, fitting humanity lies at the heart of all these velopments was made in 1964 by science-fic- that provides the most efficient vision of what love? Will they prefer to live inside this virtual however, is the fact that these opportunities scientific developments. All the individual tion author Arthur C. Clarke, who predicted kind of future world we should expect. The world they will have created, or will they pre- and developments will, like blackboards and and academic projects we perform are as sig- the Internet before it existed and the devel- manifestations of science-fiction in series and fer traditional relationships again because the whiteboards, be a means for education, not nificant as the amount they benefit humanity opments that could follow this invention: film production have serious indications of virtual ones will feel too fabricated? an end. Our focal point must not be these de- and how much they evolve and flow. But what about the city the day after tomor- how far human imagination can stretch and Additionally, one must keep in mind the vices, but the instruction of individuals with I conclude my essay as follows with the row, say the year 2000? I think it will be com- what has the potential to become manifest in fact that a radically altered world awaits their dreams, aspirations, and innovative ide- excellent remark by Albert Einstein empha- pletely different, in fact, it may not even exist at the future. As the most impressive and con- humanity in the future, and so one must as- as and the fostering of proper environments. sizing humanity and the future as needing all. Oh, I’m not thinking of the atom bomb and temporary examples, the series Black Mirror sume an active role in this change instead of Unless these can be established, no new to constitute the essence of all our investi- the next Stone Age. I’m thinking of the incred- and Westworld are worth mentioning. remaining inactive. Otherwise, people will developments can be expected to occur when gations: ible breakthrough which has been made pos- remain as passive consumers only. We need brain signals communicate with smart devic- Why does this magnificent applied science sible by developments and communications, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IS to adapt to the change and produce new es. If humanity wants to control this new kind which saves work and makes life easier bring us particularly the transistor, and above all, the CENTRAL TO OUR LIVES ways of thinking according to these changing of information flow, we need innovative ideas, so little happiness? The simple answer runs: be- Figure 3b. Artificial Neural Networks communications satellites. These things will In fact, most of the new conditions we expect times. If not, then we will become objects cause we have not yet learned to make sensible make possible a world in which we can be in in- to be a part of our lives alongside artificial in- that are carried away in the flow of things as use of it. In war it serves that we may poison and stant contact with each other wherever we may — they’ll only travel for pleasure. I only hope telligence are already here. For instance, we opposed to being the very subjects who di- mutilate each other. In peace it has made our be. Where we can contact our friends anywhere that when that day comes, and when the city is will be able to travel to a place of our choos- rect this flow. lives hurried and uncertain. Instead of freeing on Earth, even if we don’t know their actual abolished, the whole world isn’t turned into one ing as if we are physically there from the us in great measure from spiritually exhausting physical location. It will be possible in that age, giant suburb. (from a BBC Horizon documen- comfort of our living room through the tech- WHAT ABOUT EDUCATION? Students and educators labor, it has made men into slaves of machin- perhaps only 50 years from now, for a man to tary, 1964) nology of augmented reality (AR). We will not The educational field specifically will also get will have the opportunity to ery, who for the most part complete their mo- conduct his business from Tahiti or Bali just As a result of AI studies, in-person inter- only be able to travel to a place virtually but a large share of this change. The restrictions communicate through brain notonous long day's work with disgust and must as well as he could from London. In fact, if it actions and face-to-face communications also the simulated senses of smell and touch of physical classrooms will be eliminated signals instead of having continually tremble for their poor rations. It is proves worthwhile, almost any executive skill, have lost prevalence and over time may lose will accompany us to accentuate the effect through changes in the traditional model of to interact in a physical not enough that you should understand about any administrative skill, even many physical even more of the little prevalence they have of authenticity to higher levels. The sense of education with its restrictive educational op- classroom in front of a applied science in order that your work may skills could be made independent of distance. left. One great cause is people needing AI taste has already started to be digitally trans- portunities and physical classroom environ- increase man’s blessings. Concern for the man I’m perfectly serious when I suggest that one to fulfill their needs which had previously ferred now. Although the situation does not ment. We will live in a world with no material blackboard. One of the most himself and his fate must always form the chief day we may have brain surgeons in Edinburgh been fulfilled through other people in the seem so problematic up until this point, it buildings, with companies and educational important things one should interest of all technical endeavors… concern for operating on patients in New Zealand. When spirit of team commitment. As we lead our escalates quickly from this stage onward. For institutions that have no physical existence. not overlook, however, is the the great unsolved problems of the organization that time comes, the whole world will have lives inside this alienated state with less hu- example, we will generate someone (a part- Online platforms will take the place of physi- fact that these opportunities of labor and the distribution of goods in order shrunk to a point and the traditional role of man contact and increased human-machine ner or a friend) in cyberspace, and we will cal places. Instead of having to take a specific and developments will, that the creations of our mind shall be a blessing the city as a meeting place for men would have interactions, we fail to notice how isolated want to spend our time with them because class from a specific teacher, students will like blackboards and and not a curse to mankind. Never forget this ceased to make any sense. In fact, men will we’ve become and how lonelier we will feel AI will learn from our personal preferences have the opportunity to take a class from a whiteboards, be a means for in the midst of your diagrams and equations. no longer commute – they will communicate. in the future. and generate a partner who acts and talks teacher of their choosing. This, in turn, will (Einstein’s speech to students at the Califor- They won’t have to travel for business anymore We no longer meet up with others as we according to our specific desires – perfectly transform education radically. As a conse- education, not an end. nia Institute of Technology, 1931)

46 47 maarif maarif THEME Pamela De’amato Republic Day celebrations Maarif Okulu Müdür Yrd. ARTICLE in New Jersey Maarif New Jersey, USA School.

An Overview of Education in the USA Schooling options and access to education are as varied as the people of the US with regional, religious, philosophical, and socio-economic differences.

hen Maarif School opened Middle school (6th – 8th grades), also in the USA in Septem- called junior high school, often offers ber of 2017, it joined a electives as well compulsory classes. It long tradition of educa- is the time that some students get placed Wtion here in North America. Boston Latin, into more challenging classes, usually which catered to the sons of Boston’s elite, predicated on standardized test scores. was the first school founded in 1635 in the These tests are nationally normed; that students. Other highly competitive public the choice of sending their students to The global Covid 19 pandemic that Massachusetts colony. A lot has changed in is, they compare students’ ability to schools offer placement for paid tuition. public schools in their area of residence changed life in the US and elsewhere in almost 400 years in terms of access, edu- that of other students of the same age Public schools vary greatly based on for free (paid for through taxes) or to the spring of 2020, also has had a great cational philosophy, and cost. throughout the United States. Schools the demographics of the areas in which private or independent schools. It is impact on education across the nation. Here in the US, each of the 50 states use standardized test scores to track they operate. Since many schools across estimated that almost 10% of students While many schools shut their doors sets its own educational standards. The students into either college preparato- the US are funded by real estate taxes, attend private schools. Fees and tui- for the spring semester, (48 states plus federal government provides some sup- ry courses or workplace readiness pro- wealthier areas tend to have higher qual- tion at these schools vary greatly. Some the District of Columbia mandated or port for schools, and states make up the grams in high school. ity public schools with more after-school religious schools have tuition as low as recommended school closures) many difference. Funding varies with some High school covers the years of 9th -12th. programs, extra-curriculars, and test $4,000 per year plus fees, while the av- schools opened remotely or with a hy- states like Hawaii paying for public ed- The high schools focused on college prep classes for SATs, ACTs, Advanced erage private school tuition is $11,000 brid model for the fall of 2020. This has ucation almost entirely (90%) from state prep teach higher level math including Placement and other exams. per year. Other private schools are much exposed vast gaps in access to both in- revenues, while other states, like New algebra, pre-calculus and calculus and Specialized public high schools called more expensive. The Forman School in ternet service and technology. Many Hampshire, pay for education primari- science including biology, chemistry “polytechnic” high schools offer trades Litchfield, Connecticut, for example, schools have used Federal tech grants to ly through local taxes in each town or and physics. They also work to prepare training for such diverse professions as charges $78,000 tuition and specializes provide devices for their students who school district. students for Scholastic Aptitude Tests auto- mechanic, veterinary technician, in students with learning differences. don’t have laptops or other ways of join- While some federal funding goes to years from first grade through 12th grade. (SATs) and ACTs. The scores from these hair styling, security and healthcare. Obviously, with the vast range of tuition ing remote classes. In addition, school private and religious schools, the bulk Thirty-nine of the fifty states provide kin- exams have traditionally been used in They are a good option for students who rates, amenities, facilities, and programs districts across the US have created a of the money goes to public and char- dergarten for children 5 years old, for ei- the college application process. In recent can’t afford or don’t want to go to- col will also vary. patchwork of synchronous and asyn- ter schools in each state. On average, ther half or full day but only eleven states years, however, many top-tier schools lege before entering the workforce. Another option some parents pursue chronous classes and worksheet pack- according to the US Census, it costs and the District of Columbia mandate at- have determined that scores on these Students who do not stay in high is homeschooling. Homeschool regu- ets for students. The youngest students just over $12,000 per student to edu- tendance. Some parents opt to send their standardized tests do not necessarily school to graduate, or who “drop out”, lations and laws vary widely across the and students with learning differences cate children in K-12 schools across the children to pre-kindergarten programs determine college readiness or future can take an exam called the General 50 states and even among local school have experienced the greatest losses in country. starting at 3 or 4 years old. academic success. In addition, various Equivalency Degree (GED) that is ac- districts, but it is estimated that over academic achievement as the virus has There are variations in how schools Students across the country attend ele- studies have shown the success on these cepted by most organizations including two million people, or roughly 3.4% of continued. In addition, there is no uni- operate and what curricula they use to mentary school from 1st to 5th grade. During tests is often a result of students’ higher colleges, trade schools, and the military. students, are homeschooled. It is widely form measure to count attendance since teach the students. Parents and guardi- these five years, the focus is on teaching socio-economic status with the access For young people with neither a high accepted in the US and there are many schools are at least partly remote. ans have the choice of sending their chil- children the basics of math computation, to tutors and enrichment programs that school diploma or a GED, job prospects companies that specialize in providing It is certain that scholars and educa- dren to public (taxpayer funded) or pri- reading, writing, grammar, history and poorer students lack. As a result, many and future earnings are severely dimin- courses online and materials for fam- tors will be studying and measuring the vate or religious schools. Many families science. If students fail core subjects such colleges and universities have opted to ished. One US Census report indicated ilies. The internet enables families to impact of the pandemic on education choose where to live based on the stand- as math and English, they can usually re- go test optional. that people with a high school diploma meet up with likeminded groups for for quite some time to come. ing of the schools in the area. take the subjects over the summer. If a Most public schools accept students would earn on average $30,000 per year socialization and classes as well. Col- Schooling options and access to edu- Students are mandated to attend school child does not take the summer classes or based on residency, although the most while those without a high school diplo- leges have increased outreach to home- cation are as varied as the people of the from the ages of 6 to 16 in all states. Stu- takes them and fails, he or she will usual- desirable school districts sometimes offer ma would earn about $20,000. schooled students because they have US with regional, religious, philosophical, dents generally attend school for 12-13 ly be made to repeat the grade. a lottery system to accept out-of-district Parents and guardians in the US have found them to be well prepared. and socio-economic differences.

48 49 maarif maarif WEF’s (World Economic Forum) the Future of Jobs Report (2020): THEME It is forecasted that the general labor demand will decrease from 15.4% ARTICLE Ahmet Akça to 9% and employment rate in the new professional fields to increase Chairman of Private Teaching Association from 7.8% to 13.5% in 2025 due to the equalization of the amount of time humans and robots spend working.

this percentage increased to 94% in 2020. vironment, what should they do, and how Today, activities such as design-skill work- sibilities in the learning process. For all Catching the This again underlines the necessity of be- can teaching systems effectively develop A CURRICULUM AND shops or try-and-do workshops continue the skills and values that are desired to ing open to acquiring new skills. This ex- knowledge, skills, attitudes and values?” INSTITUTIONALITY THAT in Turkey. However, these activities have be developed, Turkey must redefine all Future in pectation of individual transition indicates On the other hand, education systems PRIORITIZE TURKEY’S NEEDS yet to be included in the educational school norms, design all lessons as activi- transformation in education systems to be are historically often seen to react slowly The only way the current structures of programs of Turkey’s schools with the ty-based lessons, and train its new teach- essential. to societal changes. Despite the fact that schools will be able to keep up with the attention they deserve. While try-and-do ers accordingly. Education education systems had reacted to the so- pace of the changes in the world will be by workshops are only for students who are Designing projects and taking the nec- Keeping up with the drastic THE CHANGE IN SKILLS DEMANDED cial changes that occurred in the 19th and redesigning the culture and characteristics labeled as smart, design-skill workshops essary steps is required in order to es- changes around the world is IN THE LABOR MARKET 20th centuries rapidly and had been able of schools. If not, the students graduating have not become widespread enough in tablish and develop systems and applica- Online education and the use of digital me- to realize a series of reforms, the curricu- from schools that keep running the current terms of either content or practice. Hav- tions for evaluating quality learning that only possible by redesigning dia, which have become essential due to lum structures and presentations are gen- education system will not be able to com- ing Turkey’s schools shift to a more skill- includes how the inputs are treated, the the culture and characteristics the measures taken against COVID-19, have erally observed as being unlikely to change pete with their peers in G20 countries or to based system that emphasizes practice is media, its processes, and the outputs. of schools. provided an opportunity to test online as rapidly. Education experts have stated find a place in the world labor market. The vital. An understanding of education in Individuals from all age groups, includ- education and online learning processes. that students were generally expected to economic and cultural survival of Turkey which teachers transfer the written infor- ing adults, must have the opportunity Education systems, which had been forced be passive participants in classrooms when should not be forgotten to be based on Tur- mation from books to students who are to learn and continue learning. Lifelong n October 20, 2020, the World to operate on digital media throughout the factory model of education had been key’s ability to succeed, which is obtained passive listeners cannot possibly be sus- learning starting from birth in all types of Economic Forum published its the pandemic, once again face the need to applied. In the face of the profound and through competition. tained in the new world. circumstances and at all educational lev- annual report on the Future of make radical adjustments. In this context, widespread changes currently transform- In my opinion, one of the first steps to The traditional school model was de- els must be planted in education systems Jobs. The report emphasized the need for a labor force that can meet ing our world and disrupting the institu- take for the much-needed transformation signed based on the models and needs of by means of institutional strategies and Othe increasing demand for labor involv- these new expectations is foreseen to con- tional status quo in many industries, the in the education system is to adopt an un- factories, and it had functioned very well policies, adequately resourced programs, ing artificial intelligence, non-humanoid tinue to increase into the future. need to rethink the goals of education and derstanding of flexible curricula and pro- considering what they’d been designed and strong partnerships at the local, re- robots, and encryption. By equalizing the The professions whose demand has in- the qualifications students need to improve grams for schools. A curriculum prepared for. They have exceedingly fulfilled their gional, national, and international levels. amount of time humans and robots spend creased include data analysts, scientists, has increased greatly. Major transforma- today can be seen to be unable to meet established goals. However, expect these Turkey’s plans must include the provision working in 2025, the general labor demand machine learning specialists, big data ana- tions such as digitalization and the wide- the needs that will emerge 3 years from schools to raise students who think ana- of multiple and flexible ways of learning is forecasted to decrease from 15.4% to 9% lysts, digital marketing strategists, process spread use of artificial intelligence have now. Continuity of a permanent curricu- lytically, have advanced problem-solving for all ages and all educational levels; and employment rate in the new profes- automation specialists, business develop- brought out new problems in terms of both lum and program is only possible through skills, and have high stress tolerance and these plans must strengthen the links be- sional fields to increase from 7.8% to 13.5%. ment specialists, digital transformation education’s goals and methods. continuous renewals and improvements. resistance skills is unreasonable. At this tween formal and informal structures and The importance of individual skills has specialists, information security analysts, point, looking for methods to transform acquired knowledge, skills, and compe- increased rapidly in this new world. The software and application developers, Inter- and change educational understanding tencies should be recognized, validated, dual powers (hybrid and remote work- net of things specialists, project managers, An understanding of education is essential. First of all, Turkey should and accredited. Lifelong learning should in which teachers transfer the ing) which have found value through the database and network specialists, robotics define its schools as social learning- en also be reorganized in a way that includes written information from books fourth Industrial Revolution, the sharp engineers, and social engineers. Projec- to students who are passive vironments for developing the skills of equal and increased access to high-qual- trend in remote work and e-commerce, tions show that the current workforce will listeners cannot possibly be all of its members, especially the chil- ity technical and vocational education, and the digitalization of business packag- receive training support in the near future sustained in the new world. dren, as well as provide them with basic higher education, and research while es through the impact of COVID-19 have to pass up-dated criteria-based examina- values. Afterwards, Turkey must build a providing the corresponding quality as- again shown the need for acquiring the tions that test their skills, suggesting that learning environment that prioritizes ex- surance. The aim is to develop the skills, appropriate skills. When taking the Future at least half will need to be requalified in perience using a flexible curriculum and values, attitudes, and knowledge that will Jobs Report into consideration, those in the coming years. Otherwise, those who program applications. Turkey must start enable individuals to lead a healthy and education systems that have not been re- do not requalify with the desired skills will taking the first steps toward transforma- satisfying life, make informed decisions, organized to offer skills for the above-men- inevitably be replaced by a new and better tion while recognizing that its children and respond to local and global challeng- tioned professional fields may be said to be equipped workforce. cannot possibly develop critical thinking es through the understanding of a quality unable to find a place in the future. Studies Slowing down the wave of rapid change and analysis skills when we expect them education that has been acknowledged as conducted in 2018 and 2020 investigating that has been experienced in the world to succeed in an environment where all a final result of reforms. Only with such what corporations demand from their em- in recent years is in fact no longer possi- the rules of the game are established by an understanding of education designed ployees should be noted to support this ble. Therefore, some questions should be others, where they are rushed in and out within this framework will providing the view. While 64% of companies in 2018 had asked accompanied by self-criticism, such of classrooms with the ding of a school education of the future and shaping the demanded their workers to gain new skills, as “What are our schools doing in this en- bell, and where they are given no respon- future be possible.

50 51 maarif maarif THEME ARTICLE

ASSESSMENT AND ing questions when solving more com- CYBER SECURITY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE information, and educators frequently Insights EVALUATION WILL GO plex problems. In addition, increased TRAINING WILL BE MORE AND PEER LEARNING WILL use digital and social media platforms. 2.BEYOND TRADITIONAL opportunities to use augmented reality 6.PRACTICAL 8.UPDATE EDUCATION AND According to Eddy, in 2020 and beyond, ACADEMIC ISSUES (AR) and virtual reality (VR) have been TEACHING we will see educators become more On catered toward providing students with Bret Fund, who manages cyber security engaged in supporting students in the Chris Minnich believes that social-emo- the opportunity to demonstrate knowl- education at Flatiron School, suggested Michał Borkowski, CEO and co-founder learning processes through their mobile Education tional learning (SEL) will be a part of the edge about concepts that are hard to that practical training in computer labs of Brainly Corporation, states that AI devices, especially to empower students student assessment process. According measure using traditional tests. Nesterak will be added to the curriculum to keep systems with customizable settings will in career and university planning. An article by educational to Minnich, as our knowledge about the also stated that the use of game designs up with the proliferation of cyber attacks. allow students to learn based on their author Dian Schaffhauser importance of educating children increas- and mobile applications will gradually in- Stating that traditional security practices strengths and weaknesses while help- SAGE ON THE in The Journal magazine in es, education will go beyond traditional crease, and these will be used to evaluate that provide conference-based education ing teachers understand what individ- STAGE WILL BE OUT, January 2020 provides a academic subjects and emphasis will be students during the educational process. are ineffective, Fund said that as a better ual students’ need and reported that 11.COOPERATION placed on other factors involved in a child's alternative, schools will create different AI will play a greater role in learning. WILL BE IN striking analysis containing overall success such as social emotional PRIVACY OF STUDENT laboratory models or try to establish part- Borkowski said that peer learning will predictions about the field of learning and readiness for adulthood. DATA WILL CONTINUE TO nerships with different agencies in order similarly help friends obtain informa- Epson America's product manager, education in 2020 and beyond. 5.BE LEGALLY REGULATED to provide teachers and students with crit- tion among themselves, so it will attract Jason Meyer, stated that teachers will Schaffhauser discusses 12 future ESSA WILL DIRECT ical cyber security skills. more attention in the future. abandon the sage-on-the-stage model, scenarios suggested by directors CHANGES IN Karl Rectanus, co-founder and CEO of and student collaboration and partici- and researchers from various 3.PROFESSIONAL LEARNING LearnPlatform, expects that student data THERE WILL BE MORE MORE INNOVATIVE pation will come to the fore. “Interac- USER IMPACT IN THE TECHNOLOGIES WILL BE institutions in her article. privacy will continue to dominate at the tive projectors, for example, can help Jacob Bruno, Vice President of Profes- state and district levels. With broadband 7.TECHNOLOGY PURCHASE 9.SOUGHT OUTSIDE THE with using any flat surface as a large sional Learning at NWEA, said that the access and the almost ubiquity of various CLASSROOM digital whiteboard, allowing students Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) will devices, cyber attacks, data mining, and Hilary Scharton, Vice President of K-12 and teachers to control content using drive the biggest change for K-12 profes- privacy breaches will also become more Strategy at Instructure's Canvas compa- Scharton from Instructure's Canvas has their fingers or interactive pens,” Mey- sional development. Bruno stated that widespread. ny, said she believes teachers’ and stu- suggested that, over the next 12 months, er says. educators need more professional learn- dents’ experiences will be more effective educational technology priorities can ing that especially focuses on academic in technology acquisitions in education reflect innovative formations through BCOMPUTER END-OF-YEAR development and competence at the than experience with IT or management. technologies such as augmented reali- SCIENCE WILL GO TESTING classroom level for all students. Another According to Scharton, administrators in ty (AR), virtual reality (VR), and robot- 12.BEYOND CODING 1.WILL END important point in professional learning the field of educational technologies will ics advances. With the developments will be the use of data as an important focus on how they can support the teach- brought about by innovative technol- Christine McDonnell, CEO of computer According to Chris Minnich, CEO of way of demonstrating compe- er in managing the classroom, promot- ogies, more advanced products will be science curriculum maker Codelicious, NWEA (Northwest Evaluation Associa- tence and growth. ing learning, and improving assessment. discovered in data storage and machine said careers in technology will demand tion), the field of assessment and - eval She also stated that open educational learning that can identify and prevent more than just coding. According to uation in education is expected to per- TECHNOLOGICAL resources will be adopted more in the both offline and online security risks for McDonnel, CS lessons in 2020 will put petually change. Minnich claimed that, INNOVATIONS WILL future. students such as cyber bullying.. more emphasis on social emotional with the increasing concerns regarding 4.CONTINUE TO GROW learning competencies such as emotion over-testing, more innovative approach- CAREER PATHWAYS management, goal setting, and critical es will be employed that better meet Mike Nesterak, Senior Director of WILL BE DETERMINED thinking. In addition, computer sci- schools’ needs. According to him, par- NWEA's Product Innovation Center, pre- 10.THROUGH MOBILE ence will help students gain the skills ents and educators will seek an integrat- dicts that we will witness many astonish- APPLICATIONS necessary for STEM learning, connect- ed system that combines assessment ing developments regarding the use of ing with each other, and social emo- and curriculum to create a solution that advanced technologies in education. The Jean Eddy, president and CEO of Amer- tional development. provides a larger picture of a student’s use of avatars like Alexa and Siri ican Student Assistance, stated that, academic achievement and a complete has allowed students to be instead of sitting in the classroom and overview of a school’s overall perfor- assessed in a more Socratic waiting for a career day, students now Source: https://thejournal.com/Articles/2020/01/22/12- mance. way by asking and answer- use smart phones to get their own Education-Predictions-for-2020

