Pseudanabaena cf. moniliformis, a new toxic cyanobacterium from Vietnam.
Ngyen, L.T.T.; Daugbjerg, Niels; Moestrup, Øjvind
Publication date: 2006
Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Citation for published version (APA): Ngyen, L. T. T., Daugbjerg, N., & Moestrup, Ø. (2006). Pseudanabaena cf. moniliformis, a new toxic cyanobacterium from Vietnam.. Abstract from XII international conference on harmful algal blooms., København, Denmark.
Download date: 26. sep.. 2021 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE
12th International Conference on Harmful Algae
PROGRAMME and ABSTRACTS
Copenhagen, Denmark 4-8 September 2006 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
12th International Conference on Harmful Algae
PROGRAMME AND ABSTRACTS
1 SAS_S34GA4_Summer_Flower 02/08/06 13:01 Side 1
Dear participant Welcome to Denmark – ever asked a Dane what ”hygge” means...? www.flysas.com INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Table of Contents Page no.
ISSHA Conference Committee & Local Organising Committee 4
Exhibitors 6
Venue Map 7
Programme Outline 8
Oral Presentation Programme 10
Oral Abstracts 25
Symposia, Wednesday 6 September 82
Poster Programme 86
Poster Abstracts 118
Social Programme 315
ISSHA General Assembly and Auction 319
ISSHA Auction Catalogue 328
Practical Information 329
List of Restaurants 331
List of Participants 335
Author Index 361
For your own notes 397
Conference Proceedings 402
3 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
ISSHA CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
Don Anderson, USA Allan Cembella, Germany Barrie Dale, Norway Greg Doucette, USA Henrik Enevoldsen, IOC Gustaaf Hallegraeff, Australia KC Ho, China/Hong Kong Jane Lewis, UK Øjvind Moestrup, Denmark Pat Tester, USA Mingjiang Zhou, China Adriana Zingone, Italy
LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE
Øjvind Moestrup (Convener) Per Andersen Thyra Bjergskov Kirsten Christoffersen Gertrud Cronberg Niels Daugbjerg Lars Edler Marianne Ellegaard Henrik Enevoldsen Anna Godhe Edna Granéli Gert Hansen Per Juel Hansen Peter Henriksen Kevin Jørgensen Jacob Larsen Nina Lundholm Karin Rengefors Helge A. Thomsen
4 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
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5 Satlantic Inc. +1-902-492-4780 [email protected] www.satlantic.com INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
EXHIBITORS
In foyer area:
Fluid Imaging Technologies Inc Heinz Walz GmbH Fluid Imaging Technologies, Inc. Eichenring 6 258 Cross Point Road 91090 Effeltrich Edgecomb, ME 04556 Germany Tel: +1 207-882-1100 Tel: +49-(0)9133/7765-22 Fax: +1 207-882-4800 Fax: +49-(0)9133/5395 www.fluidimaging.com E-mail: [email protected] www.walz.com Satlantic Inc. Halifax, Nova Scotia Springer-Verlag GmbH Canada Tiergartenstr. 17 [email protected] 69121 Heidelberg Tel: +1-902-492-4780 Germany Fax: +1-902-492-4781 Tel: +49 (0)6221 / 487 8993 www.satlantic.com Fax: +49 (0)6221 / 487 8916 http://www.springer.com Elsevier Radarweg 29 Aquanet 1043 NX Amsterdam Finnedalsvej 16 The Netherlands 2770 Kastrup Denmark Tel: +31 20 485 3787 Email: [email protected] Fax: +31 20 485 3809 email: [email protected] GEOHAB www.geohab.info Tropical Technology Centre Ltd 5-1 Suzaki Uruma International Society for the Study Okinawa 904-2234, Japan of Harmful Algae (ISSHA) Tel: +81-98-982-1100 www.issha.org Fax: +81-98-982-1101 Email: [email protected] Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae University of Copenhagen Øster Farimagsgade 2D 1353 Copenhagen K Denmark Tel.: +45 33134446 Fax.: +45 33134447 http://ioc.unesco.org/hab
6 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
VENUE MAP
Alexandrium Room: Main lecture room and location for plenaries, ISSHA Assembly and Auction
Pseudo-nitzchia Room: Second lecture room
Nodularia Room: Poster Sessions
Slide Room: This is where you submit you Power Point files and where you can contact the Organisers.To access the Slide Room go up the stairs from the lobby area.
7 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 PROGRAMME 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HARMFUL ALGAE TIME MONDAY 4 SEP TUESDAY 5 SEP WEDNESDAY 6 SEP THURSDAY 7 SEP FRIDAY 8 SEP 08.30-10.30 08.00-09.15 Registration 8.30-9.05 Plenary III: E. Granéli, Symposia 8.30-9.05 Plenary V: B. Dale, 8.30-9.05 Plenary VII: (Monday Top-down bottom-up control of Anthropogenic input and V. Armbrust, Diatom 08.00- Opening HAB dynamics • HABs as ecosystem climate change: effects on genomics: new insights 10.30) disrupters harmful algae into diatom toxicology 9.50-10.30 Plenary I: 9.10-10.30 Session 5: Population • Health aspects P. Hess: What’s new in dynamics 1 • Taxonomy-the species 9.10-10.30 9.10-10.30 toxins? concept Session 13: Life cycles Session 17: Genomics Session: 6: Toxicology 1 • Clay and HAB mitigation • Toxicology of toxin Session 14: Food chains Session 18: Ecology and analogues oceanography 1 10.30-11.00 Health break Health break Health break Health break Health Break 11.00-13.00 Sessions 1: Toxin Session 7: Toxin analysis 1 Cont. 11.00-11.35 Plenary VI: Session 19: Monitoring 2 synthesis D. Mann, Previous neglect, Session 8: Population dynamics reasoned accommodation, or Session 20: Regional Session 2: Ecophysiology 2 transformation? Coping with events 1 changing species concepts in microeukaryotes
11.40-13.00 Session 15: Taxonomy Session 16: Monitoring 1 13.00-14.15 Lunch Lunch Excursions Lunch Lunch
14.15-16.15 14.15-14.50 Plenary II: 14.15-14.50 Plenary IV: Cont. Poster session 14.15-14.50 Plenary VIII: P. Hoagland, The public U. Tillmann, Allelopatic effects of R. Raine, Physical and policy of harmful algal bioactive compounds produced oceanographic control of blooms by harmful algae HABs
14.55-16.15 Session 3: 14.55-16.15 Session 9: 14.55-15.35 Session 21: Public health Allelopathy Ecology and Oceanography 2 Session 4: Ecophysiology Session 10: Toxin analysis 2 2 Session 22: Toxicology 3 16.15-16.40 Health break Health break Cont. Health break Health Break 15.35-16.00 16.40-18.00 16.40-17.30: Poster Session 11: Genetics Cont. ISSHA Assembly, vote on 16.00-16.30 D. Anderson: session 2010 venue Summing-up Session 12: Toxicology 2 16.30-16.50 M Zhou, KC ISSHA Auction and bar in Ho: HAB in China Evening 18:00 Reception at the 18.00-21.00 Poster session MERHAB PCRWS Workshop Alexandrium Room 19.00 Dep. tour boats Copenhagen Town Hall (BI) 19.45: Mermaid Dinner Party
8 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
NEW RELEASE:
Manual on aquatic cyanobacteria A photo guide and a synopsis of their toxicology
Gertrud Cronberg & Heléne Annadotter Lund University, Sweden
Potentially harmful cyanobacteria occur widespread in the aquatic environment and this manual treats their taxonomy, identification, and toxicology across freshwater, brackish and marine environments.
Published August 2006 110 pages ISBN 87-990827-0-5 Order at: www.issha.org
9 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
ORAL PRESENTATION PROGRAMME
VERY IMPORTANT:
All oral presentations must be submitted to the secretariat ( 1st floor close to entrance) well in advance: • Presentations for the morning sessions no later than 15.00 pm the day before • Presentations for the afternoon programme no later than 10.00 am the same day
ORAL PROGRAMME
MONDAY
SESSION: PLENARY I – TOXINS PL.01 Date of session: Monday 4 Sep 2006 Start of session: 9:50:00 AM End of session: 10:30:00 AM Venue: Alexandrium Room
What’s new in toxins PL.01-01 Hess Convener: Moestrup
SESSION: TOXIN SYNTHESIS O.01 Date of session: Monday 4 Sep 2006 Start of session: 11:00:00 AM End of session: 1:00:00 PM Venue: Pseudo-nitzschia Room
Convener: Doucette
On NtcA and Fur in microcystin production in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806, and their expression under varying nutrient regimes O.01-01 Root, Neilan
The role of transposition in cyanobacterial toxin variation and distribution: implications for toxic bloom monitoring O.01-02 Roberts, Neilan
Genetic and physiological analysis of a toxin gene cluster in two freshwater cyanobacteria, Anabaena circinalis and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii T3 O.01-03 Cavaliere, Kellmann, Pomati, Neilan
Comparative study of the paralytic shellfish toxin-producing dinoflagellates, Alexandrium tamarense and Gymnodinium catenatum, by 2-DE and mass spectrometry O.01-04 Chiu, Chan, Gu
Application of saxitoxin-conjugated affinity gel for the detection of macromolecules involved in toxin dynamics in scallops O.01-05 Watanabe, Nakaji, Oshima
10 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Amphidinols and karlotoxins – brothers in arms part deux: structural similarities O.01-06 Place, Adolf, Bachvaroff, Peng, Hamann
SESSION: ECOPHYSIOLOGY 1 O.02 Date of session: Monday 4 Sep 2006 Start of session: 11:00:00 AM End of session: 1:00:00 PM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Convener: Ellegaard
Utilization of DOM by Prymnesium parvum from anthropogenic sources, detected by stable isotopes, and effects on cell toxicity O.02-01 Lindehoff, Granéli
Slimy threads, sneaky feeding, and other secrets of an invasive raphidophyte O.02-02 Rengefors, Pålsson, Figueroa, Hansson
Growth and survival of Dinophysis acuminata, a phototrophic marine dinoflagellate causing diarrhetic shellfish poisoning O.02-03 Yih, Kim, Myung, Kang, Kim, Park
Broad predator-prey relationship among the mixotrophic red-tide dinoflagellates O.02-04 Jeong, Yoo, Kang, Song, Kim, Yih, Park
Distribution and ecology of toxic and non-toxic strains of Microcystis populations in North American lakes O.02-05 Gobler, Berry, Davis, Boyer, Wilhelm
Dinoflagellate and raphidophyte blooms and the 15 °C barrier O.02-06 Smayda
SESSION: PLENARY II - PUBLIC POLICY PL.02 Date of session: Monday 4 Sep 2006 Start of session: 2:15:00 PM End of session: 2:55:00 PM Venue: Alexandrium Room
The public policy of harmful algal blooms PL.02-01 Hoagland Convener: Cembella
11 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
SESSION: PUBLIC HEALTH O.03 Date of session: Monday 4 Sep 2006 Start of session: 3:00:00 PM End of session: 4:20:00 PM Venue: Pseudo-nitzschia Room
Convener: Cembella
Dietary uptake of dinoflagellate-derived saxitoxins in non-toxic puffer-fish: implications for global seafood safety O.03-01 Deeds, Etheridge, Gieseker, Cheely, Reimschuessel, Abbott, Kawabata, Landsberg, Hall
Human dimensions research needs for HAB mitigation: a Washington coast example O.03-02 Bauer, Ayres
A 5-day follow-up study after exposure to Karenia brevis toxic aerosols O.03-03 Kirkpatrick, Bean, Fleming, Reich, Akers, Backer, Dalpra, Pierce, Henry, Baden
SESSION: ECOPHYSIOLOGY 2 O.04 Date of session: Monday 4 Sep 2006 Start of session: 3:00:00 PM End of session: 4:20:00 PM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Convener: Rengefors
Exopolymeric secretions in HABs: how flow, diffusion and bioengineering depends on lengthscale O.04-01 Jenkinson, Wyatt
Do variations in pH and carbon levels affect the growth of potentially toxic diatoms? O.04-02 Lundholm, Kotaki, Hansen
Examination of the relevance of micropredatory dinoflagellates to ichthyotoxicity in the natural environment O.04-03 Lovko, Vogelbein
Linking organic nutrients to HAB bloom dynamics: ELF as a tool for monitoring enzyme activities in cultures and field populations O.04-04 Haley, Orchard, Strojsova, Dyhrman
12 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
TUESDAY
SESSION: PLENARY III - TOP-DOWN, BOTTOM-UP PL.03 Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006 Start of session: 8:30:00 AM End of session: 9:10:00 AM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Top-down bottom-up control of HAB dynamics PL.03-01 Granéli Convener: Hallegraeff
SESSION: POPULATION DYNAMICS 1 O.05 Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006 Start of session: 9:10:00 AM End of session: 10:30:00 AM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Convener: Hallegraeff
Discrimination and dynamics of naturally occurring mixed Alexandrium populations using rRNA targeted fluorescent oligonucleotide probes O.05-01 Touzet, Raine
Artificial neural network approaches to one-step weekly prediction of Dinophysis acuminata blooms in Huelva (Western Andalucia, Spain) O.05-02 Velo, Gutiérrez-Estrada
Temporal changes in microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing Microcystis populations of a Japanese Lake O.05-03 Yoshida
Vertical migration: an key strategy for the ecological success of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum in south east Tasmania, Australia O.05-04 Blackburn, Wild-Allen, Doblin, Armstrong, Bolch, Thompson, Hallegraeff
SESSION: TOXICOLOGY 1 O.06 Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006 Start of session: 9:10:00 AM End of session: 10:30:00 AM Venue: Pseudo-nitzschia Room
Convener: Edler
13 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Early life exposure to domoic acid leads to “silent” neurologic manifestations in juveniles and adults O.06-01 Ramsdell, Tiedeken, Levin
The fate of dissolved domoic and okadaic acid in presence of bacteria, copepod faecal pellets and mussel faecal matter O.06-02 Hagström, Granéli
Ostreopsis siamensis and palytoxin-related compounds in New Zealand: a risk to human health? O.06-03 Rhodes, Munday, Briggs, Holland, Miles, Loader, Jensen, Cooney
Effects of algal-produced neurotoxins on brain activity in atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) O.06-04 Bakke, Horsberg
SESSION: TOXIN ANALYSIS 1 O.07 Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006 Start of session: 11:00:00 AM End of session: 1:00:00 PM Venue: Pseudo-nitzschia Room
Convener: Miles
Development of simple and rapid assays for diarrhetic shellfish toxins and yessotoxins based on enzyme inhibition and ELISA O.07-01 Sekiguchi, Suzuki, Takahashi, Yamamoto, Watai, Suzuki, Yasumoto
Comparison of the accumulation of lipophilic marine biotoxins in passive samplers, transplanted mussels and indigenous mussels on the Irish coast O.07-02 Fux, Bire, Hess
Genoa 2005 Outbreak. Determination of a putative palytoxin in Mediterranean Ostreopsis ovata by a new LC/MS Method O.07-03 Ciminiello, Dell'Aversano, Fattorusso, Forino, Magno, Tartaglione, Grillo, Melchiorre
LC-MS for detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in shellfish O.07-04 Turrell, Stobo, Lacaze
Anatoxin contamination of freshwater resources in New Zealand O.07-05 Holland, Selwood, Wood, Smith, McNabb, Rasmussen
The Biosense ASP ELISA - an early warning tool for the environmental monitoring of domoic acid in phytoplankton and seawater O.07-06 Kleivdal, Kristiansen, Campbell, Davidson
14 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
SESSION: POPULATION DYNAMICS 2 O.08 Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006 Start of session: 11:00:00 AM End of session: 1:00:00 PM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Convener: Zingone
Domoic acid production is not linked to silicate limitation in natural populations of Pseudo-nitzschia O.08-01 Cochlan, Wells, Trainer, Trick, Lessard, Hickey
The nature of the Juan de Fuca eddy: the rise and fall of domoic acid to the Washington State coast O.08-02 Trainer, Cochlan, Hickey, Lessard, MacFadyen, Trick, Wells
The role of grazer-induced toxin production in harmful algal bloom formation O.08-03 Selander, Arnqvist, Bergkvist, Pavia
The impacts of viral infection on Heterosigma akashiwo blooms O.08-04 Lawrence
Trigger factors of Alexandrium catenella blooms in Hong Kong O.08-05 Ho
A massive bloom of Alexandrium fundyense in the Gulf of Maine: mechanisms and future implications O.08-06 Anderson, Keafer, Norton, He, McGillicuddy, Jr, Pilskaln, Couture
SESSION: PLENARY IV - ALLELOPATHY PL.04 Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006 Start of session: 2:15:00 PM End of session: 2:55:00 PM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Convener: Juel Hansen
Allelopathic effects of bioactive compounds produced by harmful algae PL.04-01 Tillmann, John, Krock, Cembella
15 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
SESSION: ALLELOPATHY O.09 Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006 Start of session: 3:00:00 PM End of session: 4:20:00 PM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Convener: Juel Hansen
Marine phytoplankton allelochemicals affect growth and composition of bacterioplankton O.09-01 Legrand, Bouvier
Allelopathic interactions modulate brevetoxin production in the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis O.09-02 Kubanek, Prince, Myers, Naar
Allelopathy in Karenia mikimotoi: a case study O.09-03 Gentien
Spirolide variability and biological activity of natural products from the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii O.09-04 Cembella, Kantu, Krock, Jaekisch, Cañete, Caillaud, Diogène, Tilmann, John
SESSION: TOXIN ANALYSIS 2 O.10 Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006 Start of session: 3:00:00 PM End of session: 4:20:00 PM Venue: Pseudo-nitzschia Room
Convener: Jørgensen
Successful production of antibodies against azaspiracids O.10-01 Samdal, Briggs, Miles, Forsyth, Nguyen, Xu, Rundberget, Sandvik
Laboratory evaluation and method development of solid phase adsorbents for hydrophilic phycotoxins in marine and freshwater applications O.10-02 Robertson, Reeves, Capling, Garnett, Quilliam
Karenia concordia (Dinophyceae) as a brevetoxin-producer and comparison with two closely related species K. brevisulcata and K. mikimotoi O.10-03 Chang, Bourdelais, Baden, Gall, Hulston, Webb
Impact of environmental factors on growth, toxicity and toxin production of harmful algae Chattonella marina (Kagoshima strain) O.10-04 Haque
16 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
SESSION: GENETICS O.11 Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006 Start of session: 4:40:00 PM End of session: 6:00:00 PM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Convener: Armbrust
The genetic basis for the biosynthesis of PSTs in cyanobacteria and algae O.11-01 Kellmann, Jeon, Mihali, Cavaliere, Neilan
Microsatellite markers reveal population genetic structure in the noxious red tide-causing algae Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) in Japanese coastal waters O.11-02 Nagai, Yamaguchi, Lian, Matsuyama, Itakura
Genetic differentiation and phenotypic characteristics of geographically separated populations of the Alexandrium tamarense North American ribotype O.11-03 Alpermann, John, Tillmann, Evans, Nagai, Anderson, Cembella
Genetic differences between Karlodinium veneficum strains: using DNA variation to understand strain variation at the bloom, regional and worldwide level O.11-04 Bachvaroff
SESSION: TOXICOLOGY 2 O.12 Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006 Start of session: 4:40:00 PM End of session: 6:00:00 PM Venue: Pseudo-nitzschia Room
Convener: Cronberg
In vivo exposure to microcystins induced DNA damage in haemocytes of the zebra mussel as measured with the Comet assay O.12-01 Juhel, O'Halloran, Culloty, O'Riordan, Davenport, O'Brien, James, Furey, Allis
Toxic effects of nodularin to the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus in relation to oxidative stress response O.12-02 Pflugmacher, Kankaanpää, Olin
Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of microcystins in mammalian cell lines O.12-03 Dias, Pereira, Batoréu, Jordan, Silva
Ecological implications of cylindrospermopsin in freshwaters O.12-04 Seifert
17 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
THURSDAY
SESSION: PLENARY V – CLIMATIC CHANGE PL.05 Date of session: Thursday 7 Sep 2006 Start of session: 8:30:00 AM End of session: 9:05:00 AM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Anthropogenic influence and climatic change: effects on harmful algae PL.05-01 Dale Convener: Andersen
SESSION: LIFE CYCLES O.13 Date of session: Thursday 7 Sep 2006 Start of session: 9:10:00 AM End of session: 10:30:00 AM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Convener: Dale
Different seeding strategies within harmful algal bloom (HAB)-causing dinoflagellates and diatoms O.13-01 Itakura, Nagai, Yamaguchi
Life cycle of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum (Dinophyceae) in culture O.13-02 Sakamoto, Yamaguchi, Furio
Life cycle traits and population dynamics of Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata in the Gulf of Naples (Mediterranean Sea) O.13-03 D'Alelio, Amato, Lüdeking, Ribera d’Alcalà, Sarno, Zingone, Montresor
Asexual and sexual reproduction in Protoperidinium steidingerae (Dinophyceae) O.13-04 Gribble, Coats, Anderson
18 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
SESSION: FOOD CHAINS O.14 Date of session: Thursday 7 Sep 2006 Start of session: 9:10:00 AM End of session: 10:30:00 AM Venue: Pseudo-nitzschia Room
Convener: Christoffersen
Physiological stress responses of Daphnia magna to cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial compounds O.14-01 Wiegand
Accumulation and transfer of the amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin domoic acid in the marine food web off the Portuguese coast O.14-02 Costa, Garrido, Rosa, Sequeira, Brotas, Sampayo
Grazing, prey selectivity and toxin content of the calanoid copepods Eurytemora affinis and Acartia bifilosa feeding on Dinophysis spp. assemblages O.14-03 Sopanen, Setälä, Autio
Karlotoxins mediate interactions between the mixotrophic dinoflagellate, Karlodinium veneficum, its prey, and its predators O.14-04 Adolf, Krupatkina, Bachvaroff, Place
SESSION: PLENARY VI - TAXONOMY PL.06 Date of session: Thursday 7 Sep 2006 Start of session: 11:00:00 AM End of session: 11:35:00 AM Venue: Pseudo-nitzschia Room
Perilous neglect, reasoned accommodation, or transformation? Coping with changing species concepts in microeukaryotes PL.06-01 Mann, Evans, Convener: Larsen
SESSION: TAXONOMY O.15 Date of session: Thursday 7 Sep 2006 Start of session: 11:40:00 AM End of session: 1:00:00 PM Venue: Pseudo-nitzschia Room
Convener: Lewis
Characterization of NW Mediterranean Karlodinium spp. (Dinophyceae) strains using morphological, molecular, chemical and physiological methodologies O.15-01 Garcés, Fernandez, Penna, van Lenning, Gutierrez, Zapata
19 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Potential harmful cyanobacteria in drinking water reservoirs of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam - toxicity and molecular phylogeny O.15-02 Christensen, Daugbjerg, Moestrup, Annadotter, Cronberg
Genetic and phenotypic differences among species and strains of potential fish-killing raphidophytes in the Mediterranean O.15-03 Kloepper, John, Tillmann, Zingone, Cembella
How many different species are in the Alexandrium tamarense / catenella / fundyense complex? O.15-04 Fraga, Figueroa, Bravo, Sampedro, Franco, Penna, Ramilo, Fernández-Villamarín
SESSION: MONITORING 1 O.16 Date of session: Thursday 7 Sep 2006 Start of session: 11:00:00 AM End of session: 1:00:00 PM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Convener: Ho
A domoic acid immunosensor onboard the Environmental Sample Processor: the first steps toward remote, sub-surface phycotoxin detection O.16-01 Doucette, Scholin, Mikulski, Marin III, Jensen, Roman, Greenfield, King, Feldman, Massion, Elliott
The detection of toxic algae by a new developed rRNA biosensor (EU-Project ALGADEC) O.16-02 Diercks, Metfies, Medlin
Identifying and detecting harmful algal bloom species using a color imaging flow cytometer (FlowCAM®) O.16-03 Poulton, Nelson, Sieracki
Quantitative Real-time PCR detection of harmful algae O.16-04 de Salas, Bolch
20 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
FRIDAY
SESSION: PLENARY VII - GENOMICS PL.07 Date of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006 Start of session: 8:30:00 AM End of session: 9:05:00 AM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Diatom genomics: new insights into diatom toxicity PL.07-01 Armbrust Convener: Neilan
SESSION: GENOMICS O.17 Date of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006 Start of session: 9:10:00 AM End of session: 10:30:00 AM Venue: Pseudo-nitzschia Room
Convener: Neilan
Nutrient-regulated transcriptional changes in Aureococcus anophagefferens identified with long-SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) O.17-01 Dyhrman Haley, Wurch, Orchard
EST-based gene discovery and expression analysis in Alexandrium O.17-02 Hackett, Anderson
Identification of cellular stress and death-associated genes in Karenia brevis as potential biomarkers for bloom termination O.17-03 van Dolah, Lidie, Morey, Monroe, Ryan
A genomic approach towards a better understanding of domoic acid production in the marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata O.17-04 Luedeking, Kooistra, Montresor, D'Alelio, John
SESSION: ECOLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY 1 O.18 Date of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006 Start of session: 9:10:00 AM End of session: 10:30:00 AM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Convener: Pitcher
Inter-annual variability of Alexandrium blooms in Cork Harbour, Ireland O.18-01 Ní Rathaille, Touzet, Raine
21 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Eutrophication and HABs - a global change perspective O.18-02 Glibert, Seitzinger, Howarth, Burkholder
Thin layers of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and the fate of Dinophysis acuminata during an upwelling-downwelling cycle in a Galician ria O.18-03 Reguera, Velo, González-Gil, Gentien, Lunven, Bechemin, Fernand, Raine
Positive feedback and the development and persistence of ecosystem disruptive algal blooms O.18-04 Sunda, Hardison
SESSION: MONITORING 2 O.19 Date of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006 Start of session: 11:00:00 AM End of session: 1:00:00 PM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Convener: Reguera
Field applications for remote detection of harmful algae using the Environmental Sample Processor: Spring-Summer 2006 O.19-01 Greenfield, Scholin, Jensen, Marin, Roman, Massion, Doucette
Monitoring of lipophilic shellfish toxins using SPATT (Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking) in Nova Scotia, Canada O.19-02 Garnett, Rafuse, Lewis, Kirchhoff, Cullen, Quilliam
Developing operational capabilities for nowcasts and forecasts of harmful algal blooms O.19-03 Stumpf, Tomlinson
Early warning of cyanobacteria in water reservoirs O.19-04 Garde, Jurczak, Izydorczyk, Schlüter, Kaas
Phytoplankton community composition observed by autonomous underwater vehicle O.19-05 Kirkpatrick, Moline, Lohrenz, Schofield
Retrospective GIS analyses of the Florida red tide database O.19-06 Steidinger, Tustison, Heil
SESSION: REGIONAL EVENTS O.20 Date of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006 Start of session: 11:00:00 AM End of session: 1:00:00 PM
22 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Venue: Pseudo-nitzschia Room
Convener: Fukuyo
A harmful algal bloom occurrence in Barangay Kirayan Norte, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines O.20-01 Peralta, Garibay, Noble, Espina, Nualla
Cochlodinium blooms in Sabah, Malaysia O.20-02 Anton, Teoh, Mustaffa, Nordin
Massive fish kills in the Philippines caused by Cochlodinium and Prorocentrum O.20-03 Azanza
Alexandrium fundyense - red tides, PSP shellfish toxicity, salmon mortalities and human illnesses in 2003-04 - before and after O.20-04 Martin, Martin, Page, LeGresley
Dynamics of blooms of cf Chattonella verruculosa in the Skagerrak and the Kattegat O.20-05 Karlson, Almroth, Andersen, Eilola, Kuylenstierna, Naustvoll
Role of short-term climate change on outbreak and succession of large scale HABs along east Chinese coast in 2005 O.20-06 Zhou Zhu, Wang, Zhu, Lv, Lu, Shi, Zhang
SESSION: PLENARY VIII – PHYSICAL CONTROL of HABs PL.08 Date of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006 Start of session: 2:15:00 PM End of session: 2:50:00 PM Venue: Alexandrium Room
The physical oceanographic control of harmful algal blooms PL.08-01 Raine Convener: Gentien
SESSION: ECOLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY 2 O.21 Date of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006 Start of session: 2:55:00 PM End of session: 3:35:00 PM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Convener: Godhe
23 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
The multi-species nature of the 2005 Karenia bloom: implications for management and monitoring in Florida O.21-01 Heil, Truby, Wolny, Pigg, Richardson, Garrett, Haywood, Petrik, Flewelling, Cook, Stone, Steidinger, Landsberg
Wind patterns and HABs in upwelling systems O.21-02 Pitcher, Fawcett, Bernard, Cembella, Kudela
SESSION: TOXICOLOGY 3 O.22 Date of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006 Start of session: 2:55:00 PM End of session: 3:35:00 PM Venue: Pseudo-nitzschia Room
Convener: Tester
First evidence for the implication of nitric oxide in Ciguatera Fish Poisoning O.22-01 Pauillac, Vernel-Pauillac, Kumar-Roine, Sauviat, Benoit, Chinain, Laurent
Implications of saxitoxins for public health and natural resources in Florida O.22-02 Landsberg, Abbott, Flewelling, Scott, Wolny
SESSION: SUMMING UP Date of session: Friday 9/8/2006 Start of session: 4:00:00 PM End of session: 4:30:00 PM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Anderson
SESSION: HAB in China Date of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006 Start of session: 4:30:00 PM End of session: 4:50:00 PM Venue: Alexandrium Room
Zhou, Ho
24 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
ORAL ABSTRACTS
PL.01 Ireland in 2005. What’s new in toxins
Session: PL..01 - Plenary I - Toxins Presentation time: 09:50 - 10:30 O.01-01 On NtcA and Fur in microcystin P Hess production in Microcystis Marine Institute, GALWAY, Ireland aeruginosa PCC 7806, and their Toxins are at the heart of the expression under varying nutrient regimes problem of harmful algal blooms and therefore many disciplines Session: O.01 - Toxin synthesis around HABs and food safety rely Presentation time: 11:00 - 11:20 on chemical data to facilitate a HR Root, BA Neilan multitude of approaches. This University of New South Wales, SYDNEY, presentation will illustrate the role of Australia chemistry knowledge through the review of recent developments in Toxic cyanobacteria present a structure elucidation, toxicology, worldwide challenge of bloom analysis and ecological studies. management and prediction of toxic Recently discovered compounds events, involving toxins about which and their relevance to food safety there is little understanding. The will be described, with particular role and function of the hepatotoxin focus on derivatives of known microcystin in cyanobacteria parent toxins. The impact of basic continues to be under debate. The knowledge on the behaviour of mode of transcriptional regulation of toxins in shellfish tissues on risk microcystin, incorporating DNA assessment and management will binding proteins was investigated. be discussed at the example of a The nitrogen and iron dependent recent review of azaspiracids and transcription factors NtcA and Fur other lipophilic toxins. were identified from M. aeruginosa The potential of novel liquid PCC 7806, over-expressed in E. chromatographic techniques for the coli, and utilised by mobility shift fast and cost-effective analysis of assay to determine their binding shellfish toxins will be outlined at the characteristics to the microcystin example of ultra-high pressure liquid synthetase gene cluster promoter, chromatography. Recent mcyA/D. developments on tools for quality M. aeruginosa PCC 7806 cultures control, including standards and were grown under varying iron and reference materials will be nitrogen regimes in order to observe discussed as well as results from the expression of the transcription recent proficiency testing exercises. factors NtcA and Fur over the Finally, the usefulness of chemical growth cycle, utilising real-time analysis to field studies will be PCR. This data was also compared discussed at the example of the to the expression of the toxin gene distribution of lipophilic toxins McyB over the same growth period, between the water column and in addition to measurement of shellfish during a toxic event in culture toxicity.