52 53 maarif maarif ANALYSIS

Prof. Dr. Ayşen Gürcan Member of the Board of Trustees, Turkish Maarif Foundation With the vision that interactions among cultures and civilizations is a key to the common good of humanity, Turkish Maarif

ly in 42 countries through a wide range of Foundation is the gate of The Maarif competent institutions, from pre-school Turkey opening to the world to higher education. The foundation aims in international education. to become a pioneering educational in- Learner stitution that raises individuals who use their knowledge and wisdom for the ben- Profile efit, peace, and well-being of humanity. In line with this goal, the main mission of the We need a HUMAN Foundation is to carry out qualified educa- tional activities over a wide area, covering SCHOOL. A school that almost all stages of education in various re- may unite us with our own gions of the world, based on the common soul, that may promote knowledge of humanity and the ancient the fact that our every Anatolian tradition of knowledge. action has moral value, be reevaluated with respect to current con- mensional perspective while simultaneous- tion in a wider framework. While the value and that may raise hearts EVERY SCHOOL IS A CENTER OF ditions. The section of the UN Sustainability ly possessing countless endowments ready of providing information to learners has THE CONCEPT OF LEARNER PROFILES LEARNING; MAARIF SCHOOLS who admire modesty, pure Report (2020) discussing education defined to be processed, is what is being dealt with. currently decreased in education, gaining The concept of learner profiles (LPs) goes ARE MOVING ON TO BECOME A students as critical customers and content Curriculum systems focused solely on infor- the skills of learning how to learn have come way beyond academic achievement to a hearts that love humanity. WORLD-RENOWNED CENTER OF producers rather than simple receivers. mation sharing and acquisition when de- to the fore as a more critical goal alongside wide range of content that includes the LEARNING Learners, formerly perceived as passive termining educational outcomes have been the methods of acquiring knowledge. capacities, skills, and responsibilities stu- Nurettin Topçu A center of learning can be defined as a spe- objects, have become much more active deemed sufficient for a long time. With For schools that aim to be distinguished dents are expected to acquire. LPs do not cial method, style, way, or trend that has today as decision makers in constructing the rapid development of information and among other schools and to develop their consist of the acquisitions as a result of been initiated and successfully sustained in their own futures and, in this sense, as ac- communication technologies and the elimi- own centers of learning with a qualified the education process but rather consist ince 2016, the Turkish Maarif a field and that has been distinguished from tors who personally take part in producing nation of the privilege of having knowledge, education service, identifying the devel- of the metacognitive capacities and skills Foundation has been carrying other alternative methods with its distinc- necessary content. education offered through this limited per- opmental levels related to behavior and for using what has been acquired, which out works in the international tive features. In this direction, educational Since the beginning of history, intense spective has been challenged, and change knowledge as a result of educational activi- the learner should have obtained from arena with a view that regards institutions that aspires to establish their discussions about content and method has become inevitable. While knowledge ty is vital. Some international organizations learning. Scultural interaction and cohesion between own center of learning attempt to reveal how have been going on regarding the question has become a tool that can be accessed by have come to the fore in this aspect and This approach, which is widely used communities as important forces that sup- their educational outcomes differ from the of where students, who are in a way a kind anyone at any time, education is no longer developed learning standards that would in the programs for international educa- port achieving the common good. With outputs of other alternative systems, such as of product of education, should be at the an activity only occurs over a certain peri- set an example for other educational insti- tion standards, consists of the common its efforts at internationalizing education the knowledge, behaviors, or methods they end of the educational process. The point od of time (e.g., until people gain the skills tutions. These standards, known as learner qualities that are sincerely accepted by as a distinguished organization, the Turk- attempt to instill in their students. However, we have reached unfortunately approaches to have a profession). Thus, education has profiles in the literature, aim to develop all actors (teachers, administrators, stu- ish Maarif Foundation essentially works in the most radical developments and chang- such questions about evaluating education evolved into life-long learning. Schools, hav- methods for applying education interna- dents, parents, etc.) in the system. In oth- secret for the basic and universal goals of es in the education sector resulting from and the quality of education from a limited ing lost their position as the exclusive insti- tionally while also answering the question er words, these actors as the constituents education. the technological developments of the last perspective; however, the development of tution from which knowledge is obtained, of how to make raising individuals in ac- of education are expected to behave in ac- As a non-profit organization benefitting century have required many concepts and humans, magnificent and complex beings have been led to think innovatively and to cordance with the requirements of the new cordance with the qualifications specified the public, the foundation operates active- learning centers in the field of education to who are only understood from a multidi- reconsider their understanding of educa- age possible. in the LP in all cases so that the system can

54 55 maarif maarif Creating a world identity ANALYSIS While the Turkish Maarif Foundation aims to localize education according to Principled a region’s specific needs, it also aims to internationalize education in terms of creating a world identity. Determined Motivated function meaningfully in its entirety and Responsible Strong-Willed Learner TRUSTWORTHY, possessing the The Active Learner provide results. For this reason, defining A strong-willed learner can be defined principles of justice and honesty and This is a person who acts courageously with the qualities that belong to the learner ONG-WILL as one who is able to manage their own are also trusted; all their emotions, awareness, and behav- profile in a way that can be easily under- TR ED emotions, awareness, and behaviors SENSITIVE with regard to being iors to spread goodness and prevent evil, S stood and implemented by all actors is C in terms of humanitarian principles by modest in one’s emotions, thoughts, who communicates effectively with their O Compassionate important, as well as having the indicators N considering the individual and societal and behaviors, in addition to being environment, who makes compromises T Trustworthy

S N Sensitive of these qualities be clearly disseminated. Sincere benefits and who succeeds in fulfilling understanding and altruistic; when necessary in different situations, and C E

I

E their responsibilities in order to achieve COMPASSIONATE in terms of being who shares their material and nonmateri- G VIRTUOUS

I N

Turkish Maarif Foundation’s L goals willingly and decisively. The four merciful, forgiving, and helpful; al resources. The four main attributes that

T L

PERSON I E

Learner Profile Assessment Studies Curiosity O basic attributes that comprising the SINCERE in being genuine, open, constitute the characteristic of being AC-

T

Awareness U

N

The main attributes, qualities, and associ- I STRONG-WILLED learner’s characteris- and expecting nothing in return. TIVE are being Brave, Mediating, Com-

S

Inquisitiveness

ated responsibilities that are central to the tics are being principled, determined, municative, and Sharing.

LP were determined and laid out with the motivated, and responsible.

contributions of all the actors of the Turk- Table-1 ish Maarif Foundation. Critical and Analytical Thinking The Strong-Willed Learner is identi- THE MAARİF LEARNER PROFILE As a result of research and studies con- fied as having attributes where they are: Brave ducted by the commission formed over PRINCIPLED in exhibiting Aware Being cognizant about existence and making sense of it this subject, the Maarif Learner Profile has Mediator will-power consistently with dis- been structured on the following four basic Communicative cipline in accordance with one’s Critical and Reasoning over events and facts in all their dimensions using Analytical Thinking a critical approach learner characteristics: being intelligent, Sharing beliefs; Inquisitive Questioning, generating ideas, and solving problems strong-willed, conscientious, and active. DETERMINED in decisively and Learner In order to define these four main -char unremittingly realizing one’s aims INTELLIGENT Having a lifelong desire for learning, and in turn, dreaming Curious acteristics more clearly, they have been ated using four main characteristics with one who grasps and makes sense of the es- with perseverance and persistence and exploring, learning to learn expanded with four additional attributes four descriptive attributes under each (See sence, existence, events, and facts on their MOTIVATED in terms of being Exhibiting will-power consistently with discipline in

Principled defining each of them. Through this ap- Table 1). own, one who constantly researches, ana- resolute not forcedly, but rather accordance with one’s beliefs proach, which the Turkish Maarif Founda- lyzes, and acts with the awareness of life- willingly and enthusiastically in Decisively and unremittingly realizing one’s aims with tion calls the 4x4 LP system, a total of 16 The Intelligent Learner long learning in order to arrive at the cor- order to achieve one’s goals. Determined perseverance and persistence targeted profile attributes have been cre- The intelligent learner can be defined as rect information. The four basic attributes RESPONSIBLE in applying Being resolute willingly and enthusiastically, not forcedly, in that make up this strength are: Aware- self-controlled willpower with Motivated

Learner order to achieve one’s goals ness, Critical and Analytical Thinking, regard to acting by taking initiatives Inquisitiveness, and Learning. in all the areas in which they feel Applying self-controlled willpower with regard to acting by STRONG-WILLED STRONG-WILLED This characteristic defines a profile responsible and are accountable for Responsible taking initiatives in all the areas in which they feel responsible and are accountable for the consequences with the following attributes: the consequences. Trustworthy Having the principles of justice and honesty; being trusted AWARENESS in terms of being Conscientious Learner Being modest in one’s emotions, thoughts, and behaviors, in Sensitive cognizant about and making sense of The conscientious learner is one who addition to being understanding and altruistic existence; approaches existence and ecology

CRITICAL AND ANALYTICAL through the dimensions of emotion and Learner Compassionate Being merciful, forgiving, and helpful to all beings THINKING with regard to reasoning consciousness, who is reliable in their Sincere Being genuine and open while expecting nothing in return about events and facts in all dimen- communications with everyone, who CONSCIENTIOUS Transforming one’s experiences into endeavors through self- sions with a critical approach; inspires their environment with confi- Brave esteem and by taking risks INQUISITIVENESS in terms of ques- dence, who is sincere in their relation- Acting in a balanced, accommodating, and peaceful manner tioning, generating ideas, and solving ships, and who acts toward all existence Mediating in cases of conflict problems; with sensitivity and compassion. Learner LEARNING in terms of having a life- The Conscientious Learner identi- ACTIVE Communicative Having active social interactions long desire for learning, and in turn, fies a profile with the following attributes Sharing Generously sharing what one has dreaming and exploring. where they are:

56 57 maarif maarif ANALYSIS In order to develop the Maarif Learner Profile,56 evaluation criteria have been created for the 16 profile attributes structured under the four basic values.

The Active Learner is a profile defined standardization and quality by the following attributes where they are: since its establishment. The BRAVE in transforming one’s expe- primary aim of these studies is riences into endeavors through their to develop a clear and under- self-esteem by taking risks; standable Learner Profile that MEDIATING, acting in a balanced, can be applied to all schools. accommodating, and peaceful man- For this purpose, 56 evalua- ner in cases of conflict; tion criteria have been creat- COMMUNICATIVE in terms of hav- ed for the 16 profile attributes ing active social interactions; structured under the four SHARING in terms of generously basic values (See Table 2). In sharing what they have. order to understand the eval- The Turkish Maarif Foundation pro- uation criteria, each has been vides educational services with the vision operationalized with at least 2 of raising universally good people all over tem to achieve this goal in different geogra- indicators. Thus, 161 indicators and concrete the world. Through its intercontinental phies, developing a common standardized examples have been prepared under the 56 educational institutions, it aims to localize approach and understanding of the goal is evaluation criteria of the 16 attributes. education according to regions’ specific practically a requirement. In this respect, needs and to internationalize education in the Turkish Maarif Foundation has con- CONCLUSION terms of creating a world identity. For a sys- ducted studies on improving its institutional This study has been conducted in order Table-2 to answer the following question Maarif Foundation has had: "What makes up the Learner Profile Number of Number of ideal human being who adopts common Learner Profile Evaluated Behavioral Dimension Criteria Indicators humanitarian values as principles, works for the common good, and is equipped Aware 3 10 with the necessary skills?” The Turkish Critical and Analytical Thinking 3 9 Maarif Foundation aspires to take the tra- Intelligent Inquisitive 3 12 ditional understanding of education to a new level thanks to the Learner Profile Curious 4 10 goals, accompanied with the new possibil- Principled 3 9 ities and advantages of the global world. Determined 3 6 Our main motivation is our belief in hu- Strong-Willed mans and the human essence. We dream Motivated 3 7 of being a global family raised with com- Responsible 4 12 mon values under the embracing roof of Trustworthy 5 12 the Maarif schools regardless of geogra- Sensitive 5 12 phy, skin color, language, religion, or race. Conscientious We believe that the members of this family Compassionate 3 10 will work hard for the good of humanity all Sincere 3 8 over the world. The Turkish Maarif Foun- Brave 3 13 dation has set forth from this point, carry- ing quality education services to every re- Mediating 4 9 Active gion of the world, being a home to such a Communicative 4 8 great family, and serving for the peace and Sharing 3 14 well-being of humanity through the stu- dents it raises by highlighting the values Total Item Number 56 161 that are common among the differences.

58 maarif Collaboration INTERVIEW protocols with 170.000 60.000 students studying abroad through the students studying in Turkey through the 52 countries Erasmus Exchange Program Erasmus Exchange Program

Photo: Prof. Dr. Yekta Saraç, CoHE President PROF. DR. YEKTA SARAÇ, PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL OF HIGHER EDUCATION: “WE HAVE 200,000 INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS FROM 182 COUNTRIES” The Council of Higher Education (CoHE) has restructured higher education around concepts such as goal-oriented internationalization, open science/open access, digital transformation, and critical One of the technologies; through its actions, it is transforming the system while New CoHE’s most innovative simultaneously transforming itself. initiatives is the CoHE 100/2000

Esra Süzen PhD Project. Around 5,000 he Council of Higher Educa- November 2014, we have paid special atten- transform the system while simultaneous- Turkish youths are tion (CoHE) has recently imple- tion to quality while implementing many ly transforming itself. Many projects have studying for their mented very important reforms important projects, some of which are struc- been implemented by the New CoHE. Di- doctorates with a T that will increase the quality tural changes. One of the first things we did versity, mission differentiation and special- CoHE scholarship in of education. The steps CoHE has taken, in this process was to establish the Turkish ization (research universities, universities many of which involve structural altera- Higher Education Quality Council, which is with a focus on regional development, uni- priority areas, which tions, have already paid off after Prof. Dr. administratively and financially independ- versities based on thematic and vocational have been updated Yekta Saraç took over as CoHE President. ent from CoHE. Institutionalizing quality as- training) have been identified as the main by also taking global The new period is called "the New YÖK". In surance and accreditation processes started goals. The CoHE 100/2000 PhD Project, developments into particular, we talked with the President of with this move, which is a first in our higher goal-oriented internationalization, Turkish consideration. In CoHE about the qualitative transformation education history. Higher Education Quality Council, digital order to produce projects needed for Turkish universities to This new process has also made fun- transformation in higher education, Co - qualified knowledge, be able to compete with the world. damental regulations for the first time in HE-Future Project, CoHE Virtual Laboratory other areas. CoHE makes and implements Project, and CoHE-Anatolia Project are some we must have CoHE has witnessed some changes since higher education policies around innova- of the steps we’ve taken toward these goals. qualified human you took office. You’ve called this period tive performance and restructures scientif- resources. In this “the New CoHE.” What kind of regulations ic activities around concepts such as diver- 2,000 YOUTHS WITH PHDS project, the fields of IN 100 PRIORITY AREAS does the New CoHE bring to higher educa- sity, mission differentiation, priority areas, study are the priority tion? What benefits do these regulations target-oriented internationalization, open For the first time, CoHE has determined Tur- rather than people. have in terms of the quality of education? science/open access, digital transforma- key’s priorities for scientific activity. One of Since I was appointed as CoHE President in tion, and critical technologies. Its actions the New CoHE’s most innovative initiatives is

60 61 maarif maarif INTERVIEW 5,000 %100 The number of PhD students Occupancy rate receiving CoHE scholarships in basic sciences the CoHE 100/2000 PhD Project, which aims to activities with Turkey’s priorities along this ments will be made according to merit and produce 2,000 youths possessing PhDs in 100 developmental path. selected from Turkey’s human resources, priority areas. These priority areas have been The understanding of higher education not those from a particular university. updated by also taking global developments is changing globally through digitalization. We have also recently launched the Co- into consideration. Around 5,000 Turkish Many sectors are being affected by this. Ar- I should state that the CoHE- HEAcademic Merit-Career Platform, the youths are studying for their doctorates with a eas such as artificial intelligence, big data, Future Project is a project third leg of the CoHE-Future Project that will CoHE scholarship in these priority areas. Just the Internet of things, cloud computing, so- bring new vision to university academic as we expected from the project, the CoHE lar energy, motor technologies, agriculture, favoring transparency, merit, staff employment. We aim to unite our uni- 100/2000 PhD Project produced its first grad- and animal biotechnology are a few priority and equal opportunity. It versities and provide our qualified youths uates this year, graduates who have started to areas that I can give as examples. Compe- is a project where fields with doctorate degrees with this platform contribute to the development of our country tency maps of universities are prepared in are prioritized rather using an arrangement that will be applied through their employment in areas prioritized relation to these areas, and the relevant sec- than individuals, where for the first time in our country. at our universities and research institutions. tors are collaborating in this regard. scientific activities and The CoHE-Future Project is in reali- universities’ missions are ty a project for Turkey, just like the CoHE FROM UNIFORM UNIVERSITIES TO RESEARCH ASSISTANTS 100/2000 PhD Project. We expect it to be a THEMATIC UNIVERSITIES portance on internationalization in higher other specific fields strategically important IN PRIORITY AREAS properly aligned with pioneer and to create value in terms of Tur- Meanwhile, our universities have started to education. Internationalization in higher to Turkey are now provided scholarships Within the scope of the recently announced Turkey’s preferences key’s scientific life. diversify for the first time during this peri- education has many benefits, one being year round during their education. As a re- CoHE-Future Project, we have allowed uni- and priorities along the od. When I took office, the Turkish higher how it contributes to the quality of higher sult of these implementations from CoHE, versities to make additional appointments path of development. We The internationalization of education cov- education system consisted of homogenous education. This is due to bringing the ben- occupancy rates in the basic sciences have for 2020 as part of recruiting research assis- aim to meet the need for ers a wide area from student mobility to universities practically copied from one eficial practices of other countries to your approached 100%. Occupancy rates have tants in priority areas in order to meet the specialized human resources information sharing and academic collab- another. These days, our universities have own system by employing qualified foreign also improved significantly in other areas qualified human resources Turkey requires oration. Could you tell us about the CoHE's undertaken qualitatively different missions academicians while increase the capacity we support. All these are developments re- in the prioritized interdisciplinary areas. in more specific fields and to international activities in this regard? such as being research universities, univer- for international collaboration. sulting from the New CoHE. In Phase II of the CoHE-Future Project, train scientists of the future in Internationalization is one of the most sities specialized with a focus on regional While trying to transform the New CoHE faculty members have been appointed to these priority areas. effective means higher education institu- development mission, vocational training OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT into an institution that determines and im- the fields I just mentioned, fields known as tions use for increasing their intercultural universities, and thematic universities. Our CLASSES plements higher education policies with the critical technologies in the world that have dialogues, negotiations, and interactions universities have evolved into a more dy- During this time, CoHE has paid special at- vision of delegating authority, our hope is to been given priority on Turkey’s develop- and for opening up to the outside world by namic structure thanks to this diversifica- tention to the fields of basic sciences, name- have the higher education system become mental path. Successful departments are re- 750 ADDITIONAL FACULTY sharing research and knowledge. As soon tion. For example, our system currently has ly physics, chemistry, biology, and mathe- dynamic and quality-oriented by transfer- warded by getting further empowered with MEMBERS IN 18 CRITICAL FIELDS as I was appointed as CoHE President, we 11 main research universities and five candi- matics, which have paramount importance ring some of CoHE’s authority to universi- additional academic staff postings allocated OF TECHNOLOGY brought the issue of internationalization to date research universities. for Turkey’s scientific future. CoHE has es- ties, the Higher Education Quality Council to the prominent departments of our uni- 77 universities were given 750 additional fac- Turkey’s agenda as one of its primary goals Research universities are extremely tablished outstanding achievement classes of Turkey, and to provisional committees. versities in these fields. ulty positions in 18 critical areas of technol- and immediately set to work. active so as to preserve these qualities; as within Istanbul University for the best stu- Our areas of critical technology involve ogy. In other words, universities will be able such, so are candidate research universities dents who’ve been placed in basic sciences. PRIORITY AREAS FOR information security, biomedical equip- to employ a total of 750 more faculty mem- WE HAVE 200,000 STUDENTS active in order to improve their features. These students are taught not only by the DIGITALIZATION AND CHANGE ment, biotech pharmaceutical technolo- bers in addition to their current staff allot- FROM 182 COUNTRIES The universities that have undertaken a professors of Istanbul University but also The CoHE-Future Project is a project gies, cloud computing, big data and data ment. This stage marks the first time since For the first time, we have established the mission focused on regional development by leading lecturers in their fields from the that you care about in this context. What analytics, energy storage, broadband tech- CoHE’s establishment that successful de- Department of International Relations have made great progress in activating the staffs of other universities. kind of projection is aimed with the Co- nologies, solar energy, materials with ad- partments are identified centrally by CoHE within CoHE. For the first time in the his- potential of their respective regions and re- As CoHE, we prepare these students for HE-Future Project? vanced functions and energetic material and supported with additional staff. By thus tory of COHE, we have also published a alizing projects that will contribute to these the future as young people who have re- In order to produce qualified knowledge, technologies, quantum technologies, mi- allowing universities to hire additional staff, publicly announced 5-year strategic plan regions economically. ceived the best education in the world, and we must have qualified human resources. In cro-nano-optic electromechanical systems, Turkey is sure to make rapid breakthroughs for internationalization in higher educa- we provide scholarships to these young peo- this project, the fields of study are the pri- modeling and simulation technologies, mo- in critical technologies. tion for the years 2018-2022. We have set INTERNATIONALIZATION IN HIGHER ple throughout their education. CoHE has ority rather than people. We have to take tor technologies, Internet of things, robot- Although these two project stages ap- goals for ourselves regarding internation- EDUCATION UNITES US WITH also been in contact with agriculture and aq- into account the need for human resource ics, mechatronics and automation, wind en- pear different, they are designed to comple- alization and determined various strate- GLOBAL EXPERIENCES uaculture during this period; in addition to experts in more specialized fields. We are at- ergy, agriculture and animal biotechnology, ment each other. What makes this important gies for achieving these goals. In regard Meanwhile, the New COHE places great im- these fields, successful students who prefer tempting to align our universities’ scientific artificial intelligence, and machine learning. step even more valuable is that all appoint- to the number of international students in

62 63 maarif maarif CoHE Has the Highest Study in Turkey – CoHE Virtual Fair 2020 INTERVIEW Number of Students in Europe The virtual higher education fair, organized under Turkish Higher Education has become an international the name Study in Turkey – CoHE Virtual Fair 2020 brand. Turkey has the highest number of students between July 20-22, 2020, was visited by 39,000 in the European Higher Education Area. people from more than 16 countries. our system, we are happy to have already and interviews for this purpose. Over the last last year due to graduat- dents and academicians will contribute to reached the goals we announced four years six years, a total of 52 protocols have been ing, we see that the num- improving our higher education system. ago for 2022 as a result of the strategies we signed with 37 countries for cooperation in ber of new students this have implemented and the various deci- the field of higher education. Through these year is around 40,000. OUR GOAL IS TO BE AMONG THE sions we have made. While the number of agreements, we carry out a wide range of in- In contrast with the pan- TOP 10 IN HIGHER EDUCATION international students in our system was ternationalization activities and bring closer demic conditions, this is When one considers the prominent coun- only 40,000 five years ago, today this num- distant geographies extending from the Bal- a great success. tries in the internationalization of higher ed- ber exceeds 200,000. kans and Far East to Europe and Africa. Through a recent ucation, I think Turkey will consolidate its decision, we have lifted position among the top 10 countries in the FACULTY POSITIONS TO STUDENTS Throughout the world, especially in the quota limitations for near future by growing both quantitatively FROM FRIENDLY FAMILIAL countries with strong educational back- both state and founda- and qualitatively and will even reach among COUNTRIES grounds, international student mobility tion universities without the top seven countries shortly after. As CoHE, we have adopted a goal-oriented has gained quite the pace in recent years. compromising quality internationalization strategy. In this con- Where is Turkey in terms of internation- in international student Does CoHE conduct any activities on stu- text and as the New CoHE, we take pride al student mobility? admissions. By increas- dent selection and guidance for higher in training the academic staff universities Turkology programs at specific foreign uni- Growing daily, Turkish Higher Education has ing the number of existing programs within education fair under the title of Study in education? If so, what are they? in friendly familial countries need. The versities and to support these programs by become an international brand with its 207 the framework of global developments, we Turkey–CoHE Virtual Fair 2020 between The concept of jobs of the future has CoHE Scholarships Project, which we began increasing the interest in them. higher education institutions, 8 million stu- are encouraging diversity, which is the main July 20-22, 2020. gained importance. In 2016, CoHE imple- five years ago alongside the ministries re- As is known, Turkish Higher Education dents, and 170,000 faculty members. Turkey element of Turkey’s higher education system. We’ve conducted very beneficial pro- mented the Higher Education Program sponsible for higher education in these rel- as a part of the European Higher Education has the highest number of students in the With nearly 60,000 different programs at var- motional activities in the 142 countries Atlas (CoHE Atlas) in order to ensure that evant countries, is based on the principle Area has been one of the most effective and European Higher Education Area. Our coun- ious levels, this support has played a critical that host our diplomatic representations our candidates who will choose a universi- of having scholars fulfill their obligatory active implementers of the Erasmus+ Pro- try has gradually become an international role in having more foreign students choose through the contributions of stakeholder ty and a department make more informed service at the university or institution they gramme. More than 170,000 students have center of attraction in higher education. Turkey’s higher education institutions. institutions such as the Ministry of Foreign decisions. Since the day it was opened, had studied in after graduating by working been educated in schools abroad since Our higher education system has ac- Affairs, Presidency of Turks Abroad and CoHE Atlas has been used extensively by there for at least twice as long as they had 2008, and more than 60,000 students have cumulated a positive experience by join- What kind of activities are being done for Related Communities, the Yunus Emre both candidates and their families. studied there. Within the scope of this pro- come to Turkey through the Erasmus+ Pro- ing the European Higher Education Area, having international students choose our Institute, the Turkish Cooperation and Co- In addition to all these, we have im- ject, we provide CoHE scholarships to stu- gramme, whose scope involves mobilizing by demonstrating the ability to fully par- universities? We know that education co- ordination Agency, and the Turkish Maarif proved our brand of Study in Turkey with dents from countries with which we have students, faculty members, and adminis- ticipate in the European Commission’s operation agreements with other countries Foundation. Our universities had the op- the slogan “Study in Turkey: Discover Your signed cooperation agreements or memo- trative staff. education programs, by benefiting from gained momentum during your time in of- portunity to introduce themselves to po- Potential.” We provide detailed information randums of understanding in the field of exchange programs at various levels, by fice. What kind of long-term outcomes do tential students and their families in this about our national and international stake- higher education through the Joint Com- THE MEVLANA EXCHANGE encouraging joint research projects and you think these bilateral agreements will exhibition. The fair was attended online by holders, our country, our universities and mission. In this way, we train staff from the PROGRAMME joint diploma programs, and by increasing have on our higher education? almost 39,000 people from more than 16 our programs via our website, which was universities of countries such as , Furthermore, our Mevlana Exchange Pro- the number of international students and Being one of the most important indica- countries. These promotions were clear- opened in 2019 under the address stud- Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Philippines, Pales- gramme has been an important vehicle for faculty members each year. tors of internationalization, international ly effective in maintaining international yinturkey.gov.tr. At the same time, we’ve tine, Gambia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Paki- internationalization since its start in 2013. students contribute to Turkey’s interna- students’ entry to our country during the strengthened our communications with our stan-Kashmir, Rwanda, Sudan, and Ugan- Since 2013, nearly 3,000 protocols have THE NUMBER OF TURKEY’S tional visibility and effectiveness and cre- pandemic. In the meantime, we have de- stakeholders through our presence on vari- da. This program will start presenting its been signed with higher education insti- INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS HAS ate an effect that raises the standards of cided to extend the deadline for delivering ous social media platforms. first graduates next year. Today, we know tutions from 82 different countries. Within INCREASED DESPITE COVID-19 higher education alongside the economic documents and final registration until De- This year we organized a national virtual in advance where and for how long these the framework of these protocols, more Today, more than 200,000 students from 182 benefits. For this purpose, we have- in cember 15, 2020 in order to facilitate the fair similar to the virtual fair we organized students will serve after graduation. than 5,000 students and nearly 3,000 fac- countries receive education at various levels creased promotional activities within the process for students who might have diffi- for international students during the pan- ulty members have participated in the ex- in Turkey. This number is up from 180,000 scope of the goal-oriented internationali- culty obtaining documents or registering demic in order to bring together our univer- COHE’S TURKOLOGY change through financing from CoHE. last year. While the number of international zation project and made important deci- under the conditions of the pandemic. sities, candidates, and their parents. More SCHOLARSHIPS By signing agreements and memoran- students in higher education decreased in sions such as removing quota restrictions. As for the cooperation protocols we have than 158,000 people registered and visited We have additionally launched anoth- da of understanding with the authorities many countries in America and Europe due We did make some decisions so that the signed in the field of higher education, we the fair, in which 190 universities attended. er scholarship program called the CoHE of various countries, we have prepared the to the COVID-19 pandemic, having achieved COVID-19 would not negatively affect how hope that these agreements will contribute We organized it under the name Discover Turkology Scholarship Programme in or- groundwork for mobilizing students and ac- such an increase is a great success. Consider- international students enter our system; positively to Turkey’s image throughout the Your University – CoHE Virtual Fair- der to allow qualified students to enroll in ademic staff. We have also organized visits ing that at least 20,000-25,000 students left as CoHE, we organized a virtual higher world and that qualified international stu- 2020 between August 4-7, 2020.

64 65 maarif maarif COUNTRIES AND CULTURES AFGHANISTAN

The Heart of Asia: AFGHANISTAN

Şakir Voyvot Turkish Maarif Foundation’s Afghanistan Representative

horasan is a name derived from and many schools lack even basic education- the ancient Persian words hur al tools such as desks and chalkboards. The (sun) and asan (coming, rising) country has more than 25,000 tent class- and means “the place of the rooms and open-air classes, with education risingK sun, the land of the sun, the eastern being provided under very difficult condi- region.” Khorasan consists of four regions: tions in rural areas in particular. Regardless, Nishapur, Merv, Herat, and Balkh. Two of the Afghani people attach great importance these regions are now in Afghanistan. to and respect education. It may be sur- These lands are the birthplace of Mevlana prising for newcomers to hear that many and Ali Shir Nava’i (known as Afghanis speak two languages, with Turkish of the ), the place where in particular being spoken quite widely. For Huseyin Baykara ruled (a man of culture example, while buying bread from a bakery and art and a statesman), and the place in Afghanistan, the seller immediately starts where great commanders, poets, and scien- speaking Turkish as soon as he realizes he tists were raised. It is the place has a Turk customer: “Sıcak mı? Soğuk mu?” Afghanistan, sheltered Iqbal called the heart of Asia, a place where [Hot or cold?]. While eating at a restaurant, within Bandi Turkestan people know how to look to the future with receiving the invitation to “Come be our hope despite everything. In this country, guest” is very common. and Turkistani Sughra, where everything related to Turkey is cher- With its people living in the foothills of ished unconditionally, one can find many the Hindu Kush mountains in Kabul, with as well as being the appealing things the moment one sets foot its children running around the historical on the soil. in Herat, with its youths turning their homeland of the Seljuk faces to Kaaba in Balkh where was Dynasty and the A TIRED COUNTRY WITH A PEOPLE born, with its elderly praying in the Turk- TRYING TO PAINT THE PICTURE OF ish mosque in Sheberghan, with the poems fatherland of Oghuz HAPPINESS read during morning prayer in the Kanda- Due to more than 40 years of war, Afghan- har mountains and with its moms who hoe Turks, is a unique istan is one of the poorest, most exhausted the fields in their patchwork clothes,- Af country very close to countries in the world. Public schools have ghanistan feels like Anatolia’s Asia twin and Turks. extremely limited technological resources, overcomes the heart this way.

66 67 maarif maarif Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Head of State: Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai COUNTRIES AND CULTURES Capital City: Kabul Acreage: 652.864 km2 AFGHANISTAN Official Languages: Dari, Pashto, Uzbek Population: 37,170,000 (2018) Regime: Presidential Republic Currency: Afghani

THE MANIFESTATION OF AN ullah Khan paved the way for this coop- UNCONDITIONAL LOVE: THE eration. Afghani people and their king TURKISH-AFGHANI SIBLINGHOOD demanded a special physician by virtue There is a way from heart to heart… of these strong relations, and this consti- A person who intends to go on a trip or tuted an important milestone. The team, start a new job first prepares the heart, consisting of Dr. İbrahim Rebi Barkın, not the mind. This is because the mind Dr. Fuat Togar, and Kamil Rıfkı Urga, and body can go wherever the heart can. who had been personally appointed by If you do not set your heart on some- Ataturk and resigned from military ser- where, if your soul is not prepared for vice in 1927 as a colonel, came to Afghan- the new job, you cannot take one step istan to meet this request. Kamil Urga down that road. stayed in Afghanistan for 17 years and The people of Afghanistan have always played a major role in founding Kabul regarded Turks fondly and kept their love University’s Faculty of Medicine. In addi- for them. Turks never feel like a stranger tion, he put Ataturk Children’s Hospital, in this country, which is sheltered within which had been established in Afghani- Bandi Turkestan and Turkistani Sughra stan and is still operational, into the ser- and is the homeland of the Seljuk Dynas- vice of the Afghani people. During the po- ty as well as the Oghuz Turks; one feels litically turbulent days of Afghanistan in the spiritual climate of the ancestral Fahrettin Turkkan The Madrasah of Gawhar Shah 1928 when Amanullah Khan left office and lands with each breath. Pasha, the defender went to England, Kamil Urga returned to of Medina, with STATISTICAL Amanullah Khan Ankara but soon turned back to Kabul at HISTORICAL BONDS wrapped up in both OVERVIEW OF the invitation of Mohammed Nadir Shah, countries’ flags. Amidst the pages of a history full of AFGHANISTAN who came to power and put an end to the bonds and love, the fate and sibling- internal turmoil, serving until 1944. Kamil According to 2019 data, only 17 out of hood of Afghanistan and Turkey have every 100 children who start primary Urga, who had a very strong love for Af- always intersected somewhere, both ance Agreement signed by Grand Nation- school are able to graduate from high ghanistan, named the building in which starting their fight for independence in al Assembly of Turkey and the state of Af- school. he lived in Ankara “Kabul.” 1919 and declaring their independence ghanistan. The Turkish Embassy was in Despite all the troubles that the peo- While private schools made up 3.5% after a short time. The citizens of these fact the first diplomatic building opened ple of Afghanistan have suffered due to of all schools in 2011, this increased to two countries are fellow sufferers; Turk’s in Kabul, and Afghanistan was the sec- the Russian occupation and the follow- 8% in 2019. Afghani brothers fought on the Çanak- ond country to recognize the Turkish ing internal turmoil, they have always kale front in World War I, with Afghani Parliament. This close relationship was Although the male population of kept their hopes for the future alive and mothers removing their bracelets from established under the influence of the children between 0-4 years old is 1.5% always believed that tomorrow will be higher than the female population, their arms and earrings from their ears common faith, culture, and historical better than today. They have made great the female population between to be used in the Turkish War of Inde- connection between these two coun- efforts at educating their children who 20-29 years old exceeds the male pendence. Following the Soviet Union, tries and has been maintained up to the survived the wars with all the power at population by 5.18%. Afghanistan was the second country to present despite the brutal policies global their disposal, gathering all their strength recognize the Turkish Republic in 1923. actors have implemented for years in Af- The average life span for an individual to rebuild Afghanistan. Moreover, they in Afghanistan is 59 years. Fahrettin Turkkan Pasha, the defender AFGHAN-TURKISH COOPERATION ghanistan. did this with Herculean effort. not even of Medina, was the first Turkish ambas- IN EDUCATION The world happiness surveys waiting to have four walls to call a school sador assigned to Afghanistan. The fact Strong and solid relations have existed AN EDUCATION HERO - KAMIL conducted by international as if they were the ones who had inspired that such a renowned commander and between Turkey and Afghanistan since RIFKI URGA organizations have placed Afghanistan the famous line from Hababam Sınıf [The great war hero had been sent as Ambas- the first quarter of the 20th century when Educational relations with Afghanistan among the top 10 countries whose Chaos Class is on Vacation] (1977). Some- sador to Afghanistan signaled the mean- both states were established. In fact, of- had also been strongly established in the citizens feel unhappy due to internal times they continued their educational conflicts and uncertainties. ing and importance the Republic of Tur- ficial relations were first established in first years of the Turkish Republic. The activities in tents and sometimes in make- key attached to Afghanistan. 1921 with the Turkey-Afghanistan Alli- friendship between Ataturk and Aman- shift buildings with only a sign indicating

68 69 maarif maarif A unique Turkish poet: Ali-Shir Nava’i COUNTRIES AND CULTURES Ali-Shir Nava’i, the great poet of the Chagatay Turks and author of AFGHANISTAN AFGHANISTAN: Muhakamat al-Lughatayn, was born in Herat in the , created his works there during the time Afghanistan was the cradle of science and A PRIVILEGED culture. He died in Herat. AND DISTINCTIVE that their use as a school. Despite the con- 1921. The contract was signed by the Min- RELATIONSHIP ditions of war, every parent has endured ister of Economic Affairs Yusuf Kemal great sacrifices so that their children can Tengirşenk and Minister of Educational study at a good school. Affairs Dr. Rıza Nur, who represented A short trip through history will be useful for Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan for military 1957. The third Turkish President Celal Bayar In this process, the Afghan-Turk the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, understanding the nature of the good relations training in 1921 or for several delegations of made a 10-day state visit to Kabul, Kandahar, Maarif Schools, which are the best and by Mohammed Veli Khan, who rep- between Turkey and Afghanistan. doctors, officers, and teachers, who were Helmand, Kunduz, and Baglan between The roots of the first Turks in Afghanistan continually sent to Afghanistan until World War II. September 12-22, 1958. schools in Afghanistan, have done their resented the state of Afghanistan. date back to the Saka Turks (Scythians) in the I would like to give some examples from For the last 19 years, Turkey has been part to help Afghanistan be better pre- The two countries will carry out joint 2nd century BC. This was followed by the White the last 100 years to provide insight into the the framework nation for Kabul under NATO, pared for the future. These schools are programs in 2021 on the occasion of Huns (Ephthalites), who founded their empire strength and closeness of the bond the two deploying troops there and training Afghani a sign of the eternal Afghan-Turkish the 100th anniversary of the Alliance in the 5th century AD and spread to the regions countries share. soldiers and police. Approximately 3,500 friendship and another manifestation of Agreement, which contains important now called Balkh, Tahar, Kabul, Ghazn, Zabul, After Baku, the Ankara Government opened Afghani soldiers and 10,000 police officers the friendship that started with M. Ke- commitments for the benefit of both and Kandahar. Afghanistan its second foreign representative have been trained so far. mal Atatürk and the Afghani King Aman- countries in terms of military, politics, became an important settlement office in Kabul in 1920. Turkey has been providing the most ullah Khan. culture, and economics. The Turkish for Turks in the 10th, 11th, and 12th Abdelrahman Samadani, a Turkish comprehensive developmental assistance in its Maarif Foundation carries on the com- centuries during the respective officer of Afghani origin, was history to Afghanistan since 2002. The number 100th ANNIVERSARY OF THE mitment the Republic of Turkey made rules of the Ghaznavids, Seljuks, appointed as the representative to of completed projects has exceeded 1,100, TURKEY-AFGHANISTAN ALLIANCE 100 years ago for “sending teachers to and Harzemshahs. After the Afghanistan in 1920. The grounds mostly in the fields of education, infrastructure, AGREEMENT Afghanistan” with the dozens of teach- Mongolian invasion in the 13th for the Turkish Embassy, the first and health. The only country in which the century, Turks resumed settling diplomatic mission in Kabul, was The Turkey-Afghanistan Alliance Agree- ers sent to Afghanistan today. Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency this region in the 16th and 17th a gift from Amanullah Khan operates with more than one office abroad ment was signed in Moscow on March 1, centuries, this time under the to Ataturk. Afghanistan became is Afghanistan. Turkey opened its second command of Babur Shah. Born OĞUZHAN ERTUĞRUL the first country to sign a political Consulate General in Herat in June 2020, the Turkish Ambassador to Kabul in Balkh, Mevlana migrated to agreement with the Ankara first being in Mazar-i-Shariff. Preparations are Anatolia with his family in the 13th Government by recognizing underway for the opening of the third Turkish AFGHANI FOLKLORE AT A GLANCE century when he was nine years old. The great it in 1921. At the opening of the Afghanistan Consulate General in Kandahar in 2021. poet of Chagatay Turks, Ali Shir Nava’i, was Embassy in Ankara on June 10, 1921, Ataturk As the Turkish Maarif Foundation, our born, raised and passed away in Herat in the personally hoisted the Afghan flag on the pole. commitment is set to increasing the number of CALAITE (TURQUOISE) AFGHAN RUGS 15th century. Ghazi Amanullah Khan was the only foreign schools we operate to 28. The highest number Turquoise, which is the main The world-famous Afghan The interaction between Turks and Afghanis statesman to congratulate Ataturk for the 1923 of applications for Turkish scholarships are rugs, which are produced on th color of the logo of the Maarif AFGHAN PILAF continued into the 18 century with the first Lausanne Peace Treaty. Following the Soviet received from Afghanistan (around 20,000 Foundation, is so integrated into hand looms using natural dyes, founder of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Durrani’s Union, Afghanistan was the second country applicants), and most of the scholarships have everyday life here, with mosque can change color according Rice is a very important exchange of letters with the Ottoman Sultan to recognize the Republic of Turkey in 1923. been awarded to Afghanis. We are planning to domes lavishly decorated with to the angle from which they nutritional source for Afghanis. Mustafa III and then into the late 19th century Amanullah Khan’s visit in May 1928 was the first open a Turkish-Afghani Girls University in Kabul. calaite and rings, necklaces, and are viewed due to the Merino Afghan pilaf is a local recipe with Sultan Abdulhamid sending a diplomatic official visit to Turkey by a foreign president. In my capacity as Ambassador of the brooches, that even it’s more wool and can last many years with rice, meat and various delegation to Afghanistan. Habibullah Khan Turkey signed its first Technical Cooperation Republic of Turkey in Kabul, I am proud and common here than in Turkey, for without losing their original herbs. Its color takes a brownish invited Turkish consultants to Afghanistan at Agreement with Afghanistan at that time. delighted in serving to carry on this special which the stone had been named. SAFFRON color or texture. Natural dyes due to the sugars. Dozens of the beginning of the 20th century upon the The middle section of the Afghan-Iranian relationship, which derives its strength from are also used in the production different versions are found for The world’s best quality saffron, recommendation of Mahmud Tarzi, and the first border was drawn by a Turkish committee in the deep friendship and sincere bonds of of silk carpets, with 1 million this dish, such as Yahni Pilaf, of which 80,000 flowers are state hospital in Afghanistan was established by 1934-35. Afghanistan was the only country to siblinghood between the two nations. knots being tied per square Zamarod Pilaf, and Shebet Pilaf. required to produce half a these consultants in 1913. lower its flag to half-mast upon Ataturk’s death, Afghanistan, which has been in conflicts meter of carpet. kilogram and which can dye AFGHAN DISHES Afghani students studying at universities declaring a week of mourning. for the last 40 years, continues to face major water up to 100,000 times its in Anatolia in the late 1910s reached the After World War II, Turkey played an challenges that exceed the capabilities of a single Rice, lubya (kidney beans), own weight, is produced in rank of martyrdom by participating in the important role in establishing the modern state country. The Afghani people, having suffered and okra are the three Afghanistan. War of Independence, and Afghani women structures and public institutions in Afghanistan, greatly, deserve a long-delayed peace. Our most consumed meals in demonstrated a very meaningful solidarity by continuing to send teachers, doctors, military greatest wish is for a lasting peace that will meet Afghanistan. Despite having donating their jewelry to the cause of Turkey’s officers, and experts until the 1960s. The late the concerns and expectations of all segments of different palatal delights, Turks independence. Despite the Turkish War of Prime Minister Adnan Menderes visited Kabul society, a peace that will receive regional support. and Afghanis are able to enjoy Independence still going on, Ghazi Mustafa between July 26-30, 1956, and King Zahir Shah Turkey will continue to be by our Afghan siblings’ one another’s meals. Kemal did not refuse the request from the King visited Turkey from August 26 to September 8, sides as long as they ask this of us.