25 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
These studies suggested a role for cyanobacteria. Investigation of iron and nitrogen in the regions flanking the Microcystis transcriptional control of microcystin aeruginosa PCC7806 microcystin synthesis. By identifying the gene cluster suggested that expression characteristics of NtcA recombination events may have and Fur under varying nutrient occurred. However, transcriptional regimes, a greater understanding of analysis indicated that under normal the link between nutrient levels in culture conditions the putative the environment and microcystin transposases associated with the production in the cyanobacteria microcystin and nodularin gene present may be possible. clusters were not transcribed. Therefore cultures were exposed to UV light, nutrient stress and heat O.01-02 shock to determine conditions which The role of transposition in induced transcription of the cyanobacterial toxin variation transposases and thus may have and distribution: implications for led to toxin gene cluster toxic bloom monitoring mobilisation.
Session: O.01 - Toxin synthesis Presentation time: 11:20 - 11:40 O.01-03 AA Roberts, BA Neilan Genetic and physiological University of New South Wales, SYDNEY, Australia analysis of a toxin gene cluster in two freshwater cyanobacteria, Many cyanobacteria are capable of Anabaena circinalis and producing toxins such as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii microcystin and nodularin. These T3 toxins are produced via a multi- Session: O.01 - Toxin synthesis enzyme complex which is encoded Presentation time: 11:40 - 12:00 by a toxin gene cluster. Rosalia Cavaliere, Ralf Kellmann, Cyanobacterial toxicity is arbitrarily Francesco Pomati, Brett Neilan distributed across species and University of Sydney, SYDNEY, Australia genera, as there are both toxic and non toxic strains within Blooms of cyanobacteria are a morphologically identical species. common feature of many fresh and The identification of putative marine water bodies world-wide, transposases downstream of every and have been observed throughout sequenced toxin gene cluster history. Infestation of cyanobacteria suggests the involvement of in sediment which are rich in transposition in the lateral gene calcium and phosphorus has been transfer (LGT) of toxicity between reported. Cyanobacterial blooms species. This is significant in terms are often characterised by the of bloom management as presently presence of various toxins. non-toxic strains could potentially Saxitoxin and its analogues acquire toxicity via LGT. The aim of (paralytic shellfish toxins) are one of this project was to use PCR and these groups, recognized as a transcriptional analysis to better major health risk. Toxicity is highly understand the mechanisms of variable and unpredictable and may genetic rearrangements and affect water bodies that are used as distribution of toxicity in a source of drinking water and for
26 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 recreational purposes. In view of study, the proteomes of toxic and this there is a need to understand non-toxic strains of Alexandrium the genetics and physiology that tamarense were compared by two- controls the production of these dimensional gel electrophoresis (2- toxins. DE). Differentially expressed Recently the molecular genetic proteins found in the toxic strain but basis for the production of PSP- not in the non-toxic strain are toxins has been elucidated. The thought to be related to PST aims of this work were the production. Further validations of characterisation of the transcript these proteins involved: organisation of the PSP-toxin (1) comparison with another cluster in the cyanobacteria phylogenetically distant toxic Anabaena circinalis and species, Gymnodinium catenatum, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and to eliminate those proteins not to study the effects of phosphorus related to toxin production; and (2) depletion on PSP-toxin gene determination of internal amino acid expression and toxin production. sequences by MALDI TOF-MS/MS Depletion of phosphorus in the spectra of the tryptic peptides of media has been shown to increase proteins of interest. Results showed the toxin production in approximately 400 common dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria. proteins spots found in both toxic The PSP-toxin cluster operon is and non-toxic strains of bidirectionally transcribed from a Alexandrium tamarense, and 150 central promoter region containing protein spots were unique to each several regulatory motifs. strain. Preliminary results showed the protein profile of Alexandrium tamarense was more complex than O.01-04 Gymnodinium catenatum. However, Comparative study of the some common proteins were paralytic shellfish toxin- identified between the toxic strain of producing dinoflagellates, Alexandrium tamarense and Alexandrium tamarense and Gymnodinium catenatum, which are Gymnodinium catenatum, by 2- currently investigated to elucidate DE and mass spectrometry toxin biosynthesis. This study Session: O.01 - Toxin synthesis suggests proteomics is a robust Presentation time: 12:00 - 12:20 technique in protein differentiation.
Ellen Chiu1, L Chan2, JD Gu2
HONG KONG, Hongkong 2The University of Hong Kong, POKULAM, O.01-05 Hongkong Application of saxitoxin- conjugated affinity gel for the Several genera of dinoflagellates, detection of macromolecules including Alexandrium, involved in toxin dynamics in Gymnodinium and Pyrodinium, are scallops known to produce paralytic shellfish Session: O.01 - Toxin synthesis poisoning toxins (PST). However, Presentation time: 12:20 - 12:40 chemical intermediates and specific R Watanabe, K Nakaji, Y Oshima enzymes have not been identified and the full biosynthetic pathway for Tohoku University, SENDAI, Japan
PST remains unresolved. In this
27 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
It is highly possible that 1University of Maryland Biotechnology Ins, macromolecules are involved in the BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, United States of America transportation and the accumulation 2University of Mississippi, UNIVERSITY, of saxitoxins in marine organisms. MS 38677, United States of America As an efficient tool to detect the macromolecules having affinity to Amphidinols have common saxitoxins, we developed saxitoxin- structural features characterized by conjugated affinity gel. In this 2 ether rings, 7 double bonds paper, we report the 1st trial to test involving a conjugated triene and an its efficiency using the extract of exomethylene, a branching methyl, scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. an olefinic methyl, and polyhydroxyl The mantle was chosen as the groups. We recently finished the target organ because it retained the planar structure of karlotoxin-2 toxins much longer than other (KmTx2) which was found to have a organs. molecular formula of The affinity gel and a control C67H121ClO24. KmTx2 contained acetylated gel without toxin-ligand 2 ether rings, 5 double bonds were prepared according to the involving a conjugated diene and previously reported procedures. exomethylene, a branching methyl, The extracts of toxic and non-toxic and polyhydroxyl groups. No scallop samples were fractionated olefinic methyl group was found. A with two types of gel in spin- sulphated derivative of KmTx2 (in columns and the retained proteins the hydrophilic segment) was also were compared by SDS-PAGE. isolated and found to be significantly Several specific bands detected in less toxic. The determination of the the samples were analyzed with relative and absolute configuration peptide-mass fingerprinting method of the polyhydroxyl linear molecular and identified by the search engine of KmTx2 remains to be completed MS-Fit based on NBCInr. database. and will be reported in due course. So far, tropomyosins were found as Given these extensive structural candidate proteins. The actual toxin similarities the biological activities of binding properties and the role in amphidinols and karlotoxins are toxin accumulation of them are now also remarkably similar. Both toxins under investigation. Since the show sterol dependent antifungal, procedure is simple and requires cytotoxic and hemolytic activities in only short period, it will be an the submicromolar range. effective tool as the first screening Karlotoxins are also ichthyotoxic at for saxitoxin-binding proteins. concentrations less than 0.2 µg/ml. Based on experimental data gathered from Karlodinium we O.01-06 hypothesize that both groups of Amphidinols and karlotoxins – toxins have evolved to assist in brothers in arms part deux: predator avoidance and prey structural similarities capture for mixotrophic growth. Session: O.01 - Toxin synthesis Presentation time: 12:40 - 13:00
AR Place1, JE Adolf1, TR Bachvaroff1, JE Peng2, MT Hamann2
28 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
O.02-01 Utilization of DOM by O.02-02 Prymnesium parvum from Slimy threads, sneaky feeding, anthropogenic sources, detected and other secrets of an invasive raphidophyte by stable isotopes, and effects on cell toxicity Session: O.02 - Ecophysiology 1 Presentation time: 11:20 - 11:40 Session: O.02 - Ecophysiology 1 Presentation time: 11:00 - 11:20 K Rengefors1, C Pålsson1, RI Figueroa2, L Hansson1 E Lindehoff, E. Granéli 1Lund University, LUND, Sweden University of Kalmar, KALMAR, Sweden 2 Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO, The ichthyotoxic haptophyte Spain
Prymnesium parvum is a known During the past decades, the phagotroph, however its invasive and bloom-forming osmotrophic behaviour is practically raphidophyte Gonyostomum semen unknown. After cultivating P. has been spreading to forest lakes parvum cells under nitrogen and throughout Scandinavia. The phosphorus sufficient and deficient blooms have increased both in conditions concentrates of high frequency and magnitude, and molecular weight (>1kDa) dissolved cause skin irritation to bathers as organic matter (DOM) containing well as clogging of pipes. However, 20µM of dissolved organic nitrogen very little is know about (DON) were added to the cultures. Gonyostomum’s ecology and why it We used DOM concentrate from dominates in humic lakes. riverine, rainwater and sewage Suggested explanations have been effluent (P removed chemically). its ability to migrate vertically, Cell toxicity was measured and resting cysts, ability to utilize humic preliminary results showed that substances, or resistance to toxicity decreased when DOM was grazing. We have investigated its added to nitrogen and phosphorus life cycle, as well as growth with deficient cultures. Delta 15-N prey and humic substances . We analysis showed an uptake of DON found that Gonyostomum can from all DOM sources by nitrogen produce both temporary cysts as deficient P. parvum cells with well as sexually produced resting decreased values when rainwater cysts. Growth experiments showed DOM was provided and increased that both cell density and growth values with additions of DOM from rate were highest when sewage and riverine waters. Uptake Gonyostomum was grown together of carbon from rainwater and with the small alga Rhodomonas. sewage DOM concentrates was Moreover, cells grown with humic traced in the nitrogen deficient P. acids grew better than controls, and parvum cells by decreasing delta growth rates were highest in 13-C values. In this experiment we treatments with highest humic acid show that P. parvum is able to content. Ingestion rate experiments utilize DON from three tested showed that Rhodomonas anthropogenic sources and that the disappeared when exposed to assimilation rate and effect on Gonyostomum. However, we found toxicity is dependent on the nutrient no evidence of ingestion. We status of the cell. suggest that Gonyostomum is
29 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 mixotrophic, and that this ability O.02-04 together with grazer resistance, Broad predator-prey relationship may in part explain its competitive among the mixotrophic red-tide advantage. dinoflagellates
Session: O.02 - Ecophysiology 1 Presentation time: 12:00 - 12:20 O.02-03 Growth and survival of HJ Jeong1, YD Yoo1, NS Kang1, JY Dinophysis acuminata, a Song2, TH Kim2, WH Yih2, JY Park1 phototrophic marine 1Seoul National University, SEOUL, South Korea dinoflagellate causing diarrhetic 2 shellfish poisoning Kunsan National University, KUNSAN, South Korea Session: O.02 - Ecophysiology 1 Presentation time: 11:40 - 12:00 We investigated predator-prey
W Yih1, S Kim1, G Myung1, YG Kang1, relationship among phototrophic HS Kim2, MG Park3 red-tide dinoflagellates. There are
1Kunsan National University, KUNSAN, broad predator and prey South Korea relationships among red-tide 2Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries, dinoflagellates (Akashiwo KUNSAN, South Korea 3 sanguinea, Alexandrium tamarense, Chonnam National University, GWANGJU, Amphidinium carterae, South Korea Gymnodinium catenatum, G. Many scientists have attempted to impudicum, Heterocapsa triquetra, cultivate dinoflagellate Dinophysis Lingulodinium polyedrum, species using various culture media Prorocentrum donghaiense, P. and potential prey organisms micans, P. minimum, P. triestinum, without any reported success. To and Scrippsiella trochoidea). investigate the growth of Dinophysis Akashiwo sanguinea and L. species, we isolated D. acuminata polyedrum were able to ingest the cells from seawater samples small red-tide dinoflagellates P. collected at Masan Bay, Korea and minimum, H. triquetra, S. incubated the isolate under growth trochoidea, and A. tamarense. conditions (60 µmol m-2 s-1, L/D Maximum specific growth rates of L. cycle of 14:10) supplying potential polyedrum on P. minimum and S. - prey species including Teleaulax trochoidea were 0.254 and 0.303 d 1 sp., a cryptophyte. Further, to know , respectively, under a 14:10 h -2 -1 the effect of starvation on growth of light-dark cycle of 50 µmol m s , D. acuminata, we incubated the while their growth rates without - culture in the absence of prey added prey were 0.157 and 0.182 d 1 organisms under the light:dark cycle , respectively. Maximum ingestion as well as continuous dark rates of L. polyedrum on S. condition, and monitored cell trochoidea and P. minimum were -1 -1 abundance of D. acuminata over 0.20-0.36 ngC grazer d . The times. In this study, quantitative calculated grazing coefficients of L. importance of potential prey polyedrum on small Prorocentrum organism for the growth and spp. and S. trochoidea were up to -1 survival of D. acuminata will be 0.026 and 0.011 h , respectively. discussed. The results of the present study suggest that L. polyedrum sometimes have a potentially
30 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 considerable grazing impact on suggesting sub-population populations of small Prorocentrum dynamics may influence ecosystem spp. and S. trochoidea. The feeding toxicity. Experimental incubations by larger red-tide dinoflagellates on indicated that inorganic nutrient smaller red-tide dinoflagellates may enrichment (both nitrate and be a driving force for succession of phosphate) was capable of dominant species during serial red significantly enhancing total algal tides. biomass and non-toxic Microcystis cell densities but did not significantly alter toxic cell densities, suggesting O.02-05 inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus Distribution and ecology of toxic may not directly stimulate bloom and non-toxic strains of toxicity. The effects of Microcystis populations in North environmental factors on the American lakes dynamics of toxic and non-toxic Session: O.02 - Ecophysiology 1 strains of Microcystis from other Presentation time: 12:20 - 12:40 North American lakes will also be CJ Gobler1, DL Berry1, TW Davis1, GL presented. Boyer2, SW Wilhelm3
1Stony Brook University, SOUTHAMPTON, United States of America O.02-06 2SUNY College of Environmental Science, Dinoflagellate and raphidophyte SYRACUSE, United States of America blooms and the 15°C barrier 3University of Tennessee, KNOXVILLE, United States of America Session: O.02 - Ecophysiology 1 Presentation time: 12:40 - 13:00
Harmful algal blooms often TJ Smayda comprises toxic and non-toxic Graduate School Oceanography, strains of the same phytoplankton KINGSTON, RI, United States of America species, which cannot be differentiated microscopically. The Experimental data on the identification of the operon temperature-cell division responsible for the synthesis of relationships are analyzed for ca. 30 microcystin (microcystin synthetase dinoflagellate and raphidophyte genes, mcyA-E) has allowed for the species representative of various quantification of toxic toxicity modes, bloom patterns and subpopulations of cyanobacteria Life-form Types recognized by within mixed field populations. We Smayda and Reynolds (2001). A 15 quantified the densities of toxic and °C barrier to bloom development of non-toxic Microcystis populations in major, harmful flagellates, with two western Lake Erie, USA, during the distinct groups separated by this summer of 2005 using the 16S and 'bloom threshold' temperature, is mcyD genes in a quantitative PCR evident. Temperatures below or format. While total Microcystis cell near 15 °C suppress cellular growth densities ranged from 103 to 105 of the raphidophytes and almost all cells/ml, toxic cells with the mcyD toxic dinoflagellates examined, their gene were typically only fraction of optimal growth temperatures usually this population (1 – 55%). The • 20 °C. Dinoflagellates inhibited at • highest levels of microcystin 15 °C cluster in Life-form Types (0.5μg/L) were found in regions with IV,V, VI. Dinoflagellate species the highest densities of toxic cells, capable of cell division below 15 °C,
31 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 and which often bloom close to this response to any specific HAB event. temperature, are primarily Life-form All too often, however, a loose Types I, II, III. Such 'cold water accounting of potential financial tolerant' species tend to be non- losses due to HABs is used toxic or, if toxic, ichthyotoxic. inappropriately to argue for the need Alexandrium tamarense is a for specific policy responses. I conspicuous transitional species discuss the problems with these which bridges the 15 °C barrier. approaches, and outline methods Some ecological consequences of for compiling and undertaking the 15 °C barrier and the effect of analyses of the data that can be temperature on motility are helpful in making rational decisions considered, including the corollary about policy responses to HABs. I that temperature, not biophysics or conclude with the observation that ecology, generally constrains there is a need for a closer flagellate blooms to periods when collaboration between HABs stratified waters prevail. scientists and marine resource economists in this field.
PL.02 The public policy of harmful algal O.03-01 blooms Dietary uptake of dinoflagellate-
Session: PL..02 - Plenary II derived saxitoxins in non-toxic Presentation time: 14:15 - 14:50 puffer-fish: implications for global seafood safety Porter Hoagland
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Session: O.03 - Public Health Presentation time: 14:55 - 15:15 WOODS HOLE, United States of America JR Deeds1, SM Etheridge1, C Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are Gieseker1, CS Cheely1, R natural hazards that have been Reimschuessel1, JP Abbott2, K recognized as threats to human Kawabata2, JH Landsberg2, S Hall1 health and welfare worldwide. 1US Food and Drug Administration, Arguments have been made in the LAUREL, MARYLAND, United States of scientific literature that HABs have America 2 become more widespread, even as Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA, United States human coastal populations continue of America to expand, suggesting that the potential for adverse impacts is Between 2002-2004, 28 fish intensifying. In the face of such poisoning cases were caused by threats, national and local the consumption of southern puffer- governments must make decisions fish (Sphoeroides nephelus), from about potential policy responses. the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), These decisions must be Florida, USA. Saxitoxin, not undertaken subject to significant tetrodotoxin, was reported from budget constraints and in the unconsumed filets after the first context of the need to respond to cases. Pyrodinium bahamense is threats from other types of natural now considered the putative toxin and human hazards. Economic source. In contrast to reports for analysis may be useful in assisting tetrodotoxic fish, southern puffer decision-makers in their choice of muscle contained high levels of the most appropriate policy toxin (up to 5000 µg STX/100 g)
32 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 with little to no toxin in liver. We communication, identify susceptible have shown that non-toxic northern populations, assess socioeconomic puffer-fish (S. maculatus) impacts, improve disease accumulate saxitoxins from surveillance, and coordinate naturally and artificially agencies and stakeholders. A new contaminated feed in the same report based on the US National tissue distribution pattern as found HAB plan and led by NOAA’s in toxic IRL southern puffer-fish. National Centers for Coastal Ocean We have further demonstrated that Science, Harmful Algal Research northern puffer-fish accumulate and Response: a Human dietary tetrodotoxin in skin Dimensions Strategy (HARR-HD), epidermal sacciform cells as charts a course to achieve these described for naturally tetrodotoxic and other priorities. We describe Tetraodon sp. The toxicity of the interdisciplinary and multi- certain puffer-fish species has been agency process for developing well known for thousands of years. HARR-HD, illustrate HD research Globally, deaths continue to occur needs through case stud(ies), and due to the consumption of various set the stage for open discussion of puffer species, even in Japan where HD efforts and lessons learned strict regulations exist. But not all across agencies/nations. A case puffer species are toxic. In the US, study will focus on the US Pacific northern puffer-fish were harvested Coast. Governmental closures, commercially for decades. Several necessary to protect public health, puffer-fish species possess the can cause an annual loss of up to ability to accumulate dietary 400,000 razor clam-digging trips, saxitoxin as well as tetrodotoxin, effectively disrupting the which has implications for seafood recreational traditions of tens of safety world-wide. thousands, diminishing the collective identity of communities, causing roughly $10 million in lost O.03-02 annual income, and degrading the Human dimensions research fragile trust between regulated and needs for HAB mitigation: a regulating communities. Washington coast example Washington Department of Fish and
Session: O.03 - Public Health Wildlife is a key partner in Presentation time: 15:15 - 15:55 developing HARR-HD.
1 2 M Bauer , DL Ayres
1NOAA, SILVER SPRING, United States of O.03-03 America A 5-day follow-up study after 2 WA State Dept. of Fish & Wildlife, exposure to Karenia brevis toxic MONTESANO, WA, 98563, United States aerosols of America Session: O.03 - Public Health Human impacts of HABs include Presentation time: 15:55 - 16:15 illness and mortality, lost revenue B Kirkpatrick1, JA Bean2, LE Fleming3, and jobs, and disruption of A Reich4, R Akers2, LC Backer5, D subsistence and cultural practices. Dalpra1, R Pierce1, M Henry1, DG Preventing and mitigating impacts Baden6 requires human dimensions (HD) 1Mote Marine Laboratory, SARASOTA, research, e.g., to guide risk United States of America
33 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
2Children's Hospital Medical Center, CINCINNATI, United States of America 3University of Miami, RSMAS, MIAMI, O.04-01 United States of America Exopolymeric secretions in 4 Florida Department of Health, HABs: how flow, diffusion and TALLAHASSEE, United States of America 5Center for Disease Control, ATLANTA, bioengineering depends on United States of America lengthscale 6 UNCW Marine Science, WILMINGTON, Session: O.04 - Ecophysiology 2 United States of America Presentation time: 14:55 - 15:15
Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate, IR Jenkinson1, T Wyatt2
Karenia brevis, occur annually 1Agency for Consult Research Oceanogr, LA ROCHE CANILLAC, France around the Gulf of Mexico. A 2 unique feature of this organism is CSIC, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas, VIGO, Spain the incorporation of the toxins into the marine aerosol. Animals, We all have intimate experience of including humans, then inhale the exopolymeric secretions (EPSs), toxins which cause respiratory and other mixtures of biomaterials, irritation. Recent studies have like faeces or food. Such materials demonstrated acute changes in are neither solids nor liquids, and both symptoms and spirometry in their study is called Rheology. asthmatics after a 1-h exposure to Some HABs use EPSs to gel the these toxic aerosols. This study water and engineer their investigated if there were latent or environment at lengthscales (LSs) sustained effects after the initial £1µm to ~1m, trapping bubbles, beach exposure during and not producing 'jelly' colonies, etc. during a documented Florida red Marine snow (LSs ~1mm) and tide. Asthmatics who participated in Adriatic aggregates (LS ~1m) are the 1-h exposure study were asked also gels. The viscosity ŋ of such to keep a symptom diary and to structures is many times higher than measure their peak flow daily for 5 that of pure seawater at the shear days after exposure. Environmental rates concerned, but it changes with air samplers were placed on an shear rate, γ. ŋ is (usually) positively inland transect line to document related to chlorophyll a continuing toxic marine aerosols. concentration (chl), confirming its Although there was no statistical algal origin. Homeowners know that change in the peak flow for a given head of water and measurements over the 5 days, concentration of the biomixture, when the number of symptoms sewage, narrow sewer pipes clog were scored, a significant increase more readily than wide ones. Yet in symptoms occurred over the 5- only recently have general models day exposure period compared to been validated, that incorporate LS the non exposure period. These in flows of heterogeneous materials. findings suggest that asthmatics In sewage sludge flowing in tubes, ŋ exposed to K. brevis aerosols may gets bigger with smaller tube continue to have symptoms lasting diameter (and smaller γ). We will long after their initial beach present the basis of rheology, and exposure to the Florida red tide also new insights into how to treat toxin aerosols. rheology as a function of lengthscale [f(LS)] in heterogeneous
materials. Next we will show how
34 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 f(LS) can help show how O.04-03 bioengineering affects flow and Examination of the relevance of diffusion in HABs, particularly at micropredatory dinoflagellates to small scales. ichthyotoxicity in the natural environment
Session: O.04 - Ecophysiology 2 O.04-02 Presentation time: 15:35 - 15:55 Do variations in pH and carbon VJ Lovko, WK Vogelbein levels affect the growth of potentially toxic diatoms? Virginia Institute of Marine Science, GLOUCESTER POINT, United States of Session: O.04 - Ecophysiology 2 America Presentation time: 15:15 - 15:35
Nina Lundholm1, Yuichi Kotaki2 Species of the dinoflagellate family
1University of Copenhagen, Pfiesteriaceae have been COPENHAGEN, Denmark demonstrated to feed 2Kitasato University School of Fisheries, myzocytotically on the tissues of live IWATE, Japan fish, resulting in severe epidermal erosion and death. This process of PH level and concentration of micropredation has been identified inorganic carbon has been found to as the primary causative vary in coastal marine areas. The mechanism of fish mortality in effects of these variations on laboratory bioassays with coastal diatoms are poorly known. Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae and We hence examined the effects of Pfiesteria piscicida, species variations in inorganic carbon previously thought to produce a concentrations and pH on costal potent ichthyotoxin. However, the bloom forming diatoms like the relevance of this behaviour in the potentially toxic species Pseudo- natural environment has not been nitzschia multiseries and Nitzschia examined. Here, we describe the navis-varingica at conditions where results of studies aimed at nutrients were not limiting growth. determining the role, if any, that The diatoms were studied using micropredatory dinoflagellates have semicontinous experimental set-ups in ichthyocidal activity in the natural at stable pH and carbon levels or as environment. It has been suggested batch culture experiments where pH that loss of or damage to the and carbon was allowed to drift. For epidermis of fish results in all diatoms, the main factor limiting increased risk of exposure to other growth was found to be pH, caused pathogenic agents, including toxins by levels of pH that one can expect and secondary microbial infections. to find in the field. For N. navis- To examine this potential varingica our studies did not support relationship, we exposed fish to a an effect of inorganic carbon highly micropredatory strain of concentrations on growth. For P. Pseudofiesteria shumwayae (CCMP multiseries, however, inorganic 2089) followed by subsequent carbon may be limiting growth in exposure to various algal toxins productive brackish waters, where (including whole-cell Karlodinium pH levels are high and carbon veneficum cultures, K. veneficum concentrations low. lysate, and purified or partially
purified phycotoxins, including saxitoxin, domoic acid and
35 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 brevetoxin) or microbial pathogens which they are nutrient-regulated. (Vibrio sp., Aphanomyces In the case of the dinoflagellate invadans). Preliminary results Karenia brevis, greater than 80% of indicate that sub-lethal exposure to the cells in samples from the Florida micropredatory dinoflagellates can coast had alkaline phosphatase significantly increase susceptibility activity. These data and our to secondary pathogenic agents. ongoing sampling underscore the importance of the organic nutrient pool to HAB dynamics. O.04-04 Linking organic nutrients to HAB bloom dynamics: ELF as a tool PL.03 for monitoring enzyme activities Top-down bottom-up control of in cultures and field populations. HAB dynamics
Session: O.04 - Ecophysiology 2 Session: PL..03 - Plenary III Presentation time: 15:55 - 16:15 Presentation time: 08:30 - 09:05
ST Haley, ED Orchard, A Strojsova, ST Edna Granéli
Dyhrman Kalmar University, KALMAR, Sweden
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WOODS HOLE, United States of America The systematic overexploitation of marine resources through fishing The dynamics of harmful algal has led to changes at the top of the blooms (HAB) can be dramatically food chains. These changes have influenced by nutrient supply, and it cascaded down the food chains. is widely accepted that both the From lakes it has been known since quantity and quality of the nutrient around 1980 that a reduction in the pool can impact HAB formation, number and size of larger, persistence, and decline. Dissolved piscivorous (predators on smaller organic forms of nitrogen and fishes) diminish, leads to an phosphorus comprise a nutrient increase in the biomass of smaller, pool that is often not readily planktivorous fishes. This, in turn, bioavailable to phytoplankton leads to a higher predation pressure without enzymatic hydrolysis to on larger zooplankton and as a inorganic forms. One way of consequence the grazing pressure assessing nutrient availability, and on phytoplankton will decrease. perhaps enabling greater This mechanism is especially strong understanding of the cues which in nutrient-rich waters. Thus, over- allow HAB to form, is to use cell- fishing and eutrophication may work specific enzyme assays to monitor synergistically to increase cellular physiology. Recent phytoplankton biomass. HAB advances, such as enzyme labeled species, in addition, have the fluorescence (ELF), now allow us to advantage over other phytoplankton specifically monitor the enzyme groups in being -to a variable activities associated with harmful extent - grazing-resistant by being species in complex communities. unpalatable (from the production of We have screened a series of toxins and/ or through body cultures and field samples for shape/size). Diminished grazing in alkaline phosphatase and N- combination with increasing acetylglucosaminidase activity using amounts of nutrients may thus ELF to assess the presence of select for HAB species. I argue that these activities and the extent to
36 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 changes caused by overfishing can addition, particular emphasis is diminish grazing, directly affecting given to the potential of FISH those HAB species positively that probes as a tool for the are not totally grazer resistant, while differentiation between vegetative increased nutrient availability cells and advanced stage (through eutrophication) will divert planozygotes. Morphological nutrients from grazing-sensitive to observations carried out with both grazer- resistant (HAB) culture and field material are phytoplankton species. reported.
O.05-02 O.05-01 Artificial neural network Discrimination and dynamics of approaches to one-step weekly naturally occurring mixed prediction of Dinophysis Alexandrium populations using acuminata blooms in Huelva rRNA targeted fluorescent (Western Andalucia, Spain) oligonucleotide probes Session: O.05 - Population dynamics 1 Session: O.05 - Population dynamics 1 Presentation time: 09:30 - 09:50
Presentation time: 09:10 - 09:30 1 2 L Velo , JC Gutiérrez-Estrada
N Touzet, R Raine 1 Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO, National University of Ireland Galway, Spain GALWAY, Ireland 2Universidad de Huelva, HUELVA, Spain
Field investigations in Cork Harbour, The Atlantic coasts of Andalucia are Ireland have revealed a mixed affected by chronic spring-summer population of Alexandrium (March to June) Diarrhetic Shellfish comprising a non-toxic form of A. Poisoning (DSP) outbreaks tamarense (West European associated with proliferations of ribotype) and a PSP toxin-producing Dinophysis acuminata Claparède A. minutum (Global Clade). The and Lachmann. Artificial Neural latter species is now confirmed as Networks (ANN) have been the causative organism responsible successfully used to model primary for historical occurrences of PSP production and has recently been contamination of shellfish in the tested for the prediction of harmful area. The morphological similarity algae blooms. In this study, we between these species has made evaluated the performance of feed comparative dynamics studies forward ANN models trained to difficult when using conventional predict Dinophysis acuminata methodologies. This problem is proliferations. ANN models were compounded by the requirement to trained and tested using weekly understand the processes involved data (five previous weeks) of D. in lifecycle transitions in order to acuminata cell counts from 8 determine the mechanisms that stations of the Andalusian HAB govern the initiation and termination monitoring programme in the coasts phases of blooms. Here we report of Huelva between 1998 and 2004. the use of LSU rRNA targeted taxa- Principal Component Analyses specific fluorescent oligonucleotide (PCA) were previously carried out to probes for studies on comparative find out possible similarities within bloom dynamics of these two time series from each zone with the species within the same estuary. In aim to reduce the number of areas
37 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 to model, and further the number of distinct microcystin genotypes were sampling stations. Our results show found between different samples that ANN models, with a low when ratios of cell numbers of mcy number of input variables, are able genotypes were relatively high. to reproduce trends in D. acuminata Thus, our data suggest that multiple population dynamics. ecotypes, which are adapted to ecological parameters, might coexist within the M. aeruginosa O.05-03 community. Temporal changes in microcystin-producing and non- microcystin-producing O.05-04 Microcystis populations of a Vertical migration: an key Japanese Lake strategy for the ecological
Session: O.05 - Population dynamics 1 success of the toxic Presentation time: 09:50 - 10:10 dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum in south east Mitsuhiro Yoshida Tasmania, Australia Fukui Prefectural University, OBAMA, Japan Session: O.05 - Population dynamics 1 Presentation time: 10:10 - 10:30
Temporal changes in hepatotoxin SIE Blackburn1, K Wild-Allen1, MA microcystin-producing and non- Doblin2, PA Armstrong3, CJ Bolch4, PA microcystin-producing Microcystis Thompson1, GM Hallegraeff4 aeruginosa populations were 1CSIRO, HOBART, Australia examined in Lake Mikata, Japan. To 2University of Technology, SYDNEY, monitor densities of the total M. Australia 3 aeruginosa population and University of Tasmania, Aquafin CRC, potentially microcystin-producing LAUNCESTON, Australia 4University of Tasmania, LAUNCESTON, cells, we used quantitative real-time Australia PCR assays targeting the phycocyanin intergenic spacer (PC- The toxic dinoflagellate IGS) and the microcystin synthetase Gymnodinium catenatum has gene (mcyA), respectively. During formed recurrent blooms in the the sampling period, the ratios of Huon Estuary, south east Tasmania cell numbers of mcyA genotypes to since the mid 1980s. The estuary is the total M. aeruginosa varied characterised by humic-laden considerably with the range from surface river flow and micro-tidal 0.005 to 0.35. When surface nitrate salt wedge estuarine circulation. A concentrations increased distinctive feature of the blooms is dramatically, there was an apparent diurnal vertical migration (DVM), up rise in cell number ratios of mcyA to 20 metres of the water column. genotypes. As an alternative Laboratory studies using vertically approach, the 16S-23S rDNA stratified columns demonstrate that internal transcribed spacer (16S- DVM facilitates nutrient retrieval at 23S ITS) genotyping was employed depth. In addition, G. catenatum for the identification of potentially grows equally well on nitrate, microcystin-producing and non- ammonium or urea and, in the field, microcystin-producing genotypes in G. catenatum utilises whichever of natural communities. The these nitrogen sources are available phylogenetically closely related but during DVM. This indicates an
38 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 advantage for G. catenatum in its neurologic manifestations in juvenile ability to access a continuous and adult offspring. These supply of nitrogen through vertical manifestations take the form of migration. A 3D-coupled altered performance in learning and hydrodynamic-ecological modelling memory tasks as well as diminished study demonstrates that the cognitive reserve as evident in interaction of DVM with the response to drugs. In parallel, we estuarine circulation provides a will present a model that uses physical mechanism for the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an retention and accumulation of the alternative species to complement species in the estuary. These our developmental studies in rat. combined laboratory, field and Zebrafish embryos microinjected modelling approaches demonstrate with domoic into the yolk sac display that vertical migration is a key typical domoic acid symptoms of strategy for the ecological success seizures and stereotypic behaviors of G. catenatum in south east in rats. The zebrafish model is now Tasmania. being used to characterize susceptibility of domoic acid- exposed embryos to seizure- O.06-01 causing drugs later in life to Early life exposure to domoic evaluate how domoic may cause acid leads to ‘silent’ neurological 'silent' effects that predispose adults manifestaions in juveniles and to neurological disorders. adults
Session: O.06 - Toxicology 1 O.06-02 Presentation time: 09:10 - 09:30 The fate of dissolved domoic and
JS Ramsdell1, JA Tiedeken1, ED Levin2 okadaic acid in presence of
1NOAA-National Ocean Service, bacteria, copepod faecal pellets CHARLESTON, United States of America and mussel faecal matter 2 Duke University, DURHAM, United States Session: O.06 - Toxicology 1 of America Presentation time: 09:30 - 09:50
Domoic acid is a rigid analog of the JA Hagström, E Granéli excitatory amino acid glutamate University of Kalmar, KALMAR, Sweden produced by the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia, and a well- In this work, we examined some of characterized neurotoxin in adult the biotic factors that could be animals. However, the impact of involved in degradation of the toxins domoic acid exposure early in domoic acid (DA) and okadaic acid development is by comparison (OA) during decay of toxic algal poorly understood. Toxicity cells. Toxin standard in surface occurring during development often seawater was incubated during 69 takes on a different set of days with: 1) natural bacterial parameters, because effects on abundance from a known bloom site developmental processes can of toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia spp. cause 'silent' changes that result in or Dinophysis spp., 2) 4-fold increased susceptibility to concentration of natural bacterial neurological disorders later in the abundance, 3) copepod faecal life span. We will present recent pellets and 4) mussel faeces and findings how in utero domoic acid pseudo-faeces. Degradation rates exposure in rats leads to 'silent' of dissolved DA in the two bacterial
39 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 treatments were 2.2% and 3.6% production of the micro-alga for day-1, respectively. Copepod faecal partial chemical characterisation of pellets had no effect on DA whereas the toxic compound. Fractionation degradation was as high as 50% of the active extracts was guided by day-1 in the mussel faecal matter a haemolytic neutralisation assay treatment. Degradation of OA was (HNA) for palytoxin. Larval only found with 4-fold bacteria bioassays using sea urchins and abundance and at low rate (0.9% Greenshell musselsTM (Perna day-1). Even after 69 days canaliculus) indicated toxicity and exposition to copepod and mussels extensive acute toxicological studies faecal matter did not result in OA using small mammals confirmed degradation. Therefore, OA is a toxicity by intraperitoneal injection. much more resistant toxin than DA. The assays, including comparative As the data suggests that some HNA results, indicate that the novel bacteria and digestive enzymes compound has an equivalent aggregated within mussel faecal toxicity to palytoxin itself. O. matter shorten the degradation time siamensis cells were fed of DA, degradation of OA in incrementally (46 x106 cells over presence of other shellfish species three days) to shellfish and sea faecal matter should be studied. urchins in order to simulate bloom concentrations and to determine the
risk to humans of seafood O.06-03 contamination. Results (HNA) were Ostreopsis siamensis and Greenshell mussels (whole palytoxin-related compounds in shellfish), 14.5 µg/kg; scallops New Zealand: a risk to human (minus hepatopancreas; Pecten health? novaezealandiae), 7.7 µg/kg; sea urchins, 1.2 µg/kg. Session: O.06 - Toxicology 1 Presentation time: 09:50 - 10:10
LL Rhodes1, R Munday2, LR Briggs2, O.06-04 PT Holland1, CO Miles2, J Loader2, D Effects of algal-produced Jensen2, J Cooney2 neurotoxins on brain activity in
1Cawthron, NELSON, New Zealand atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) 2 AgResearch, HAMILTON, New Zealand Session: O.06 - Toxicology 1
Presentation time: 10:10 - 10:30 Ostreopsis siamensis occurs in New Zealand’s sub-tropical waters and Marit Bakke, TE Horsberg produces potent novel toxins with Norges Veterinærhøgskole, OSLO, Norway some characteristics of palytoxin. Summer blooms of O. siamensis In addition to being lethal at high have been linked to massive concentrations, toxins released seaweed diebacks and to sea during harmful algae blooms may urchin (Evechinus chloroticus) have implications for fish also in mortalities in the far north of New sublethal concentrations. The Zealand over the last few years. cellular mechanisms of the toxins Optimisation of growth of O. used in this study are well siamensis in vitro, using 30 litre described, however, little is known capacity plastic bags held about the effects on the central horizontally in light and temperature nervous system in fish. This study controlled tanks, has allowed mass aimed to look for changes in
40 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 metabolic activity in different parts scallops and mussels were assayed of the brain of Atlantic salmon after and the resultant OA contents exposure to sublethal doses of showed a good correlation three different neurotoxins. (R2=0.9797) those obtained by LC- Seawater adapted postsmolts (93.4 MS analysis. Next, we prepared a g ± 1.9 g) were randomly selected prototype microplate assay kit for to four groups for i.p. injection of YTXs using polyclonal anti-YTX saline (control) or one of the antibodies. After optimizing the neurotoxins saxitoxin (10 µg STX/kg assay conditions, we assayed more bw), brevetoxin (68 µg BTX/kg bw) than 500 samples and compared or domoic acid (6 mg DA/kg bw). the results with thoset of LC-MS. A After 30 minutes, 14C- good linearity was observed deoxyglucose (200 µCi/kg bw) was between the ELISA and LC-MS injected i.m., and the fish were results (R2=0.740). However, the sacrificed after an additional 30 values obtained by ELISA were 8 minutes whereupon the head was times higher than those calculated instantly frozen in liquid propane. by LC-MS for YTX, indicating a Sections of the brain (20 µm) were higher cross-reactivity of 45-OH- subjected to autoradiographical YTX and other analogs against the examination and the antibody. Nevertheless, the good autoradiograms were analyzed linearity observed between the two digitally. Preliminary results suggest assays pointed to the usefulness of that all studied neurotoxins have an the ELISA assay as an on-site effect on the metabolic activity in screening method for YTXs. various parts of the brain. Possible implications of the findings will be O.07-02 discussed. Comparison of the accumulation of lipophilic marine biotoxins in O.07-01 passive samplers, transplanted Development of simple and rapid mussels and indigenous mussels assays for diarrhetic shellfish on the Irish coast toxins and yessotoxins based on Session: O.07 - Toxin analysis 1 enzyme inhibition and ELISA Presentation time: 11:20 - 11:40
Session: O.07 - Toxin analysis 1 EE Fux, R Bire, P Hess Presentation time: 11:00 - 11:20 Marine Institute, ORANMORE, Ireland R Sekiguchi1, M Suzuki1, N Takahashi1, M Yamamoto1, M Watai1, T Suzuki2, T The use of polymeric resin as Yasumoto1 passive sampling for an early
1Japan Food Research Laboratories, warning system was recently TAMA-SHI, TOKYO, Japan published and referred to as Solid 2 Tohoku National Fisheries Research Insti, Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking SHIOGAMA, MIYAGI, Japan (SPATT). This technique involves
In an ongoing project to develop the immersion of resin filled sachets screening methods suitable for on- in the seawater and was used site use, we evaluated the during the summer 2005 on the performance of our PP2A inhibition west coast of Ireland in shellfish assay kits developed by using a productions areas. Live mussels catalytic subunit of PP2A from were placed next to the SPATT whelks. More than 500 samples of bags to compare toxins
41 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 accumulated in shellfish and onto correlated with the co-occurrence of the resin. Furthermore, all data an unusual proliferation of the obtained by LC-MS were compared tropical microalga Ostreopsis ovata. to the toxin levels in indigenous Some Ostreopsis strains are proven mussels. The SPATT bags showed to produce analogues of palytoxin. the ability to adsorb a wide range of Thus, the need arose to develop an lipophilic toxins (AZAs, OA, DTX2, analytical method for detecting PTX2, and YTX) even when no palytoxin in order to investigate major toxic events occurred. The whether the O. ovata blooming relocated mussels that were placed during the Genoa event was near the SPATT bags accumulated producing the toxin. toxins (OA, DTX2, OA esters, DTX2 A new LC/MS method for palytoxin esters, AZA1 and AZA2) to a was set up on a turbo ionspray greater extent than the indigenous (TSI)- triple quadrupole MS mussels. The SPATT bags allow instrument operating in selected ion the detection of toxins in the water monitoring (SIM) and multiple but did not provide an early warning reaction monitoring (MRM) seven days prior the toxic event. acquisition modes (positive ions). The use of passive sampling had The minimum detection levels for major advantages over current matrix-free toxin on-column, which monitoring methods which use were estimated to be 17 pg (3.4 shellfish, as it enables the ng/mL) and 29 pg (5.8 ng/mL) in quantification of parent toxins rather MRM and SIM mode, respectively, than their metabolites and offered make the method suitable for high sensitivity. monitoring program. Application of the method to the analysis of a plankton sample O.07-03 collected along Genoa coasts Genoa 2005 outbreak. during the toxic event, Determination of a putative demonstrated for the first time the palytoxin in Mediterranean presence of a putative palytoxin in Ostreopsis ovata by a new LC/MS Italian waters and pointed to this method toxin as the causative agent of the Session: O.07 - Toxin analysis 1 Genoa outbreak. Presentation time: 11:40 - 12:00
P Ciminiello1, C Dell'Aversano2, E Fattorusso2, M Forino2, GS Magno2, L O.07-04 Tartaglione2, C Grillo3, N Melchiorre3 LC-MS for detection of paralytic
1Università di Napoli 'Federico II', NAPOLI, shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins Italy in shellfish 2 Università di Napoli 'Federico II', NAPOLI, Session: O.07 - Toxin analysis 1 Italy 3 Presentation time: 12:00 - 12:20 ARPAL, LA SPEZIA, Italy EA Turrell, L Stobo, J-P Lacaze
During Summer 2005, symptoms of Fisheries Research Services, ABERDEEN, rhinorrhea, cough, fever, United Kingdom bronchoconstriction with mild dyspnea were observed in about The combination of hydrophilic 200 people exposed to marine interaction chromatography (HILIC) aerosols on the beach of Genoa and tandem liquid chromatography- (Italy). The toxic outbreak was mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
42 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 provides a high degree of selectivity new standards for drinking water, and sensitivity for the determination more intensive monitoring for of paralytic shellfish poisoning cyanotoxins has been initiated. A (PSP) toxins (Dell'Aversano et al., filamentous bloom-forming 2005). At Fisheries Research cyanobacterium from a lake has Services, a HILIC LC-MS method been shown to be a potent producer for the detection of PSP toxins of anatoxin-a. Phylogenetic analysis (STX, NEO, dcSTX, GTX1 to GTX4, of the 16S rRNA and rpoB gene dcGTX2 and dcGTX3) has been sequences classified the organism developed using a single as Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi. quadrupole LC-MS for the detection Benthic samples of Oscillatoria sp. of these toxins in UK shellfish. and Phormidium sp. from several Calibration range and linearity were rivers were shown to produce acceptable (0.5 to 5 µM, R2 > 0.99) anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a, and a detection limit of ~0.5 µM was and were conclusively associated achieved. Unfortunately, sensitivity with illness and death of dogs. was at least ten times less These findings are the first favourable when compared with confirmed reporting of anatoxin- validated high performance-liquid producing species in the Southern chromatography with fluorescence Hemisphere and the first report of detection (HPLC-FLD), which can anatoxin-a production by A. be prone to interference from issatschenkoi. An isolate of the endogenous fluorescent matrix latter was brought into culture and, compounds. In order to increase during LC-MS assays for anatoxin-a sensitivity of the LC-MS, we are production, an unstable biosynthetic currently developing methods for precursor was found in fresh improved sample preparation, using samples of the culture. solid phase extraction (SPE) and Characterisation of the precursor is we will present our preliminary described and implications for findings. accurate analysis of anatoxin-a in water samples are discussed. The Dell'Aversano et al. / J. Chromatogr. New Zealand Drinking Water A (2005) 190-201 Standards (2005) include provisional maximum allowable values (PMAVs) for anatoxin-a, O.07-05 homoanatoxin-a, Anatoxin contamination of cylindrospermopsin and freshwater resources in New microcystins of 6, 2, 1 and 1 µg/L Zealand respectively. The validation of Session: O.07 - Toxin analysis 1 suitable test methods to enforce Presentation time: 12:20 - 12:40 these low limits is presented.
PT Holland1, AI Selwood1, SA Wood1,
K Smith1, P McNabb1, P Rasmussen2 O.07-06 1 Cawthron Institute, NELSON, New The Biosense ASP ELISA - an Zealand 2Australian Water Quality Centre, early warning tool for the BOLIVAR, SA, Australia environmental monitoring of domoic acid in phytoplankton Cyanobacterial blooms in New and seawater
Zealand water resources have been Session: O.07 - Toxin analysis 1 surveyed and, in response to strict
43 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Presentation time: 12:40 - 13:00 O.08-01
H Kleivdal1, SI Kristiansen1, C Domoic acid production is not Campbell2, K Davidson2 linked to silicate limitation in
1Biosense Laboratories AS, BERGEN, natural populations of Pseudo- Norway nitzschia 2Scottish Association for Marine Science, Session: O.08 - Population dynamics 2 OBAN, United Kingdom Presentation time: 11:00 - 11:20
The monitoring of potential harmful WP Cochlan1, ML Wells2, VL Trainer3, algae in coastal waters often relies CG Trick4, EJ Lessard5, BM Hickey5 on species determination and an 1Romberg Tiburon Center, SFSU, estimation of their respective cell TIBURON, United States of America 2 counts. There is no clear correlation University of Maine, ORONO, United States of America between toxin levels and cell 3Northwest Fisheries Science Center, numbers for many toxin-producing NOAA, SEATTLE, United States of species, and it is difficult to predict America the effects of an upcoming bloom as 4Department of Biology, University of Wes, some algae may be harmful at low LONDON, Canada 5University of Washington, SEATTLE, abundance. A parallel routine United States of America determination of actual toxin levels is therefore important to A central paradigm in the study of complement the phytomonitoring as toxigenic diatoms is that silicate part of an effective early warning limitation induces intense cellular system. Until recently, the analysis production of domoic acid. We of toxins in phytoplankton has been tested this hypothesis during a 2004 performed in centralized ECOHAB-PNW cruise in the coastal laboratories with costly and waters off Washington State and advanced instrumentation far from British Columbia where toxigenic the sampling sites. As simple rapid Pseudo-nitzschia typically occur. assays for marine biotoxins become Our results show that the highest available, the analysis of levels of cellular toxin (5-64 pg/cell) phytoplankton and seawater correlate poorly with ambient silicate samples can be performed close to concentrations and occur where the sampling site and provide a 'real dissolved silicate concentrations are time' monitoring of the toxin level in 5-50 µM. None of the ~400 coastal waters. We have evaluated particulate analyses showed the Biosense ASP ELISA for direct elevated cellular toxin analysis of domoic acid (DA) in concentrations at < 4 µM Si. These seawater and several cultured and concentrations are well above that natural Pseudo-nitzschia sp. considered limiting for Si uptake and samples, using a simple sample growth of most neritic diatoms. preparation protocol. The ASP Cellular toxin levels also did not ELISA allows precise and accurate correlate with N or P concentrations, quantitation of DA at low indicating that toxin production in I concentrations in particulate and spp. is not governed by dissolved fractions, with an macronutrient availability. A similar estimated limit of detection at 50 result was found during the intense pg/mL. toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom in Monterey Bay, 1998. The most
established correlate for elevated domoic acid levels in 2004 was the
44 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 distribution of low dissolved iron data indicate that the eddy can be concentrations; a finding consistent contrasted to the coastal upwelling with laboratory culture experiments zone by the following: (1) higher and our field incubation studies in specific cellular toxicities, especially this region. These findings provide in Pseudo-nitzschia found around perhaps the most detailed insight to its edges, (2) a greater degree of date into the triggers for toxin iron limitation (3) a more persistent production in natural populations of macronutrient supply. The shifting Pseudo-nitzschia. physiological health of Pseudo- nitzschia cells in transit from the eddy also points to its uniqueness. O.08-02 In spite of a well developed eddy in The nature of the Juan de Fuca September 2004 featuring high eddy: the rise and fall of domoic levels of both particulate (up to 95 acid to the Washington State nM) and dissolved domoic acid (up coast to 20 nM), this HAB never reached Session: O.08 - Population dynamics 2 the coast, illustrating that toxic Presentation time: 11:20 - 11:40 events require both toxin production VL Trainer1, WP Cochlan2, BM Hickey3, and onshore transport. EJ Lessard3, A MacFadyen3, CG Trick4, ML Wells5
1NOAA Fisheries, SEATTLE, O.08-03 WASHINGTON, United States of America The role of grazer induced toxin 2San Francisco State University, SAN production in harmful algal FRANCISCO, CA, United States of bloom formation America 3University of Washington, SEATTLE, WA, Session: O.08 - Population dynamics 2 United States of America Presentation time: 11:40 - 12:00 4 University of Western Ontario, LONDON, E Selander, A Arnqvist, J Bergkvist, H ONTARIO, Canada 5 Pavia University of Maine, ORONO, ME, United States of America Göteborg University, STRÖMSTAD, Sweden The Juan de Fuca eddy is a retentive summer feature located off Waterborne cues from several Washington State, U.S.A. whose species of copepod grazers induce location and size is dependent on increased paralytic shellfish toxin wind as well as freshwater outflow (PST) production in the from the adjacent strait. Although dinoflagellate Alexandrium domoic acid-producing Pseudo- minutum. The induction is density nitzschia species have been dependent and more PST is formed recorded in this region since 1996, when more waterborne cues from their abundance and toxicity vary grazers is present. Here, water from year to year in a manner that is borne cues from the copepod at present unpredictable. Over the grazer Acartia tonsa was used to last 3 years, ECOHAB Pacific manipulate cell specific PST content Northwest researchers have in cultures of A. minutum. The performed 5 synoptic cruises to resulting A. minutum cultures characterize the strength and ranged in toxicity from 8 fmol PST cell-1 in control cultures to 48 fmol variation in the biological, physical -1 and chemical factors pertinent to PST cell in cultures that received HAB success. The interdisciplinary most waterborne cues from grazers. The A. minutum cultures of different
45 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 toxicity were subsequently used in therefore result in diverse impacts of feeding preference experiments viral infection in phytoplankton with copepod grazers and different population dynamics in situ. For non-toxic alternative phytoplankton example the lytic cycle length, burst prey. The results showed that size and bloom density interact to copepods discriminated against influence the rate of propagation of more toxic A. minutum and infection, and therefore the significantly less A. minutum was development or demise of H. ingested in treatments were induced akashiwo blooms. In addition, the (more toxic) A. minutum were host range of each virus clone and present. Discriminate feeding of permissiveness of each host strain copepods resulted in a shift towards shape the genetic composition of H. A. minutum dominated species akashiwo populations. These composition in experiments with factors will be examined and used induced, more toxic, A. minutum. It to demonstrate the role of virus in is suggested that induced phytoplankton blooms, and the resistance to grazers may importance of isolating and contribute to the formation of characterizing novel viruses to harmful algal blooms. understand the role of viruses in phytoplankton mortality.