70 71 maarif maarif COUNTRIES AND CULTURES AFGHANISTAN

Afghan-Turk Maarif Schools. With their Education is primary schools, secondary schools, high schools, and private teaching institutions, Increasing in Afghan-Turk Maarif Schools are the largest private education institutions in Afghani- Afghanistan stan. Our schools serve the Afghan people with over 20 schools in 7 provinces, 1000+ employees, and more than 6,000 students; these schools are the greatest bridge of sib- During the Through Covid-19 linghood and friendship between the Af- Pandemic, course BEING IN MAARIF IS EVERY ghani people and Turks as well as between content prepared CHILD'S DREAM by the Turkish Maarif the two countries. Maarif Foundation Every child in Afghanistan dreams of stud- was offered for ying in an Afghan-Turk Maarif School. The Afghan-Turkish Maarif the benefit of THE AFGHANI-TURK MAARIF all students in The MAGİS exam, which is held annually, Schools are the largest SCHOOLS Afghanistan. receives thousands of children from the The investments Turkey promised began countryside, villages, and towns. Orphans, group of private education being rapidly carried out once the schools all our school gardens has been made within children of martyrs among them, and institutions in Afghanistan, were transferred to the Turkish Maarif the scope of the Living Schools Project. sometimes a “Yusuf” who’s been thrown with over 20 schools in Foundation. Turkey’s experience in the field Children studying at Afghan-Turk Maarif into the well by his siblings take this exam. of education has been transferred to our Schools have the opportunity to devel- At this point, the Turkish Maarif Founda- seven provinces and 6,000 schools in Afghanistan, and construction of op themselves over a wide range of areas tion gets involved and opens the doors of students. a new educational approach in Afghanistan through art workshops, robotic coding the Egyptian Palace to them, selecting and has begun. The physical deficiencies of all classes, sports such as archery and horse- training doctors who will groom the bleed- our schools were eliminated in a short time. back riding, and science festivals. The med- ing wounds of our heartland. This follows lthough the educational coop- Our physics, chemistry, and biology labora- als won in the international Olympics held in the footsteps of Avicenna and Mullah eration between Turkey and tories have been activated, the technological every year are a source of pride for the Af- Jami. In these lands where crows rout, the Afghanistan dates back to the infrastructure of our schools has been com- ghan and Turkish nations. search is on in the villages of Khorasan for first years of the Turkish Re- pleted, and students are offered all the mod- While the schools have been physically the Hafizes who will be the nightingales of Apublic, this cooperation gained a different ern education sources. The landscaping in suspended due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the century. dimension after 2016. The Turkish Maarif our schools’ professional personnel have Our teachers who go to the cities and Foundation, which sped up its efforts -af made 3,000 lecture videos using the techni- towns for the MAGİS program are wel- ter July 15, 2016, has quickly completed its cal facilities, and they delivered these to the comed and hosted as guests there, almost corporate organization in Afghanistan and Ministry as per the protocol signed between with a stately protocol. Some of the local established the necessary infrastructure for the Afghanistan Ministry of Education and television and radio stations advertise our training activities. Our schools’ professional the Afghan-Turk Maarif Schools. Our schools schools for free. This is a response to Tur- With the international Memorandum of have played a very important role in estab- key in thanks for all these wonderful ser- Understanding signed on February 26, 2018 personnel have made lishing the distance education infrastruc- vices, because studying at Maarif school between Afghanistan and Turkey and regis- 3,000 lecture videos using ture of Afghanistan with these videos, and means a good education, a solid future, tered by the United Nations (UN) Secretari- the technical facilities, these have been made available throughout and hope for these children. Our gradu- at, 12 schools affiliated with the Afghanistan and they delivered these Afghanistan via television. ate students also have the opportunity to Ministry of Education were transferred to to the Ministry as per the The Turkish Maarif Foundation, which has complete their higher education in vari- the Turkish Maarif Foundation. This is how protocol signed between helped more than 400 of our students who ous universities in Turkey. For this reason, the Maarif Foundation began its educa- are the future of Afghanistan get into Turkish our schools are also centers of attraction. tional activities in Afghanistan. The Turk- the Afghanistan Ministry of universities and achieve their dreams just in In a country where you see the Turkish ish Maarif Foundation currently continues Education and the Afghan- 2020 with the YTB and YÖS exams, has be- flag on thousands of vehicles on the roads, its education activities in Afghanistan as Turk Maarif Schools. come the hope of the Afghan youth. any other contingency is unthinkable!

72 73 maarif maarif Great Hanshin Earthquake Museum ARTICLE located in Kansai is also an active disaster education center with interactive educational materials.

ciety possesses, one needs to look at the Mehmet Arslan experiences of disasters and the practic- Edicator-Writer es that follow. Japanese society, which had not experienced a major earthquake for nearly half a century, was caught off guard by the Great Hanshin earthquake in 1955. Apart from the buildings destroyed in the earthquake, losses increased signif- icantly due to the large fires that primar- ily occurred in wooden homes after the Disaster earthquake, inadequate rescue efforts, and insufficient societal organization. Response Approximately 80% of the deaths in the earthquake were caused by the collapse Training and of old wooden houses and the conflagra- tions following the earthquake. What is the Case of more, communication systems were dis- apan (Official name: Nihon-koku abled, highways collapsed, and railways JAPAN or Nippon-koku) is an island coun- and ports were severely damaged.1 The try consisting of more than 6,800 earthquake destroyed about 250,000 Turkey has come a long J islands in East Asia. The largest of buildings and cost 10 trillion Yen in mate- these islands, Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, quake, approximately 100,000 people Despite all these disasters and ca- can be turned into cooking units to win- rial damages. way as a country in fighting and Shikoku, make up 97% of the country. lost their lives and another 40,000 went tastrophes in its recent history, Japan dows designed as a precaution against In the aftermath of this devastating disasters in recent times. The Kanji characters that make up Japan’s missing. After the four-minute earth- has learned from them every time and disasters and grocery carts designed for earthquake, the city community’s po- Many of our institutions, name mean “sun” and “origin.” Hence, quake, many settlements were practical- thus has become a much more resilient carrying elderly people during disasters, tential problems came into prominence. especially the Disaster and Japan is also known as the Land of the ly erased from the map. society against disasters today. So much struggling with disaster is a matter of daily In addition to roads and railways being Rising Sun. Typhoon Vera, also known as Ise- so that natural events that could be quite life. demolished and other infrastructure Emergency Management Japan, which is located in the Pacific wan Typhoon, caused more than 5,000 devastating to the rest of the world are This understanding is directly related problems, various social problems such Presidency (AFAD), try Seismic Zone, is also known as the ring of deaths in 1959 and is considered one of no longer considered a major risk factor to an approach based on taking lessons as insufficient human relations and lack to enlighten our people fire where 80% of the world's major the most devastating climate-based dis- for Japan. from disasters and developing measures of coordination had occurred in neigh- earthquakes take place and is frequently asters in the world. One of the recent Despite its unfortunate history with by considering all possible details. borhoods where vulnerable, single, or with educational projects affected by earthquakes and tsunamis as disasters the country has suffered is the disasters, Japan is a country that has The culture of combating disaster is elderly people lived. N. Fujimoto of the alongside their efforts well as various natural events such as ty- Great Hanshin earthquake (magnitude learned lessons from every disaster it closely associated with the concepts of Hyogo Education Commission stated during disasters. The phoons and heavy rains due to its geo- 7.3) that took place in 1995. This earth- has experienced and, strengthened by volunteerism, solidarity, cooperation, the greatest lessons learned after the recent Izmir Earthquake graphical, topographic, and meteorologi- quake saw 6,434 people lose their lives these, has become closely united in the and responsibility in addition to a gen- Hanshin-Awaji earthquake to have been cal conditions. and cost Japan over 100 billion dollars in face of disasters. eral disaster awareness. Despite the im- the importance of volunteerism and sol- reminded us once again As the first country that comes to mind material damages. While Japanese soci- Today, Japan has a worldwide repu- portance of the technical dimension, the idarity and the invaluableness of life.2 In of the importance of social throughout the world when it comes to ety was still recovering from the trauma tation for its superior technologies, ear- struggle with disasters is not a technical summary, a real awakening can be said awareness regarding natural disasters, Japan has experienced many of this earthquake, one of the five biggest ly warning systems, and advanced en- issue for the public as much as it is a fun- to have emerged after this earthquake destructive catastrophes throughout its earthquakes in history with a magnitude gineering that can cope with very large damental responsibility individuals have with the intent of developing social life disasters. Japan, which has history. To give an example of the dis- of 9.1, the Great East Japan earthquake earthquakes. However, Japan has another toward themselves and their society. In and disaster awareness. experienced great natural asters that have caused a great amount shook the country yet again in 2011. The powerful disaster-fighting instrument that this aspect, struggling with disasters is a In the fight against disasters, very disasters throughout its of loss over the last hundred years, the huge tsunami waves that emerged after visitors can experience in person. This is set of attitudes and values. Perhaps this is important steps have been taken in Ja- history, shows exemplary Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 (magni- this earthquake resulted in the death of the disaster-fighting culture, which is a the hallmark of Japanese society when it pan in terms of both technological- and tude 7.9) draws attention as one of the 18,579 people and also caused great risks part of everyday life. From highways that comes to disaster. disaster-recovery processes after this behavior in the way it largest earthquakes in history in terms of to the environment by damaging the Fuk- will displace tsunami waves to street signs In order to understand this high sen- earthquake. However, in 2011, a different approaches this issue. its destructive effect. Due to this earth- ushima nuclear power plant. informing the public, from benches that sitivity and consciousness Japanese so- region of Japan had to face another disas-

74 75 maarif maarif Japan is one of the foremost countries to bring ARTICLE disaster combat and disaster risk reduction in the world to the agenda, taking an active role in the United Nations.

ter that had not been taken into account roadmap for disaster risk reduction in until that day and of which the public did the world has been the Hyogo Frame- not have enough awareness: a tsunami. work for Action signed under Japan’s After the Great East Japan earthquake, leadership. Upon completing the terms which was one of the biggest earthquakes of this plan, the Sendai Framework for recorded in history at a magnitude of 9.1, Disaster Risk Reduction, which includes giant tsunami waves reaching 14 meters in basic actions for disaster risk reduction height and 40 meters in climbing altitude from 2015 to 2030, was then accepted all caused great damage along the north- over the world at the 3rd World Confer- eastern coast of Japan; water breaking ence held in the city of Sendai under the through the tsunami walls caused enor- leadership and hosting of Japan in 2015. mous damage in the low coastal regions This document aims to reduce the cur- of Taro, Miyako, Yamada, Kamaishi, Ri- Okawa Primary School rent risks of disaster, prevent new risks, kuzentakata, Kesennuma, and Ofunato. and increase resistance to disasters with During this disaster, very tragic events a holistic and integrative view. took place that deeply affected the public. Okawa Primary School, where neighborhoods in Kobe. Both EARTH and using the traditional art of paper folding The museum in Sendai City, which was Apart from the international agen- One of these being that, although tsunami 74 students and 10 teachers BOKOMI operate mostly through school- (origami). In addition to finding unique severely damaged by the Great East Japan da, Japan offers trainings to many coun- warnings had been given, 74 students and based activities. The main reason for this solutions to problems in regard to disaster Earthquake, defines itself as a “base that tries with high risk of disasters, provides 10 teachers died dramatically in Okawa died due to the tsunami situation is again based on Japan’s experi- risk reduction in schools, many competi- will connect all the knowledge and les- training support and technical support, Primary School in the city of Ishinomaki following the earthquake with ences with disaster. tions are organized to keep social interest sons learned to the future and the world and also cooperates with these countries in the Miyagi region 4 km from the coast a magnitude of 9.1 in 2011, After the great disaster in 1995, alive, and these competitions attract great by combining them with memory and ex- in various fields by means of certain in- because the teachers were unable to pre- was opened to visitors in 180,000 people in Hyogo used schools as attention from the public. perience through communication.”3 An- stitutions such as the Japan International dict the magnitude of the tsunami and its damaged state after the emergency assembly areas and tempo- Keeping alive the consciousness and other example of institutions established Cooperation Center ( JICE), Japan Inter- could not evacuate the students quickly disaster. Memorial ceremonies rary shelters; this revealed an important spirit of togetherness generating from to prevent repeating what had occurred national Cooperation Agency ( JICA), enough or in the proper direction. This are held every year in the experience in the use of schools after a schools has been determined as a funda- in disasters and to work on disaster pre- Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC), tragic event is one of hundreds of cases in disaster. After this experience, schools mental goal in Japan. Alongside this, some vention is the Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster Reduction Learning Center which terrible casualties occurred despite schoolyard. all around the country started being de- structures that were damaged by disas- Museum located in Kansai. The museum (DRLC), and SEEDS Asia. the fact that all could have been easily signed as meeting areas. Additionally, the ters have been preserved as they are and is also an active disaster education center In conclusion, Japan has been a prevented. These and similar events show One of the first practices the great Hyo- presence of self-help organizations in all turned into public exhibitions. For exam- with interactive educational materials. source of inspiration to the world with its that a significant amount of the casualties go state implemented for training teachers schools and the close relationships found ple, Okawa Primary School, where many Another aspect that makes Japan out- efforts to reduce the possible risks of dis- had stemmed from a lack of information in this regard was to establish the Hyogo in the school environment, especially children died due to the tsunami, was standing in reducing disaster risks is its asters and make societies more resilient on how to behave during a disaster. School Personnel Emergency and Rescue among parents, have brought schools to a opened to visitors in its damaged state af- devotion to sharing its experiences with and needs to be carefully followed and These disasters have revealed edu- Team (EARTH) in 2000. This volunteer strategic position in Japan. ter the disaster. the world instead of withdrawing into held up as an example not only through cation to be one of the most important community whose members consist most- These organizations have also been This visit becomes unforgettable upon itself. In the last 30 years in particular, the elevated technology and engineer- means of struggling against disaster and ly of teachers conducts awareness-raising highly supported by the local people. So learning from the guide showing the visi- Japan has become one of the foremost ing it has developed but also through its have also led to large-scale transforma- activities, earthquake drills, and pre-disas- much so that disaster drills, which are tors around that he himself lost his child countries to bring disaster combat and awareness of social responsibility, its ap- tions in the education system. Exemplify- ter training exercises for the entire socie- held in schools, take place in a fair-like here; he has given up all his work and de- disaster risk reduction in the world to the proach to learning from its mistakes, and ing many regions in Japan, the curriculum ty, especially for schools; when a disaster atmosphere where not only students and voted himself to reminding people of this agenda, taking an active role in evoking its culture of cooperation and solidarity. in Hiyogo has been completely revamped, strikes, it takes effective recovery actions. parents but also the residents of the neigh- disaster. the world countries through its actions in with various resource books being created Similarly, Kobe decided to establish a vol- borhood participate widely and even take Meanwhile, apart from the monu- the United Nations. REFERENCES and topics related to disaster protection unteer organization to prevent disasters, responsibility; solutions are produced to- ments and temples built to mourn the The Yokohoma Strategy was adopted 1. Shiozaki, Nishikawa, Deguchi (2006). Büyük getting embedded into all courses follow- Kobe being one of the places most affect- gether regarding the possible difficulties death of the disappeared and to keep at the 1st United Nations World Confer- Hanshin Depremi’nden Alınan Dersler. İs- ing the disaster. Additionally, students ed by the earthquake in 1995. These com- that may occur after a disaster. Apart from their memories alive, the regions affected ence on Disaster Risk Reduction held tanbul: İBB Basımevi. have started to receive information about munity-based disaster prevention organ- disaster drills, many activities are carried by disasters also have established various in Yokohoma in 1994, and the Hyogo 2. Fujimoto, N. (2017). Japan International Co- disasters as a part of games and activities. izations in Kobe are called Bosai Fukushi out such as cooking and distributing food museums to make people relive the dis- Framework for Action was adopted at operation Agency, International Disaster Meanwhile, great importance has been at- Komyunithi and abbreviated as BOKOMI. together and producing some basic ma- asters and not forget them. One example the 2nd World Conference held in Kobe Risk Reduction Program Notes. tached to educating teachers in this field. BOKOMIs have been organized in all of 191 terial needs (slippers, plates, bowls, etc.) of this is the Sendai Memorial Museum. in 2005. From 2005 to 2014, the main 3. http://sendai311.memorial.jp/

76 77 maarif maarif SPECIAL EDUCATION

Mehmet Nezir GÜL Pride of Turkey in Special Education: Turkish Ministry of National Education General Director of Special Education and Guidance Services Individualized Education Program (IEP) IEP planning is compulsory for ensuring that students with special education needs benefit from educational services at the highest level.

hen examining the historical process regard- same classroom or in special education classes through ing the development of special education, in- mainstreaming/integration. dividuals with special education needs were Individuals with special education needs have access generally seen to have been cast out of so- to education in special education schools designed in ac- Wciety; with the emergence of Abrahamic religions, attitudes cordance with their educational needs and disability type toward individuals with special education needs began to (e.g., visual or auditory impairments, physical disability, change, and an approach of compassion and protection was mental disability, autism spectrum disorder). These spe- adopted toward these individuals. With the advent of Islam, cial education schools serve the pre-, primary, second- the disabled have come into the open in society, assumed ary, and high school levels. responsibilities, and above all been accepted. This under- Homeschooling services are provided during the ages standing has spread to the wide Islamic geography. of compulsory education to students with special educa- Special education, previously regarded as a healthcare tion needs who cannot benefit from formal education in- service, is now accepted as an individual stitutions due to their health problems. In right in line with developments in educa- addition, education services are provid- tion and human rights, and regulations ed in hospitals during formal education have been made in this regard. years for students who receive inpatient The understanding that disabled people treatment in health institutions. should be educated in the same classroom In addition, measures are taken to en- as their peers has been accepted as a re- sure that special education services con- quirement of modern education, and their tinue uninterruptedly in emergency situa- right to benefit from educational services at tions. In this framework, relevant content the highest level by making use of contem- has been prepared and enriched due to porary educational opportunities is guar- the limited opportunity of face-to-face anteed in Turkey’s Constitution and other education resulting from the COVID-19 relevant legislation. pandemic in order to ensure that disabled people benefit from educational services STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATION NEEDS at the highest level. In addition to the Education Informa- Individuals with special education needs can be defined as tion Network widely used in Turkey, online courses are those whose individual and developmental characteristics being given over different systems, and mobile applica- as well as educational competencies differ significantly from tions have been put into service. their peers. These special children receive education in pro- grams prepared specifically for them in special classrooms, SPECIAL EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES workshops, and school environments with specially trained In Turkey, students with special education needs benefit staff and educators. from unlimited educational opportunities in the schools of- In this context; fering special education, the classes for special education, Children in need of special education can continue all the rooms for supportive education, the 252 Guidance and types of education and at all levels with their peers in the Research Centers (Rehberlik ve Araştırma Merkezi, RAM), the

78 79 maarif maarif Special SPECIAL Education EDUCATION 252 182 Opportunities Guidance and Research Science and Art Centers with Numbers Centers