O.08-04 The impacts of viral infection on O.08-05 Heterosigma akashiwo blooms Trigger factors of Alexandrium catenella blooms in Hong Kong Session: O.08 - Population dynamics 2 Presentation time: 12:00 - 12:20 Session: O.08 - Population dynamics 2
Presentation time: 12:20 - 12:40 JE Lawrence
University of New Brunswick, KC Ho
FREDERICTON, Canada Open University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG, Hongkong A number of viruses infect the harmful bloom-forming raphidophyte The environmental data collected in Heterosigma akashiwo such as Hong Kong waters during the past HaNIV, HaRNAV and a novel 20 years were reviewed and system in which two distinct viruses statistically analysed. Results co-infect a host cell. These lytic showed that the ranges of water viruses are distinct in their temperature, solar intensity, salinity biochemical composition; they and wind and current directions contain different nucleic acids and during the periods of Alexandrium proteins and are therefore catenella bloom were significantly genetically diverse. Lytic infections (p<0.05) different from the normal in general are marked by a number ranges of these parameters during of events: replication of progeny, the winter of Hong Kong as well as lysis of the host and the the ranges of these parameters concomitant release of progeny and during the red tides of other organic material. This cycle dinoflagellates. While it is not inherently means viruses impact possible to correlate the host abundance and nutrient concentrations of TIN in seawater cycling. However, a number of with the blooms of A. catenella, factors are specific to viruses and results obtained from bottle-
46 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 bioassay in environmental rainfall and snowmelt inputs. A chambers revealed that the yield of physical/biological model was used A. catenella was maximized when to hindcast the bloom and ambient TIN ranged from 0.05- investigate the relative importance 0.1mg-N/L and N:P atomic ratio of these factors. Simulations ranged from 18-22. Analysis of indicate that high cyst abundance meteorological data shows that was a critical factor in the bloom’s blooms of A. catenella happened at size, perhaps the most important of early February to March when the the three. Wind forcing was also coastal water of Hong Kong is important, however, as episodic prominent by the intruded oceanic bursts of northeast winds water from Taiwan Strait. It is accelerated along-shore flow and suggested that the vegetative cells caused onshore advection of of A. catenella were seeded from offshore populations. While affecting the Kuro Shio Current and blooms cell abundance in southern waters, was triggered by the relatively low buoyant plumes formed from temperature (18-22 °C) and relative elevated river runoff were confined high N:P atomic ratio in coastal to the coast and had limited impact embayment. on the broad, gulf-wide bloom distribution. Based on historical toxicity patterns in shellfish and high O.08-06 numbers of cysts observed in the A massiv bloom of Alexandrium region in 2004 and 2005 (pre- and fundyense in the Gulf of Maine: post bloom), we hypothesize a 'new mechanisms and future regime' with more frequent and implications intense toxicity in western Maine Session: O.08 - Population dynamics 2 and southern New England over the Presentation time: 12:40 - 13:00 next decade or more. DM Anderson1, BA Keafer1, K Norton1, R He1, DJ McGillicuddy, Jr1, CH Pilskaln2, D Couture3 PL.04
1 Allelopathic effects of bioactive Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WOODS HOLE, United States of America compounds produced by harmful 2Bigelow Laboratory of Ocean Sciences, algae
WEST BOOTHBAY HARBOR, ME, United Session: PL..04 - Plenary IV - Allelopathy States of America 3 Presentation time: 14:15 - 14:50 Maine Department of Marine Resources, WEST BOOTHBAY HARBOR, ME, United Urbann Tillmann, U John, B Krock, A States of America Cembella
Alfred Wegener Institute, BREMERHAVEN, A massive bloom of Alexandrium Germany fundyense affected southern New England in 2005, closing nearshore Allelopathy may be defined as 'any shellfish beds from Maine to process involving secondary Massachusetts and 40,000 km2 of metabolites produced by plants, offshore federal waters. This was microorganisms, virus and fungi that the largest regional bloom in over influence the growth and 30 years. Observations suggest development of natural systems' three factors in bloom development: (International Allelopathic Society). 1) historically high cyst abundance; Such chemical interactions have 2) strong storm activity with been widely studied in terrestrial northeast winds; and 3) heavy ecology but are less well known in
47 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 marine ecosystems, especially 2University of Montpellier II, among protists. In the marine MONTPELLIER, France plankton, temporal and spatial Chemical interactions among changes of biomass and species marine microbes are an adaptation composition have traditionally been to avoid predation and to eliminate thought to be mainly regulated by competitors. Recently, the resource availability and abiotic importance of allelopathic factors. However, there is interactions among phytoplankton increasing evidence that inter- and heterotrophic protists has been specific interactions in the plankton demonstrated. Potentially, play a major role in succession, phytoplankton allelochemicals could food web structure and bloom also affect other microbes. The development. Many HAB species traditional view is that are regarded as rather poor bacterioplankton benefit from DOM exploitation competitors in terms of produced by phytoplankton. growth rate and/or resource uptake However, during high density algal capabilities. There is some blooms, bacterial biomass is often evidence for the hypothesis that a lower than expected in relation to number of HAB species may gain algal DOM. We tested the dominance by the production of hypotheses that phytoplankton bioactive compounds, secondary allelochemicals would affect metabolites that affect growth or bacterioplankton composition and elicit other physiological responses growth. The allelopathic effect of the in other organisms. Such prymnesiophyte Prymnesium allelochemicals may be targeted to parvum was tested on a wide range exclude competitors from exploiting of bacterial isolates belonging to 5 limited resources (interference different groups and on natural competition), as well as to populations. Results showed that avoid/reduce predation. algal allelochemicals selectively HABspecies with allelopathic inhibited different bacterial targets potency include various with different efficiency, ranging cyanobacteria, haptophytes and from 5-10% for Actinobacteria to dinoflagellates. Although the >60% Proteobacteria. Bacteroidetes causative substances are poorly were not affected by described, such allelochemicals allelochemicals. The allelopathic seem to be distinct from the effect on natural bacterial commonly known phycotoxins. communities was proportional to the concentration of allelochemicals, indicating that the inhibition of O.09-01 bacterioplankton may increase Marine phytoplanton during bloom formation. The allelochemicals affect growth composition of natural and composition of bacterioplankton was significantly bacterioplankton affected by allelochemicals. We conclude that algal allelochemicals Session: O.09 - Allelopathy Presentation time: 14:55 - 15:15 must be considered, along with resources, bacterivory and viral C Legrand1, T Bouvier2 lysis, as a fundamental control 1 University of Kalmar, KALMAR, Sweden factor of marine bacterial growth,
48 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
composition and potentially also IFREMER, PLOUZANÉ, France activity. Karenia mikimotoi is a widely O.09-02 distributed potent fish killer. This Allelopathic interactions contribution summarizes the works modulate brevetoxin production conducted on its allelopathic in the red tide dinoflagellate properties. This property has been Karenia brevis demonstrated in laboratory cultures
Session: O.09 - Allelopathy and confirmed in situ. The minimum Presentation time: 15:15 - 15:35 level for repression in diatom growth 4 -1 J Kubanek1, EK Prince1, T Myers1, J was estimated ca. 10 cells · l , Naar2 indicating that allelopathy can
1Georgia Institute of Technology, favour the bloom development. One ATLANTA, United States of America of the allelopathic agents (a labile 2University of North Carolina at Wilmingt, fatty acid : 18:5n3) was identified in WILMINGTON, United States of America the cells and in the cultures media. To understand the mode of action of The production and release of the toxic agent, it was synthetized compounds that inhibit competitors, from 22:6n3. This fatty acid inhibits a process known as allelopathy, is in a non-specific way membrane hypothesized to be important ATPases, rendering biological among phytoplankton, especially targets unable to regulate their ion those that occur in dense blooms. exchanges. The short half-life time We previously found that the red (30 min) of this toxin explains that it tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis is doesn’t saturate the medium and allelopathic towards several Gulf of that cells transport their allelopathic. Mexico competitors, and that Scaling arguments lead to an brevetoxins are responsible for estimation of a action sphere suppressing one competitor, around each cell is ca. 175 µm. The Skeletonema costatum. Recent consequence is that allelopathy is laboratory and field experiments acting only by proximity. It was have led to the finding that S. recently demonstrated that a trade- costatum retaliates by inhibiting off has been established between brevetoxin production in K. brevis. the advantage gained by allelopathy Natural bloom samples of K. brevis and the sensitivity of K. mikimotoi to lose their allelopathic effect when its own allelopathic agent. Some exposed to S. costatum. Overall, general conclusions are proposed chemically-mediated competitive on the basis of this case study. interactions in the marine plankton appear to be complex, multi- directional, and part of an ongoing O.09-04 co-evolutionary battle over limiting Spirolide variability and resources. biological activity of natural products from the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium O.09-03 ostenfeldii Allelopathy in Karenia mikimotoi: a case study Session: O.09 - Allelopathy Presentation time: 15:55 - 16:15 Session: O.09 - Allelopathy Presentation time: 15:35 - 15:55
Patrick Gentien
49 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
AD Cembella1, C Kantu2, B Krock1, N methyl C spirolide and spirolide- Jaeckisch1, E Cañete3, A Caillaud3, J containing A. ostenfeldii extracts 3 1 1 Diogène , U Tilmann , U John suggest that the toxic effects are not
1Alfred Wegener Institute, due only to spirolides but also to BREMERHAVEN, Germany 2 other bioactive substances. MPI for Marine Microbiology, BREMEN, Germany 3 IRTA Centre d’Aquicultura, SANT O.10-01 CARLES DE LA RAPITA, Spain Successful production of antibodies against azaspiracids The marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii produces a Session: O.10 - Toxin analysis 2 wide diversity of macrocyclic imine Presentation time: 14:55 - 15:15 toxins known as spirolides. IA Samdal1, LR Briggs2, CO Miles2, CJ Biosynthetic studies with stable Forsyth3, ST Nguyen3, J Xu3, T isotope labeling and NMR Rundberget1, M Sandvik1 spectroscopy support a common 1National Veterinary Institute, OSLO, polyketide origin for spirolides. We Norway 2AgResearch, HAMILTON, New Zealand have also identified several putative 3 polyketide synthases (PKS) in University of Minnesota, MINNESOTA, United States of America limited genomic studies of A. ostenfeldii. Exposure to A. Azaspiracids have recurred ostenfeldii cells elicits an regularly in Northern European allelochemical response in certain shellfish since their discovery in protist species. To determine November 1995 in Irish mussels. pharmacological activity of Their presence in shellfish poses a spirolides and other bioactive risk of acute nausea, vomiting and substances produced by A. severe diarrhoea in human ostenfeldii, neuroblastoma (N2a) consumers and chronic effects are cell lines were exposed to crude cell suspected. There is an urgent need extracts and pure des methyl C for sensitive, simple, rapid, spirolide. Cytotoxicity tests showed affordable methods with a high that crude extracts caused large sample throughput. Here we report blebbings within hours in a dose- the first production of antibodies dependant manner. Cells exposed against azaspiracids. to des methyl C spirolide induced A synthetic hapten representing the only small blebbings, with no further common C-28–C-40 domain of all changes observed over longer the known azaspiracids was exposure times (24 h). synthesised in Minnesota, Transcriptional analysis with a conjugated to a carrier protein, and pathway targeted DNA microarray used to immunise sheep for yielded evidence of many more antibody production in both Norway 'down regulated' than 'up regulated' and New Zealand. Preliminary genes upon exposure to spirolides results indicate that the resulting and crude cell extracts, particularly antibodies recognise a range of genes involved in azaspiracids. The antibodies have necrosis/apoptosis/stress (e.g. 'heat been utilised to develop an ELISA shock proteins') and for azaspiracids and immunoaffinity growth/senescence. Nevertheless, columns. Further optimisation of the the differences observed in application of the antibodies in expression patterns between des immunoassays is under way.
50 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Progress to date and potential were observed for DA therefore a applications will be summarised. variety of alternative adsorbents were assessed. We aim to validate the use of these adsorbents for O.10-02 sample clean-up strategies, potable Laboratory evaluation and water applications and to method development of solid complement HAB monitoring phase adsorbents for hydrophilic programs. phycotoxins in marine and freshwater applications
Session: O.10 - Toxin analysis 2 O.10-03 Presentation time: 15:15 - 15:35 Karenia concordia (Dinophyceae) as a brevetoxin-producer and A Robertson, KL Reeves, J Capling, C Garnett, MA Quilliam comparison with two closely related species K. brevisulcata National Research Council of Canada, and K. mikimotoi HALIFAX, Canada Session: O.10 - Toxin analysis 2 Solid phase adsorption toxin Presentation time: 15:35 - 15:55 tracking (SPATT) is a relatively new 1 2 FH Chang , AJ Bourdelais , DG technology that was developed to Baden2, M Gall1, D Hulston1, V Webb1 facilitate routine monitoring of 1National Inst. Water & Atmosph. Res., lipophilic toxins. We have now WELLINGTON, New Zealand sought to evaluate adsorbents that 2Univ. of North Carolina, Wilmington, could be applied to SPATT for NORTH CAROLINA, United States of hydrophilic phycotoxins including America paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and In New Zealand a non-thecate domoic acid (DA). During laboratory dinoflagellate, K. concordia, scale experiments, we investigated reported as a causative organism of the removal of a variety of PSTs the 2002 toxic events on the north- from water using three different east coast, has for the first time activated carbons (ActCs). Cell free been unequivocally confirmed as a extracts of Alexandrium tamarense brevetoxin-producer. Subsequent were added to both distilled water analysis using high resolution LC- and filtered seawater. All ActC MS revealed the presence of five subtypes tested effectively removed brevetoxin derivatives, with Pb-Tx-2 PSTs from the water including STX, as the dominant toxin. Using HPLC NeoSTX, dcSTX, GTX 2, GTX 3, technique, pigments of K. concordia dcGTX 2, dcGTX 3 and C-toxins. were compared with two closely Likewise, water spiked with DA- related species, K. brevisulcata and containing shellfish extracts resulted K. mikimotoi. The pigment profile of in complete adsorption to the ActC. K. concordia differed from the other To optimize toxin recoveries, a two species, but was most like that variety of extraction procedures of K. brevisulcata. Toxins of all were examined and one ActC three species elicited distinct subtype proved promising for toxicological responses from subsequent experiments. This ActC neuroblastoma single cell lines and had the advantage of combining organisms from six different classes toxin capture, concentration and of microalgae to brine shrimps. clean-up in one step with consistent Although all three dinoflagellate recovery of individual PSTs. In species exhibited haemolytic contrast, sub-optimal recoveries
51 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 activities, toxins produced by K. CmTx-IV was at 30 °C. The yields concordia and K. brevisulcata acted of all CmTx components decreased much faster than that of K. sharply at temperatures exceeding mikimotoi. Unlike K. mikimotoi, both 20 °C. The highest amount of the K. concordia and K. brevisulcata are toxin CmTx-IV (0.70 pg cell-1) was lethal nearly to all organsims tested. also at 150 µmol m-2 s-1 . A The potential for using the negative correlation between growth bioassays developed as diagnostic rate and toxin production was found tests for the different in the strain. haemolytic/neurotoxic toxins are discussed. O.11-01 The genetic basis for the O.10-04 biosynthesis of PSTs in Impact of environmental factors cyanobacteria and algae on growth, toxicity and toxin Session: O.11 - Genetics production of harmful algae Presentation time: 16:40 - 17:00 Chattonella marina (Kagoshima R Kellmann1, YJ Jeon2, TK Mihali2, R strain) 2 2 Cavaliere , BA Neilan Session: O.10 - Toxin analysis 2 1University of Bergen, BERGEN, Norway Presentation time: 15:55 - 16:15 2 University of New South Wales, SYDNEY, Shahroz M Haque Australia
Bagladesh Agricultural University, MYMENSINGH, Bangladesh Research efforts are growing worldwide in an attempt to Growth, toxin profile and intensity of understand the ecophysiological toxicity of the red tide-forming mechanisms involved in the phytoflagellate Chattonella marina formation, control and spread of (Kagoshima Strain) were toxic blooms, however little is known investigated at different about the biosynthesis of algal temperatures and light intensities. toxins, the identity of genes and The optimal growth range was at enzymes involved, and how they 25-30 °C and a light intensity of are regulated. Saxitoxin and its 100-150 µmol m-2 s-1. analogues, which are responsible Ichthyotoxicities at different for paralytic shellfish poisoning, are temperatures and light intensities one of the most enigmatic groups of were found to vary immensely, the algal toxins. Although they are highest toxicity was found at 20 °C synthesised by a complex and and 150 µmol m-2 s-1. Chattonella unique pathway, organisms from marina contained the toxin two kingdoms, which are the components CmTx-I, CmTx-II, dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria, CmTx-III and CmTx-IV, are capable of producing the same corresponding to PbTx-2, PbTx-9, toxins. In spite of efforts over the PbTx-3 and oxidized PbTx-2. Toxin last 30 years, the identity of genes yields varied markedly with involved in this pathway have temperature and light intensity. The remained a mystery. Here we toxic components CmTx-I, CmTx-II present the genes that are and CmTx-III peaked at 20 °C with responsible for the biosynthesis of yields of 0.35, 0.30 and 2.5 pg cell-1, saxitoxin analogues in but the highest yield (0.7 pg cell-1) of cyanobacteria from the genera
52 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis, Japan thus far and the analysis Aphanizomenon, and Lyngbya. The showed that highly significant evolution and possible horizontal differentiation was detected in all 3 transfer of these genes between pairwise comparisons after cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, Bonferroni correction in the Fisher’s and how the production of these test and that genetic distance (Nei toxins is regulated on the genetic 1972) was ranged from 0.27 to level have also been investigated. 0.61, showing remarkably higher Based on the structural genomic than those seen in Alexandrium information and the catalytic tamarense populations (0.07-0.29). activities of heterologously These results clearly indicate that expressed saxitoxin biosynthesis genetic isolation and restricted gene genes, the previously proposed flow via natural dispersal through biosynthetic pathway for saxitoxin tidal currents has occurred among has been revised. the populations. The microsatellite analysis of another local populations is now undertaken and we would O.11-02 like to present the more detail Microsatellite markers reveal information on genetic structure in population genetic structure in H. akashiwo populations in the noxious red tide-causing Japanese costal waters at the algae Heterosigma akashiwo conference. (Raphidophyceae) in Japanese coastal waters.
Session: O.11 - Genetics O.11-03 Presentation time: 17:00 - 17:20 Genetic differentiation and
1 1 phenotypic characteristics of Satoshi Nagai , S Yamaguchi , CL Lian2, Y Matsuyama1, S Itakura1 geographically separated populations of the Alexandrium 1Fisheries Research Agency of Japan, HIROSHIMA, Japan tamarense North American 2University of Tokyo, TOKYO, Japan ribotype
Session: O.11 - Genetics We isolated 13 polymorphic Presentation time: 17:20 - 17:40 microsatellites from the noxious red 1 1 1 tide-causing algae, Heterosigma T Alpermann , U John , U Tillmann , KM Evans2, S Nagai3, DM Anderson4, akashiwo. These loci provide a 1 AD Cembella class of highly variable genetic 1Alfred Wegener Institute, markers as the number of alleles BREMERHAVEN, Germany ranged from 3 to 12 and the 2Royal Botanic Garden, EDINBURGH, observed and expected United Kingdom heterozygosity ranged from 0.286 to 3National Research Institute of Fisheries, 0.926 and from 0.314 to 0.888, HIROSHIMA, Japan 4Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, respectively. Each locus showed MASSACHUSETTS, United States of either one or two bands for each America individual, indicating homozygous or heterozygote state in a diploid. Here The ‘Alexandrium tamarense we present the genetic analysis of species complex’ contains H. akashiwo populations from prominent paralytic shellfish several sites along the Japanese poisoning (PSP) toxin producers coastal waters. We finished the that can be further discriminated microsatellite analysis at 3 areas of either on the basis of morphological
53 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 characteristics or by DNA sequence TR Bachvaroff divergence. The North American UMBI, BALTIMORE, United States of clade, as defined by its LSU America ribosomal DNA sequence, is the most widely distributed Karlodinium veneficum is a toxic representative of the PSP toxin- bloom forming dinoflagellate found producing A. tamarense clades. in estuarine systems throughout the Populations of this clade cause world. Strains from the U. S. Atlantic recurrent blooms in many regions of coast (24 strains), the North Sea (3) the world. Natural populations from and the Pacific (3) as well as a North America, Northern Europe single Mediterranean strain were and Japan exhibit notable genetic used to understand the genetic differentiation that can be detected basis of the wide range of karlotoxin by molecular markers with different types and cellular quotas observed resolution properties. Whereas among strains of K. veneficum. The molecular sequence analysis of phenotype is expressed as ribosomal DNA yields only a coarse differences in toxin (pg) per cell, resolution pattern of regional toxin type, and pigment to subclades, mitochondrial DNA chlorophyll ratios. Differences in sequences and microsatellites, as genotype were determined using well as Amplified Fragment Length genetic loci isolated from a library of Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, enriched repeat sequences. The allow the estimation of genetic ITS sequence and pigment ratios differentiation between contiguous can distinguish between U.S. populations. No congruence of any Atlantic coast strains and European of the genetic markers were found or Pacific isolates. Simple sequence between the expression of PSP repeats, or microsatellite loci can toxin phenotypes or allelochemical distinguish among the U.S. strains. properties that can affect grazers or Further, one marker, KvF4 yields a competing algal species, but inter- 485 bp fragment for U.S. population differences in PSP toxin Chesapeake Bay strains producing profile were apparent on a broad karlotoxin 1 while the same locus geographical scale. The variable yields a 283 bp fragment for all expression of the allelopathic other US strains producing phenotype within a population from karlotoxin 2. Generally, these Northern Europe was used to genetic markers can be divided into experimentally test the protective those useful for distinguishing benefit of allelochemical properties between different isolates from the on bloom formation. same bloom, those that distinguish strains from the same region, and those that distinguish between O.11-04 strains from different parts of the Genetic differences between world. Karlodinium veneficum strains: using DNA variation to understand strain variation at the O.12-01 bloom, regional and worldwide In vivo exposure to microcystins level induced DNA damage in haemocytes of the zebra mussel Session: O.11 - Genetics as measured with the Comet Presentation time: 17:40 - 18:00 assay
54 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Session: O.12 - Toxicology 2 demonstrate that in vivo exposure Presentation time: 16:40 - 17:00 to microcystins induces DNA Guillaume Juhel1, J O'Halloran1, SC damage in the haemocytes of zebra Culloty1, RM O'Riordan1, J Davenport1, mussels. NM O'Brien2, KF James3, A Furey3, O Allis3
1University College Cork, CORK, Ireland O.12-02 22Department of Food Science, Food Toxic effects of nodularin to the Techno,, Ireland brown alga Fucus vesiculosus in 3Cork Institute of Technology, CORK, relation to oxidative stress Ireland response
The Comet assay was used to Session: O.12 - Toxicology 2 Presentation time: 17:00 - 17:20 investigate the potential of microcystins to induce DNA Stephan Pflugmacher1, Harri T damage in the haemocytes of the Kankaanpää2, Miika Olin2 freshwater zebra mussel, Dreissena 1IGB, BERLIN, Germany polymorpha. Laboratory in vivo 2Finish Institute of Marine Research, exposure experiments were HELSINKI, Finland conducted over a 21-day period The cyclic pentapeptide nodularin with three strains of the (NOD) is produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis cyanobacterium Nodularia aeruginosa, with different toxicities spumigena which regularly form and toxic profiles and one non-toxic heavy blooms in the Baltic Sea strain. Mussels were sampled at 0, during summer season. The most 7, 14 and 21 days. A positive control common NOD congener is NOD-R, was performed with CdCl2-spiked i.e. cyclo(-D-erythro-?- water. methylAsp(iso)-L-Arg-Adda-D- Cell viabilities were high throughout Glu(iso)-2-(methylamino)-2-(Z)- the study, demonstrating that the dehydrobutyric acid), where Adda microcystin doses were not stands for 3-amino-9-methoxy- cytotoxic. A clear dose-response in 2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca- the DNA damage was observed 4(E),6(E)-dienoic acid. Recent following exposure to CdCl2, studies have indicated that showing the sensitivity of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxins mussels’ haemocytes. DNA accumulate to blue mussels and damage, measured as percentage some Baltic fish species, e.g. tail DNA was observed with the flounder (Platichthys flesus), Atlantic three toxic Microcystis strains but cod (Gadus morhua) and blue not with the non-toxic strain. Toxic mussel (Mytilus edulis) and analysis of the cyanobacterial threespine stickleback cultures revealed the presence of (Gasterosteus aculeatus). A two MC variants, MC-LF and MC- compartment of the marine costal LR. The DNA damage observed ecosystem which has been paid appeared to be strain-specific and less attention is marine macroalgae. similar to a dose-response, showing The uptake of toxin in F. that MC-LF may have a higher vesiculosus, toxic response (lipid genotoxicity than MC-LR. MC-LF peroxidation) as well as the also seemed to induce more activation of the antioxidative stress persistent DNA damage than MC- response (superoxide dismutase, LR. This study is the first to
55 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 catalase, and glutathione S- activity. In summary, we identified a transferase) is shown. permanent cell line as a useful model system for microcystins toxicity/genotoxicity assessment O.12-03 and we showed that MCLR Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects presents genotoxic properties. This of microcystins in mammalian supports previous suggestions that cell lines. microcystins can act as cancer Session: O.12 - Toxicology 2 initiators. Presentation time: 17:20 - 17:40
E Dias1, P Pereira1, C Batoréu2, P Jordan1, MJ Silva1 O.12-04
1 Ecological implications of National Health Institute, LISBON, Portugal cylindrospermopsin in 2Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon University, freshwaters
LISBON, Portugal Session: O.12 - Toxicology 2
Presentation time: 17:40 - 18:00 Microcystin-LR (MCLR) has been recognized as a tumor promoter. M Seifert
However, knowledge of its University of Queensland, INALA, Australia carcinogenicity mechanisms remains largely unknown. In this The potent cyanobacterial toxin, work we evaluated the genotoxic cylindrospermopsin, is being potential of microcystins in increasingly found in freshwaters mammalian cell lines. Microcystins around the world. In addition, the were extracted from M. aeruginosa production of the toxin, and its and purified by preparative liquid analogues deoxy- chromatography. Cytotoxicity tests cylindrospermopsin and 7-epi- (MTT reduction, LDH release) were cylindrospermopsin, is being used to determine the sensitivity of reported from an increasing number several cell lines (Vero, HepG2 and of cyanobacteria. In Queensland (Australia), Cylindrospermopsis AML12) to MCLR (1.4-175 μg ml-1). raciborskii is the dominant Genotoxicity of MCLR (2-60 μg ml- cylindrospermopsin producing 1) in Vero cells were analyzed by cyanobacterium and has been the micronucleus assay. MTT and implicated as the causative agent in LDH assays showed that MCLR an instance of mass human had dose- and time-dependent intoxication, numerous livestock cytotoxic effects on all three cell mortalities and is considered a lines. However, Vero cells were the major threat to drinking water most sensitive, showing a 50% supplies. This has lead to decrease in the viability after substantial research into the μ -1 exposure to 22 g ml of MCLR for cylindrospermopsin production, the 24h. Above 48h, cell survival removal of the toxin from drinking decreased more than 80%. Similar waters and its toxicity to mammals. effects were obtained with the other In contrast, the potential ecological cells after longer exposure (48-96h) implications of C. raciborskii and to higher toxin concentrations (44- cylindrospermopsin have been μ -1 175 g ml ). Preliminary results of largely ignored. The Queensland micronuclei analysis in MCLR- Department of Natural Resources, μ -1 treated Vero cells (= 20 g ml ) Mines and Water recognised this revealed an aneugenic/clastogenic
56 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 knowledge gap and allocated funds more, with potentially devastating for a PhD project to investigate effects from ice-cap melting and some of the ecological effects of global flooding. Uncertainties cylindrospermopsin. This affecting assessment of presentation will summarise these environmental change and its effect findings in the context of an on HABs are mostly caused by the ecological risk assessment. lack of adequate time series data. The sedimentary record of microfossils offers one of the few PL.05 plausible methods for redressing Anthropogenic influence and this shortfall. climatic change: effects on harmful algae
Session: PL..05 - Plenary V O.13-01 Presentation time: 08:30 - 09:05 Different seeding strategies
Barrie Dale within harmful algal bloom (HAB)
Dept of Geosciences, University of Oslo, causing dinoflagellates and OSLO, Norway diatoms
Session: O.13 - Life cycles Understanding the possible effects Presentation time: 09:10 - 09:30 of anthropogenic influence and Shigeru Itakura, S Nagai, M Yamaguchi climate change is a critical FEIS, HIROSHIMA, Japan requirement in developing the risk assessments needed for the Dinoflagellates and diatoms are effective management of harmful common phytoplankters in coastal algal blooms (HABs). However, the marine environments and many scientific issues involved are HAB causing species are included complex, and the relevant evidence in these two groups. They are is sparse, resulting in more known to produce benthic resting uncertainty than understanding. stages (resting stage cells) such as There are uncertainties concerning resting cysts, resting spores and HABs (e.g. are HABs increasing, resting cells in their life cycle. and what are the underlying factors Benthic resting stages are that allow some species to bloom considered to play an important role preferentially?). There are also in their local reoccurrence. Under great uncertainties regarding the fluctuating coastal environmental extent of human impact on aquatic conditions, the timing of germination environments (e.g. it is often is a key factor in their seeding difficult to differentiate the effects of strategy. Newly formed resting eutrophication, pollution, over- stages are in a state of endogenous fishing, etc.). The one thing we are dormancy. So, they need to be certain of regarding climate is that it matured (get rid of the dormant is changing – and it always has. state) prior to their germination. There is a general consensus that However, even in matured resting global warming is occurring, but stage cells, germination is inhibited great uncertainty in predictions of under unsuitable environmental future temperature increases. conditions. Water temperature, light o These range from 1-2 (similar to intensity and dissolved oxygen the Medieval Warm Period, 550- seem to have a decisive role in the 1300AD), to up to several times germination of matured resting
57 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 stage cells. In general, diatom while the vegetative cells were 1C resting stages are able to germinate DNA. Both crossing and clonal under a wider temperature range cysts germinated at 30 °C under than dinoflagellates cysts, whereas light and dark cycle after 2.5-5 dinoflagellate cysts are able to months. Therefore dormancy period germinate under lower light intensity is necessary at least 2.5 months for levels than diatom resting stages. In germination of P. bahamense cyst. this talk, the different physiological On the basis of the results, responses to environmental factors schematic representation of the life within dinoflagellate/diatom resting cycle of P. bahamense var. stages will be examined and the compressum will be presented. significance of different seeding strategies will be discussed. O.13-03 Life cycle traits and population O.13-02 dynamics of Pseudo-nitzschia The life cycle of Pyrodinium multistriata in the Gulf of Naples bahamense var. compressum (Mediterranean Sea) (Dinophyceae) in culture Session: O.13 - Life cycles Session: O.13 - Life cycles Presentation time: 09:50 - 10:10 Presentation time: 09:30 - 09:50
1 1 D D'Alelio, A Amato, A Lüdeking, M Setsuko Sakamoto , M Yamaguchi , Ribera d’Alcalà, D Sarno, A Zingone, M EF Furio2 Montresor 1 FEIS, Fisheries Research Agency, Stazione Zoologica 'Anton Dohrn', NAPOLI, HIROSHIMA, Japan 2 Italy NFRDI, QUEZON, Philippines The potentially toxic diatom Pyrodinium bahamense var. Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata has compressum has resting cyst stage been recorded in the Gulf of Naples in its life cycle. However, several since 1996. The species occurs processes in the life cycle are from late summer to early spring, obscure, because most of previous with two periods of major studies based on observation of the abundance (up to 200 cells ml-1) in natural populations. In present late summer-autumn and in early study, we investigated cyst winter. Within the EU Project SEED, formation and germination the potential role of life cycle traits in processes of P. bahamense in the population dynamics of the culture and revealed that the cysts species is investigated. In this were formed by sexual reproduction paper, data are presented on and the sexuality was homothallic. genetic diversity, size reduction and Resting cysts were spherical to mode of sexual reproduction. Within ovoid and covered with many long the species two ITS genotypes are processes. The cysts were formed identified, which co-occur in the in not only the crossing cultures but same period of the year. Sexual in the clonal cultures after over 35 reproduction requires the pairing of days of incubation under 30 °C. distinct mating types. The Both crossing and clonal cysts were auxospore allows the re- not able to distinguish by the cell establishment of the maximum size size and the external morphology (ca. 80 µm), while progressive cell- each other. Relative DNA contents size reduction down to 30 µm of the resting cysts were 2C DNA
58 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 occurs during vegetative growth. indicating that the species may be Size distribution observed in natural homothallic. Gametes were populations throughout a 10-year isogamous, approximately half the time series shows cell length size and lacking the pink ranging between 30 and 80 µm. pigmentation of the vegetative cells, Three sub-populations with size and were never observed to feed. modes of ca 60, 45, and 35 µm Gamete fusion resulted in a alternate over the years. Based on planozygote with two longitudinal size reduction rates and growth flagella. Hypnozygotes had a characteristics, a model is proposed mandatory dormancy period of ca. aimed at reproducing life cycle 70 days. Germination resulted in features and the timing of sexual planomeiocytes with two events of P. multistriata at sea. longitudinal flagella. Protargol- stained specimens indicate that nuclear cyclosis may occur in the O.13-04 planomeiocyte. Mis-identification of Asexual and sexual reproduction morphologically distinct life history in Protoperidinium steidingerae stages and incomplete examination (Dinophyceae) of thecal plate morphology in field Session: O.13 - Life cycles specimens of P. steidingerae have Presentation time: 10:10 - 10:30 led to taxonomic confusion. Kristin E Gribble1, D Wayne Coats2, Donald M Anderson1
1 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, O.14-01 WOODS HOLE, MA, United States of America Physiological stress responses 2Smithsonian Environ. Research Center, of Daphnia magna to EDGEWATER, MD, United States of cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial America compounds
Protoperidinium is a cosmopolitan Session: O.14 - Food Chains Presentation time: 09:10 - 09:30 genus of heterotrophic dinoflagellates with more than 200 C Wiegand species. One species, P. crassipes, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology, has been implicated as the source BERLIN, Germany of azaspiracid shellfish toxin. In this Cyanobacteria frequently flourish in study, division, sexuality, mandatory eutrophic aquatic systems and dormancy and germination rates of several species are capable of hypnozygotes, and identity life- producing toxic secondary history stages were revealed for the metabolites, such as microcystins first time for any Protoperidinium which specifically inhibit spp. Asexual division occurred by serine/threonine protein eleutheroschisis within a temporary, phosphatases, and cyanopeptolines immotile cyst, yielding two daughter and micropeptins leading to cells. Daughter cells were initially inhibition of trypsin, and round and half to two-thirds the size chymotrypsin. Inhibition of grazing of parent cells, then rapidly seems to be one of the ecological increased in size, forming horns functions of the cyanobacterial before separating. Sexual bioactive compounds. With the help reproduction was constitutive in of several mechanisms, the grazing both non-clonal and clonal cultures, zooplankter Daphnia magna
59 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 endures living in water bodies died after ingestion of fish inhabited up to moderate densities contaminated with domoic acid of cyanobacteria. Amongst these is (DA), in European coastal waters the detoxication of microcystins by such outbreaks have not been conjugation to glutathione via the described and transfer of DA glutathione-S transferases. through marine food webs has been Furthermore, oxidative stress, little studied. With this work we caused by cyanobacterial aimed to study accumulation and compounds is reduced due to the transfer of DA along the marine activities of antioxidative enzymes in food webs off the Portuguese coast. D. magna (superoxide dismutase, During 2001-2005 both pelagic and catalase, and glutathione benthic members of the marine peroxidase) showing different time fauna were collected for DA kinetics of responses, depending on determination. The toxin was the application of either pure detected in two species of microcystin-LR or cyanobacterial crustaceans (Polybius henslowii crude extract. Changes in the total and Necora puber), sardines protein pattern were revealed using (Sardina pilchardus) and six species 2-D gel electrophoresis, and of cephalopods (Octopus vulgaris, proteins were analyzed by MALDI- Eledone moschata, E. cirrhosa, TOF/TOF mass spectrometry and Sepia officinalis, S. elegans and S. identified via peptide mass orbignyana). Since the diet of the fingerprint and additional MS/MS common dolphin (Delphinus measurements. Enhanced induction delphis) along the Portuguese coast of proteins involved in oxygen is primarily dominated by sardines transport and oxidative metabolism and cephalopods, tissue samples were observed after exposure to (kidney and intestine) of stranded cyanobacterial crude extract, marine mammals were used for DA whereas microcystin-LR caused a detection. However, the analysed down regulation of protein samples did not show expression. contamination of the top of the marine food web. We present data showing DA produced by Pseudo- O.14-02 nitzschia australis that from Accumulation and transfer of the interactions in the marine food web amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin reaches several groups of animals domoic acid in the marine food with potential risks to ecosystem webs off the Portuguese coast stability and human health safety. Session: O.14 - Food Chains Presentation time: 09:30 - 09:50
1 1 O.14-03 Pedro Costa , Susana Garrido , Rui Rosa1, Marina Sequeira2, Vanda Grazing, prey selectivity and Brotas3, Maria Antonio Sampayo1 toxin content of the calanoid
1IPIMAR, LISBOA, Portugal copepods Eurytemora affinis and 2Instituto de Conservação da Natureza, Acartia bifilosa feeding on LISBOA, Portugal Dinophysis spp. assemblages 3Instituto de Oceanografia, LISBOA, Session: O.14 - Food Chains Portugal Presentation time: 09:50 - 10:10
While in North America hundreds of SK Sopanen1, OS Setälä1, RM Autio2, marine mammals and sea birds K Erler3
60 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
1Finnish Environment Institute, HELSINKI, Finland O.14-04 2 Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Karlotoxins mediate interactions HELSINKI, Finland between the mixotrophic 3Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, JENA, Germany dinoflagellate, Karlodinium veneficum, its prey, and its Dinophysis acuminata, D. norvegica predators and D. rotundata are commonly Session: O.14 - Food Chains found in the late summer plankton Presentation time: 10:10 - 10:30 communities of the northern Baltic JE Adolf, D Krupatkina, TR Bachvaroff, Sea. Dinophysis-derived toxins AR Place have previously been found in UMBI Center of Marine Biotechnology, benthic organisms, but no BALTIMORE, United States of America information on toxin transport via the planktonic food webs exists. To Little is known about the ecological investigate the role of copepods as mechanisms that allow the toxic grazers of Dinophysis spp. a series dinoflagellate, K. veneficum, to of experiments were carried out at bloom. Here, we tested hypotheses the SW coast of Finland. that the cytotoxic and ichthyotoxic Grazing activity and prey selectivity karlotoxins produced by K. of Eurytemora affinis and Acartia veneficum (1) allow greater feeding bifilosa were experimentally studied by K. veneficum on cryptophyte with field collected, concentrated prey, Storeatula major, and (2) have plankton assemblages containing anti-grazing properties against a Dinophysis spp. offered as food. common predator of K. veneficum, The experimental water was the heterotrophic dinoflagellate manipulated to establish both Oxyrrhis marina. Of 14 strains of K. species diverse, and Dinophysis veneficum offered S. major as prey spp.– dominated microplankton only the non-toxic strains, MD5 and assemblages. The copepod ‘G. corsicum’, did not feed. Oxyrrhis ingestion rates and selectivity in marina feeding rate on K. veneficum each experiment were estimated. was reduced significantly when fed Toxin content of copepods used in toxic compared to non-toxic strains the incubations and field collected or when a sub-lethal dose of purified zooplankton were analysed. toxin was added to a non-toxic prey The overall ingestion rates in culture. The feeding rate of O. Dinophysis - dominated units were marina on non-toxic K. veneficum 30.5 – 130 cells ind-1 d-1. When food was reduced in mixed cultures availability increased, other containing both toxic and non-toxic organisms were preferred, and the strains. We suggest karlotoxin is ingestion rates on Dinophysis spp. part of an ecological strategy that were more variable (0.9 – 149 cells increases K. veneficum cellular ind-1 d-1). growth rate via mixotrophy while PTX-2 (142 pg ind-1) was found in minimizing grazing losses. These E. affinis after 24h incubation. mechanisms will work together to Moreover, traces of PTX-2 and its optimize population growth rates, seco acid were found from field increasing the likelihood of bloom collected zooplankton samples from formation. Further experiments are the study area. being conducted to test the ability of K. veneficum to compete with O.
61 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 marina for cryptophyte prey in among close relatives, probably mixed culture. producing complex variation patterns similar to those in multicellular organisms. Close PL.06 relatives are not always the most Perilous neglect, reasoned similar ecologically. Overall, then, a accommodation, or taxonomy that ignores cryptic transformation? Coping with microeukaryote species will changing species concepts in significantly degrade dependent microeukaryotes science. Molecular ‘bar-coding’ is Session: PL..06 - Plenary VI - Taxonomy becoming an essential Presentation time: 11:00 - 11:35 underpinning. DG Mann, KM Evans
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, EDINBURGH, United Kingdom O.15-01 Characterization of NW In sexual organisms where visual Mediterranean Karlodinium spp. cues are important either for mating (Dinophyceae) strains using itself or to attract a mating vector, morphological, molecular, there are obvious, good reasons chemical and physiological why we can construct a meaningful methodologies species-level taxonomy on the basis of morphological characters. Session: O.15 - Taxonomy Microalgae and protists are not all Presentation time: 11:40 - 12:00 sexual and they do not see each E Garcés1, M Fernandez2,A Penna3, K other, and so any demand that 4 4 van Lenning , A Gutierrez species should be identifiable M Zapata5 morphologically is clearly anthropocentric. The question is 1ICM CSIC, BARCELONA, Spain whether this demand is also 2IRTA, SANT CARLES DE LA RÀPITA, unreasonable and counter- Spain 3University of Urbino, PESARO, Italy productive, given the functions of 4 taxonomy to (1) categorize the living Mar-CMIMA,CSIC, BARCELONA, Spain 5CIMA, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain world for information storage, (2) facilitate communication, and (3) Recurrent fish kills in the Spanish allow prediction. Recent molecular Alfacs Bay (NW Mediterranean) and mating data indicate that have been detected during winter cryptic/semicryptic species are seasons since 1994, and were widespread in microscopic attributed to an unarmoured, eukaryotes; the relationship ichthyotoxic, dinoflagellate, initially between morphological variation identified as Gyrodinium corsicum. and phylogeny is weak; complexes Several strains were isolated from of semicryptic species can be the Bay and their clonal cultures several millions of years old were compared by combined (allowing their members to become techniques, including light- and widely distributed); and significant electron microscopy, Internal local and temporal differentiation of Transcribed Spacer & 5.8S rDNA populations can develop over nucleotide sequencing and HPLC relatively short time-scales. Mating pigment analyses, together with systems can vary significantly studies of their photochemical
62 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 performance, growth rates and reservoirs and in the drinking water toxicity. Using phylogenetic has previously been made. In this analyses all strains were identified study, a survey of the occurrence of as members of the genus cyanobacteria and the Karlodinium, but they were cyanobacterial toxin microcystin separated in two genetically was conducted in two of the three different groups. These groups, reservoirs. The tap water was identified as Karlodinium veneficum likewise tested for the presence of and K. armiger, were also microcystin. Twelve cultures of supported by the other techniques filamentous cyanobacteria employed. Specific differences in representing the orders pigment patterns coincided with that Oscillatoriales and Nostocales were expected for low (K. veneficum) and established, described, high-light (K. armiger) adapted photographed and tested for relatives. The higher photosynthetic microcystin production. Their efficiency of K. veneficum and the phylogenetic relationship was longer reactivation times of the PS II investigated on the basis of reaction centers observed for phycocyanin gene sequence Karlodinium armiger were in analyses. Cultures of Microcystis agreement with this hypothesis. The were established and tested for two species differed in toxicity, but microcystin production. Microcystin strains employed always induced concentrations were measured by mortality when incubated with ELISA and HPLC. Toxic and bivalves, rotifers and finfish. potentially toxic species were Compare to K. armiger strains of K. observed in both reservoirs. veneficum yielded higher cell Microcystin concentrations were densities, but with lower growth below the WHO guideline value of rates. 1.0 µg/l, but tap water concentrations corresponded to the concentrations in the reservoirs. All O.15-02 investigated genera within Potential harmful cyanobacteria Oscillatoriales and Nostocales were in drinking water reservoirs of Ho polyphyletic according to the Chi Minh City, Vietnam - toxicity phycocyanin sequences. and molecular phylogeny Phycocyanin sequence similarities Session: O.15 - Taxonomy of 100% indicated a recent lateral Presentation time: 12:00 - 12:20 gene transfer between species of S Christensen1, N Daugbjerg1, Ø Arthrospira and Oscillatoria. Moestrup1, H Annadotter2, G Cronberg2
1 Institute of Biology, COPENHAGEN K., Denmark O.15-03 2Institute of Ecology, LUND, Sweden Genetic and phenotypic differences among species and Three large freshwater reservoirs strains of potential fish-killing are the primary water supply for raphidophytes in the approximately 8 million people of Mediterranean Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. There Session: O.15 - Taxonomy have been reports of cyanobacterial Presentation time: 12:20 - 12:40 blooms in these reservoirs, but no 1 1 1 survey of the occurrence of S Kloepper , U John , U Tillmann , A Zingone2, AD Cembella1 cyanobacterial toxins in the
63 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
1Alfred-Wegener-Institute, O.15-04 BREMERHAVEN, Germany How many different species are 2Stazione Zoologica 'Anton Dohrn', NAPLES, Italy in the Alexandrium tamarense /catenella / fundyense complex?
Dense raphidophyte blooms are a Session: O.15 - Taxonomy cause of mass fish mortalities in Presentation time: 12:40 - 13:00 coastal areas throughout the world. S Fraga1, RI Figueroa1, I Bravo1, N The recent dramatic global growth Sampedro2, JM Franco3, A Penna4, I of aquaculture, especially fish Ramilo1, A Fernández-Villamarín1 farming, has led to increased 1Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO, requirement for knowledge on Spain characterization and toxigenicity of 2Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, BARCELONA, Spain raphidophyte blooms. In the 3 Mediterranean, raphidophytes form Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas, CSI, VIGO, Spain annual blooms in coastal waters, 4University of Urbino, PESARO, Italy thereby posing a threat to fish aquaculture. We investigated a The Alexandrium tamarense mixed bloom event involving the /catenella / fundyense species raphidophytes Chattonella sp. and complex comprises four genetically Fibrocapsa sp. on the Adriatic coast different clades in which the of Italy, including molecular genetic, similarity between strains is larger in morphological and ecological geographically related species than aspects. Light and electron between geographically distant microscopy revealed one of the strains of the same species. These species to be Chattonella subsalsa clades are the North Atlantic, the as described by Biecheler (1936). Western European, the Temperate Nevertheless, genetic markers for Asian and the Mediterranean nuclear and ribosomal DNA (LSU, clades. The morphological SSU, ITS, psaA and RubisCo) characters currently used to differentiated this Chattonella, and differentiate the species within this with less distinctness, Fibrocapsa complex are the presence or sp., from other known strains of the absence of a ventral pore in 1’ plate, respective genera. Phenotypic the ability to form chains, and the differences among isolated clones relation between the transdiameter were determined from profiles of and the length of the cells. In polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) Alexandrium minutum the presence and activity of reactive oxygen of the ventral pore is not a constant species (ROS), which are putatively character, and in other species the responsible for ichthyotoxicity. ability to form longer or shorter Strains were bioassayed with a fish chains is strain dependent, and the erythrocyte lytic assay and the brine relation between the transdiameter shrimp Artemia salina test. The and length of cells depends on relationship (if any) between toxicity whether or not they form chains. and phenotypic and genotypic These characters alone are no characteristics is complex and not longer valid to differentiate among yet resolved. species of this complex. In our opinion the four clades correspond
to four different cryptic species, and new morphological criteria are necessary to define them. We
64 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 present data to support this DNA probe arrays for several HAB hypothesis based on different species. To address the need for growth rates in relation to concurrent detection of algal toxins, temperature, mating experiments, which are known to vary widely in toxin profiles and morphology. concentration depending on algal physiological status, we recently fielded a toxin extraction protocol O.16-01 coupled with immuno-based toxin A domoic acid immunosensor arrays during deployments of a onboard the Environmental second generation ESP. Through Sample Processor: the first steps application of species and toxin toward remote, sub-surface arrays, known toxic Pseudo- phycotoxin detection nitzschia spp. and domoic acid (DA) Session: O.16 - Monitoring 1 were detected concurrently onboard Presentation time: 11:40 - 12:00 the ESP in Monterey Bay, CA, USA, GJ Doucette1, CA Scholin2, CM representing the first remote, Mikulski1, R Marin III2, S Jensen2, B integrated assessment of algal cell 2 2 1 Roman , D Greenfield , KL King , J abundance and toxin concentration Feldman3, G Massion2, CT Elliott4 in coastal waters. Refined 1 NOAA/National Ocean Service, calibration of the DA assay will yield CHARLESTON, SC, United States of more accurate estimates of a America 2Monterey Bay Aquarium Research bloom’s toxicity and potential Institute, MOSS LANDING, CA, United impacts. States of America 3Jet Propulsion Laboratory, PASADENA, CA, United States of America O.16-02 4Queen's University Belfast, BELFAST, The detection of toxic algae by a Northern Ireland new developed rRNA biosensor (EU-Project ALGADEC) The emergence of ocean observing initiatives highlights the benefits of Session: O.16 - Monitoring 1 developing remote, in-situ Presentation time: 12:00 - 12:20 diagnostic capabilities for S Diercks, K Metfies, LK Medlin biological/biochemical constituents, including harmful algal bloom (HAB) Alfred Wegener Institute, BREMERHAVEN, Germany taxa, their genes, gene products, and metabolites. The ability to The EU-project ALGADEC aims to detect such targets, especially HAB develop a hand-held biosensor for species and toxins, in real or near- in situ analysis of toxic algae which real time is of immediate utility to can serve as an early warning researchers studying HAB/toxin system to prevent toxication of dynamics and to coastal managers animals and consumers. charged with mitigating the Identification of toxic algae is based socioeconomic impacts of blooms. on molecular probes that specifically The Environmental Sample target its rRNA. Taxon- specific Processor (ESP; probes were developed for HAB www.mbari.org/microbial/ESP) was algae that occur in three different developed for the autonomous, sub- coastal areas in Europe. A surface application of molecular sandwich-hybridization assay is diagnostic tests and during initial used to detect the rRNA. A capture deployments has successfully run probe, immobilised on the
65 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 biosensor, binds to RNA-strands however, automated techniques for isolated from the target organism, monitoring and detecting target then a digoxigen-labelled second species have been tested in probe binds. An antibody-enzyme phytoplankton monitoring programs. complex directed against These methods include instruments digoxigenin is applied onto the that analyze the molecular sensor. Substrate is added and a DNA/RNA content within field redox-reaction takes place. The samples, examine optical properties resulting electric current is of the water (such as pigment measured and the amount of bound composition), and utilize optical flow rRNA is proportional to the electric through systems. FlowCAM is an current. The adaptation to the imaging-flow-cytometer that sensor and the tests for specificity combines the capabilities of a flow of probes were done by using cytometer with a digital-imaging laboratory strains. Validation of microscope and automates probe signals are carried out phytoplankton detection and against total rRNA over the growth enumeration. Previously, cycle of the algae and under FlowCAM has been shown to different environmental conditions. successfully detect and enumerate Finally sensors will be tested in harmful algal bloom species order to obtain a calibration curve (Alexandrium fundyense and that will allow for conversion of the Karenia brevis) from both laboratory electronic signal into concentration and field samples. Here we present of toxic cells with special software. data from a new 'color' FlowCAM. The use of color provides additional criteria for distinguishing between O.16-03 closely related harmful algal Identifying and detecting harmful species. The key benefits of this algal bloom species using a technology are the ability to analyze colour imaging flow cytometer phytoplankton continuously, (FlowCAM®) determine the size, and most Session: O.16 - Monitoring 1 importantly the collection of color Presentation time: 12:20 - 12:40 digital images for further analysis. NJ Poulton1, H Nelson2, CK Sieracki2
1Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, WEST BOOTHBAY HARBOR, ME, United O.16-04 States of America Quantitative Real-time PCR 2Fluid Imaging Technologies, EDGECOMB, detection of harmful algae ME, United States of America Session: O.16 - Monitoring 1
Presentation time: 12:40 - 13:00 The ability to detect, identify and enumerate harmful algal species is MF de Salas, CJS Bolch a requirement in coastal University of Tasmania, HOBART, TAS, ecosystems for monitoring Australia programs and early detection of A range of species-specific qPCR harmful bloom events. To date, assays were developed to most monitoring programs utilize enumerate low concentrations of microscopes for identifying bloom difficult to identify harmful marine species in a laboratory or from field dinoflagellates in the genera samples, which can be laborious Alexandrium, Karenia, Karlodinium and time consuming. Recently,
66 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 and Takayama. These assays used understand specific aspects of species-specific primers together diatom physiology such as toxin with species specific dual-labelled production. For example, fluorogenic probes for maximum comparative and whole genome sensitivity and specificity. Detection transcriptional analyses are being levels of one single cell could be used to define features that appear consistently achieved using this common to diatoms in general and technology, significantly reducing specific to pennate or centric the need for skilled microscopy in diatoms in particular. In addition, in routing monitoring. This was advance of the availability of the combined with the use of a crude whole genome sequence lysate for optimal quantitation to information for P. multiseries, we produce a result that can be directly are using subtractive hybridization checked against existing action- approaches to identify genes level tables for target species. specifically upregulated when Alexandrium probes were also Pseudo-nitzschia species are successful in detecting limited with silicate and induced to hypnozygotes, extending the rage produce domoic acid. Ultimately, of possible applications to routine we will use this data base to ask sediment surveys and ballast water questions about field populations of monitoring. Pseudo-nitzschia. I will highlight ways in which genome data can be used to ask questions about PL.07 different aspects of phytoplankton Diatom genomics: new insights physiology and ecology. into diatom toxicity
Session: PL..07 - Plenary VII - Genomics Presentation time: 08:30 - 09:05 O.17-01 Nutrient-regulated transcriptional Virginia Armbrust changes in Aureococcus University of Washington, SEATTLE, United States of America anophagefferens identified with long-SAGE (serial analysis of Whole genome sequences for two gene expression) diatoms, Thalassiosira pseudonana Session: O.17 - Genomics (centric diatom) and Phaeodactylum Presentation time: 09:10 - 09:30 tricornutum (pennate diatom) have ST Dyhrman, ST Haley, LL Wurch, ED been completed and are (or soon Orchard will be) publicly available. Whole Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, genome sequencing of the toxigenic WOODS HOLE, United States of America diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries is now underway and is scheduled Nutrient availability can influence to be completed in 2007. Under still important aspects of harmful algae poorly defined environmental biology and ecology, such as conditions, Pseudo-nitzschia growth, toxin production, and life species can produce the neurotoxin cycle transformations. Despite the domoic acid, which is the causative importance of nutritional physiology agent of amnesic shellfish to these processes, fundamental poisoning. The growing data base gaps remain in our understanding of of DNA sequence information nutrient-scavenging mechanisms in allows new approaches to harmful species. Using long-serial analysis of gene expression (Long-
67 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
SAGE) we have examined toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium transcriptional patterns in three tamarense (9,000 unique ESTs). Aureococcus anophagefferens We are now using these data to libraries, nutrient-replete, determine the metabolic capabilities phosphorus-starved (-P), and of Alexandrium. The ESTs were nitrogen-starved (-N), designed to analyzed to determine the metabolic identify nutrient stress responses. pathways present in Alexandrium Long-SAGE examines gene and to identify genes that may be expression patterns without a priori involved in saxitoxin synthesis. We knowledge of gene sequences via are also using quantitative-PCR to the detection of 21bp sequence analyze gene expression under tags. To date we have sampled nitrogen and phosphorus limitation over 75,000 A. anophagefferens using cultured strains. Genes that sequence tags. Ongoing analyses show regulation under these suggest that A. anophagefferens nutrient stress conditions are tested has a strong transcriptional on samples collected from a natural response to nutrient starvation, with toxic bloom of Alexandrium. The 71 sequence tags significantly objective of this work is to design a (R=2) up-regulated in the –N library, gene expression 'tool kit' that can be and 179 sequence tags (R=2) up- used to determine the expression of regulated in the –P library. Unlike genes involved in nutrient utilization the genome, which is essentially from natural Alexandrium blooms. static, these patterns of gene expression are modulated by the O.17-03 nutritional physiology of the cell and Identification of cellular stress the ongoing annotation of these and death-associated genes in sequence tags will provide a Karenia brevis as potential dynamic link between A. biomarkers for bloom termination anophagefferens and its cellular functioning in coastal systems. Session: O.17 - Genomics Presentation time: 09:50 - 10:10
FM van Dolah, KB Lidie, JS Morey, EA O.17-02 Monroe, JC Ryan EST-based gene discovery and NOAA, CHARLESTON, SC, United States expression analysis in of America Alexandrium.
Session: O.17 - Genomics Karenia brevis is responsible for Presentation time: 09:30 - 09:50 brevetoxin-producing red tides in the Gulf of Mexico. Current HAB JD Hackett, DM Anderson forecasting tools are capable of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WOODS HOLE, United States of America projecting the movement of K. brevis blooms towards vulnerable Expressed sequence tag (EST)- communities; however, lack of based approaches are an important insight into mechanisms controlling tool for facilitating gene discovery cell death in dinoflagellates makes for organisms without a complete forecasting of bloom termination genome sequence. We used a currently unfeasible. In this study highly efficient strategy using therefore we sought to identify normalized and subtracted cDNA genes in K. brevis expressed under libraries to generate ESTs for the conditions leading to cell death. An 11,000 gene K. brevis DNA
68 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 microarray was used to assess along Prince Edward Island, global transcript profiles under a Canada. Production of domoic acid variety of acute (heat shock, seems to be tightly controlled by the peroxide, lead, NaNO2, and diatom and several enzymes that paraquot) and chronic stress (N or might be involved in the metabolic P depletion, dark, and cell pathway were recently suggested. senescence). We identified a suite Nevertheless, the key enzyme of genes up-regulated under all system facilitating the fusion and conditions that result in decreased transformation of the two putative viability and another suite precursors geranylpyrophosphate consistently down-regulated. Up- and 3-Hydroxy-glutamic acid still regulated genes include members remain unknown. In a first step we of the ubiquitin pathway, determined the physiological limits senescence-associated cys of P. multistriata to temperature, proteases, and calpains. Genes salinity and nutrient limitation. involved in translation and Thereafter, we investigate toxin photosynthesis are consistently production under those down-regulated. Components of physiological conditions that the programmed cell death pathway stimulate production of domoic acid. are present (metacaspase, caspase In parallel gene expression of recruitment domain proteins, death- approx. 4500 genes is measured. associated kinase), but do not Therefore, we use a microarray that respond at the transcriptional level. is based on the EST-sequencing of The expression of this gene set is a normalised cDNA library of P. currently under investigation in field multistriata. This approach enables populations of K. brevis of known us to make an in silico subtraction of growth/stress status to assess their expressed genes in relation to toxin potential for biomarkers of bloom production resulting in a set of termination. candidate genes putatively involved in toxin synthesis.