182 Science and Art Centers (Bilim ve Sanat and the education process is made easy and materials have been designed and pro- Identifying the methods, techniques, Merkezi, BİLSEM), and the mainstream- and permanent. duced after the R&D activities; these have tools, and materials to be used in the ing/integration opportunities provided by Textbooks for visually impaired stu- been distributed free of charge to special teaching and evaluation processes, regular schools. At the same time, 12 les- dents are printed in Braille, and tactile classes within the scope of the Special Ma- If the student has behavioral prob- son hours of unpaid additional education maps are provided. Their education and terials for Special Children Project. lems, deciding on preventative or services (8 individual hours and 4 group training are supported through computer 88 student and teacher books have reductive measures as well as the hours) are offered to individuals with spe- labs with screen reading software. In ad- been prepared on early childhood and methods and techniques to be ap- cial needs in the special education and re- dition, Braille reading devices have been pre-school years for our schools for the plied toward this end, habilitation centers in Turkey. distributed. visually impaired and have been pub- Identifying the persons responsible Students in official special schools ben- Thanks to the Special Education Mate- lished on digital platforms. The group for implementing, monitoring, and efit fromcomplementary educational activi- rial and Activity Contests, which uses the Educational Tools for Special Education evaluating the IEP. ties upon their parents’ written application slogan “Let Ideas Race and Overcome Ob- Practice Schools delivered to students and and the decision of the IEP development stacles” organized by the National Ministry teachers free of charge at their schools. Accordingly, the following opportuni- BENEFITS OF IEP FOR RELATED unit. Complementary educational activi- of Education, projects have been evaluated ties are provided to these individuals: PARTIES ties are planned that cover 2 lesson hours EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS Receiving an education with their Students: Providing appropriate educa- per week on weekdays or weekends, out- After the Special Education Evaluation peers who show normal develop- tional services for students with special side of formal education hours. Comple- Board established in the Guidance and Re- ment in full-time mainstreaming/in- education needs ensures that appropri- mentary education activities are carried search Center (RAM) carries out the educa- tegration programs, ate and realistic goals are determined out in line with students’ characteristics, tional evaluation and diagnosis of students Training in special, part-time, main- for them. The IEP functions as a docu- educational needs and academic compe- with special needs, the individual is directed streaming/integration programs, ment that serves to demonstrate wheth- tencies in all areas of development. Within the scope of the to the least restrictive educational environ- Receiving education in special er these objectives are being met. As the Common education services are also Special Materials for ment for themselves. Based on the results schools that provide services in ac- programs are prepared by experts and provided to individuals who have complet- Special Children Project, of the evaluation, the individual in need of cordance with the educational needs, people competent in their field, stu- ed their formal education in order to equip materials that are approved special education can receive education to- characteristics, and disability types dents can progress at a proper speed them with knowledge and skills in profes- by the project committee are gether with their peers who show normal of individuals with special education using the most accurate methods. Their sional, technical, social, or cultural fields, produced and distributed development or can continue their educa- needs, development is checked using a mul-

involving them in these areas of life and free of charge to special tion in a special class or a special school in Homeschooling for those who are at IEP development units must be estab- ti-staged system. helping them be productive individuals. line with their developmental characteris- the age of compulsory education but lished by the administrations of schools Parents: They are informed about Exam measures are taken for students classes. tics and educational performance. are unable to receive education in where students with special education their children's educational performance with special education needs by making formal education institutions due to needs are registered. and assisted in having more realistic ex- adjustments to the duration of exams, the health problems, The steps to be followed in the IEP pectations. They find the opportunity to environment, and the methods, equip- Receiving education in hospitals for preparation process and the issues participate in decisions regarding their ment, and materials in line with the type those who are in need of special ed- that should be included in the IEP are children’s right to education. They can es- of disability, developmental characteris- ucation, are of the age of compulso- as follows: tablish more positive communication and tics, and educational performance of stu- ry education, but receive inpatient Creating a team to prepare the IEP, cooperation with the school. Thus, they dents on national exams. treatment in health institutions. Identifying the educational perfor- can have peace of mind while their chil- In addition, all students attending mance of the student, dren receive proper attention. special schools and special classes are of- INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION Identifying annual goals and short- Teachers: Teachers can have better fered free transportation; those attending PROGRAMS ARE COMPULSORY term goals for the student based on knowledge of their students’ existing special schools are also offered free lunch Preparing Individualized Education Pro- the curriculum they follow, competencies and educational needs, services. grams (IEP) is compulsory in order to Identifying the regulations to be and share this and collaborate with ex- ensure that students with special educa- made regarding the education envi- perts working in different disciplines to SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS tion needs benefit from the educational ronment and the support services to meet these needs. In addition, this docu- With the teaching materials designed in services at the highest level. This report, be provided (Deciding on the type, ment positively affects the education and accordance with the aims of special edu- prepared once a year, is actually an annu- duration, frequency of the support- training process, as it is a road map for cation, students are given the opportunity al road map. In addition, families' consent ive education services and on who what to do and how to do it in the teach- to learn by practicing and experiencing, has been received. will provide these services) ing and evaluation processes.

80 81 maarif maarif LIFE-LONG LEARNING

in 1922, their activities, which were carried out for many years, unfortunately remained Muhammet Altıntaş, PhD restricted. As seen in Chart 1, while the adult participation rate in education in 2019 was in fact over 30% in some developed coun- tries, in Turkey it remained at 5.7%. The social movements and technologi- cal developments that occurred on a glob- LIFE-LONG LEARNING al scale particularly after 1980 lie behind the rapid changes observed in many fields Turkey’s Exemplary Institution in the entire world. Within this period, the problems that rural-urban migration brought along were fully felt in Turkey and in Life-Long Learning: İSMEK the voices of societies were heard more with this. As a result of increasing demo- Although the adult participation rate in education in Turkey is quite cratic acquisitions, a multi-voiced ambiance arouse, and movements gained social sta- low compared to developed countries, successful movements from local tus and capital ownership. Being consid- administrations have drawn attention in the field of life-long learning. ered as the closest administrative units to In particular, the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Life-Long the public, municipalities developed some Learning Center (ISMEK) has become a model institution with the innovative municipal practices as they be- number of trainees it has reached, its variety in educational topics, and gan to pay more attention to people’s de- its centers spread all throughout the city. However, the permanency of mands. Even though no relevant constitu- tional infrastructure existed in Turkey [2], these education institutions should be maintained in the future. the Ankara Metropolitan Municipality in 1995 and right after the Istanbul Metropoli- n our current world, a good education is not abilities, interests, and competencies using a tan Municipality in 1996 started to organize enough for an individual to be able to survive personal, communal, social, and/or employ- adult-oriented training activities. Until that [1] socio-economically or culturally. Due to global ment-related approach. Life-long learning occurs in Chart 1: (25-60 years old) Adult time, only water, sewerage systems, sanita- changes and transformations, individuals must de- three different ways: The first takes place in formal in- participation in education in tion, streets, an environmental services had Ivelop themselves in the future no matter how good their stitutions within a curriculum (formal); the second oc- certain developed countries and been considered as standard local govern- past education. Constantly changing circumstances im- curs outside of school and is oriented toward obtaining Turkey. (2019) ment services. In this way, non-formal edu- pose new knowledge, abilities, and values, and individ- a certificate of competency (unformal); and the third cational activities had been added to these 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 uals are obliged to maintain their education throughout is a learning program in which individuals participate services. Though many local governments their lifetime to be able to obtain these achievements. within their areas of interest for self-development (in- 34,3 in Turkey provide these educational insti- Switzerland Otherwise, individuals cannot extend beyond being formal). Instruction in which individuals over the age 32,3 tutions, the one local government that has consumers if they do not participate in production; in of compulsory education participate of their own will provided these institutions most compre- 29,0 time, they become excluded from social life. are known as adult learning/education, or informal hensively as a model is Istanbul Metropoli- Denmark 24,3 Undoubtedly, education does not have the sole func- learning. tan Municipality and its Life-Long Learning Iceland tion of economic profits. Education is a synonym for Despite being considered as old as human history, the 22,2 Center (ISMEK). Estonia survival in today’s world. Knowledge, which allows lifelong learning approach that emerged in particular 20,2 individuals to participate in production, shapes the fu- during the transition from the Industrial Revolution to France 19,5 ISMEK: TURKEY’S EXEMPLARY ture of societies and even determines their level of inde- knowledge-based societies slowly gained popularity at Netherlands 19,5 INSTITUTION IN THE FIELD OF th pendence/dependence. the beginning of the 20 century and began to come to EU 10,8 LIFE-LONG LEARNING

Life-long learning is defined as all the types of learn- the fore in Turkey mostly in the 2000s. Although the first Turkey 5,7 ISMEK is seen as a non-formal adult train- ing activities that an individual participates in through- example stated within the context of non-formal educa- ing organization founded with the intent out their life for the purpose of developing knowledge, tion in Turkey was the Okulları [Nation Schools] Source: Eurostat (online data code: trng_lfse_01) to meet the common educational needs of

82 83 maarif maarif LIFE-LONG LEARNING 3.5 million+ 6 million+ 752 242 Graduates Application Programs Course Centers

Istanbul’s citizens; develop their profes- make friends, and be employed as well as such as providing opportunities to those changes take place in environments like sional and artistic knowledge; transform groups that require rehabilitation or that unable to participate in formal education, this. Taking into consideration that indi- their position by having them become ac- have difficulty adapting to the city. When discovering people’s talents, creating so- viduals have become increasingly lonely tive producers rather than consumers; con- looking at the reasons why trainees par- cial and cultural harmony, acquiring new in modern societies, why social participa- tribute to their cultural, urban, and social ticipate in these courses, the institution’s knowledge and abilities, and increasing tion in such trainings has such great val- development; and equip them with the ur- social functions can be seen as a reflection employability. These trainings in particu- ue is understandable. Although the adult ban culture for living in a metropolis. [3] IS- of these reasons. According to information lar have positively contributed to people participation rates in education in Tur- MEK was established in 1996 by President from the ISMEK database, trainees most- who are economically, socially, and cul- key is quite low compared to developed Recep Tayyip Erdoğan while he was the ly seek to acquire a profession and make turally deprived. countries, the successful activities of lo- Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Mayor progress in their career (50.47%), while These trainings, in which participants cal administrations have drawn attention and has reached unfathomable numbers the rest want to develop their skills in art, get involved without any obligation, keep to the field of life-long learning. Istanbul in terms of trainees, branches, and train- music, or sports (25.36%); earn income the door ajar for helping people change Metropolitan Municipality’s Life-Long ing centers since then. ISMEK trainings by producing (12.03%); or make friends and transform; significant cultural - ex Learning Center (ISMEK) in particular has were organized for the first time within (12.14%). Approximately 20.12% of trainees become a model institution with the num- the context of the Second United Nations are male and 79.88% are female. Contrary Chart 2 ber of trainees it has reached, the variety Conference on Human Settlements: Habi- to popular belief, the percentage of ISMEK in education variety it has acquired, and ISMEK DATA BY YEARS tat II, which was held in Istanbul in 1996. trainees who are university graduates is the centers it has spread all around the The number of Istanbul residents who quite high (45.65%), whereas high school # Of The Number of Number of city. However, the permanency of these Period have participated in unpaid trainings has or equivalency graduates form 29.85%, pri- Centers Branches Trainees educational institutions should be main- so far reached 3.5 million, and the number mary school graduates 23.02%, and illiter- 1996-97 3 3 141 tained. Being able to sustain the activities of those who’ve applied for the courses ate students is just 0.83%. When looking at 1997-98 28 22 4956 of institutions like ISMEK that have been exceeds 6 million. ISMEK has become one age groups, although youths are shown to 1998-99 42 25 6265 quite successful in the past will be more of the most important life-long learning constitute the majority, trainees are found 1999-00 53 38 9700 important than ever after the pandem- institutions not only in Turkey but also in from almost every age group. The percent- 2000-01 33 24 2521 ic. After the pandemic, life-long learning [4] the world. When observed closely, Chart age of trainees under the age of 20 is 7.91%, 2001-02 60 41 12617 activities will become one of the most ef- 2 shows that, while the number of ISMEK oration of the private sector for employ- between 20 and 29 is 31.59%, between 2002-03 73 55 15000 ficient ways for Turkish and world socie- trainees, branches, and centers increased ment, schools have opened courses on 30 and 39 is 21.71%, between 40 to 49 is 2003-04 75 65 18800 ties to bind up their economic, social, and rapidly, a significant decrease occurred af- bakery and pastry, retail sales, child de- 21.77%, between 50 and 59 is 12.76%, and 2004-05 113 70 40392 cultural wounds. ter the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality velopment, Turkish and Islamic arts, culi- over the age of 60 is 4.36%. As seen in Fig- 2005-06 170 97 119389 changed administrations in 2019-2020. nary arts, Fashion, personal development, ure 2, 61.21% of ISMEK trainees are under 2006-07 198 97 156237 REFERENCES [5] The trainings provided over the 2018- beauty and hair care services, music and 40. ISMEK organizes trainings for dis- 1 2007-08 201 106 199723 Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Hayat Boyu Öğrenme 2019 education period in ISMEK reached performance arts, informatics, accounting advantaged groups as well and performs 2008-09 218 123 233013 Strateji Belgesi, (Ankara:2009) 7. 752 programs. Despite the modules and and financing, graphic design, languages, activities in eight hospitals/rehabilitation 2 2009-10 219 123 182582 In Turkey, non-formal training activity au- the educational curriculum being pre- Being able to sustain the climatization, and more. In addition to the centers, eight detention centers, and one 2010-11 228 150 191000 thorization was given to local governments in pared by the Ministry of Education Life- activities of institutions like trainings, ISMEK also holds supportive ac- nursing home (Darülaceze); ISMEK also 2011-12 228 191 216500 2004 with The Metropolitan Municipalities Long Learning General Directorate of ISMEK that have been quite tivities such as exhibitions, seminars, con- has five education centers for handicapped 2012-13 233 218 225866 Law No. 5216 and in 2015 with The Metropol- Turkey, some differences are observed in tests, broadcasts, organizations, guidance persons and two social life centers. 2013-14 240 269 221367 itan Municipalities Law No. 5393. successful in the past will be 3 course content with respect to instruc- for trainees into the labor market, and Master’s theses and doctoral disserta- 2014-15 235 348 227935 İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Faaliyet Rapo- tors. While the branches that focus on more important than ever product selling. tions have been written about the social 2015-16 235 412 251988 ru, (İstanbul: 2014), 128. 4 housewives’ socialization drew attention after the pandemic. After the reasons for the great interest the public has 2016-17 235 540 284948 BUSMEK (), KO-MEK (Kocaeli), KAY- at the beginning, a great variety of edu- pandemic, life-long learning TARGET GROUPS AND STUDENT shown in ISMEK’s educational activities. 2017-18 239 670 347302 MEK (Kayseri), KOMEK (), ASMEK cation has been ensured in recent years, PROFILES 2018-19 242 752 339657 (Antalya), GAMEK (Gaziantep), and BELMEK activities will become one of – BELTEK (Ankara) stand out among the mu- from information technologies to art and ISMEK’s target groups include those who SOCIAL PARTICIPATION, CHANGE, 2019-20 189 479 111817 the most efficient ways for nicipalities that have organized similar activi- AND TRANSFORMATION 2020-21 147 364 953 design, from music to foreign languages, Turkish and world societies to want to: become professionals, make pro- ties by taking ISMEK as a model. from child development to handicrafts, gress in their career, contribute to the ISMEK trainings remove restrictions like 2019-21 online 64 105187 5 These data were taken from the application bind up their economic, social, 2020-21 online 100 140887 from sanitation to sports, and from law to domestic economy by producing, obtain age, time, educational status, and income forms filled by the trainees during their regis- accounting and finance. With the collab- and cultural wounds. a new skill, specialize in an artistic field, differences and embody many functions Source: ProİSMEK Database tration.

84 85 maarif maarif Düzenleyen: Ahmet Yavuz

ANALYSIS

of people who’ve received an education M. Ahmet Tokdemir, PhD in different cities or countries. Today, stu- Presidency of the Republic of Turkey dents in many countries receive higher General Directorate of State Archives Vice President education in cities other than where they had been raised. Similarly, the number of students studying abroad has consider- ably increased. This process, which can be considered as educational migration, has obviously brought with it the difficul- ties encounterable in any type of migra- tion. While migrating to another city with ducation is a lifelong process the same culture in the same country will A School defined as a positive change in bring along relatively less difficulties, these an individual’s behavior. As an become much more when the destination integral part of life, education for study is another country or cultural ge- Initiative in Einvolves raising generations in accordance ography. with their needs as well as giving them The history of education abroad can be Europe: cultural and moral values by transferring said to go back to Turkish culture. Together religious and intellectual knowledge. With with Islamization, young people with great- such a large area of influence, education er talents were known in the past to have Madrasa has had vital importance attached to it in gone to cities and countries such as Mecca, every period and culture. Generations have Medina, Damascus, Cairo, and Baghdad to taken measures in their natural environ- receive religious education. Since the last Al-Sharqiyya ment to educate their offspring. Students periods of the Ottoman Empire, students Students studying abroad eventually found who don’t find this education sufficient have been sent to different countries in Eu- In the past, religious institutions and AHMET KAMI AND MADRASA themselves involved in organizational activities, the most prominent of which Madrasa al-Sharqiyya, have gone on to increase their knowledge rope, America and even the Far East. organizations had carried out certain AL-SHARQIYYA was the “Young Turks” movement. The which aimed to help and experiences by traveling to different activities to alleviate the difficulties stu- The view that the Ottoman Empire was su- photo shows the Young Turks group active in Geneva. From left to right: İshak Sukuti, Ottoman Muslim students cities and countries. Due to educational dents faced. Today, states and various perior to the European states in all areas Serâceddin Bey, Tunalı Hilmi, Âkil Muhtar, institutions generally being controlled by organizations (local, national, and in- began to change after the Treaty of Kar- Mithat Şükrü, Emin Bey. Seated: Former go to Europe to study Berlin Consul Lutfi Bey, Doctor Şefik Bey, by giving them better religious institutions with few exceptions, ternational organizations like founda- lowitz (1699). The new opinion was that Nûri Ahmed, Doctor Reşîd, Münif Bey. religion was the main motivational factor tions and associations) help students Europe had superior aspects, and this orientation training and from antiquity to the 17th/18th centuries overcome these difficulties. In the case became even stronger after the beginning language education, was for educational travels. Individuals trav- According to documents of Turkey, institutions such as the Min- of the 18th century. Reforms were made in the biggest dream of Ahmet eled from city to city to expand their reli- in the Ottoman Archive, istry of Education Directorate General many areas to catch up to the European dents attended schools in the cities to which Kami Bey of Crete. gious knowledge or spread the knowledge Ahmet Kami Bey managed for Foreign Education, Yunus Emre In- level. In this context, the education sys- they’d gone and became the pioneers of they had (edict/missionary activities). This stitute, Turkish Maarif Foundation, and tem and its institutions were also affect- change in the Ottoman Empire in the 19th situation allowed information to be spread to obtain permission from especially the educational attachés affil- ed by these changes and reforms. The century through the European culture and and transmitted to new geographies and the Swiss government iated with their respective embassies at- process, which had started with sending science they’d obtained. The increase in new generations during times such as the to open the school and tempt to help students studying abroad students to Europe, has continued up to the number of Ottoman Muslim students Middle Ages and the early Modern Age created a program including in addition to conducting educational the present with the opening of Western in European cities also revealed the need when information was difficult to access. registration and admission activities there. This article discusses schools within the Empire, the opening of for housing in these cities. In addition, lan- With the rise of urbanization and mod- requirements as well as one initiative that aimed to meet the Western schools in Europe, and Western- guage learning and academic support in ernization, religion’s share in education de- guidance and accommodational needs ization of the Ottoman education system. their chosen fields also emerged as the need creased, and more people have benefited a curriculum. Further, of the Ottoman students who had gone In addition to the students who had to keep up with the schools they wanted to from formal education. Improvements in he asked the Ottoman to Europe to study at the beginning of been sent by the state, the late Ottoman attend. Realizing this need, Ahmet Kami transportation and communication oppor- government for financial the 20th century with the support of period also saw wealthy Muslims send their Bey attempted to open a school in Geneva tunities have also increased the number assistance. their families. children to Europe for education. These stu- called Madrasa al-Sharqiyya.

86 87 maarif maarif 1 2 3 4 5 ANALYSIS

1. Credentials of Ahmet Kami Bey. 2. Information note to the Grand for Foreign Ministry regarding Ahmet Kami Bey’ request for aid to open the school. 3. The translation of the letter from Geneva Consulate General to Foreign Ministry of Ottoman Empire regarding Ahmet Kami Bey and his initiative. 4. The first two pages of the printed program for Madrasa al- Sharqiyya by Ahmet Kami Bey. 5. The summary of the establishment purpose (Maqsad-ı Tesis) of Madrasa al-Sharqiyya.