O.17-04 A genomic approach towards a O.18-01 better understanding of domoic Inter-annual variability of acid production in the marine Alexandrium blooms in Cork diatom Pseudo-nitzschia Harbour, Ireland multistriata Session: O.18 - Ecology & Oceanography 1 Session: O.17 - Genomics Presentation time: 09:10 - 09:30
Presentation time: 10:10 - 10:30 A Ní Rathaille, N Touzet, R Raine 1 1 A Luedeking , W Kooistra , M Martin Ryan Institute, GALWAY, Ireland Montresor1, D D'Alelio1, U John2
1Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, NAPLES, Blooms of Alexandrium are a Italy recurring problem in the retentive 2Alfred Wegener Institute, North Channel of Cork Harbour on BREMERHAVEN, Germany the south coast of Ireland. Annual
Within the diatoms the genus variations of these blooms include Pseudo-nitzschia has gained lively the timing of their initiation, their interest since 1987 when P. intensity and their duration. They multiseries caused an Amnesic can often lead to toxic events and Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) event shellfish closures in the North
69 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Channel area. Field data from the rapid growth in world population, 2004 and 2005 bloom seasons are and in the use of synthetic presented. These data sets provide fertilizers, the development of evidence to show that the inter- concentrated animal and annual variability of these blooms is aquaculture operations, and the directly related to the physical combustion of fossil fuels. This regime, namely temperature and increase is especially apparent for light levels within the water column nitrogen, as rates of application of and tidal dilution. Results of nitrogen fertilizers have increased laboratory experiments investigating much faster than those of the effects of both temperature and phosphorus, and has led to an light on the growth rates of A. accelerated nitrogen cycle globally. minutum and A. tamarense, species Although there are multiple reasons that co-exist within the North for the global expansion in HABs, Channel, are presented. The and relationships between control by tidal dilution in the North eutrophication and HAB proliferation Channel varies substantially are complex and not equally between spring and neap tides. It is applicable to all species, the the balance between the maximum patterns of proliferation of many growth rates, as determined by HAB species mirror the increase in temperature and light, and the tidal application on, and export of, dilution, as determined by the time nitrogen from many regions of the of year, that dictate the initiation, world. Of increasing concern are intensity and duration of the the projections that 1) human observed blooms. population growth will be disproportionately in many coastal regions, and 2) global climate O.18-02 changes will lead to increased Eutrophication and HABs- a precipitation in many of these global change perspective nitrogen-rich regions, increasing Session: O.18 - Ecology & Oceanography 1 nitrogen export and thus the Presentation time: 09:30 - 09:50 potential for further HAB blooms. PM Glibert1, S Seitzinger2, RW Howarth3, JM Burkholder4 O.18-03 1Horn Point Laboratory, CAMBRIDGE, MD, United States of America Thin layers of Pseudo-nitzschia 2Instit. of Mar. and Coastal Sci, Rutgers, spp and the fate of Dinophysis NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ, United States of acuminata during an upwelling- America 3 downwelling cycle in a Galician Cornell University, ITHACA,NY, United ria States of America 4NC State University, RALEIGH, N.C., Session: O.18 - Ecology & Oceanography 1 United States of America Presentation time: 09:50 - 10:10
1 1 1 Eutrophication-related HABs are B Reguera , L Velo , S González-Gil , P Gentien2, M Lunven2, C Bechemin2, L growing in frequency, duration and 3 4 Fernand , R Raine toxic impacts in many parts of the 1Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO, world. The past several decades Spain have witnessed a dramatic increase 2IFREMER, BREST, France in the availability of nutrients on 3CEFAS, LOWESTOFT, United Kingdom land, in the atmosphere and in the 4The Martin Ryan Institute, NUIG, ocean. This increase is the result of GALWAY, Ireland
70 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
WG Sunda, DR Hardison Measurements of the physical and biological environment were carried Beaufort Laboratory, NOS, NOAA, BEAUFORT, NC, United States of America out in the Ria de Pontevedra (Galician Rías Baixas, Spain) over a Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have two-week period in June 2005. occurred with increasing frequency Fine-scale vertical distributions of in recent years with eutrophication phytoplankton and shear were and other anthropogenic alterations obtained using the IFREMER of coastal ecosystems. Many of Particle Profiler and Fine Scale these blooms severely disrupt Sampler, coupled with ecosystem function, and can be measurements from a Nortek referred to as ecosystem disruptive acoustic Doppler velocimeter, in situ algal blooms (EDABs). These observations of live samples blooms are typically caused by toxic (autofluorescence) and stained or unpalatable species that dinoflagellates. A sequence of decrease grazing rates by upwelling-relaxation-upwelling- herbivores, and thereby disrupt downwelling events was observed. transfer of nutrients and energy to Thin layers of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. higher trophic levels, and decrease and other diatoms (up to 30 µg -1 nutrient recycling. Many factors, chlorophyll a · L ) developed and such as nutrient availability and persisted in the pycnocline region, herbivore grazing have been above the cooler (12.5 ºC) nutrient- proposed to separately influence rich (>10µM nitrate) upwelled water, EDAB dynamics, but interactions but were vertically displaced and among these factors have rarely eroded during downwelling. A been considered. Here we describe population of D. acuminata, that had positive feedback interactions been evident since early March, among nutrient availability, was never found within the thin herbivore grazing, and nutrient layers but instead was confined to cycling, which can to substantially the warmer surface (0-4m) layers influence the dynamics of EDAB throughout the entire survey. These events. The positive feedbacks cells did not perform any vertical result from reduced grazing rates on migration. The results showed the EDAB species, which promote the need to define sub-surface thin proliferation of these algae and layer characteristics suitable for decrease grazer-mediated recycling individual species. In addition, the of nutrients. These effects in turn importance of the phase of the decrease nutrient availability. Since population growth to determine many EDAB species are well- physical-biological interactions and adapted to nutrient-stressed behaviour of Dinophysis in relation environments and many exhibit to thin layers is highlighted. increased toxin production and
toxicity under nutrient limitation, O.18-04 positive feedbacks are established Positive feedback and the which can greatly increase the rate development and persistence of of bloom development, and promote ecosystem disruptive algal bloom persistence and adverse blooms effects on the ecosystem.
Session: O.18 - Ecology & Oceanography 1 Presentation time: 10:10 - 10:30
71 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
O.19-01 assays that are emulated within the Field applications for remote ESP. Here we present our field detection of harmful algae using findings to date, including species the Environmental Sample detected remotely during 2006, Processor: Spring-Summer 2006 domoic acid (Doucette et al.),
Session: O.19 - Monitoring 2 environmental data, and our Presentation time: 11:00 - 11:20 capability to ground-truth instrument
1 1 data. Dianne I Greenfield , CA Scholin , S 1 1 1 Jensen , R III Marin , B Roman , B 1 2 Massion , GJ Doucette O.19-02
1Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Monitoring of lipophilic shellfish Institute, MOSS LANDING, United States toxins using SPATT (Solid Phase of America 2NOAA/National Ocean Service, Adsorption Toxin Tracking) in CHARLESTON, SC 29412, United States Nova Scotia, Canada of America Session: O.19 - Monitoring 2 Presentation time: 11:20 - 11:40
Molecular approaches for identifying 1 1 1 harmful algal bloom (HAB) species CM Garnett , CM Rafuse , NI Lewis , S Kirchhoff2, J Cullen2, MA Quilliam1 and affiliated toxins are central to 1 research and monitoring, but such National Research Council of Canada, HALIFAX, Canada methods require the return of 2Dalhousie University, HALIFAX, Canada discrete samples for laboratory analysis. This impediment is Field studies were undertaken in overcome with the Environmental Ship Harbour and Lunenburg Bay, Sample Processor (ESP), an Nova Scotia, Canada, from May to instrument that detects remotely, November, 2005. Solid Phase subsurface, and in near real-time, a Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) wide range of microorganisms and bags were deployed weekly in substances they produce conjunction with a variety of (http://www.mbari.org/microbial/ESP physico-chemical measurements ). The first-generation ESP verified including temperature, conductivity basic concepts, such as sample and light attenuation. Sampling of archive and DNA array processing. phytoplankton was conducted at The second-generation (2G ESP), a both sites and blue mussels (Mytilis comparatively smaller, faster, and edulis) were collected at the Ship more robust version, was been Harbour site. SPATT extracts were deployed for the first time in analysed by LC-MS/MS using a Monterey Bay, CA (USA) during multi-toxin analysis for lipophilic spring-summer of 2006 for ~20d per toxins. The following toxins were deployment. During this field detected: spirolides, season, the 2G ESP successfully dinophysistoxin-1, pectenotoxin-2, automated detection of a number of pectenotoxin-2 seco acid, harmful species, including diatoms yessotoxin and azaspiracids. The of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, concentration effect of toxins from some of which produce the toxin the water column by the SPATT domoic acid. In addition to in situ bags was supported by evidence of detection, we attempted to ground toxins in the SPATT extracts when truth instrument data by period no toxins were detected in water sampling and analyses using planktonic net tow samples. In laboratory versions of molecular addition, changes in the toxin
72 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 profiles over the sampling period at D, 2-D, or 3-D transport or both sites were observed and these circulation models. The effective were related to changes in the integration of observations and dinoflagellate community structure. models requires an analyst, much These results are compared to as an analyst is needed for a SPATT and phytoplankton data weather forecast. obtained from Ship Harbour during Predicting initiation and dissipation 2004. Correlation between the may use different ecological models concentration of shellfish toxins in and observational schemes. These the SPATT extracts and mussel will tend to involve a greater tissue was examined to evaluate diversity of physical and ecological the application of this technique as observations. While an initiation an early warning technology for the model can aid in directing sampling aquaculture industry. to find a new HAB, the requirements of that model should not be confused with the basic 'nowcast' O.19-03 requirements of location, transport, Developing operational and analysis. capabilities for nowcasts and forecasts of harmful algal blooms
Session: O.19 - Monitoring 2 O.19-04 Presentation time: 11:40 - 12:00 Early warning of cyanobacteria in
RP Stumpf, MC Tomlinson` water reservoirs
NOAA National Ocean Service, SILVER Session: O.19 - Monitoring 2 SPRING, MD, United States of America Presentation time: 12:00 - 12:20
1 2 3 Managers and communities need KG Garde , T Jurczak , K Izydorczyk , L Schlüter4, H Kaas1 forecasting systems that address 1 'nowcasts' — where a harmful algal ToxiSpot, HØRSHOLM, Denmark 2University of Lodz, 12/16 BANACHA ST., bloom (HAB) is today; and 90-237 LODZ, Poland 'forecasts' — where it will be in the 3Acadmy of Sciences, 3 TYLNA, 90-348 near future. They often want to LODZ, Poland 4 know if a HAB will initiate or DHI Water & Environment, AGERN ALLE dissipate. While characteristics of 5, 2970 HØRSHOLM, Denmark
HABs differ, and regional systems Mass occurrences of toxic are necessary, there are cyanobacteria pose a serious threat commonalities between forecasting for water works abstracting water systems. from surface waters around the Forecasting systems have three world. If cyanotoxins enter the basic requirements: data on HAB distribution net, they may cause locations; transport models that illnesses in humans and in case of address management requirements; long-term exposure cancer risk and analysis of the data and models hazards. Thus early warning that make sense to managers. To methodologies are called for, determine HAB location, the suite of making water works able to detect observations may include water cyanobacterial problems in due time samples, manual or automated to activate proper measures. A detectors, and remote observations. method increasingly used is in situ To determine transport, the models multichannel fluorometry enabling can include heuristic models and 1- quantitative estimations of
73 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 occurrences of algal groups; information on the initiation, including cyanobacteria. In the transport, and effects of K. brevis present study the compliance blooms. Management efforts to between this strategy and other mitigate the harmful effects of methods commonly applied to blooms will require temporal and describe and quantify phytoplankton spatial monitoring of phytoplankton composition were compared; community taxonomic composition including lab fluorometry, and dynamics. To achieve this spectrophotometry and HPLC taxonomic discrimination, laboratory pigment analyses and cultures of 12 species of microalgae microscopically examination. In representing five taxonomic classes addition, the occurrence of were used to develop a library of microcystins was assessed. In target classes. A fitting routine general, acceptable coherence was involving multiple least-squares observed between the different analyses was applied to strategies when accessed based on BreveBuster absorbance spectra to the occurrence and dominance of determine the ‘best fit’ estimates of cyanobacteria. Regarding the other chlorophyll a concentration algal groups obvious discrepancies contributed by each class in both occurred; i.e. the in situ fluorometer laboratory culture mixes and natural method was not able to describe the mixed populations. A ten-day phytoplankton community properly. deployment of a BreveBuster on an autonomous underwater vehicle
(AUV) off the west coast of Florida O.19-05 in September and October 2004 Phytoplankton community detected a Karenia brevis composition observed by population associated with autonomous underwater vehicle cyanobacteria and diatom populations which had not been Session: O.19 - Monitoring 2 Presentation time: 12:20 - 12:40 observed by manual sampling.
1 2 Multiple transects across the shelf GJ Kirkpatrick , MA Moline , SE by the AUV over this ten-day period Lohrenz3, OM Schofield4 illustrated the spatial and temporal 1 Mote Marine Laboratory, SARASOTA, dynamics of the phytoplankton United States of America 2California Polytechnic State University, community.
SAN LUIS OBISPO, United States of
America 3University of Southern Mississippi, O.19-06 STENNIS SPACE CENTER, United States Retrospective GIS analyses of of America the Florida red tide database 4Rutgers University, NEW BRUNSWICK, Session: O.19 - Monitoring 2 United States of America Presentation time: 12:40 - 13:00
Laboratory and field studies have KA Steidinger1, JA Tustison2, CA Heil2 demonstrated the feasibility of 1University of South Florida, ST. detecting Karenia brevis blooms in PETERSBURG, United States of America 2 the eastern Gulf of Mexico utilizing FL Fish & Wildlife Conservation Comm., light absorbance spectra. ST. PETERSBURG, United States of America Development of this technique has been aimed at providing more Florida red tides (Karenia brevis) timely access to data and are the most frequent and longest
74 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 lasting marine HABs in the world. 2Municipality of Miag-ao, ILOILO, Red tide data visualization using Philippines 3Miag-ao Municipal Health Office, ILOILO, layered Geographic Information Philippines System (GIS) datasets allows display of K. brevis count data over On March 1, 2005, a dense mat of a 50 year period. The database floating algae had accumulated contains ‘event response’ results as inshore, and began to rot. Coastal well as cruise and transect data with residents of Barangay Kirayan fixed sampling stations collected at Norte, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines least monthly. When data on count, experienced problems sleeping at location, depth, date, and time are night, children had difficulty displayed on a daily basis, a breathing, and some had skin sequential display of data keyed by irritations and itchiness. Since the symbols and colour shows the sea breeze flows inland, the progression of a bloom being residents were affected by the transported cross-shelf and long- rotting algae, which smelled shore. This data layer can be seaweedy and ammoniacal. integrated with winds, current One of the residents tried to mitigate models, hurricanes and other the dilemma by harvesting the variables to visualize animated wash-up algae, which had piled movement and forcing functions on inshore, and buried it in a sand pit. the west Florida shelf. Although the The person, who harvested the database is composed of disparate algae with his unprotected bare datasets from haphazard, directed, hands, experienced swelling of his or repetitive sampling, GIS face and other skin irritations. technology offers geospatial The probable causative organism analytical capabilities not available was identified as Lyngbya for the conventional database. The majuscula, a filamentous following can be visualized by cyanobacterium whose colour is specific red tide datasets: offshore dark-green to black. The presence initiation; transport from the Gulf of of L. majuscula in the coastal Mexico to the Florida east coast; communities now poses risks to its long-shore movement, both south to residents. Monitoring and further north and vise versa; and the study of this phenomenon is forcing of currents on initial therefore highly recommended. southerly transport. In addition, GIS The paper reports on the analyses allows for improvement of occurrence of the harmful algal sampling design. bloom, advocates the monitoring of the phenomenon, and reports
O.20-01 initiatives being undertaken by U.P. A harmful algal bloom Visayas. occurrence in Barangay Kirayan
Norte, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines O.20-02 Session: O.20 - Regional events Cochlodinium blooms in Sabah, Presentation time: 11:00 - 11:20 Malaysia 1 1 2 JP Peralta , SS Garibay , JRN Noble , Session: O.20 - Regional events 3 3 RMM Espina , AN Nualla Presentation time: 11:20 - 11:40
1 Univ. Phil. Visayas, ILOILO, Philippines A Anton1, PL Teoh1, S Mustaffa1, L Nordin2
75 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
1Universiti Malaysia Sabah, KOTA O.20-03 KINABALU, Malaysia Massive fish kills in the 2Malaysian Centre for Remote Sensing, KUALA LUMPUR, Malaysia Philippines caused by Cochlodinium and Prorocentrum
Harmful algal blooms in Malaysia Session: O.20 - Regional events are mostly confined to the west Presentation time: 11:40 - 12:00 coast of Sabah. Since it was first RV Azanza reported in 1976, Pyrodinium The Marine Science Institute, QUEZON bahamense var. compressum has CITY, Philippines been the main causative organism, which has resulted in public health There have been few and scattered problems and diminution of shellfish reports of fish kills in the Philippines. cultures. In January 2005, blooms Not much attention has been given of Cochlodinium polykrikoides were to these events until a Prorocentrum first observed in the Sepanggar Bay minimum bloom occurred for the off Kota Kinabalu, causing fish kills first time in 2002, that coincided with and economic losses to the mass mortality of cultured milkfish, aquaculture industry. Population thus wreaking havoc to the local studies of the blooms showed a fishermen’s livelihood. This fish kill perpectual pattern of occurrence in phenomenon, that happened in the 2005, with high densities (> 104 municipality of Bolinao, Pangasinan, cells l-1) recurring around areas of north of the Philippines, has been aquaculture activities and replacing attributed to uncontrolled the dominant HAB species proliferation of fish cages and pens. Pyrodinium bahamense var. Yearly harmful algal blooms of other compressum. The origin of these species have been experienced in blooms has been speculated to be this area. caused by circulation currents in the Palawan, Southwestern Philippines South China Sea and/or has a rich marine life, supplying aquaculture activities of introduced 60% of Manila’s fish requirements, species in the coastal waters off and contributes to half of the Kota Kinabalu. The 16S rDNA of C. national fish export. With a polykrikoides isolated from waters relatively more pristine water, around Kota Kinabalu has been Palawan experienced its major red sequenced and used for tide outbreak in 2005. A comparison with other existing Cochlodinium polykrikoides bloom sequences. A multidisciplinary spanned 500km of Palawan’s approach to study Cochlodinium red coastline and lasted for four months. tides, including ocean current Satellite images from MODIS Aqua patterns, water quality, and remote Level 2 data revealed chlorophyll-a sensing is being undertaken, to levels as high as >0.5 mg/m3 from further understand the factors constructed mosaics of its monthly causing the blooms for the purpose distribution. of management and mitigation. This paper reports on the series of events that led to fish kills in two
relatively different water systems. Factors that contributed to the blooms will be discussed and
contrasted.
76 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
resulted in salmon mortalities during both years. Patterns in O.20-04 shellfish toxicity prior to and Alexandrium fundyense - red following the red tide events are tides, PSP shellfish toxicity, discussed. salmon mortalities and human illnesses in 2003-04 –before and after O.20-05
Session: O.20 - Regional events Dynamics of blooms of cf Presentation time: 12:00 - 12:20 Chattonella verruculosa in the
1,2 1 1 Skagerrak and the Kattegat JL Martin , FH Page , MM LeGresley
1St. Andrews Biological Station, ST. Session: O.20 - Regional events ANDREWS, NB, Canada Presentation time: 12:20 - 12:40 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Canada B Karlson1, E Almroth1, P Andersen2, K Eilola1, M Kuylenstierna3, L-J Naustvoll4 The Bay of Fundy has a long 1SMHI, Oceanographic services, VÄSTRA history of Alexandrium fundyense FRÖLUNDA, Sweden blooms and annual shellfish 2Bio/consult A/S, ÅBYHØJ, Denmark harvesting area closures, generally 3Kristineberg Marine Research Station, during summer months, due to FISKEBÄCKSKIL, Sweden 4 unsafe levels of PSP toxins. In Flødevigen Marine Research Station, HIS, Norway addition to shellfish closures, herring mortalities occurred in 1976 Large blooms of cf. Chattonella and 1979, the salmon farming verruculosa were observed in the industry suffered mortalities in Skagerrak area for the first time in 2003-04 and human illnesses have 1998. Blooms have occurred in the occurred through the years. area also in years 2000, 2001 and Data on PS toxins in shellfish have 2006. An overview of the bloom been collected since the 1940s and events is presented. The organism provide an important perspective may be an introduced species but on inter-annual and seasonal A. reanalysis of preserved samples fundyense patterns. Data indicate show that it was present in the area that PSP has been present in 1993. It now seems to be an throughout much of the Bay of established species in the area. The Fundy since the early 1940s. and blooms are described using there are consecutive years of observations from ship sampling greater toxicities. (cell counts) and satellites. Also Regular phytoplankton sampling physical and biogeochemical since 1988 shows that A. models are used for describing the fundyense cell concentrations are events. Models results indicate that generally greatest in the offshore low turbulence conditions may be regions in close proximity to major an important factor for bloom cyst deposits and tend to be initiation. dispersed through the exposed regions through water movements and circulation. Highest cells O.20-06 densities since 1988 were Role of short-term climate observed in 2003 (8.8 x 105 change on outbreak and cells•L-1) in the Grand Manan succession of large scale HABs Island area and in 2004 in Bliss along east Chinese coast in 2005 -1 Harbour (> 3 million cells.L ) and Session: O.20 - Regional events
77 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Presentation time: 12:40 - 13:00 along the east Chinese coast
Mingjiang Zhou1, Mingyuan Zhu2, through alterations of environmental Yunfeng Wang1, Dedi Zhu3, Songhui conditions. Lv4, Douding Lu3, Xiaoyong Shi5, Chuansong Zhang5
1Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO, PL.08 China The physical oceanographic 2 First Institute of Oceanography, QINGDAO control of harmful algal blooms 266061, China 3Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Session: PL..08 - Plenary VIII – Ecology HANGZHOU 310012, China and Oceanography 4Jinan University, GUANGZHOU 510632, Presentation time: 14:15 - 14:50 China 5 Robin Raine Ocean University, QINGDAO 266003, China The Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, GALWAY, Ireland In 2005, CEOHAB (Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Many HABs impacting on Blooms in China) carried out 5 aquaculture regions or other sites cruises to further understand the of amenity value arise because mechanisms of large scale they are transported to the site. Prorocentrum blooms along east This occurs with local currents or Chinese coast, near Changjiang else with water whose circulation is river estuary and Zhejiang coast. subjected to shifts in forcing The blooms re-occurred for several variables such as the wind. A years at nearly the same time. Its sound knowledge of coastal and occurrence was delayed in 2005, near shelf physical oceanographic following a succession of bloom processes is therefore of immense species, from Skeletonema to importance if we are to predict HAB Karenia and then Prorocentrum. events with confidence. The Preliminary clues were obtained to effects of coastal currents, explain this phenomenon. First, upwelling, and estuarine physical oceanographic data entrainment in transporting blooms showed that significant low have been acknowledged for some temperatures of the seawater may time. More recently, the influences have played an important role. The of coastal and tidal fronts, wind temperature of sea water at the end forced water exchanges in bays, of March was about three degrees coastal jets and gyres have been lower compared with 2004 and was studied in relation to HABs. Many not favourable for Prorocentrum to coastal bays also have resident grow. Secondly, more nutrient input populations of HAB species. This from excessive runoff of Changjiang situation arises not only due to a river during winter might also play a dormant sessile stage in the life role. And thirdly, different adaptive cycle, but also because the strategies caused diatoms to balance between growth and become dominant in the early physical dilution of the bay favours spring, and the dinoflagellates later, a bloom. so that Prorocentrum was delayed. This paper reviews physical Short-term climate change oceanographic processes within apparently could have a significant the context of HAB events using impact on the outbreak and Irish coastal waters as an example. succession of large-scale HABs Data is also presented which
78 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 demonstrates that a good and alongshore flow, and frontal understanding of the physical dynamics are investigated. processes which give rise to HABs can lead to robust, but simple, O.21-02 prediction models. The multi-species nature of the
2005 Karenia bloom: implications O.21-01 for management and monitoring Wind patterns and HABs in in Florida upwelling systems Session: O.21 - Ecology & Oceanography 2 Presentation time: 15:15 - 15:35 Session: O.21 - Ecology & Oceanography 2 Presentation time: 14:55 - 15:15 CA Heil1, E Truby2, J Wolny3, R Pigg2, 2 2 GC Pitcher1, A Fawcett2, S Bernard2, B Richardson , M Garrett , A 3 4 Haywood3, K Petrik2, L Flewelling2, S AD Cembella , RM Kudela 3 2 3 Cook , E Stone , KA Steidinger , J 1Marine and Coastal Management, CAPE Landsberg2 TOWN, South Africa 1 2University of Cape Town, CAPE TOWN, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation C C, South Africa ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA, United 3Alfred Wegener Institute, States of America 2 BREMERHAVEN, Germany Florida Fish & Wildlife Cons. Commission, 4University of California Santa Cruz, ST. PETERSBURG, FL 33701, United SANTA CRUZ, United States of America States of America 3Florida Institute of Oceanography, USF, The southern Namaqua shelf of the ST. PETERSBURG, FL 33701, United Benguela upwelling system is States of America frequently subjected to a variety of The severe 2005 Karenia brevis Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) bloom was the first Gulf of Mexico- phenomena. Here winds dictate Karenia bloom in which multiple most physical processes important Karenia species were identified and to the development of HABs. This monitored routinely. Five species presentation compares two periods were present over the course of the of study (15 March – 16 April 2005 bloom: K. brevis, K. mikimotoi, K. and 7 – 23 March 2006), following papilionacea, K. selliformis and a clearly different wind patterns. The recognized, but currently unnamed 2005 study was dominated by fifth species, Karenia sp. Karenia dinoflagellates including species of brevis was geographically Dinophysis and Protoceratium widespread and numerically reticulatum, responsible for the dominant over the entire bloom. production of DSP toxins and Although K. mikimotoi, the second yessotoxins, respectively, while the most common species, displayed 2006 study was dominated by similar geographical and several species of Pseudo-nitzschia temperature and salinity ranges as known to produce domoic acid. The K. brevis, it was not present in wind patterns leading to these very significant concentrations until 4 different bloom events are months after bloom initiation. examined in terms of species Karenia selliformis, also selection and population dynamics. geographically widespread, was In particular the influence of the present only during the final bloom wind on the dynamics of the surface stages. Conversely, K. mixed layer, and on local upwelling papilionacea was abundant only processes determining across-shelf during the first two bloom months,
79 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 and geographically restricted to be solely explained by the activation offshore waters between St. of voltage-gated sodium channels. Petersburg and Naples. Karenia This hypothesis is supported by the sp. was further restricted, present observation that the most currently only at higher salinities in the Ft. used drugs for the treatment of CFP Myers to Naples area. These are free radical scavengers. patterns of occurrence of the In conclusion, the implication of NO different Karenia species throughout in CFP paves the way for new the blooms suggest that K. brevis therapies for both occidental and occupies the broadest ecological traditional medicines, together with niche, with other species either new CTXs detection and clinical spatially or temporally restricted. diagnostic tools. Management implications depend on impacts, toxins and toxicity of different strains. The first step is O.22-02 isolation of newly recorded species. Implications of saxitoxins for public health and natural resources in Florida O.22-01 Session: O.22 - Toxicology 3 First evidence for the implication Presentation time: 15:15 – 15.35 of nitric oxide in Ciguatera Fish JH Landsberg1, JP Abbott2, LJ Poisoning 1 1 2 Flewelling , PS Scott , JL Wolny Session: O.22 - Toxicology 3 1FL Fish & Wildlife Conservation Comm., Presentation time: 14.55 - 15:15 ST. PETERSBURG, United States of S Pauillac, F Vernel-Pauillac, S Kumar- America 2 Roine, M-P Sauviat, E Benoit, M Florida Institute of Oceanography, ST. Chinain, D Laurent PETERSBURG, United States of America
Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, In early 2002, with the onset of NOUMÉA, New Caledonia puffer fish poisoning (PFP) The involvement of the nitric oxide originating from the Indian River (NO) pathway in ciguatera fish Lagoon (IRL), saxitoxin was poisoning (CFP) has been discovered in Florida and investigated, in vitro and in vivo, in a associated with Pyrodinium ciguatoxin (CTX)/mouse model. The bahamense for the first time in the induction of inducible nitric oxide United States. Saxitoxins are synthase (iNOS) synthesis at the usually associated with potentially mRNA level was kinetically fatal Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning measured using a real-time PCR (PSP), but prior to 2002, there was protocol based on the LightCycler® no public health risk from PSP in technology. CTX-pulsed Neuro-2a Florida. Since the detection of cells (1 ng/mL) and peripheral blood saxitoxins in puffer fish, the state mononuclear cells from CTX- initiated an intensive statewide injected mice (1ng/g), were monitoring program to determine demonstrated to express iNOS in a concentrations and distribution of time-dependent manner. This saxitoxins in biota. Because they strongly suggests that NO might be are immune to saxitoxins, puffer fish responsible for certain ciguatera can accumulate high toxin symptoms (e.g. hypotension, concentrations in the muscle, allergenic effects and Chronic making them an extreme threat to Fatigue Syndrome) which could not consumers. Following FDA action
80 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 levels (80 µg STX eq./100g meat) brief occasions, just exceeding the for acceptable limits of saxitoxins in acceptable limit by mouse bioassay. seafood, the FWC banned puffer Preliminary evidence suggests that fish harvesting in the IRL. Apart saxitoxins are present in the food from puffer fish that consistently chain but they remain an unknown exceed the action limit for risk to natural resources, despite saxitoxins, shellfish beds in the documented mortality and disease northern IRL were closed as a events in the IRL. precautionary measure only on two
81 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
SYMPOSIA, WEDNESDAY 6 SEPTEMBER
1. Ecosystem Disruptive Harmful Algal Blooms
ROOM: will be announced
Convener: Pat Tester
There is a new term in town – Ecosystem Disruptive Harmful Algal Blooms (EDABS) This session will explore the effects of eutrophication, relaxation of top down control and positive feedback loops that may help perpetuate EDABS. Ideas published in two recent papers will serve as the focus for this session that will include 2-3 speakers to introduce the topic and stimulate open, vigorous discussions about what EDABS are, what the feedback loops are and what consequences EDABS have to ecosystems viability.
Sunda et al. (2006) “Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have occurred with increasing frequency in recent years with eutrophication and other anthropogenic alterations of coastal ecosystems. Many of these blooms severely alter or degrade ecosystem function, and are referred to here as ecosystem disruptive algal blooms (EDABs). These blooms are often caused by toxic or unpalatable species that decrease grazing rates by planktonic and benthic herbivores, and thereby disrupt the transfer of nutrients and energy to higher trophic levels, and decrease nutrient recycling. Examples of EDAB species discussed in this paper include the pelagophytes Aureococcus anophagefferens Hargraves et Sieburth and Aureoumbra lagunensis DeYoe and Stockwell, the green tide algae Nannochloris atomus Butcher and Nannochloropsis gaditana Lubián, the haptophytes Chrysochromulina polylepis Manton et Parke and Prymnesium parvum Carter, and the cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongates Nägeli and Nodularia spumigena Mertens ex Bornet & Flahault. Many factors, such as nutrient availability and herbivore grazing have been proposed to separately influence EDAB dynamics, but interactions among these factors have rarely been considered. Here we discuss positive feedback interactions among nutrient availability, herbivore grazing, and nutrient regeneration, which have the potential to substantially influence the dynamics of EDAB events. The positive feedbacks result from a reduction of grazing rates on EDAB species caused by toxicity or unpalatability of these algae, which promotes the proliferation of the EDAB species. The decreased rates also lower grazer-mediated recycling of nutrients and thereby decrease nutrient availability. Since many EDAB species are well-adapted to nutrient-stressed environments and many exhibit increased toxin production and toxicity under nutrient limitation, positive feedbacks are established which can greatly increase the rate of bloom development and the adverse effects on the ecosystem. An understanding of how these feedbacks interact with other regulating factors, such as benthic/pelagic nutrient coupling, physical forcing, and life cycles of EDAB species provides a substantial future challenge.”
Mitra and Flynn (2006) “The relationship between algae and their zooplanktonic predators typically involves consumption of nutrients by algae, grazing of the algae by zooplankton which in turn enhances predator biomass, controls algal growth and regenerates nutrients. Eutrophication raises nutrient levels, but does not simply increase normal predator–prey activity; rather, harmful algal bloom (HAB) events develop often with serious ecological and aesthetic implications. Generally, HAB species are outwardly poor competitors for nutrients, while their development of grazing deterrents during nutrient stress ostensibly occurs too late, after the nutrients have largely been consumed already by fast-growing non-HAB species. A new mechanism is presented to explain HAB dynamics under these circumstances. Using
82 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 a multi-nutrient predator–prey model, it is demonstrated that these blooms can develop through the self-propagating failure of normal predator–prey activity, resulting in the transfer of nutrients into HAB growth at the expense of competing algal species. Rate limitation of this transfer provides a continual level of nutrient stress that results in HAB species exhibiting grazing deterrents protecting them from top-down control. This process is self-stabilizing as long as nutrient demand exceeds supply, maintaining the unpalatable status of HABs; such events are most likely under eutrophic conditions with skewed nutrient ratios.”
Mitra, A. and K.J. Flynn. 2006. Promotion of harmful algal blooms by zooplankton predatory activity. Biology Letters. http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/link.asp?id=pa6a316clj7hh
Sunda, W.R., E. Granéli and C.J. Gobler. 2006. Positive feedback and the development and persistence of ecosystem disruptive algal blooms. Journal of Phycology (on line August at http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0022-3646&site=1
2. Human Health and HABs
Room: will be announced
Convener: Lorraine Backer and Heléne Annadotter
The first part of the symposium will address, using Florida red tide as an illustration, how marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) can affect coastal communities. In July, 2006, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Mote Marine Laboratory and the State of Florida Institute of Oceanongraphy hosted the workshop and public forum “State of the Research on Red Tide in the Gulf of Mexico.” At the July workshop, speakers reviewed the progress in understanding this phenomenon in the contexts of Karenia brevis biophysiology, bloom dynamics and ecology, fisheries and food safety, oceanography, human health, economics, and community education and outreach. Red tides appear to be increasing in the frequency and intensity and are an ongoing threat to Florida’s Gulf coast communities. In this workshop, there will be a brief presentation summarizing these community impacts that will set the stage for discussion about future directions for research on the effects of marine HABs on coastal communities.
The second part of the symposium will deal with the impact of cyanobacterial blooms on public health and the quality of drinking water. In the past decades, a number of reports of mass developments of cyanobacteria have appeared globally. A large number of documented incidents of death among animals, associated with cyanobacterial blooms, exist. Data on exposure of humans to cyanotoxins are limited. A range of symptoms among humans exposed to cyanobacteria in drinking water or in connection with swimming, have been documented. In most of these cases, the level of cyanotoxins were never measured. In a few cases, microcystins were measured but found to be around WHO´s safe level. In these cases, health problems such as fever, headache, skin rashes, abdominal pain, and muscle pain were reported. But which toxins and/or organisms are the cause of these different symptoms? The discussion will focus on the level of, and the role, of different cyanotoxins and cyanobacteria-associated organisms for the symptoms reported in connection with exposure of cyanobacteria in drinking water and during recreation.
83 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
3. Taxonomy – the species concept
Room: will be announced
Convener: Jacob Larsen
The species concept in different groups of protists will be introduced by invited speakers. During the session, we would like to stimulate a discussion of the species concept in the different groups of harmful algae: are cryptic species a common phenomenon? How are species defined in the future, by DNA bar codes or? Is species distribution restricted only by temperature? Professor Tom Fenchel, University of Copenhagen, will give a general introduction to the species concept in protists while other speakers will talk specifically about different groups of harmful algae, e.g. Karenia and Dinophysis.
4. Toxicology of Toxin Analogues
ROOM: will be announced
Convener: Phillip Hess and John Ramsdell
The potential or known toxicity of toxin analogues is an issue of complexity. A number of organizations (incl. the EU) are active in the Codex Alimentarius work to clarify guidelines for national regulatory measures for toxin analogues. The symposium will, after a few short introductory remarks, be an open discussion and exchange of new knowledge and viewpoints. We hope to obtain a state-of-the- art of current knowledge on toxicity of analogues, to discuss the TEF concept, as well as additivity and QSARs. This symposium should particularly attract chemists, pharmacologists and toxicologists
5. HABs and Clay Flocculation: Some Species, Some Places, but not a Silver Bullet
ROOM: will be announced
Moderators: Mario R. Sengco, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Kevin G. Sellner, Chesapeake Research Consortium, Inc.
For over a decade, natural clays have been used to control HABs in Japan, China, and South Korea, to minimize their impacts on aquaculture. Clays have also been used in Australia to treat Microcystis blooms in rivers and streams, and to remove phosphorus from the water column. In the U.S., clays have been shown to be effective against a number of marine and brackish-water species, although most studies have focused on Karenia brevis and its toxins in Florida waters. Other studies have also been conducted in Sweden, Hong Kong, and the Philippines.
Despite the growing number of investigations into the use of clays to control HABs, there has been little effort to consolidate our current understanding about the effectiveness of clays, the impacts of clay dispersal on water quality and the benthic environment, the cost of treatment, and the practical considerations of clay
84 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 application. In this session, we have asked the speakers to summarize our current knowledge about the efficacy and impacts of clay flocculation, and to relate their experiences regarding the effectiveness, cost and implementation of this control strategy. We hope to provide a critical, scientific review of this method, as well as a balanced, practical discussion of its costs, benefits, and impacts.
Speakers: Mario R. Sengco (Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, U.S.) – the use of clays against Karenia brevis and Prymnesium parvum
Kevin Sellner (Chesapeake Research Consortium, U.S.) – studies in Chesapeake Bay Monica Bricelj and Anne-Gaelle Haubois (National Research Council of Canada) – benthic impacts of clay applications
Chang-Kyu Lee (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, South Korea) – the use of yellow clay against Cochlodinium polykrikoides
Zhiming Yu (Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.R. China) – recent clay applications in China
85 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
POSTER PROGRAMME
SESSION PO.01: GENETICS
Genetic Characterization of Pseudo-nitzschia species isolated from the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland USA PO.01-01 Bowers, Thessen, Oldach, Stoecker
Dinoflagellate cysts from New Zealand ports and harbours, with emphasis on the distribution of harmful and potential invasive species PO.01-02 Stewart, Chang
Harmful algae can be transported via relocation of bivalve shellfish PO.01-03 Shumway, Hégaret, Wikfors
Development of microsatellite markers to study the population genetics of Skeletonema sp. - a marine diatom PO.01-04 Saravanan
Development of a real-time PCR-based nucleic acid test for the detection of Dinophysis species in Irish waters PO.01-06 Kavanagh
Molecular characterization and morphological variability of seven strains of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum PO.01-07 Monti, Cataletto
Genetic variation in ribosomal DNA of Chattonella aff. verruculosa, a new harmful dictyochophyte forming recurrent blooms in Scandinavian waters. PO.01-08 Riisberg, Edvardsen
Development of a molecular probe for the harmful algae, Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum, from Sabah, Malaysia PO.01-09 Chin, Teoh, Anton
Molecular detection and diversity of Pseudo-nitzschia populations from the North American West Coast PO.01-10 Hubbard, Armbrust, Rocap
Molecular approaches for the detection and characterization of Alexandrium species in natural blooms PO.01-11 Töbe, Alpermann, John, Tillmann, Krock, Medlin, Cembella
Genetic diversity within Baltic Sea populations of nodularin-producing Nodularia spumigena and nontoxic Nodularia harveyana PO.01-12 Luckas, Krueger, Hiller, Oelmueller
86 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Petroleum production platforms as sites for the expansion of ciguatera in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico PO.01-13 Villareal, Hanson, Qualia, Jester, Grande, Dickey
A molecular approach to identify Pseudo-nitzschia species in natural samples PO.01-14 McDonald, Sarno, Amato, Kooistra, Zingone
Molecular tools for the identification of Pseudo-nitzschia in Catalan waters, Spain PO.01-15 Elandaloussi, Venail, Fernández-Tejedor, Diogène, Quijano, Garcés, Camp, Andree
Diversity in the genus Skeletonema: an overview PO.01-16 Zingone, Sarno, Kooistra
Isolation of preferentially expressed gene between different mating type cells in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense PO.01-17 Kobiyama, Koike, Ogata
Phylogeny and biogeography of Prorocentrum donghaiense PO.01-18 Han, Qi, Zou, Yu, Gao, Lu
Distribution and diversity of toxigenic Microcystis blooms: a temperate- tropical comparison PO.01-19 Vyverman, van Gremberghe, Asmelash, Dejenie, van Wichelen, van der Gucht, de Meester, Wilmotte
The distribution of Alexandrium species in British coastal waters PO.01-20 Lewis, Carter, Percy
Occurrence of motile cells of a Gymnodinium species, belonging to the Gymnodinium catenatum group, in the western Baltic Sea PO.01-21 Göbel, Lu
Testing the hypothesis of temperate Asia origin of Alexandrium catenella in Thau Lagoon (NW Mediterranean) using microsatellite markers PO.01-22 Masseret, Nagai, Grzebyk, Genovesi-Giunti, Lasserre, Laabir, Alrivie, Collos, Vaquer, Berrebi
Phylogenetic relationships between Cochlodinium polykrikoides populations from Japanese and East Asian coasts PO.01-23 Iwataki, Kawami, Matsuoka, Fukuyo
Phytoplankton assemblages in ballast water of U.S. military ships considering port of origin, voyage time and ocean exchange practices PO.01-24 Burkholder, Hallegraeff, Melia, Cohen, Oldach, Bowers, Parrow, Mallin
87 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Genetic diversity studies on Skeletonema species (Bacillariophyta) in the coastal waters of southern China by SSU rDNA sequence analysis PO.01-26 Liang, Chen, Wan, Gao, Ho, Li
Population genetic structure of Skeletonema marinoi - a model species for phytoplankton bloom dynamics PO.01-27 Godhe
SESSION PO.02: GENOMICS
Comparative genomic analysis of DNA fragment from a toxic cyanobacterial bloom PO.02-01 Pope, Patel
Genomic characterization of the spirolide-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii with special emphasis on PKS genes PO.02-02 Jaeckisch, Glöckner, Vogel, Cembella, John
Molecular investigations on the toxic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum PO.02-03 Jung John, Glöckner, Tillmann, Krock, Cembella
A proteomic approach to harmful algal bloom research PO.02-04 Wang, Hong, Chan, Hodgkiss
Polyketide synthases in protists: a class of their own PO.02-05 John
Molecular physiology of the toxigenic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum PO.02-06 Beszteri, Tillmann, Freitag, Glöckner, Cembella, John
New insights into the higher order organization of the dinoflagellates chromosomes: evidence of eukaryotic differentiations PO.02-07 Alverca, Cuadrado, Franca, Moreno Díaz de la Espina,
Mononucleotide polymorphism of a microcystin synthetase, mcyH in the releasing of microcystins in a specific strain of Microcystis aeruginosa PO.02-08 Chou
Is application of quantitative-PCR possible for measurements in toxic Microcystis populations? PO.02-09 Lin, Chou
SESSION PO.03: PUBLIC HEALTH
2005 New England paralytic shellfish poisoning (non)-event: risk management success story PO.03-01
88 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Etheridge, Deeds, Conrad, Hall, DiStefano, Ellwanger, Chu, Pettengill, Hickey, Whittaker, Couture
The economic consequences of red tide events on the Gulf Coast of Florida, USA PO.03-02 Adams, Larkin, Degner, Morgan
Using beachfront restaurant sales in Southwest Florida to determine the localized impacts of HAB events PO.03-03 Larkin, Adams, Morgan, Degner
The situation of ciguatera fish poisoning in French Polynesia from 2000 to 2004 PO.03-05 Darius, Revel, Ung, Cruchet, Tchou Fouc, Chinain
Italian observatory on water and health PO.03-07 Funari, Mattei, Scardala, Gramaccioni
A water-asssociated dermatitis in Swedish lakes PO.03-09 Annadotter
SESSION PO.04: FOOD CHAINS
Growth of harmful blue-green algae after viable gut passage in crucian and silver carp PO.04-01 Kolmakov, Gladyshev, Anishchenko, Chuprov, Ivanova, Kravchuk, Zuyev
Short-term feeding response of the mussel Mytilus chilensis exposed to diets containing the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella PO.04-02 Navarro, Contreras
Effects of harmful algae on rotifer feeding behaviour and reproduction: Karenia brevis uses chemical defense to deter grazers PO.04-03 Pirkle, Snell, Kubanek
Copepod grazing on a toxic Dinophysis acuta thin-layer bloom PO.04-04 Sobrinho-Gonçalves, Moita
Lethality of microalgae to farmed Atlantic salmon PO.04-06 Burridge, Martin, Lyons, LeGresley, Chang
A test of toxic vs. nutritional effects of harmful algae (brown tide) on clam larvae and implications for benthic recruitment PO.04-07 Bricelj, MacQuarrie, Pernet
An individual-based model simulates the effects of brown tide on larval recruitment of hard clams PO.04-08
89 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Hofmann, Powell, Bricelj, Klinck, Kraeuter
The uptake of domoic acid by jellyfish: a new phycotoxin vector? PO.04-09 Boisson, Oberansli, King, Mikulski, Doucette
Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum, grown under different N/P ratios, on the copepod Acartia tonsa PO.04-10 Christou, Maneiro, Varkitzi, Zervoudaki, Pagou
Uptake, metabolism and loss of clay-flocculated brevetoxins in a surface deposit-feeding clam PO.04-11 Haubois, Bricelj, Quilliam
Statewide distribution of saxitoxins within Florida puffer fish species PO.04-12 Abbott, Landsberg, Flewelling, Sebastian, Stahl
SESSION PO.05: TOXIN ANALYSIS
Direct selective separation of domoic acid by molecularly imprinted polymers PO.05-01 Kubo, Kaya, Sano
Development of a highly sensitive determination method for cylindrospermopsin using LC/ESI-MS PO.05-02 Kikuchi
The use of biopsies to quantify domoic acid concentration in the king scallop Pecten maximus PO.05-03 Blanco, Mariño, Acosta, Martín
Nitric oxide synthase-mediated nitric oxide (NO) generation by harmful red tide phytoplankton, Chattonella marina PO.05-04 Oda, Daekyung, Yamaguchi
Lipophilic toxins in French shellfish: first report on detection of pectenotoxin- 2, spirolide-C and their isomers by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry PO.05-05 Amzil, Royer, Sibat, Guimard, Neaud-Masson, Chiantella
First evidence of DTX2 in France: detection by LC-ESI-MS2 during 2004-2005 south Brittany phytoplankton blooms PO.05-06 Mondeguer, Nézan, Le Gal, Marcaillou
Testing of a passive adsorption device in the detection of DTXs under controlled conditions PO.05-07 Marcaillou, Mondeguer, Bérard, Goupil
In vitro interactions between several species of harmful algae and hemocytes of bivalve molluscs PO.05-09 Hegaret, Wikfors, Shumway
90 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Yessotoxin profiles from cultures and planktonic field samples of the marine dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum and Gonyaulax spinifera PO.05-10 Krock
Variability of particulate and dissolved lipophilic toxins during and after Dinophysis acuta growth in the Galician Rias PO.05-11 Pizarro, Franco, González-Gil, Reguera
Alternative bioassays for the detection of cyanotoxins PO.05-12 Ruebhart
Preparation and simultaneous LC-MS analysis of fourteen shellfish toxins PO.05-13 Suzuki, Sekiguchi, Watai, Yasumoto
A fast and sensitive multi-analyte UPLC-MS/MS method for the detection of DSP and other lipophilic marine biotoxins in shellfish PO.05-14 McMillan, Fux, Hess, Bire
First report of the production of spirolides by Alexandrium peruvianum (Dinophyceae) from the Mediterranean Sea PO.05-15 Franco, Paz, Riobo, Pizarro, Figueroa, Fraga, Bravo
On the correlation between MMPB and ELISA methods for total microcystin concentrations PO.05-16 Takagi, Sano, Kaya
Microcystins in the NIES Certified Reference Materials No. 26 PO.05-17 Sano, Takagi, Nishikawa, Kaya
Deoxy cylindrospermopsin, detection in the benthic freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei from Australian streams PO.05-18 Eaglesham, Seifert, Shaw, Wickramasinghe
LC/MS-MS determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in seafood by application of a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic (HILIC) column PO.05-19 Diener, Luckas
Preparation of toxin standards for use in monitoring diarrhetic shellfish toxins by LC-MS PO.05-20 Yoshino
Large-scale pumping and recovery of algal toxins from sea water PO.05-21 Rundberget, Sandvik, Miles
Isolation of novel spirolides from the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii PO.05-22 Marschallek, Krock, Cembella
91 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
A Microcystis aeruginosa bloom and the occurrence of microcystins from a eutrophic freshwater lake in Comilla, Bangladesh PO.05-23 Ahmed, Luckas, Hiller
Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSP) PO.05-24 Hamano, Kawatsu
Characteritics of PSP-toxin profiles in bivalves from Japanese coastal waters PO.05-25 Oshima
Within-day variations in response of the mouse bioassay for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxin (okadaic acid) PO.05-26 Machii, Kawasaki
Newly discovered brevetoxin oxidation products in marine aerosol: assessing potential public health impacts PO.05-27 Henry, Pierce, Blum, Lemkau, Kirkpatrick, Osborn, Cheng, Zhou, Fleming, Backer, Plakas, Abraham, Dickey, Reich, Bourdelais, Naar, Baden Gymnodimine toxins in Tunisia shellfish PO.05-28 Kharrat
Evidence of Yessotoxins in Alfacs Bay- toxic effect evaluation by cell-based assays and toxin profile determination by liquid chromatography PO.05-29 Mallat, Cañete, Caillaud, Fernández, Bravo, Paz, Franco, Diogène
Yessotoxin’s contamination: the first report from Portuguese shellfish PO.05-30 Sousa Gomes
The study of cryptic PSP toxicity depending upon the extraction procedure PO.05-31 Botelho
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in Alexandrium catenella and A. tamarense isolated from southern coastal and offshore waters of Korea PO.05-32 Kim, Kim
Analysis of toxins responsible for poisoning incidents caused by the consumption of snail Nassarius spp. PO.05-33 Yu, Li, Li, Wang, Zhou, Yan, Quilliam, Luckas
Use of electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for identification of microcystins during a cyanobacterial bloom event PO.05-34 Pinto, Frias, Colepicolo, Cardozo, Mendes, Carvalho, Tomazela
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry techniques for the discovery of new marine algal toxin analogues and metabolites PO.05-35 Aasen, Quilliam
Determination of paralytic shellfish toxins in seafood PO.05-36
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Sayfritz, Lundanes, Aasen, Asp, Aune
Analysis of phycotoxins in hand-picked plankton cells by micro-column liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry PO.05-37 Hardstaff, Lewis, Aasen, Quilliam
Certified reference materials for lipophilic toxins PO.05-38 Crain, Reeves, Walter, MacKinnon, LeBlanc, Craft, Hardstaff, Lewis, Quilliam
Development of sensitive LCMS methods for the evaluation of excitotoxic amino acids in marine algae PO.05-39 Blay, Robertson, Reeves, Thomas, Chen, Quilliam
Content and profile of lipophilic toxins in plankton samples during two Dinophysis acuta outbreaks, in Galician Rías (NW Spain) PO.05-40 Arevalo, Moroño, Pazos, Correa, Blanco
Emerging algal toxins in Canada PO.05-41 Quillam, Garnett, Lewis, Yu, Hardstaff, van de Riet, Potter, Rourke, Burns
Evolution of DSP toxicity in a mussel-farming raft. Influence of bacterial faecal contamination and relative position in the raft PO.05-42 Lago, Cabado, Vieites
An application of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry to the determination of lipophilic marine toxins PO.05-43 de la Iglesia, Gago-Martinez, Yasumoto
Development of a screening method for cyanobacterial toxins PO.05-45 Hiller, Krock, Cembella, Luckas
Protease inhibition assay as a tool to test the toxicity of cyanobacterial toxins PO.05-46 Christoffersen , Friberg-Jensen, Mulderij, Rohrlack
SESSION PO.06: POPULATION DYNAMICS
Antibiotic synthesis by the bacterium Silicibacter sp. TM1040 is involved in the formation of obligate symbiotic interactions with dinoflagellates PO.06-01 Belas
Dinoflagellate diversity and abundance in seven Belizean coral reef-mangrove lagoons: a test of Margalef's Mandala PO.06-02 Faust, Kibler, Litaker, Vandersea,Tester
Dinoflagellate blooms, paralytic shellfish poisoning producers in Uruguayan waters, in relation to environmental conditions PO.06-04 Méndez, Galli
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First record of a large-scale bloom of Thalassiosira curviseriata Takano in the East China Sea PO.06-05 Gao, Lu, Qi, Zou, Li, Xie, Liang
Seasonal dynamics of a Planktothrix rubescens-dominated phytoplankton community and toxic compounds in Lake Albano (Rome, Italy) PO.06-06 Ellwood, Albertano, Viaggiu, Mosello, Funiciello
The emergence and dynamics of red tide blooms caused by Cochlodinium polykrikoides in the Peconic Estuary, NY, USA PO.06-07 Nuzzi, Gobler
Time-series study of the occurrence of dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments from a warm temperate region (Cascais Bay, Portugal) PO.06-08 Ribeiro, Amorim
Follow-up of an autumn bloom of Dinophysis acuta in NW Iberia: along-shore transport versus in situ growth PO.06-09 Escalera Moura, Reguera Ramirez, Moita, Pazos, Moroño, Cerejo, Ruiz-Villareal, Cabanas
The interspecific competition of two HAB species: Prorocentrum donghaiense and Alexandrium tamarense PO.06-10 Wang, Li, Zhu
Gymnodinium catenatum preference for and growth on nitrate, ammonium and urea PO.06-11 Armstrong, Thompson, Bolch, Blackburn
A drifter study of a toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom from the Juan de Fuca Eddy in the Pacific Northwest PO.06-12 Trick, Lessard, Cochlan, Hickey, Trainer, Wells
Effects of varying salinity and N:P ratios on the growth and toxicity of Karenia brevis PO.06-13 Lekan
The return of Gymnodinium catenatum after 10 years: bloom initiation and transport off the Portuguese coast PO.06-14 Moita, Palma, Oliveira, Vidal, Silva, Vilarinho
An investigation of the relationship between Pseudo-nitzschia species and domoic acid in Mytilus sp. in the Fal Estuary, UK PO.06-15 Percy, Higman, Bateman, Bresnan, Morris, Lewis
Alexandrium minutum and Kryptoperidinium foliaceum blooms in different environmental conditions in the Miñor River influenced region (NW of Spain) PO.06-16 Bravo, Fraga, Figueroa, Ramilo, Rial, Fernandez-Villamarín
Molecular approaches to HAB research: who’s there and what are they doing? PO.06-17
94 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Coyne, Doblin, Gobler, Hutchins, Handy, Demir, Portune, Cary
Dynamics of Prorocentrum lima on mussel ropes and the implications for economic impact and site management PO.06-19 McKenzie
Microscopic digital holography imaging of dinoflagellate behaviour in laboratory cultures PO.06-20 Sheng, Malkiel, Pfitch, Katz, Adolf, Belas, Place
Water mass differentiation using PARAFAC modeling of EEM Fluorescence PO.06-21 Dixon, Conmy
Effect of selenium on Pseudo-nitzschia seriata PO.06-22 Guimarães, Nogueira, Vasconcelos, Vale
Dynamic modelling of cyanobacterial blooms in lakes using ECO Lab PO.06-24 Kaas, Erichsen, Stæhr
FINAL, an interreg program for forecasting the initiation of toxic algal blooms PO.06-27 Chapelle, Raine, Davidson, Labry
SESSION PO.07: ECOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY
Induced development of algal blooms using sewage enrichment PO.07-02 Ismail, Al-Yamani, Al-Rifaie, Subba Rao
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the South China Sea and their relations to marine and coastal environments PO.07-03 Tang, Wang, Di, Yu
Ecological study of a Karenia mikimotoi bloom in the East China Sea in 2005 PO.07-04 Lu, Ou, Lu, Zhu, Wang, Zhang, Qi
Transport of potentially harmful species by density-driven coastal jets in the western English Channel PO.07-05 Lyons, Fernand, Raine
Succession pattern of HAB species before large-scale blooms of dinoflagellates in the ECS in spring 2004/2005 PO.07-06 Lu, G ao, Qi, Zou, Göbel, Xia, Du
Control of toxic algal bloom by a tiny parasitoid PO.07-07 Chambouvet, Guillou
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Effects of nutrient supply ratios and initial community composition on dinoflagellate bloom formation: mesocosm studies from the northern Baltic Sea PO.07-09 Kremp, Tamminen, Spilling
Convergent blooms of Karenia brevis along the Texas coast PO.07-10 Campbell, Hetland
Impact of Lingulodinium polyedrum blooms on the northern coast of Baja California, Mexico PO.07-11 Orellana-Cepeda, Granados-Machuca, Avalos-Borja, Morales-Zamorano, Valdez-Marquez, Parlange-Lamshing, Gradilla-Martínez
Numerical simulation of circulation and its application in red tides in the Changjiang River Estuary and adjacent sea areas PO.07-12 Zhu, Chen
A fuzzy logic model for Alexandrium minutum proliferations in harbours of the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean) PO.07-13 Estrada, Arin, Blasco, Blauw, Camp, Garcés, Sampedro, Vila
Paralytic shellfish poisoning in the North Sea – a secular perspective PO.07-14 Wyatt, Jordan
The role of nutrients on spring and summer algal blooms in the East China Sea PO.07-15 Wang, Zhang, Shi, Wang