Ahmet Kami Bey was an Ottoman citi- van Consulship of the Ottoman Empire” The program expressed that Muslim gram included daily activities and classes Madrasa al-Sharqiyya was important zen born in Crete. After serving in various was given as the founding director. The students who went to Europe to study for students. Accordingly, Turkish cours- in that a program had been created for positions in the public offices of the Otto- opening year is given on the first page of would have difficulties in a new society es were made compulsory for those with the school that had information about the man Empire, he retired from the Geneva When examining the the booklet as 1318/1900. and social environment with a culture no knowledge of Turkish, while learning school’s aims and functions. The program Consulate. Ahmet Kami Bey, who could booklet, rather than being When examining the booklet, rather whose features conflicted with their own other European languages such as French, clearly noted that measures would be taken speak French and Greek rather fluently a school that will provide than being a school that will provide for- culture and that Leyli Medâris-i Özeliye German, or English remained optional. to protect Islamic culture and the dynam- in addition to Turkish, had also learned formal education, Madrasa mal education, Madrasa al-Sharqiyya ap- (boarding schools) should be opened that As understood from the table of course ics of the Muslim Ottoman students while Italian at an intermediate level. After his al-Sharqiyya appears to pears to have been planned as a prepara- will help these students preserve their re- contents despite the lack of details, the in Europe. Similarly, the fact that learning retirement, he continued to live in Gene- tory school that would provide language ligious and national identities and provide education the school would provide was Turkish was obligatory for those who were va and attempted to open a school there have been planned as a and supportive education in the fields the supportive education. divided into two main parts: language ed- Ottoman subjects but did not speak Turk- called the Madrasa al-Sharqiyya. When preparatory school that students want to study. As specified in the program, the intend- ucation and faculty preparation. As can be ish shows that importance was given to be- looking at the curriculum, the school can would provide language In the first part explaining the rationale ed school would serve not only Ottoman understood from the tables and explana- ing Ottoman and teaching Turkish culture. be said to have mostly targeted guidance and supportive education in for opening the school, Ahmet Kami Bey students but also students from all Mus- tions, French would be taught mainly in Even though a program had been education and language teaching for stu- the fields the students want noted that Europe was ahead of Muslim lim countries. This school would teach the language branch, but Turkish would formed, no information has been obtained dents who had gone to Europe to study. to study. societies in terms of science and indus- students in European languages such as also be taught to those who did not speak regarding whether the school had opened Meanwhile, another goal of the school is try, and therefore the number of Muslim French, German, and English. Further- Turkish. Students would be able to take or not. The financial aid Ahmet Kami re- seen to have been teaching Turkish to the students in Europe was increasing daily. more, those who come from different courses on other European languages quested from the Ottoman government was students who were Ottoman subjects but It emphasized France as a good place for countries and do not speak Ottoman Turk- based on their preferences. Mathematics, probably not fulfilled on the grounds that unable to speak Turkish. students who enrolled in the school to be- education due to French being a universal ish would be provided with an Ottoman Painting, and General History courses Ahmet Kami had been in contact with some According to documents in the Otto- lieve it was actually open, this initiative language. (Turkish) education; students would also were also included within the curriculum of the leaders of the Committee of Union man Archive, Ahmet Kami Bey managed was identified as an attempt because no Looking at the part of the program re- be supported with different courses in line of the language branch. The second part of and Progress in Geneva (Switzerland was a to obtain permission from the Swiss gov- solid information is available regarding garding why the city of Geneva had been with the programs they want to attend. In the school was a preparatory department city where Unionist leaders were active at ernment to open the school and created a whether it had officially opened. chosen, it states that education would be addition to these, care was emphasized to for the faculties the students wanted to at- that time). Ahmet Kami Bey’s request for program including registration and admis- given in French using French educational be taken to educate students on Islamic tend. No information was given about the reassignment from the Foreign Ministry in sion requirements as well as a curriculum. MADRASA AL-SHARQIYYA’S methods, that the entertainment life was customs and ethics with the aim that the course contents for this branch; however, that same year increases the likelihood that Further, he asked the Ottoman govern- PROGRAM not developed because the city was small, students would remain loyal to their nation passing the language preparatory class the school might not have opened. How- ment for financial assistance. According Information about Madrasa al-Sharqiyya and its people were relatively moral. The and homeland in the future. was indicated as a requirement for matric- ever, the fact that the school had concrete to documents in the Ottoman Archives, was included in the program booklet pre- program also mentioned the advantages The school indicated that it was not ulating to this branch. proposals for solving the problems experi- around 20 students, most of whom were pared under the same title. On the cover of the city of Geneva had in terms of educa- seeking profit. Only Muslim students would The program mentions issues such enced by Muslim students who had gone to Cretan, had enrolled in the school. De- the 16-page booklet, the school was stated tion: Geneva’s air and water were praised be accepted, and students’ knowledge as vacation days for students, food, path Europe for educational purposes makes the spite permission having been obtained to be in the city of Geneva in Switzerland for their high quality, and this city was also of Islamic sciences was considered one preparations for the school, and how the Madrasa al-Sharqiyya initiative meaningful, from the Swiss authorities, which led the and “Cretan Ahmed Kami, Former Gene- preferred by Europeans for education. of the admission requirements. The pro- students could arrive at Geneva. regardless of if it had opened or not.

88 89 maarif maarif The soundness and success of the military system on which the HISTORY OF steppe Turks were based is world-famous. Th is military system, EDUCATION in which very strict rules were applied with a strict discipline, was obviously based on a well-established educational model.

ent stages of life in the steppes can be The model men- Prof. Dr. Ahmet Taşağıl accessed over thousands of years in the tioned above is the Mayhan Uul Yeditepe University sources available regarding the Huns’ first military and social lives. Thus, information about social model to be this pre-Islamic period in Turkish his- encountered in the depths of Central tory is very important. The information Asian history; it managed to kept its in- recorded in later periods is based on fluence until the 20th century. The roots this knowledge. of the Army-Nation discourse should be Education for The Huns living in the steppes did sought among these depths. From these not reside in a permanent place. They sources, one can understand that a soci- lived by following water and pastures, ety with very strong internal dynamics Turks in the which were the main resources in their had been subjected to a very strict and lives. Their economy was based on disciplined education. herds of horses, cattle, sheep, goats, Military training and education in and camels. The harsh climate of Cen- which information about life was con- Pre-Islamic tral Asia, especially the Gobi Desert and veyed were intertwined in parallel with the high steppes of Mongolia, did not the imperatives of the steppes and no- permit agriculture. However, archae- madic life. Separating one from the other Period ological remains related to agriculture was impossible in terms of the general and very developed irrigation systems lifestyle of society. Therefore, both types In the pre-Islamic period, the survival of have been found in the Altai Mountains of education were given side by side to education continued to be intertwined. Turks, who lived as nomads, was possible and other regions. The steppe Turks children from the moment they started Mukan (553-572), who achieved great suc- with strict discipline and education on developed their writing very late; for walking. The main goal here was to win cess during his rule, dominated the whole the basis of adhering to customs. Military them, the oral tradition was dominant. the struggle for life or death in order to The murals in the Mayhan Uul of Central Asia thanks to his strategies, mil- survive. complex are the first murals itary genius, and planning. Mukan Khan, training in particular was an integral part EDUCATION WAS A MUST FOR The soundness and success of the mil- aside from being courageous, can be seen belonging to the Göktürk of this lifestyle. SURVIVAL itary system on which the steppe Turks to have received an education for high-lev- Survival in these steppe conditions re- were based is world-famous. This mili- period. These pictures el state administration. quired a tough struggle. For this reason, tary system, in which very strict rules provide important information Customs were quite important in the urkish communities in the steppes had a unique so- the individuals who made up the society were applied with a strict discipline, about the burial traditions, Gökturks, being uniquely transferred from cial system. Ancient Turks’ education system had had to gain much knowledge and learn was obviously based on a well-estab- dress, and arts of the generation to generation based on oral tra- also developed uniquely. Scarcity of resources had many skills to survive. Among the Asian lished educational model. The founder Göktürks. Murals and dozens dition. Keeping customs alive ensured the prevented Turks from obtaining much information Huns, boys got used to horse-riding by of this system was Mete Han (known as of unearthed sculptures social structure’s integrity would be main- Tabout educational institutions. In fact, their tribe-based social riding sheep once they started walking. Mo-tu in Chinese sources). The decimal tained. system has been able to survive into the 21st century in some They shot arrows at birds and mice to system, which Mo-tu established while provide important information The situation is the same for Çor Kağan, communities of Turkish origin. Quite different from sedentary learn hunting, aiming at rabbits and fox- personally training his army in 209 BC, about ancient Turkish art. ruler of the Uygur Khaganate between societies, the system was a natural result of their geographic es once they got older. A practice-based has been a model for both Turkish and 747-759 AD. She also managed successful environment. In order to survive and reach future generations, learning process was carried out within foreign armies for ages. policies against China in the international they adapted to all kinds of severe climatic conditions and more. life itself. Among the Huns, children used to ride arena by ensuring the unity of tribes with- Life was determined according to water resources and pastures, Elders had a special place in the sheep and shoot arrows at birds, weasels, THE FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIETY: in her country. The inscriptions created relying upon environments where animals would be fed. steppe tradition. Their wisdom and ex- and mice. A warrior’s strength and abili- CUSTOMS during her period in particular point to the From the earliest periods of history, the social life of steppe perience were highly valued. Their ver- ties were measured by one’s mastery of Following the Huns, another great Turkish value placed on education. Turks began being described in sources, and information on bal transmission had great importance in arhery. Men trained for war, making very state that had been established in Central When looking at old Turkish petro- the education that was given has been recorded since the ear- maintaining the traditions inherited from sudden raids and attacks. Archery has had Asia was the Göktürks. The Göktürk Kha- glyphs in general, the concepts of wise and liest periods. Clues about this can be seen in the history of the their ancestors; keeping society together a very important position in the steppe ganate, founded in 552 AD, continued with wisdom are seen to be at the forefront. Asian Huns, who openly organized for the first time as a mod- was only possible through the power of tradition and was an important element the same social and military system. Dur- Therefore, the titles of many kagans and el of state and society within Central Asian history. The differ- these narratives. of military training. ing this period, military training and social statesmen contained the symbol for wise.

90 91 maarif maarif The Twelve Animal calendar used by the HISTORY OF Turks was based on time and number CULTURE & ART EDUCATION calculations. This shows the Turks had possessed a certain level of training in mathematical calculations.

In order to rise to the position of wisdom educating children due to these children its affects. Although the attack/defense al- and be known as a wise person in the eyes being educated based on customs in ac- First Music, Then M-U-S-I-C: legory unintentionally evokes a climate of of this people, receiving an education was cordance with the desires of the society. war here, what is really meant here is that certainly required. The famous statesman Although no formal educational institu- we are helpless against music’s influence, Tonyukuk proved the soundness of his tions were encountered in societies with A Conceptual Framework and music occupies a very fundamental educational experience through the strat- a steppe culture, the Turkish peoples place in the world into which we are born. egies he created. are known to have accepted the Mani About Music Education Although many arguments can be made to Valuable information can be found and Buddha religions and to have been support this inference, stating that music is about education within the plot lines of educated in the temples and monaster- The age at which one gets music education is as indispensable in every culture without ex- the Dede Korkut and Oğuz epics. The ed- to the next mostly through the master-ap- ies of these religions. When looking at ception is sufficient. ucation of heroes in particular was told prentice relationship. written sources, they can be said to have important as music education itself, for it significantly This actually prompts us to think that, if through hyperbole. Emphasis was placed In conclusion, the basic principles attempted to establish a societal vision affects the development of the human brain. music is present in every culture without on the importance of a rigorous education of education in the pre-Islamic Turkish emphasizing moral and national goals. exception, then music can be claimed to be within their persons. Even names were not communities can be evaluated as follows: These inscribed sourcesptions draw at- Yusuf İhsan Tökel an integral part of the universe itself, and given to a person after birth among the an- First of all, the geographical environment tention to an advisory style that guided that every human being is innately sensi- cient Turks. A name had to be earned. For in which the Turks had lived and their people and pointed them toward the tive to music. Resorting to the neuroscien- this, the child was expected to show exem- struggle for survival had shaped their ed- right way. Values such as kindness, gen- tists currently working on this subject will plary success or heroism. ucational understanding. Traditions were erosity, wisdom, courage, and respect be beneficial: In the late pre-Islamic period, some understood to have been very effective in for elders were emphasized. Particular “The human brain does not identify music Turkish communities had converted to importance was paid to the alp [brave] and language as two separate areas, espe- Buddhism and Manichaeism. An education Shaman characteristic mentioned in epics. Wis- cially at early ages. It classifies language as a clothes and 2 system was known to exist in these com- accessories. dom was also highly valued in addition to specific form/kind of music.” munities in accordance with the teachings alplik [bravery]. When carefully examin- This scientific result shows that music of their religions. ing archaeological findings, one is able to can be perceived distinctively by our brain The Ancient Turks, having formed live- identify that more importance had been at an early age, even before language syn- stock societies, can easily be said to have attached to crafts education, namely vo- tax has developed in an infant. As such, had advanced knowledge about plants cational training. music is found to precede language; lan- and medicines for the care and treatment guage begins to take shape in our minds as of animals. Therefore, animal training REFERENCES a subset of music. Based on this immensely and care can be considered as a separate Yahya Akyüz, Türk Eğitim Tarihi, Ankara 2019. important finding, answers will be sought branch in these societies. Metalworking, Sadri Maksudi Arsal, Türk Tarihi ve Hukuk, to questions such as what effects music has İstanbul 1947. leatherworking, and weaving were crafts on the brain, the extent to which the rela- İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Türk Milli Kültürü, İstanbul that Turks were skilled at, and these crafts tionship between music and language is 1987. Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Kültürünün were handed down from one generation Gelişme Çağları, İstanbul 1987. transitive, and the extent to which the age Bahaeddin Ögel, Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu, lthough similar emphasis structural beauty or spiritual loftiness can when music is first learned and its intensity Mayhan Uul Ankara 1981. is found on uniqueness for be appreciated; the subject of a painting or affect this development. Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Mitolojisi, Ankara 1994. every branch of the arts, its abstract delineations must enter our con- Ahmet Taşağıl, Hunlar, İstanbul 2020 various reasons occur as to sciousness before any emotional reaction THE MUSIC-BRAIN RELATIONSHIP Metalworking, leatherworking, Ahmet Taşağıl, Gök Türkler, Ankara 2019 Awhy music holds a much more funda- can take place. This is different with music. According to research, musicians’ interpre- and weaving were crafts that Ahmet Taşağıl, Çin kaynaklarına Göre Türk mental place than other arts. Paul Hin- It touches our emotions first, and we are vic- tations and comprehension of the syntax of Boyları, İstanbul 2016. Turks were skilled at, and demith expressed this view very simply tims helpless against its lunges.1 a language have been discovered to be fast- Bahaeddin Ögel, Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu, and comparatively, as: Particular emphasis on this explicit con- er and smoother than non-musicians, and these crafts were handed Ankara 1981. In all other arts, it is our power of reason- clusion occurs in this last part: We are vul- this effect leads to positive developments down from one generation Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Mitolojisi, Ankara 1994. ing that must first be satisfied before an aes- nerable to music. This is because, unlike in the region of the brain called the mirror to the next mostly through Ahmet Taşağıl, Hunlar, İstanbul 2020 thetic enjoyment of an artist’s creation can the other disciplines of art, music speaks neuron system. This region of the brain is the master-apprentice Ahmet Taşağıl, Gök Türkler, Ankara 2019 Ahmet Taşağıl, Çin kaynaklarına Göre Türk be had: The words of a poem must be un- to our emotions before our minds. And if it associated with the group of skills called relationship. Boyları, İstanbul 2016. derstood in their verbal meaning before its finds a response there, we are powerless to executive functions.

92 93 maarif maarif CULTURE & ART ..the area of the brain called the corpus callosum, which allows the right and left hemispheres of the brain to communicate with each other, is larger and more developed in individuals who have started their musical education at an earlier age.

Likewise, certain studies show that mu- Actively listening to music positively sicians have higher executive function lev- affects the development of cognitive and els than non-musicians in interconnected motor skills, and spatial temporal learn- cognitive domains such as multi-tasking, ing, as well as neurogenesis that enables planning, strategizing, setting goals, paying the brain to produce neurons and many attention to details, and efficiently solving other emotional and memory-related internal/external conflicts and problems.3 benefits. However, these advantages are With regard to attention deficit disorder, unfortunately not permanent under all which is currently perhaps the most com- circumstances. Although these effects mon complaint, Putkenin’s research results found between the brain of a person who are observed temporarily while listening reveal that children who’ve received reg- actively produces music and expresses it to music, these areas that develop in the ular music education for more than two through various means (singing, playing, brain return to their original state within years are in a much more advantageous sical education at an earlier age. The same whistling, etc.) and that of someone who 15 minutes at most after the act of listen- situation compared to children who've re- finding is observed in the central sulcus, has not received any regular musical edu- ing ends. Many scientific articles have ceived insufficient or no musical education. which is the section that separates the cation but grew up as a listener? proven the Mozart Effect, which claims According to a scientific study conducted brain’s anterior and posterior lobes and From this point on, we need to make the opposite and has been supported in specifically for children between the ages of manages general motor skills. This part of the following distinction with regard to popular culture for years, actually does 2 and 3, children with advanced involvement the brain has been discovered to be more listening to music: Our ear is an organ not have a permanent effect. in music have been concluded to be much developed and pronounced in people that both senses and listens to music. We Scientists state that, especially when more advantageous in terms of auditory dis- who started learning music before the age can hear sounds even sub-consciously; playing a musical instrument, the brain is crimination and maintaining a fixed focus of 7. Also, those who’ve intensely engaged but we cannot consciously listen and pay observed to works more integrally and syn- REFERENCES compared to children who’ve had no involve- with music at a younger age are found to attention to every sound we hear. For chronously than in any other action. Anita Collins, Music Education and the Brain: ment with music. Children who participate have the highest developmental levels. 5 this reason, we should note this distinc- What Does It Make to Make a Change?, National in more musical activities are able to process tion and not regard every exposure to THE DURATION FACTOR IN MUSIC Association for Music Education, 2013, sf:1-7 auditory objects more accurately, and show PERFORMING AND LISTENING TO music as an act of listening. EDUCATION Özellikle bir müzik Catherine Y. Wan and Gottfried Schlaug, Music higher sensitivity with regard to sounds’ tem- MUSIC Listening types can be classified under If the issue is to support a child’s neuro- enstrümanı çalarken, Making as a Tool for Promoting Brain Plasticity poral aspects. In addition, children who’ve We have seen that dealing with music at a three distinct headings according to their logical development through music, the beynin başka hiçbir eylemde across the Life Span, 2010, Neuroscientist 16; sf:566-577 received music education are observed to be professional level provides the above-men- level of intensity: passive listening, respon- learning process itself is ultimately more bu kadar bütünsel ve able to focus better in tasks that require atten- tioned benefits. So, what differences are sive listening, and active listening. important than a student’s performance in Elizabeth Peterson Inspired by listening: tion and focus in environments with surpris- After making these distinctions, one a musical activity. Therefore, transferring a senkronize çalışmadığı bilim Teaching your curriculum while actively listening to music: Strategies for all teachers ing and sudden sounds than the children who should not conclude that all acts of listen- school’s energy to the learning process in adamları tarafından Hampton Falls, 2006, NH: Yeogirl Press have not received music education.4 ing are active because the most valuable which students feel the positive effects of belirtilmektedir. Frances H. Rauscher, Gordon L. Shaw, Linda In addition to just receiving a music ed- and focused form of listening is active lis- music education in all areas of their lives J. Levine, Katherine N. Ky, Music and Spatial ucation, the age when this training starts tening. Concluding all acts of listening to would be much more beneficial than hav- Task Performance: A Causal Relationship, also affects the development of the human be active is neither possible nor necessary. ing the monotonous performance of con- University of California: Irvine, 1994 brain very significantly. According to cer- According to a scientific We often notice that we concentrate on certs as the final output of learning music. and central sulcus are shown to develop Natalie Sarrazin, Music and the Child, tain research results, serious differences study conducted specifically different things and do not listen to all the Studies related to the duration of music at much higher rates. Chapter 7: Music And The Brain, Open Suny exist between people who’ve started a music being played in a concert that we are education also support this opinion: In Textbooks, 2016 professional music education before the for children between the actively listening to, nor do we actively lis- studies conducted over students who’ve CONCLUSION Paul Hindemith, Bestecinin Dünyası: Ufuklar age of 7 and those who start their musi- ages of 2 and 3, children ten to the piece that we aim to keep in the continued their music education at reg- All of these scientific indicators should ve Sınırlar, Norgunk Yayıncılık, 2014 cal education after this age. One of the with advanced involvement background. These two simple examples ular once-a-week intervals for 2 to 15 lead to a re-examination of the place music Putkinen, V., Teraviemi, M., & Huotilainen, most important differences is that the in music have been show how interconnected listening styles months, students who’ve received music lessons are given in school curricula at the M. (2013). Effects of informal music activities area of the brain called the corpus callo- are and are a part of our lives. However, education show partial developments in K-12 level as well as to an evaluation of how on auditory discrimination and attention in concluded to be much more 2–3-year-old children. European Journal of sum, which allows the right and left hemi- advantageous in terms of because active listening is a form of listen- one of the brain’s functional structures. music lessons are considered as elective Neuroscience 37(4), 654–61) spheres of the brain to communicate with ing that should be trained and supports However, as for students who’ve received class hours compared to courses that have auditory discrimination and Stefan Koelsch, Toward a neural basis of music each other, is larger and more developed students’ development, focus should be at least two years of regular education, the status of basic subjects such as mathe- perception: A review and update model, in individuals who have started their mu- maintaining a fixed focus. placed on this area. both the function of the corpus callosum matics and science. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, sf:1-20

94 95 maarif maarif CULTURE & ART

ood Will Hunting, written by ent when he is not working, tells us the Matt Damon and Ben Affleck value of learning, having interests, and and starring Robin Williams reading by showing us a slice of our he- A Masterpiece and Stellan Skarsgard in ad- ro’s life. dition to the authors, won Although the story of Will, who re- Ghigh praises upon its release. frains from a social life because he feels on People and The film won Oscars for Best Original guilty of his childhood trauma and inju- Screenplay and Best Supporting Actor ries, seems to be shaped around the ef- Education: (Robin Williams). forts of Sean and Gerald trying to bring By winning the Best Screenplay Acad- him to life, by the end of the film it ap- emy Award, Matt Damon and Ben Affleck pears that not only Will's but also four made a major entrance to the world of other life stories are being viewed from cinema and Hollywood, and the duo different aspects. Good earned the opportunity to display their Understanding before Good Will Hunting, engraved in the own performances in many important Labeling memory of film lovers, conveys that productions. Perhaps the most striking overcoming difficulties, the journey of In this movie directed by Gus Van emphasis the film makes is that self-discovery, and the most important Will Sant, Will (Matt Damon) has a genius-lev- an understanding of education thing in life is neither success nor the el of intelligence but works as a janitor that does not consider individual ambition of success but discovering and at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Tech- differences has the potential to doing work that will make you happy. nology), one of the best educational in- push highly intelligent students The cinematography of Good Will who do not follow the norms out stitutions in the world, cleaning the cor- of the system. When the main Hunting, a heart-warming film for Hunting ridors of the institute every day. youths, is at least as impressive as its character Will encounters Harvard Events unfold when Mathematics students, he tells them they can story. The film is a romantic drama with Good Will Hunting is an impressive Professor Lambeau (Stellan Skarsgard) actually get the same information many scenes and impressive dialogues film reminding people that everything writes a rather difficult problem on a learn at their “cool” university for where concepts like honesty, friendship, $150,000 a year by paying the starts with self-discovery and only true board in the hallway; Will solves the public library $1.50 a year. The film and values intertwine and knowledge problem then disappears. objects to standardized education and love are blended. love is able to overcome obstacles. Unable to control his anger due to his and evaluations based solely on The film has an IMDB score of 8.3/10 The film was nominated in 1998 for troubles, Will occasionally fights with having a diploma. However, one has and a White Screen score of 4.4/5, as well eight Oscars and received three. other youth groups in the neighbor- to have such a brilliant intelligence. as recommendations from cinema critics hood, along with his closest childhood The way for people to reach Will and educators. is not to try and control him, but to friends. One day, he gets caught during a Good Will Hunting is an impressive Şeyma Harmanyeri understand him in all his aspects. fight and is taken into custody. The uni- movie that reminds people not every- versity professor, who had previously one has the same characteristics, no one noticed Will's talent and checked up on Chuckie (Ben Affleck); Will’s newly met is born and competes on equal terms, him, vouches for Will on two conditions girlfriend Skylar (Minnie Driver) also every human being is unique, and that’s and ensures his release from prison. supports him in this process. what makes individuals special. The film The professor's requirements are to Throughout the movie Will solves allows people to realize their inabilities answer the questions he will prepare questions that many professors cannot, and traumas are not their fault and ex- with him and to be treated by a thera- even though he lacks a degree and prop- plains that realizing this offers one the pist to help him control his anger and get er education; he impresses the audience keys to the doors of success. The film better. with a narrative that is sometimes enter- helps one to understand that no one Will begins to reorient his life with taining and sometimes sad. is the same and to love this difference. help from his therapist Sean Maguire Our hero, who makes use of his time It tells us that everything starts with (Robin Williams), who has experienced by doing research in the library, read- self-discovery, and only true love re- similar troubles and his best friend ing books, and polishing his innate tal- moves obstacles.

96 97 maarif maarif Highbrow Ignorance PORTRE There is an old saying that goes “This level of ignorance can only be attained by education.” The Man With a This is an ignorance powered by diploma.

Diploma of Grace portance. Worthy of meem, the accumulated body of muktesebat [knowledge] follows mar- Düzenleyen: Ahmet Yavuz ifet. This body of knowledge is what under- pins both education and instruction. What knowledge do you have? How much have you acquired to this day? To me, muamelat [conduct] is what comes after knowledge. While performing an action, even if just one of the qualities of ingenuity, acquired knowledge, or conduct is absent or lack connections among them, the action will have no value. One should strive to be equipped with the combinations of all these habits. This is the prerequisite to having a sound stance on any given matter. And this stance takes one to another quality meem has: muhkem [precise information]. A CULTURAL DOYEN: of Museum), Şehir aarif [Education] is the basis of Yet another important concept is that of phia is the basis of the Maarif Foundation. ve Kültür: İstanbul (City and culture. The word maarif begins mudavamet [sustainability], which means to The foundation, established in Hagia Sophia, AHMET HALUK DURSUN Culture: Istanbul), İncir Çekirdeği: with the letter meem [ ]. This letter keep doing something and to show persever- operated based on a system open to each م :Born in 1957 in Hereke, Kocaeli, Hereke’den Çıktım Yola (Fig Seeds meem points to its importance, be- ance and continuity doing it; this leads to reg- segment of society, not exclusive to those at- Hagia Sophia is the basis م Prof. Dr. Ahmet Haluk Dursun was Setting off from Hereke), and a person of culture who stood as Medeniyet Köprüsü Beş Şehirli Mcause in Ottoman , the private secretary ularly doing that thing. tending madrassas. While not an alternative as an exemplar for others through (The Bridge of Civilization: Five would place the letter meem on documents carry- And now we have come to the last of the of the Maarif Foundation. to the official system, it is nonetheless a sys- his life and works. Haluk Dursun Urbanites). ing a particular importance. The letter meem would concepts worthy of meem: mektep [school]. The foundation, established tem more easily accessible to the public, not was a historian and intellectual Prof. Dr. Haluk Dursun who with a huge obsession and devotion have the note "Please take the accorded necessary When combined, school and sustainability in Hagia Sophia, operated bound by time; it offers the liberty of choos- had striven to raise morally toward Hagia Sophia and affection action" written under it. Not every document con- obtain much more value. ing one's instructor, and for this exact reason, mature and dignified people while based on a system open to toward the , Anatolia, also applying what he advised tained meem. When I take a look at my life, even “Whoever regularly participates at a it is a system that offers lifelong learning un- Istanbul, and Canakkale while each segment of society, not first into his own life is one of the my bureaucratic life, both of which appear to be school, constrained by the institutive framework. performing significant tasks in substantial role models for the ever closer to their end, I see the matters in front of Allah becomes their personal master” exclusive to those attending Those who’d not had the chance to study the public sphere both as a traveler youth with all his characteristic madrassas. and author alongside his academic which I have placed the meem. What stands out most (Abdul Hamid Ziyaeddin) at a madrassa but were enthusiastic about get- dimensions. He passed into career. among these matters is education, which has been a This couplet from our national corpus ting educated found the opportunity to cul- eternity on August 19, 2019. Being a fascinating book constant throughout my entire life. of poetry summarizes the relation between tivate themselves at Hagia Sophia; there was One year before his death, himself to read, our dear mentor our late mentor at the Maarif Education is the foundation of culture, because knowledge and sustainability very decently. cation even fuels ignorance, which is one of no need to construct a building specifically has left behind a legacy of Foundation shared with us his education intertwines ingenuity, training, and dis- It was written as a tribute to his excellency the fundamental issues we face today. There designed for education. They invested in peo- literature awaiting study, the ideal regarding our educational cipline within it. One needs to first clarify the fol- Ali ibn Abi Talib who is considered to be the is an old saying that goes “This level of igno- ple instead of buildings through the facilities most essential of which includes and cultural life, which made İstanbul’da Yaşama Sanatı lowing concepts: gateway of knowledge. rance can only be attained by education.” A Hagia Sophia provided. It sufficed for people us admire his broad horizons. (The Art of Living in Istanbul), What is training? What is discipline? What exact- dangerous aspect of schools is the probability to sit down on the floor in a circle. Following his advice Nil’den Tuna’ya Osmanlı Yazıları "Don't trust your memory. Always ly are education, ingenuity, and wisdom? All these NO SCHOOL WITHOUT WISDOM! of raising ignorant diploma-wielding people. (Ottoman Manuscripts from write things down, archive and concepts need to be pondered over and over. Schools become dangerous when they are PUBLIC EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES the Nile to the Danube), Tuna keep records of them," we present Meem in terms of the concepts of marifet [inge- not based on wisdom. THE BASIS OF MAARIF [EDUCATION] NOT CONSTRAINED TO A LOCALE Güzellemesi (In Praise of the his views, which we’ve compiled Danube), Osmanlı Coğrafyasına nuity], muktesebat [knowledge], muamelat [con- "Behold the ascetic who wishes to know LIES IN HAGIA SOPHIA But how did it come to be? In Hagia Sophia, from his speech here as we Yolculuk (Journeys in the duct], muhkem [precise information], mudava- and show the true way, Hagia Sophia holds special importance in some spots where salaat was performed commemorate our dear teacher who Ottoman Geography), Boğaziçi’nde has left a beautiful mark behind met [sustainability], and mektep [school]! [...] only starting school the other day as- terms of the ingenious education it offered. were elevated to that end. These are called Kırk Yılım (My Forty Years at with gratitude and pleasant Among all these, marifet [ingenuity] has vital im- piring to become a master today" Apart from the Hagia Sophia madrassa, the maksure or mahfil [spatial units with specif- Boğaziçi), Ayasofya Müzesi Kültür memories. May he be surrounded Schools may unwittingly cause arrogance indoor environment of the Hagia Sophia ic uses in religious structures of Islamic ar- Envanteri (Cultural Inventory by the grace and blessings of Allah. while educating. So, is education an antidote Mosque and sanctuary were designated to chitecture], they became loca. These areas for ignorance? Not always, sometimes edu- serve as educational institutes. Hagia So- were traced with rather thin layers of wood

98 99 maarif maarif Back then, we had a type of person particular to us. PORTRE Particular in terms of their behaviors, attitudes, and mystical aura... One of the most serious things currently missing from our social scenery is such people, people who are gradually becoming extinct.

around them. And inside these, public class- to us. Particular in terms of their behaviors, es took place. A space not separated by any attitudes, and mystical aura... We do not see windows or doors. Dersiams [a mudarris these kinds of people around anymore. who educates the public] would obtain their FIVE PEOPLE FROM ONE CULTURE: pedagogical formation from madrassas and, Mahir İz, Fethi Gemuhluoğlu, Ali Fuat Başgil, by so doing, become eligible to provide pub- Süheyl Ünver, Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdi. formation one receives in a school or at any ceived also has no value. lic educational service. Often, they would During my time as an undersecretary at the institution, the neighborhood is the place Educators are responsible for the quality of give lectures while leaning against a pillar Ministry of Culture, we researched on identify- where that information comes to life. What people the children take as their compan- during the breaks between salaats. ing five culturally intelligent people who could neighborhood does one leave for at the end ions. They are not responsible only till the channel that kind of intelligence to others. of a day at school? At which gathering places lessons are over; they should take an interest LIFELONG VOLUNTARY PUBLIC Sometimes it is not the writings of a per- does one hang out? This is very important. It in whom the children hang out with, which EDUCATION IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE son that are fruitful but their conversations is the neighborhood rather than the school neighborhoods and which gathering places Enthusiasts would choose the lessons they and attitudes. One person like that was Ma- that shapes the person and their main char- children go, and what kinds of impacts these would like to be a part of and also their in- hir İz; he had a certain aura that could form acteristics. will have. One must not underestimate the structors by carefully listening to the lec- teams, staff, and ultimately a generation. One In old İstanbul, knowing someone’s neigh- value of this cultural element of companion- turers. Maybe one would listen to the ha- of the first intellectuals to come to mind is borhood and gathering places was important ship, especially in education! Do you know dith class for a bit, and become a regular in Fethi Gemuhluoğlu. We also included the late in forming opinions about that person. What what UNESCO has chosen as our intangible Prof. Dr. Haluk that class if convinced of the lecturer’s abil- Ali Fuat Başgil on the list, as he thought ex- are their closer relationships like? Where is cultural heritage? Sohbets [traditional meet- Dursun with ity; if not, then one would look for another Prof. Dr. Fuat tensively on the youth and has also written a their gathering place? In other words, the reli- ings for just having conversations]. class beside it, perhaps a [specula- Sezgin book addressing them. ability of the environment outside the institu- tive theology]. Another important person included on the tion is also important. If the pupil runs away BECOMING AN ORGANIZATIONAL This type of class was publicly accessi- list is Süheyl Ünver. If we do not acknowledge from the school when the teacher finishes MEMBER IS ESSENTIAL FOR ble. One stood off to the side and listened quilt store at the Grand Bazaar who could not Süheyl Ünver, we will not have a complete class, that training will not have much of a STUDENTS to a class before deciding. If the topic of the afford education but were full of enthusiasm view of our civilization. With his valuable ide- long-term effect. Therefore, the environment Being a boarding student, and thus being a lesson or the lecturer appealed to them in had the opportunity to educate themselves as regarding the field of architecture, Ekrem outside the school must also be regulated. member of an organization, means being a any way and if they believed it would add to through public lectures. A student who at- Hakkı Ayverdi was another important figure regular and sleeping under the roof of an ed- their knowledge, they would go up, sit down We need to take educational tended lectures consistently could request to to be included on our list. He was a great man OUR INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE: ucational organization. The Enderun School on the floor, and become a part of that cir- sources as well as sources be subjected to a test if they were convinced not to be overlooked as he refreshed our cul- COMPANIONSHIP (MUSAHIPLIK) in Topkapı Palace had organizations specially cle. No need for registration or any other of ingenuity very seriously that they were at a decent level for that topic. tural memory of architecture in the Ottoman Our educational issues have another ele- set for each educational department; the at- kind of procedure. As far as I could identify, alongside resources like And those who passed the test were eligible Empire and introduced the topic of architec- ment that has been forgotten but which I tendants would be students from a certain or- these lectures were offered in 12 distinct ed- books and scholastic to earn a diploma. One could gain a scholarly tural heritage back onto our agenda. find very important: musahiplik [compan- ganization, their beds would be made there, ucational fields at Hagia Sophia. These lec- position by earning a diploma demonstrating To form an idea of civilization, these people ionship]. What is a musahip [companion]? and their lectures would also be held there. tures took place simultaneously and were education. This works like the proficiency in a particular field. Important need to be thought of as inseparable parts of A person the Sultan would converse with This educational system is worth considering. given by 12 lecturers. idea of man-to-man marking. people exist in history who gained both in- it. We need to take educational sources as well regularly was called a musahip. The Sultan Picture it, Sheikh Ahmet Remzi Dede from The method is in front of us, genuity and knowledge through this method. as sources of ingenuity very seriously along- would consult these companions on certain WHAT MATTERS IS AWARDING the Mevlevi Lodge at Üsküdar on one side, to put it bluntly, we only need side resources like books and scholastic edu- important issues and converse with them. SOMEONE THE DIPLOMA OF GRACE his excellency Sheikh of Nakshi Halidi Ab- people who have the guts to BACK THEN, WE HAD A TYPE OF cation. This works like the idea of man-to-man Companions would be chosen either from Our biggest problem is that we have forgot- delhakem Arvasi on the other... They would put that method into practice. PERSON PARTICULAR TO US marking. The method is in front of us, to put the ulama class or from among the wise and ten our traditional culture. We have unfor- both give lectures simultaneously under the Following and being around a person who it bluntly, we only need people who have the knowledgeable people. Sometimes mere- tunately burned cultural bridges. Therefore, vault of Hagia Sophia. knows about the traditional way of living and guts to put that method into practice. ly knowing is not enough. Wisdom means we must rebuild these bridges, we must find wished to participate in and would continue culture is very important, someone who both illuminating the future with intuition and ways to reconnect with each other and our PERSONALIZED EDUCATION participating in them in a way befitting to their lives according to those traditional aspects THE NEIGHBORHOOD SHAPES PEOPLE, knowledge acquired from the past. historical cultural memory. We need a gener- Here, the concept of sustainability and be- outlook on life, character traits, and so forth, and channels these aspects to others. One NOT THE SCHOOL THEY ATTEND Companionship is a necessary part of ed- ation that not only has diplomas, but also di- coming a regular of the lectures are also much like choosing lectures from a catalog. of the most serious things currently miss- There are two other keywords. The muhit ucation, politics, and everyday life. Who are plomas of grace. We need to attract the youth necessary if one wishes to develop them- With the publicly accessible lectures, an ing from our social scenery is such people, [neighborhood] and mahfil [gathering place]. the companions of our children? Who do toward this path again. selves further in a given field of knowledge. apprentice working in a pickle store at Beşik- people who are gradually becoming extinct. The environment where one passes time is they chat with? If they have the wrong com- May your ingenuity be fruitful. May Allah One would determine the lectures that one taş or a kalfa [master builder] working in a Back then, we had a type of person particular important. Notwithstanding the kind of in- panions, then all the education they have re- keep you in His Mercy and Protection.

100 101 maarif maarif ANALYSIS

Directive that had taken effect in 1915 cer- International Schools in tainly occupies an important place due to the significant regulations it had imple- mented regarding the establishment and Turkey Throughout History administration of private schools, as well as the qualifications set for staff and insti- The groundwork for the legal arrangements regarding the administration tutions by means of this directive. of private minority schools as well as private foreign and international Although private schools were managed under the Private School Directive up un- schools was based on the Private School Directive which came into effect til the late 1960s, this directive that had in 1915. Non-Muslims who had in principle been citizens of the Ottoman been organized about fifty years prior lost Empire were now free to establish their own educational institutions. After the ability to respond to the educational and instructional needs of that particular the Tanzimat reforms, foreign schools were also established in the land of Hamlin Hall, the first building of time. Thus, the legal arrangement stated in Robert College the Turkish Constitution of 1961 regarding the Ottoman Empire as a result of the attempts at modernization. constructed in 1870 by revision of the principles to which private Cyrus Hamlin. Robert College schools would be subjected was realized Kemal ŞAMLIOĞLU, PhD Rare Collection, through the passing of the Private Educa- University of Member of the Education and Teaching Policies Council of the Presidency of Republic of Turkey Columbia. tional Institutions Law in 1965. A consistent legal arrangement responding to contem- efore the Tanzimat reforms, Ot- and Russia was to promote their respective porary needs was put into effect in 2007. toman society had organized it- cultures across the territories of the Otto- self around the basis of religion. man Empire. I. MINORITY SCHOOLS Thus, education had also been With the effect of Western moderniza- In the Ottoman Empire, education was Bstructured according to the framework of tion kept increasing over time, the minority mostly in a state of fusion with religious distinct belief systems. Within a variety of and foreign schools that had at first been practices. Sultan Mehmet II had encoun- educational institutions born out of differ- received negatively by the Muslim majori- tered three prominent communities at the ent religious systems, private schools for ty were later chosen by those whose object time of the conquest of Istanbul: of minorities most noteworthily had been es- was to gain status easily. Meanwhile, by the Orthodox Church, Armenians of the tablished by the Greek (Rum), Armenian, modeling their schools after the Western Apostolic Church, and . With the Gal- and Jewish communities. educational system, Turkish entrepreneurs ata Treaty, Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror Certain foreign agents judged that their established private Turkish schools for granted these communities the right to languages be obligatorily spread in the land those who did not want to send their chil- speak their own languages and to receive of the Ottoman Empire as the Ottoman dren off to the minority or foreign private education in their native tongues, as well as borders were expanding, which resulted in schools for a Westernized education. granting them the freedom to practice their increased economic and political relations As for the international schools, they were religions and belief systems right after he with the European states. Several foreign established after the Law on Private Educa- captured Istanbul. schools that offered instruction in various tional Institutions was enacted in 1983 in or- The liberties allowed to the Greek, Arme- languages were established by foreign na- der to fulfill the educational needs of foreign nian, and Jewish communities for observ- tional associations and by foreign states students. At present, four types of private ing their linguistic and religious practices themselves for the purpose of spreading schools exist in Turkey: Turkish, minority, paved the way for the foundation of church their languages across the Ottoman Empire. foreign, and international private schools. schools. After being organized for each sect The purpose behind the establishment When examining the legal arrange- On top, the Phanar separately, these church schools, which Greek Orthodox College of these schools commissioned by coun- ments regarding the administration of pri- as viewed from the had started with a couple of classrooms at tries such as the United States of America, vate (i.e., foreign, minority, and interna- , below the first, began offering education as schools of Bulgarian Church on the France, England, , Italy, Austria, tional private) schools, the Private School shoreline different sects over time.

102 103 maarif maarif ANALYSIS

On the left, eign schools. In this context, Catholic or- Saint Benoit, Greek Schools the first ganizations were at the forefront before the foreign school th Phanar Greek Orthodox College is the old- established in 17 century. The of est Greek school in Istanbul. In this respect, the Ottoman founded The Congregation for the Evange- Empire; on the this Greek school (est. 1454) is generally right, Notre lization of Peoples in order to train young recognized as the first minority school, yet Dame de Sion missionaries; the Roman Catholic mission- French High it is also known by the name Patriarchate School. ary organization of The Society of Foreign School since it had been under the patron- Missions was similarly established in Paris. age of the patriarchate before the conquest Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, of Istanbul. several new organizations continued be- Another Greek school is Kuruçeşme ing established in quick succession. As for University, located with its hospitals at Ku- the Protestant missionary activities, they ruçeşme. Not directly connected to the gained momentum in the 19th century. In A group patriarchate, the medical school contained While minority schools had the appear- photograph 1849, the parliament of London formed an of students within the structure of the university was ance of being surveilled by the govern- attending the organization to promote Christianity all acknowledged as the official school of med- ment, they governed their institutions inde- American over the world and in this respect installed Academy for Girls icine. It resumed its educational activities pendently via patriarchates and rabbinates. in Istanbul. more than a thousand centers in England, up until the Greek revolt of 1820 and the While minority schools These schools not only taught the children Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, the Unit- deportation of the Greek interpreters from had the appearance their mother tongues but also acted with ed States of America, and Russia. the . of being surveilled by the aim of increasing the influence of their Educational institutions, most of which the government, they respective sects so that minorities could were governed by religious foundations, Armenian Schools governed their institutions gain independence. Western countries sup- had established schools to carry out edu- No trace is found of Armenian educational independently via ported minorities in various aspects during cational activities and printing houses to foundations in the Ottoman Empire from the last phase of the Ottoman Empire with make publications in line with their specif- the time of the conquest of Istanbul up until patriarchates and rabbinates. the aim of gaining influence over Ottoman ic endeavors. Many of the religious works the late 18th century. While some specific society and its administration. Many coun- taught in different languages in schools Armenian foundations offered religious ed- tries sought exploitive ways to attract a were printed by these printing houses. ucation until 1790, these foundations only minority group more closely resembling The Catholic and Protestant missionar- temporarily maintained their practices by at Langa and Surp Lusaroviç at Balat were themselves through political, militaristic, ies scattered around the lands of the Otto- courtesy of personal influences. Addition- also founded by Amira Miricanyan. During and economic plans directed against the man Empire carried out various activities ally, the Imperial Order of 1719 given to the that time, Nersesyan School at Hasköy had Ottoman Empire. Foreign states continued through religious organizations, schools, Armenian Patriarch of Istanbul Hovhannes gained great importance. In line with the supporting minority groups throughout the and institutions. Some of these activities in- Golod stated that Armenians who settled need for higher education for the elementa- War of Independence after the success of II. FOREIGN SCHOOLS instructing the children of the community clude handing out holy scriptures, releasing at Kumkapı and around its vicinity after ry school graduates, Cemaran School (est. which the fate of minority schools became As the establishment and development of according to their religious practices. Set- journals, indoctrinating, and doing charity the conquest of Istanbul had had a school 1838) in Üsküdar is another school founded a big debate of the peace talks. minority schools in the Ottoman Empire tling in the Church of Saint Benoit, these Jes- works both great and small. To this end, the known as Mangantz Varjadun [Discipline by the Armenian community. In consequence, the Greek, Armenian, and cannot be considered separate from the uits founded a school within the English established institutions over several School for Children]. Jewish minority schools, protected by the privileges granted to these communities by and named it the School of Saint Benoit, places, and these institutions administered Still, the school that had been established Jewish Schools Treaty of Lausanne, are private schools that Sultan , the founda- the first foreign school founded in the Ot- several schools. in the Amlorti Monastery around Bitlis at The Jewish population at the time of the continue offering education to citizens of the tion of foreign schools also cannot be con- toman Empire. Afterward, Capuchin friars Foreign schools that carry out education- the beginning of the 15th century is known conquest of Istanbul was not very signifi- Republic of Turkey. These schools continue sidered independent from the capitulations from France established the School of Saint al practices within the scope of the Law on to have been renamed the Ottoman Univer- cant. However, the Jews who migrated from carrying out educational practices within the and endeavors of Western countries to gain Georges next to the Church of Saint Georg- Private Educational Institutions draw their sity (Dār al-Fünūn) post-1710. An all-girls in 1492 and soon after from Portugal framework of the terms of the Law on Private influence over Ottoman lands. es in 1629. The establishment of the first legal status from the letters exchanged school was also established under the pa- contributed largely to the Jewish population Educational Institutions and under the 40th In 1583 after the Ottoman Empire capit- American Protestant missionary school was alongside the Treaty of Lausanne. Although tronage of Patriarch Nalia between 1741-45. in the land of the Ottoman Empire; over and 41st Articles of Agreement #340 dated ulated to France, Pope Gregory XIII sent in Beirut in 1824, after which the number of no mention of foreign schools occurred in As for the first official school, it was estab- time, the Jewish communities had grown 1923; 3,453 students from minority groups five priests from the order of the Society foreign schools climbed rapidly. the Treaty of Lausanne, Lausanne letters lished by Amira Miricanyan at Kumkapı in in number and began to establish their own are enrolled in their respective minority of Jesus to Istanbul upon the request of Missionary activities are the cornerstone inform that the privileges and guarantees of 1790. The schools of Surp Hreshtagabed schools. schools, of which 59 are still active in Turkey. the administration with the aim of of the foundation and development of for- the foreign schools established before Oc-

104 105 maarif maarif 6,993 students are currently enrolled in the ANALYSIS 12 schools established by France, Austria, INSTITUTIONAL Germany, Italy, and the USA through the Law on Private Educational Institutions.

tober 30, 1918 would continue. The Turkish Merzifon Amerikan Koleji Turkey's Global State has addressed these letters as if they were the Articles from the Treaty of Laus- Brand in Education: anne. 6,993 students are currently enrolled in the 12 schools established by France, Aus- The Turkish tria, Germany, Italy, and the USA through the Law on Private Educational Institutions. Maarif We as the Turkish Maarif Foundation, maintain our activities with a total of 41,364 III. INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS students in 328 schools, 1 university, and 11 educational centers in 42 countries Foundation within the framework of the Strategies, Objectives, Activities and Indicators first With the legal arrangement of the Law on implemented in 2017 within the framework of the First Strategic Plan. New student Private Educational Institutions in 1983, in- The Turkish Maarif enrollments are ongoing. ternational schools were formed that would Foundation, which defines respond to foreign students’ educational its most basic vision as being framework of the principles of trust, coop- The Turkish Maarif Foundation has so far needs. eration and solidarity, transparency, compe- opened representative offices in 50 coun- Despite the legal permission for the es- a pioneer and reliable mark tence and merit, inclusiveness and cultural tries and established official contact with tablishment of these schools, international in the field of education, depth in education, universality, insistence 100 countries. The foundation’s activities schools could not be established for two had focused on establishing on goodness, and respect for locals. continue with a total of 41,364 students in years because of the severe conditions laid The First Strategic Plan defined the foun- 328 schools, 1 university, and 11 educational down regarding their opening. Thus, with activities between 2017- dation’s mission as “being a pioneering ed- centers in 42 countries within the framework the rearrangement of the Law on Private REFERENCES ucational institution where good people are of the Strategies, Objectives, Activities and 24 July 1923]. İstanbul. Maallim Ahmet Halit 2019 in accordance with Educational Institutions, schools of interna- Akyüz, Y. (2013). Türk Eğitim Tarihi. M. Ö. Kitaphanesi. the First Strategic Plan and raised to use their knowledge and wisdom Indicators first implemented in 2017 within tional status were founded in 1985 directly 1000-M.S. 2009 [History of Turkish Education for the peace and tranquility of humanity.” the framework of the First Strategic Plan. between 1000 BCE- 2009 AD]. Ankara. Pegem Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Bilişim Sistemleri. (2020). either by foreign natural and legal persons Akademi Yayıncılık. Özel Öğretim Kurumları Modülü İstatistikleri now focuses on institutional This plan was prepared by the foundation’s New student enrollments are ongoing. [Private Educational Institutions Statistics] or through partnerships with Turkish cit- Akbulut, O. (2016). Türk Eğitim Tarihinde Özel development and quality board of directors to cover the years 2017- The Turkish Maarif Foundation con- Miroğlu, İ. (1989). Devrinde Osmanlı izens within the framework of the Law on Okulların Hukuki Dayanağı ve Tarihi Gelişimi 2019. The Turkish Maarif Foundation’s net- ducts effective educational activities [Legal Basis and Historical Development of İmparatorluğu [Ottoman Empire during the in education according to Foreign Investment Incentives. Additional- Private Schools in the History of Turkish Educa- reign of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror] C-10. work of schools covers five continents and by developing programs on acquiring İstanbul. Çağ Yayınları. ly, Turkish citizens and legal persons were tion] Milli Eğitim Uzmanlık Tezi. Ankara. the Second Strategic Plan of contributes to the internationalization of knowledge, skills, and values with ver- stated to be able to establish international Atuf, N. (1930). Türkiye Maarif Tarihi Hakkında Özel Öğretim Kurumları Kanunu [Law of Private 2020-2023. education in Turkey through international satile applications in accordance with Bir Deneme [An Essay on the System of Educa- Educational Institutions] (14/2/2007). Resmi schools in their name. 12,592 students are tion in Turkey]. Ankara. Muallim Ahmet Halit Gazete (Sayı: 26434). Erişim adresi: https:// education fairs as well as cooperation proto- modern educational criteria, the edu- Kitaphanesi. www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5580. enrolled in the 228 international schools pdf Metin Zamantioğlu cols among public institutions, organizations, cational philosophy the foundation has that were first established in 1987; these Ergin, O. (1977). İstanbul Mektepleri ve İlim, and universities. The Turkish Maarif Founda- adopted, and the interests and abilities Terbiye ve Sanat Müesseseleri Dolayısıyle Türk Özkan, S. (2014). Türk Eğitim Tarihi [History of schools still maintain their educational Maarif Tarihi [Schools of Istanbul and Turkish Education in Turkey]. Ankara. Nobel Yayınevi. he Turkish Maarif Foundation tion has established ties with Turks dispersed of its students. The Second Strategic Plan practices today. International schools pro- Educational History on account of the Insti- Tozlu, N. (1991). Kültür ve Eğitim Tarihimizde defines its main purpose as throughout the world by opening centers in for 2020-2023 includes new strategies, tutions of Science, Discipline, and Art]. V. 1-5 vide great opportunities in terms of the di- Yabancı Okullar [Foreign Schools within the providing formal and mass ed- line with the demands of Turkish citizens and goals, and indicators for improving the İstanbul. Eser Matbaası. context of our Cultural and Educational Histo- versity of the programs they offer and the ucation services abroad and family members living abroad; it provides sig- standards of quality for education, cur- Güven, İ. (2013). Türk Eğitim Tarihi [Education- ry]. Ankara. Akçağ Yayınları. relations that form between Turkey and al ]. . Paradigma Vahapoğlu, M. H. (1990). Osmanlı’dan Tdeveloping these services based on the nificant contributions to the entrepreneurial riculum, human resources, and physical other countries. Akademi Yayınları. Günümüze Azınlık Ve Yabancı Okullar common knowledge and values of human- and humanitarian foreign policy of Turkey environments. The foundation contrib- (Yönetimleri açısından) [Minority and Foreign Haydaroğlu, İ. P. (1990). Osmanlı İmparator- While Minority Schools were established Schools from the times of the Ottoman Empire ity. Its fundamental mission is to carry out as well as to public/cultural/educational di- utes to the internationalization of edu- luğu’nda Yabancı Okullar [Foreign Schools in to today (regarding their respective adminis- through the Treaty of Lausanne in the Re- the Ottoman Empire]. Ankara. Kültür Bakanlığı comprehensive educational activities based plomacy through the methods employed in cation in the 42 countries where Turkish trations)]. Ankara. Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Yayınları. public of Turkey, foreign schools also car- Enstitüsü Yayınları. on the common knowledge of humanity all its activities in accordance with international Maarif Foundation Schools are located Kocabaşoğlu, U. (1988). Osmanlı İmparator- ried out educational practices within cer- Yazıcı, A. (2010). Türkiye’de Azınlık, Yabancı ve over the world and the ancient wisdom of developments. and the 55 countries where it operates luğunda XIX. Yüzyılda Amerikan Matbaaları ve Türk Özel Okulları (1950–1960). (Yüksek lisans tain limits through the Lausanne letters. Yayımcılığı [American Printing and Publish- Anatolia. In addition, its most basic vision is The First Strategic Plan of 2017-2019, with by transferring international experienc- tezi) [Minority, Foreign, and Turkish Private ing Houses in the Ottoman Empire in the Over time, the revision of certain legal ar- Schools in Turkey 1950-60, M.A. Thesis]. YÖK to be a pioneering and reliable educational its nine strategies, 21 goals, 53 activities, es. The foundation is also constantly im- 19th century]. Murat Sarıca Armağanı. İstanbul. Ulusal Tez Merkezi. (Tez No. 277471). rangements that provided the opportunity Aybay Yayınları. institution whose brand is to raise virtuous and 155 indicators, includes important in- proving its own system by allowing for Yelkenci, Ö. F. (Ed.). (2010). Türk Modernleşm- for also establishing international schools Koçu, R. E. (1934). Osmanlı Muahedeleri ve individuals who use their knowledge and dicators for establishing and developing the the opportunity to compare and evaluate esi ve II. Abdülhamid’in Eğitim Hamlesi [Mod- Kapitülasyonlar 1300-1920 ve Lozan Muahedesi has fostered a diversified educational space ernization of Turkey and Educational Initiatives wisdom for the peace and tranquility of hu- administrative culture of the young Turkish education systems and the knowledge 24 Temmuz 1923 [Ottoman Treaties and Capit- of Abdelhamid II]. İstanbul. Kaknüs Yayınları. for foreign students in Turkey. ulations 1300-1920 and the Treaty of Lausanne manity. It carries out its activities within the Maarif Foundation. obtained from different countries.

106 107 maarif maarif The Second Strategic Plan for 2020-2023 includes INSTITUTIONAL new strategies, goals, and indicators for improving EDUCATION WORLD the standards of quality for education, curriculum, Editors human resources, and physical environments. Yunus Emre Gedikli, Yunus Emre Acar, Yusuf İhsan Tokel, Selda Sert

The strategy, goal, and performance indi- cators of the Second Strategic Plan for 2020- An Innovation 2023 is handled within the framework of in Learning: qualities, capacities, and resources and were established to include the criteria of efficien- Adaptive cy, effectiveness, and sustainability. This Second Strategic Plan is a road map that will Learning allow the foundation to carry out its activities in the next four years effectively and efficient- Algorithms ly in line with its growth and development trends and to achieve its targeted quality-ori- ented structure of corporate governance. s a result of educational develop- The most recent strategy of the founda- A ments and research practices, we tion (i.e., developing corporate culture and have passed the era of prescriptive learn- quality) includes goals such as being a com- ing and teaching, an era in which a single petent and reliable brand Institution with formula was accepted as correct in the international standards, ensuring the devel- processes of learning and teaching, where correctly, they are directed to an easier opment of management culture and digital and 150 indicators from the 4 strategies out- To provide qualified employment with a single methodology of assessment and level, and if they keep answering incor- transformation in business processes, devel- lined above. professional qualifications according to learning was deemed acceptable while rectly, the system gradually reduces the oping corporate communication and pro- To become self-sufficient within the national and international standards, ignoring the rest. With the increased use difficulty level of the questions, provid- motional activities, being a bridge between limits of the foundation’s resources for To be an international brand in educa- of adaptive learning algorithms in educa- “Dijital Uyarlanabilir Öğrenme ing the student with the most suitable Turkey and relevant countries, contributing financing its activities, tion with competent curricula, materi- tion technologies, the facts that everyone Araçları”, bir öğrenciye difficulty level possible. to Turkish becoming an international lan- To carry out educational activities in at als, and educators, has unique learning experiences and pro- Adaptive Sequence: This uses the guage, and strengthening the guidance and least half of the countries that are United To establish the International Maarif cesses has become evident, and learning gerçek zamanlı bireysel most comprehensive algorithm among supervision system. Nations members, Education Accreditation System, and experiences can change based on a per- destek sağlayan, öğrencinin all the other adaptive learning tools. Ensuring financial competence is the aim To reach a competitive structure by im- To carry out personal development son's specific needs with the help of ar- bir içerikle mümkün olduğu These tools continuously collect stu- of the second goal, created to ensure finan- proving the Maarif Educational Standards, practices in schools for the purpose of tificial intelligence and machine learning kadar etkileşime girmesine dent-based performance data, simulta- cial resource diversity, effectiveness, -effi To increase the number of distance edu- thinking, designing, and producing with algorithms. izin veren eğitim teknolojileri neously analyzing this data and adjust- ciency, and sustainability. cation centers based on information and a focus on science, art, music, sports, In a report prepared by Pearson to- olarak tanımlanmaktadır. ing the topic and difficulty level of the Strengthening human resources is ad- communication technologies, and culture. gether with the company EdSurge, digital next question accordingly. dressed within the scope of the third goal. To prepare digital educational content The Turkish Maarif Foundation is on its adaptive learning tools have been simply For education to become comprehen- Goals such as training human resources with that contributes to education, training, way to becoming an educational institution defined as education technologies for sive, students need to be made aware of professional competencies at national and and management processes and to im- contributing to world peace by raising good students that allow for maximum inter- In general, adaptive learning tools their shortcomings to help them better international standards, carrying out studies plement innovative educational models people and strengthening the humanitarian action with content and that are able to can provide services for three kinds of themselves alongside acknowledging to provide qualified employment, and carry- in cooperation with internationally and cultural ties among Turkey and other respond to a student’s individual needs adaptive assets. A software program students as they are. Rather than solely ing out monitoring and guidance processes preferred education networks nations in the world through its represent- in real-time by automatically providing should include at least one of these to be focusing on an individual’s shortcom- are included in this strategy. To be a competent and reliable brand atives in 52 countries, its internationally and the student with individual support. considered adaptive: ings, comprehensive education becomes As a final strategy, having an international with international standards in order to nationally employed staff employed, and These tools collect data about individual Adaptive Content: The tools provid- about removing the obstacles standing in brand in education includes goals such as improve corporate culture and quality, over 40,000 students worldwide. The basic students’ habits and behaviors by track- ing this service simply respond to a stu- the way of an individual realizing their improving the quality of education, devel- To carry the institution’s digital transfor- principles of the foundation include trust, co- ing how they answer questions. Then, dent's incorrect answers with additional true potential. In this respect, these adap- oping an assessment and evaluation system, mation over to administrative processes operation and solidarity, transparency, com- based on students’ unique behaviors and learning resources on a given topic. tive learning tools are widely believed to ensuring school diversity, ensuring digital and to carry education to ideal levels, petence and merit, encompassing inclusive- answers, these tools redirect the learning Adaptive Assessment: This kind of be able to positively affect students’ indi- transformation in education, and shifting to To act as a bridge between Turkey and ness in education, respect and universality. experience to better respond to the stu- assessment changes the topic and diffi- vidual development. the International Maarif Education Accredi- related countries through education, It is aimed to make our Foundation a global dents' needs. By receiving real-time feed- culty of questions algorithmically based tation System. To ensure the financial efficiency and educational brand in with a quality-oriented back, students become aware of their on whether the student had answered https://www.pearson.com/content/dam/ one-dot-com/one-dot-com/global/Files/ The following activities can be said to be sustainability of the foundation by in- management process with the 2020-2023 shortcomings and the points on which the previous question correctly or not. about-pearson/innovation/Pearson-Decoding- targeted through the 17 goals, 44 activities, creasing the diversity of its resources Strategy Plan. they might improve. If the student answers a question in- Adaptive-v5-Web.pdf

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The Importance of heart and lungs. Significant differences Teaching How to Teach: occur in children who play sports with Games And regard to muscle and joint develop- How to Make Online Learning ment compared to their peers who do Sports In Child not play sports. This healthy devel- More Effective opment in children who play sports Development radically reduces the risk of developing vascular and cardiovascular diseases in ith the changes in educational ports, which have a significant role old age. W approaches following the pan- S in children’s healthy development, demic, students’ adaptation process- are more important than ever due to Sports Improve One’s Sense of es have been discussed more widely the lack of physical activity that defines Discipline and Responsibility than teachers’ adaptation processes. our current era. For children, sports Children who play sports in high school However, teachers evidently also play an important role not just in terms in particular have a more pronounced need to go through this adaptation The program has six categories. of their physical development but also sense of responsibility compared to process. Teachers have encountered • The Difference in Online Educa- in terms of their mental, cognitive, their peers. Regular and hard training a paradigm shift in terms of class tion, have different developmental processes focus. They are less likely to experience personal, and interpersonal develop- to reach a specific goal leads to chil- regulation and management. Teach- • Designing Online Learning Expe- compared to their peers. distractions and mental fatigue both at ment. Inactivity and a lack of sports dren also developing the habit of acting ers with inadequate knowledge on riences, developmental ages and later in life. Regu- ultimately leads children to develop Sports Promote Mental Balance responsibly in other dimensions of how to use technology in particular • Pedagogical Strategies, lar activities have prominence as effective diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and Children who engage in team sports in their lives. Furthermore, children who are the ones who will face major • Technology as a Tool, ways of having children avoid developing attention deficit disorder. Children particular develop social skills. They play team sports gain important assets problems in the adaptation process. • Community Building, depressive mental structures. who spend most of their time in front acquire the skill of coming up with quick in terms of discipline and complying To minimize the negative impact • Digital Well-Being of tablets, televisions, and computers solutions in their team or to the problems Sports Boost Immunity with rules. these problems weighing on teachers Teachers’ adaptation process will and avoid sports become vulnerable they face. Additionally, children who Those who start playing sports at a young have, the world-renowned K-12 digital gain momentum after participating to developing chronic diseases later in actively play sports are notably different age develop a healthier digestive system as https://www.cocukludunya.com/uzman-yazi- content provider ClickView has in this 100%-free open-access pro- lari/cocuk-gelisiminde-sporun-onemi.html life. Children who actively play sports in terms of their reflexes and ability to well as healthier vital organs such as the produced the TOM (Teaching Online gram that has been formed with the Masterclass) initiative in partnership contribution of volunteers all over with Makematic, Adobe, and iCivics. the world. With the contribution of volunteer Online Education Offered By program began developing an online global average. “The GPA of students teachers from around the world, this https://edtechnology.co.uk/sponsored/ leading-edtech-companies-join-forces-to- degree program with Pamoja – one of taking courses from Pamoja was program is completely free of charge. create-free-online-teaching-masterclass/ International Education Programs the world’s leading ed-tech companies. 4.78 between 2014-2018, while the IB The vast majority of IB Diploma courses global degree average was 4.66.” All nternational education programs, are delivered online through programs these indicate that, with the return to I whose degrees are valid in many shaped through the framework of traditional learning spaces in the near countries around the world, have gained students’ changing needs over the past future, online learning and curricu- prevalence in distance education due to 15 years. As of 2019, Pamoja has started lum preparation processes need to the pandemic. These programs, which providing the same services in Cam- be reevaluated and reorganized in ac- aim to use both formal and distance bridge-accredited international schools, cordance with these new parameters. education after the pandemic ends, have making online versions of courses found collaborated with many digital service in the Cambridge curricula available to providers to create an effective learning students from these schools. https://www.studyinternational.com/ 2020/04/29/5-reasons-ib-courses-online/ environment. Statistics demonstrate that the grades https://www.ibo.org/programmes/diploma- In 2004, International Baccalau- of students who’ve taken some of their programme/dp-online/ reate’s (IB) international education courses online using Pamoja surpass the

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Parents Are Watching Like Never Before – ‘Trust Us’ Is Not Enough

fter teachers and students, par- While this transparent space A ents are the third most impor- enables closer relations, it has also tant agent in learning. Every parent increased each agent’s responsibili- monitors their child’s education, albeit ties in the learning process. Parents at different levels of care based on play a prominent role in terms of Renewable the parent’s academic experiences providing children with access to sociocultural development. As the distance learning platforms, helping Energy Projects process of digitalization in education children acquire the skills for using In Education gains speed and distance education online platforms, and supporting becomes more and more prevalent, their learning processes. new renewables project has been parents have gained the opportunity With all the experience gained in A launched with an investment of to monitor their children’s education this process, the common goal is to close to €1m from Microsoft Ireland in more closely. make the “new normal” better than partnership with SSE Airtricity, one of the Through online learning, educators the old one, to make it one in which leading renewable energy firms in Ireland. have gained access to students’ homes all agents interact with each other. Within the scope of the project, schools and parents within their classrooms, will generate their energy from solar providing transparency for both par- panel systems installed on the rooftops of ties. Parents can now see exactly what https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/ schools in Ireland. Another objective of 2020/11/19/parents-are-watching-like- teachers are and are not giving their the project is to educate students on how never-before-trust.html?intc=main- children. They hear how teachers talk mpsmvs to fight climate change. to students and learn what teachers Digital screens have been installed in 27 believe about their children. schools to enable students to track energy use in real-time. The project also plans to provide students with information about the dangers posed by climate change. As part of the project, the role technology can play against these challenges will be demonstrated through awareness-raising efforts. The syllabus of the project has three parts: renewable energy, sustainability, and technology. As part of the project, the solar panel sys- tems, which will be connected to Microsoft Azure via Azure IoT, will be installed in 27 primary and secondary schools across Con- naught, Leinster, and Munster. In 15 years, the solar panels are expected to prevent

about 2.1 million kilograms of C02 emissions.

https://www.renews.biz/63394/microsoft-sse- airtricity-saving-irish-schools-energy/

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