The Ebro Delta coastal embayments, a GEOHAB pilot site for the study of HAB population dynamics PO.07-16 Fernández-Tejedor, Elandaloussi, Mallat, Cañete, Caillaud, Riobo, Paz, Franco, Ibarra, Cembella, Blasco, Diogène
Advection, stratification and harmful algal bloom development in the southern Benguela upwelling system PO.07-17 Fawcett, Pitcher, Bernard, du Randt, Probyn
Going beyond nutrients: role of environmental factors in shaping harmful algal blooms in estuarine waters PO.07-18 Fensin, Touchette
SESSION PO.08: TOXICOLOGY
Verification of diarrhetic activities of PTX-2 and okadaic acid in vivo PO.08-01 Ito
Biologically active substances with spiro-linked rings in seafood PO.08-02 Christian, Luckas, Gerdts
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DNA damage and apoptosis in CHO-K1 cells following treatment with Cylindrospermopsin PO.08-03 Lankoff
PSP toxin profiles during different growth phases in Gymnodinium catenatum strains isolated from the Gulf of California, Mexico PO.08-04 Band-Schmidt, Bustillos-Guzmán, Morquecho, Gárate-Lizárraga, Alonso-Rodríguez, Reyes-Salinas, Erler, Luckas
Gyrodinium fissum: harmful species or new biotechnological object? PO.08-05 Gol'din
Cyanobacterial toxins as triggers for oxidative stress in plants PO.08-06 Peuthert, Pflugmacher
Preliminary cultures in vitro of potentially toxic epiphytic dinoflagellates from a northern Philippine reef PO.08-07 Pocsidio, Dimaano
Effects of cyanobacteria on copepod egg production in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea PO.08-08 Karjalainen, Lindén, Viitasalo, Viitasalo
Do toxic Alexandrium minutum strains affect feeding and survival rates of the pelagic marine copepod Euterpina acutifrons? PO.08-10 Marinho da Costa, Pereira, Fernández
Effects of cyanobacteria ingestion on Daphnia magna midgut epithelium and associated diverticula PO.08-11 Lobo-da-Cunha, Guimarães Nogueira, Vasconcelos
35 times higher content of PTX-2 in Dinophysis acuta compaired to DTX-1. PO.08-12 Lundve, Lindahl, Sandvik, Torgersen, Nguyen
Lipid, fatty acid and sterol composition of 8 species of Kareniaceae: chemotaxonomy and putative lipid phycotoxins PO.08-13 Mooney, Nichols, Hallegraeff
Evaluation of the toxicity of Prorocentrum species by liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry and cell-based assay PO.08-14 Caillaud, Cañete, Mallat, Fernández, Mohammad-Noor, Moestrup, Franco, Diogène
Antimicrobial and cytotoxic assessment of marine cyanobacteria extracts PO.08-15 Martins, Ramos, Herfindal, Skærven, Vasconcelos
Effects of microcystins on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes PO.08-16 Kujbida, Campa, Colepicolo, Pinto, Hatanaka
97 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Production of spirolides in single cells of Alexandrium ostenfeldii throughout the diurnal cycle PO.08-17 Lewis, Garnett, Leggiadro, Rafuse, Quilliam
Analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins from mussels obtained from Egyptian Coast PO.08-18 Abdallah
Uptake and elmination of DST in mussels, oysters and scallops PO.08-19 Duinker, Hovgaard, Svardal
Impacts of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium monilatum on three ecologically important shellfish species PO.08-20 Pate, Burkholder, Shumway
Neuroblastoma cells as a model to study toxic events triggered by palytoxin PO.08-21 Valverde, Lago, Vieites, Cabado
Comparative pathogenicity of Cochlodinium polykrikoides from the York River, Virginia, USA and the Gulf of California PO.08-22 Lovko, Vogelbein
Sodium chloride induces extracellular PSP toxin release from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii PO.08-23 Soto, Murillo, Stucken, Mendez, Lagos, Garcia, Krock, Cembella, Vasquez
Effect of emersion on diarrhetic shellfish toxins depuration from the blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis PO.08-25 Mariño, Martín, Acosta, Blanco
Lack of effect of temperature on the depuration of domoic acid from the king scallop
Pecten maximus PO.08-26 Acosta, Mariño, Martín, Blanco
Variations in growth and toxicity of Gymnodinium catenatum from the Gulf of California under several ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus PO.08-27 Bustillos-Guzman, Garate-Lizarraga, Hernandez-Sandoval, Morquecho, Band-Schmidt
Impacts of toxic cultures of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on selected immune parameters of the freshwater zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha PO.08-28 Culloty, Juhel, O'Halloran, O'Riordan, Davenport
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SESSION PO.09: TOXIN SYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF TOXINS
New gonyautoxin analogue isolated from the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) PO.09-01 Lim, Sato, Thuoc, Tu, Nguyen, Takata, Yoshida, Kobiyama, Koike, Ogata
Enhancement of gymnodimine production in automated culture of Karenia selliformis PO.09-02 Mountfort, Beuzenberg, MacKenzie, Holland
Sulfotransferase activity in PSP-producing Alexandrium species PO.09-03 Zhang, Chan, Hong, Wang
Genetic characteristics of non-toxic subclones obtained from toxic clonal culture strain of Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyceae) PO.09-04 Cho, Hiramatsu, Ogawa, Omura, Ishimaru, Oshima
Profiles of PSP toxins in shellfish from Portugal explained by decarbamoylase activity PO.09-05 Vale
First detection of azaspiracid outside European coastal waters PO.09-06 Taleb, Vale, Amanhir, Benhadouch, Sagou
Occurrence of bacterial protein that reacts with specific antibody against saxitoxin PO.09-08 Kodama, Takata, Sato
Laboratory and field studies on harmful effects of large-scale HABs in the East China Sea PO.09-09 Yan, Zhou, Jiang, Zou
Fatty acid esters of pectenotoxin seco acids in Norwegian and Irish mussels PO.09-10 Torgersen, Wilkins, Rehman, Rundberget, Petersen, Hess, Rise, Miles
A new yessotoxin isomer from Proteceratium reticulatum PO.09-11 Loader, Miles, Hawkes, Jensen, Cooney, Beuzenberg, Wilkins
SESSION PO.10: ECOPHYSIOLOGY AND AUTECOLOGY
Effects of UVBR on different strains of the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena from the Baltic Sea PO.10-01 Lindberg, Mohlin, Wulff
99 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
ASP toxin composition of pennate diatoms and bacterial effect on the composition variation PO.10-02 Kotaki, Lundholm, Katayama, Furio, Romero, Relox, Yasumoto, Naoki, Hirose, Thanh, Thuoc, Huyen, Thu, Takata, Kodama, Fukuyo
Growth and toxin production of the dinoflagellate, Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) isolated from Tumpat Estuary, northeastern part of Peninsula Malaysia PO.10-03 Ogata, Leaw, Usup, Kobiyama, Koike, Lim
Growth and phosphate uptake kinetics of Prorocentrum donghaiense, Alexandrium catenella and Skeletonema costatum isolated from the Yangtze River Estuary, China PO.10-04 Li, Lu, Qi
Short-term temporal variability of ammonium and urea uptake by Alexandrium catenella and A. minutum in culture PO.10-05 Jauzein, Collos, Garcés, Vila, Maso
Interaction effects of nutrient limitation and UV radiation on Nodularia spumigena - an outdoor experiment PO.10-06 Wulff, Mohlin, Lindberg
Enhanced growth of Heterosigma akashiwo at high light intensity PO.10-08 Butron, Madariaga, Orive
Mixotrophy in Dinophysis norvegica populations in natural communities occurring in the Baltic Sea PO.10-09 Carvalho, Minnhagen, Granéli
Vertical distribution of two potentially toxic Dinophysis species (Dinophyceae) in the northern Baltic Sea PO.10-10 Hällfors, Hajdu, Kuosa, Larsson
Tracking through carbon and nitrogen isotopes if the food ingested by Prymnesium parvum is from an animal or a plant PO.10-11 Brutemark, Granéli, Granéli
Growth preferences and toxicity of Chattonella aff. verruculosa (Heterokontophyta) PO.10-12 Skjelbred
Biology and seasonal distribution of Hermesinum adriaticum in the New River of North Carolina PO.10-13 Reger, Tomas
Ecological niche of a marine red tide ciliate Myrionecta rubra revisited: multi- modes of nutrition in a single species PO.10-14 Kim, Myung, Chang, Yih
100 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Interaction effects of high irradiances and nutrient concentrations on the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena from the Baltic Sea PO.10-15 Mohlin, Lindberg, Wulff
Metal concentration in freshwater sediments seasonally subjected to toxin- producing cyanobacterial blooms PO.10-16 Baptista, Vasconcelos
Pulsed phosphorus supply dynamics controlling the outcome of the competition between toxic alexandrium minutum and non toxic Heterocapsa triquetra PO.10-17 Labry, Erard, Chapelle, Youenou, Crassous, le Grand, Lorgeoux
Trying to cultivate Dinophysis acuminata, a dinoflagellate causing diarrhetic shellfish poisoning PO.10-18 Park, Kim, Kim, Kang, Yih
Nutrient acquisition in the harmful dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in response to different nitrogen supply PO.10-19 Leong, Maekawa, Taguchi
Carbon and nitrogen uptake kinetics of the harmful dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in response to nitrogen supply mode PO.10-20 Maekawa, Leong, Taguchi
Nitrate and phosphate uptake kinetics of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in relation to N:P supply ratios PO.10-21 Murata, Leong, Taguchi
Identification and characterization of cell surface proteins in the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella DH01 using epifluorescence, immunoproteomic approach and MS-MS PO.10-23 Huang, Wang, Chan, Hong
Nutrient physiology of Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu from Eastern China Sea PO.10-24 Hong, Lin, Huang, Ou, Chan, Zhang, Wang
Nitrogen uptake rates by successive dinoflagellate blooms in the East China Sea, 2005, and variation with nitrogen and phosphorus status PO.10-25 Li, Glibert, Lu, Lu, Shi, Zhang
Comparison of growth rate and efficiency of the Texas brown tide alga Aureoumbra lagunensis when grown on DON and DIN PO.10-27 Muhlstein, Villareal
Response to small-scale turbulence by natural microphytoplankton assemblages along a natural Alexandrium minutum bloom event PO.10-28 Llaveria, Garcés, Berdalet, Sampedro, Anglès, Guadayol
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Ecological, morphological, and toxicological analysis of an unusual dinoflagellate, Amphidinium massartii PO.10-29 Cyronak, Tomas
Fibrocapsa japonica: a potentially harmful raphidophyte in Dutch coastal waters PO.10-30 de Boer, van Rijssel, Vrieling, Peperzak, Wetsteyn, Buma
Using quantification of gene expression to investigate the initiation phase and dynamics of Alexandrium catenella blooms (Dinophyceae) PO.10-31 Grzebyk, Shin, Masseret, Laabir, Pastoureaud, Collos, Vaquer
Culture and ichthyotoxicity of the red tide dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans PO.10-32 Holmes, Hallegraeff, Blackburn
First study of Gymnodinium catenatum sexuality in natural samples from Galicia´s coasts (NW Spain) PO.10-33 Figueroa, Bravo, Ramilo, Garcés, Moroño, Pazos
RNA content and growth rates in Alexandrium species cultured under varying environmental conditions PO.10-34 Carter, Medlin, John, Lewis
Nitrogen dynamics of Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidata from the U.S. Pacific Northwest PO.10-35 Auro, Cochlan, Trainer
Ecological and physiological studies of Dinophysis spp. during an upwelling- downwelling cycle in Ría de Pontevedra (NW Spain) PO.10-37 Gonzalez-Gil,Velo, Reguera
Pseudo-nitzschia along the south-central Coast of Vietnam: abundance, distribution, T-S characteristics, and growth rate of cultures and natural populations PO.10-38 Doan-Nhu, Nguyen, Nguyen-Ngoc
Effect of carbonate addition on domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries in batch culture PO.10-39 Bates, Léger
Growth and toxicity of the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus under nitrogen and phosphorus limitation PO.10-40 Lartigue, Villareal, Dickey
Examination of the cell cycle, growth rate, and meiosis of Karlodinium spp. by flow cytometry PO.10-41 Parrow, Burkholder, Garcés
Phosphatase activity in Pfiesteria shumwayae PO.10-42 Skelton, Parrow, Burkholder
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Evidence for neurotoxins from species of the raphidophyte genera Chattonella, Fibrocapsa and Heterosigma PO.10-44 Tomas, Bourdelais, Schuster, Naar
Carbon dioxide production during an exceptional dinoflagellate bloom at Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, México PO.10-45 Peña-Manjarrez, Martinez-Gaxiola, Gaxiola-Castro, de la Cruz-Orozco, Cepeda-Morales
Influence of salinity on the dimensions of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum under controlled conditions PO.10-46 Beran, Monti, Berden Zrimec, Drinovec, Tamberlich, Zrimec
Importance of nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the regulation of Prorocentrum lima growth and okadaic acid production PO.10-47 Varkitzi, Pagou, Granéli, Hatzianestis, Pyrgaki, Pavlidou, Asimakopoulou, Montesanto, Economou-Amilli
Intracellular phosphorus regulates alkaline phosphatase activity of Karenia mikimotoi (Dinophyceae) and Skeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyceae) PO.10-48 Yamaguchi, Ukita, Adachi, Yamaguchi
Regulation of inorganic carbon acquisition in toxic diatoms under different pH PO.10-49 Trimborn, Lundholm, Rost, Hansen
Inorganic carbon acquisition in three red-tide dinoflagellates PO.10-50 Rost, Richter, Lundholm, Hansen
SESSION PO.11: ALLELOPATHY
Effect of bicarbonate addition on allelopathy in Oscillatoria agardhii PO.11-02 Lawton, Akin-Oriola
Species-specific allelopathic interactions involving the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis PO.11-03 Prince, Myers, Naar, Kubanek
Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel, its haeomolytic and allelopathic effects PO.11-04 Qi, Liu, Yang, Peng, Lu, Wang, Chen, Jiang, Wang, Gao, Marion
Talk to me – communication between cyanobacteria via toxins and promotion of oxidative stress PO.11-05 Vasselikaki, Pflugmacher
Inhibitory effects of diatoms on the growth of the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea PO.11-06 Matsubara, Nagasoe, Yamasaki, Shikata, Shimasaki, Oshima, Honjo
103 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Allelopathic activity of Alexandrium catenella grown under N- or P- deficient conditions PO.11-08 Laabir, Jeannin, Masseret, Collos, Vaquer, Paastoureaud
Allelopathic interaction between the bacillariophyte Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve and the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada ex Hara et Chihara PO.11-09 Yamasaki, Nagasoe, Matsubara, Shikata, Shimasaki, Oshima, Honjo
Species-specific interactions between the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef and 12 species of marine phytoplankton PO.11-10 Yamasaki,Nagasoe, Matsubara, Shikata, Shimasaki, Oshima, Honjo
Roles of macroalgae for HAB mitigation PO.11-11 Zhang, Wang, Song, Yu
The role of allelopathy in the diatom and dinoflagellate blooms in the East China Sea PO.11-12 Zhao, Chen, Wang
Diatom effect on dinoflagellate growth PO.11-13 Spilling
Epilithics biofilms: effect of allelopathic compound on structure and algal production PO.11-14 Leflaive, Ten-Hage
SESSION PO.12: TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY
First record of Ostreopsis spp in Egyptian waters with a description of O. mediterraneus n. sp. PO.12-01 Ismael, Halim
Species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia Peragallo (Bacillariophyceae) in Greek castal waters PO.12-02 Moschandreou, Nikolaidis
Diatoms from coastal environments of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina). Taxonomical analysis of genera that include species producing harmful algal blooms PO.12-03 Sunesen, Sar, Sala
Evolutionary relationships between two winter-blooming photosynthetic dinoflagellates and heterotrophic Pfiesteria-like species PO.12-04 Logares, Rengefors, Kremp
Do you know this dinoflagellate? PO.12-05 Wolny, Garrett, Steidinger
104 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
FITC-conjugated lectins as a tool for differentiating between various Polynesian strains of the ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus spp. PO.12-06 Chinain, Wong, Ung, Darius, Revel, Cruchet
Haplo-diploid life cycles in the genus Chrysochromulina (Haptophyta) PO.12-07 Edvardsen
Morphological characteristics and life cycle of the diatom Thalassiosira cf stellaris PO.12-08 Park, Ren
Molecular phylogeny and ultrastructural studies of the periflagellar area of some benthic species of Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae) PO.12-09 Mohd Noor, Daugbjerg, Moestrup
Parasites of the genus Blastodinium are peridinioid dinoflagellates PO.12-10 Skovgaard, Massana, Saiz
PLANKTON*NET a distributed online taxonomic database system – its benefits for harmful algal research PO.12-11 Kraberg, Vaulot, Patterson, Ardelean, Amorim, Probert, Young, Moita, Macario, Wiltshire
Toward integrating molecular data into the process of recognizing new dinoflagellate species PO.12-12 Litaker, Tester
Pseudanabaena cf. moniliformis, a new toxic cyanobacterium from Vietnam PO.12-13 Nguyen, Daugbjerg, Moestrup
Morphology and ultrastructure of Chattonella aff. verruculosa (Heterokontophyta) PO.12-14 Eikrem, Edvardsen, Naustvoll, Throndsen
Description of a novel raphidophyte species and genus from Delaware’s inland bays, USA PO.12-15 Demir, Coyne, Czymmek, Hutchins
Does Gambierdiscus toxicus type material exist? PO.12-16 Tester, Faust, Vandersea, Kibler, Chinain, Holmes, Holland, Litaker
POSTER SESSION PO.13: REGIONAL EVENTS
Benthic species of the genus Prorocentrum Ehrenberg in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (North Aegean Sea, Greece) PO.13-06 Aligizaki, Nikolaidis
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Mucilage phenomena in North Aegean Sea, Greece: another harmful effect of dinoflagellates? PO.13-07 Nikolaidis, Aligizaki, Koukaras, Moschandreou
Ecological analysis of harmful algal blooms for the Bohai Sea area, China PO.13-08 Di,Tang, Wang, Lv, Zheng
HABs and hurricanes in Florida PO.13-10 Neely, Heil, Murasko, Dziemiela, Faltin, Garrett, Truby, Corbin, Carlson, English
Crassostrea ariakensis and C. virginica responses to ichthyotoxic Karlodinium veneficum PO.13-11 Sellner, Brownlee, Sellner, Place, Adolf, Nonogaki, Bachvaroff
Epiphytic dinoflagellates from the Brazilian coastline PO.13-12 Nascimento
The low temperature characteristic of East China Sea in early spring of 2005 and its influence on HABs PO.13-13 Zhu, Bu, Wang, Xu, Su
Temporal and spatial distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) along the NE coast in Catalan coastal waters, NE Spain (Mediterranean Sea) PO.13-14 Quijano-Scheggia, Garcés, Sampedro, Fortuño, van Lenning, Camp
Didymosphenia geminata: a new invasive diatom PO.13-15 Cary, Biggs, Kilroy, Vieglais, Bothwell, Spaulding
Blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae associated with historical trophic changes in Swietokrzyskie Lake, Poland PO.13-16 Burchardt, Marshall, Kokocinski, Owsianny
Occurrence of species from the genus Pseudo-nitzschia in the southwestern Atlantic and Southern Ocean PO.13-17 Almandoz, Ferrario, Ferreyra, Schloss
Distribution of the toxic Dinophysis species and contamination of shellfish along the Doukkala coast (Moroccan Atlantic water) PO.13-18 Ennaffah, Chafik
Blooms of Alexandrium ostenfeldii in a shallow archipelago area in Åland, SW Finland PO.13-19 Lindholm, Franzén, Kremp
Harmful flagellates in the Nervion River Estuary PO.13-20 Orive, Laza, Seoane
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Harmful microalgae along the Latium coasts (middle Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean Sea): bloom and toxicity events since 1997 PO.13-21 Congestri, Sangiorgi, Bianco, Ravizza, Albertano
Field and laboratory mortality and bloom decay rates of Gymnodinium catenatum: improving parameters in coastal models PO.13-22 Skerratt, Holmes, Blackburn
Remarkably high level of domoic acid detected in a bivalve Spondylus versicolor in Vietnam PO.13-23 Dao, Yoshinobu, Shigeru, Fukuyo, Kodama
Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition and consequences in the Arabian Gulf bordering Abu Dhabi Emirate PO.13-24 Anbiah, Al Abdessalaam
Long-term variation of phytoplankton in Harimanada, Seto Inland Sea, Japan PO.13-25 Yoshimatsu
Potentially toxic microalgae from coastal lagoons along the middle Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean Sea) PO.13-26 Bianco, Sangiorgi, Zaottini, Lanni, Lucchetti, Ceredi, Albertano, Congestri
The effect of Noctiluca scintillans on harmful algal species of south eastern Australia PO.13-27 Albinsson, Blackburn, Legrand
Phytoplankton tidal population in Sfax coasts (South Tunisia) PO.13-28 Ben Khedhir, Hamza, Ben Hassen
About toxic cyanobacteria in Tunisia’s fresh water PO.13-29 Hamza, Zekrri
Species dominance and permanence of Gymnodinium catenatum Graham blooms on the western Mediterranean coast of Morocco (1994-2004) PO.13-30 Tahri Joutei
DSP shellfish toxicity in relation to occurrence of Dinophysis fortii and D. caudata blooms PO.13-32 Nincevic Gladan, Marasovic, Skejic, Bužancic
Prolonged toxicity of Scrobicularia plana after PSP events and its relation to Gymnodinium catenatum cyst consumption and toxin depuration PO.13-33 Artigas, Amorim, Vale, Gomes, Botelho, Rodrigues
Spatial and temporal analysis of PSP toxins in plankton and mussels along the Swedish West Coast PO.13-35 Lindegarth, Lundve, Selander
107 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
An investigation into the ecotoxicology of different strains of Lingulodinium polyedrum from the Portuguese coast PO.13-36 Reis
First record of Gymnodinium catenatum, Gambierdiscus toxicus and Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum in the northern part of Luanda Coast (Angola) PO.13-37 Rangel, Silva
Diarrhetic shellfish toxins at the Swedish West Coast 1987-2005 PO.13-38 Rehnstam-Holm, Karlson, Loo
Domoic acid in Minke whale PO.13-39 Stobo, Scott, Turrell
Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and domoic acid in Maryland and Virginia waters PO.13-40 Thessen, Bowers, Stoecker, Oldach
DSP toxins in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea PO.13-41 Uronen, Kuuppo
Dynamics of harmful algal blooms in the Ukrainian coastal Black Sea PO.13-42 Terenko, Terenko
National report of red tides (HABs) in China 2001-2005 PO.13-43 Guo, Yi
Phytoplankton distribution, diversity and nutrient variations at the west coast of Sweden, with special reference to harmful algae PO.13-44 Al-Handal, Karlson, Edler, Skjevik
The influence of Pseudo-nitzschia australis blooms in shellfish domoic acid accumulation on the Andalusian coast (southern Spain) PO.13-45 Mamán, Jaén, Fernández, Ocaña, Fernández, Marquez
Dinophysis sacculus from Alfacs Bay, NW Mediterranean. Toxin profiles and cytotoxic potential PO.13-46 Cañete, Caillaud, Fernández, Mallat, Blanco, Diogène
Paralytic shellfish poisoning and food web contamination: a California coastal example PO.13-47 Antrobus, Lefebvre, Vigilant, Cheung, Sutherland, Silver
Pseudo-nitzschia and ASP in the northern Adriatic Sea PO.13-48 Honsell, dell’Aversano, Vuerich, Sosa, Tartaglione, Tubaro
Diarrhetic shellfish toxin links to Dinophysis populations in California coastal waters PO.13-49 Sutherland, Silver
108 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Ten years of monitoring for toxic species of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Gabes (South-East Tunisia) PO.13-50 Dammak-Zouari, Hamza, Ben Hassen, Feki
First record of a harmful bloom of Gymnodinium catenatum along the Michoacán coast, México PO.13-52 Rodríguez-Palacio, Lozano Ramirez, Alvarez Hernández, de Lara Isassi
Early detection and intensive monitoring during an unusual toxic bloom of Gymnodinium catenatum advected into the Galician Rías (NW Spain) PO.13-53 Pazos, Moroño, Triñanes, Doval, Montero, Vilarinho, Moita
Blooms of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressa along the Central American Pacific coast and south of México PO.13-54 Meave del Castillo, Rodríguez S., Vargas M.,
TTR, a new project of the WESTPAC-HAB programme PO.13-55 Fukuyo, Azanza
Seasonal dynamics of harmful algae and their amino acids in two small Siberian reservoirs PO.13-56 Kolmakova, Kalachova, Ivanova
Summer Alexandrium catenella bloom and the impact on fish farming, in the XI region, Chile PO.13-57 Fuentes Grünewald, Aguilera Belmonte, Clément Díaz
Involvement of cyanobacteria in the tropical ecotoxicological phenomenon of ciguatera fish poisoning PO.13-58 Laurent, Kerbrat, de Fremicourt, Darius, Chinain, Pauillac
A culture collection of harmful marine microalgae in Brazil PO.13-59 Coutinho, Barbarino, Lourenço
Killing effect of heterotrophic bacteria on bloom-forming phytoplankton species from the coastal area of Thailand PO.13-60 Piumsomboon, Soasii, Sivaipram, Songroop, Rungsupa, Fukami
Bloom-forming Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) from the southeastern coast of Russia: morphology, distribution and toxicity PO.13-61 Orlova
Seasonal diversity of Pseudo-nitzschia species in the Shetland Isles, Scotland PO.13-62 Brown, Bresnan
First evidence of spirolide accumulation in northwestern Adriatic shellfish PO.13-63 Pigozzi Cangini, Ceredi, Magnani, Milandri, Pompei, Riccardi, Bianchi, Boschetti, Montanari, Rubini,
109 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
A post-tsunami study on the diversity of dinoflagellates in the coastal area of Phang-nga Province, Thailand PO.13-64 Mongkonsangsuree, Songroop, Piumsomboon, Phapavasit
Cyanobacterial toxins in the lakes located in the Riga City and its surroundings PO.13-65 Balode, Purina, Barda, Strake
A decade monitoring toxic phytoplankton in Scottish waters PO.13-66 Bresnan, Turrell
Harmful algal blooms along the Kerala coast, southern India PO.13-67 Padmakumar
A toxic benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum faustiae Morton isolated from Phanri Bay, South Central Vietnam PO.13-68 The, Lam, Morton
Potentially toxic algal species in Ologe Lagoon, Nigeria PO.13-70 Clarke, Akin-Oriola
Foam events due to a Phaeocystis bloom along the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean) PO.13-71 Arin, Sampedro, Segura, van Lenning, Calbet, Guillén, Reñe, Blasco, Camp
Brevetoxin contamination is common in fish from the eastern Gulf of Mexico PO.13-72 Naar, Flewelling, Landsberg
Temporal and spatial distribution of the dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium along the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean) PO.13-73 Sampedro, Vila, Garcés, Arin, Reñé, Fraga, Masó, Camp
A review of harmful algal blooms along the Mexican Pacific coast (1878-2006) PO.13-75 Gárate-Lizárraga, Band-Schmidt, López-Cortés, Bustillos-Guzmán, Muñetón-Gómez
Space distribution of potentially harmful species on the coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil (July/04-May/06) PO.13-76 Villac, Cabral, Pinto
Establishment of cultures of HAB organisms from the Mexican Pacific coast PO.13-78 de Lara-Isassi, Rodríguez-Palacio, Lozano-Ramírez., Álvarez-Hernández
Occurrence of the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica PO.13-79 Vargas, Freer
Fish and wildlife mortalities associated with the 2005 Florida red tide PO.13-80 Flewelling, Heil, Atwood, Granholm, O Dea, Fauquier, Brown, Rommel, Costidis, Stanek, van Deventer, Vargo, Landsberg
110 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Monitoring a bloom of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum occurring in El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico (November 2005-March 2006) PO.13-81 Licea-Duran, Navarrete, Rodríguez, Bustillos, Martínez, Ramírez
Domoic acid intrusion into Puget Sound PO.13-82 Cox, Lona, Borchert
Occurrence of phytoplankton potentially causing shellfish toxicity in the Skagerrak, the Kattegat and the Sound (Öresund) 1985-2005 PO.13-83 Karlson, Edler, Skjevik
Toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in estuarine and shelf waters of Louisiana, USA PO.13-84 Dortch, Doucette, Parsons
Recent reports on occurrence and toxin characterization of Microcystis aeruginosa - a fresh water toxic algal bloom from India PO.13-85 Suseela
The genus Ostreopsis in the recreational waters along the Catalan coast and Balearic Islands (NW Mediterranean Sea) PO.13-86 Maso
On the genus Alexandrium (Dinoflagellata) in Vietnamese waters: - two new records of A. satoanum and A. tamutum PO.13-87 Lam, Larsen
Red tide due to the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi occurred in Hiroshima Bay in 2002 PO.13-88 Matsuyama
SESSION PO.14: MITIGATION
Potential role of clay in mitigating Chesapeake Bay algal blooms PO.14-01 Sellner, Brownlee, Sellner
A successful control of HABs by modified clay: mitigation of Cyanophyta blooms in Xuanwu Lake in Nanjing PO.14-02 Yu, Song, Cao, Zhang
Modified local soils/sediments for HAB removal and macrophyte restoring in shallow lakes PO.14-03 Pan, Zhang, Zou, Chen, Tian, Yuan, Gao
Efficacy of three commercial ballast water biocides against vegetative microalgae, dinoflagellate cysts and bacteria PO.14-04 Hallegraeff, Gregg
111 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Flow cytometry in conjunction with dual staining assesses viability of Microcystis cells after exposure to bacteria PO.14-05 Gumbo, Cloete
The use of clays to control harmful algal blooms in the U.S.: from laboratory to the field PO.14-06 Sengco, Anderson, Bricelj, Pierce
Looking into the use of clay to control Pyrodinium blooms in the Philippines PO.14-07 Padilla, McGlone, Azanza
Differences in susceptibility of harmful raphidophytes and dinoflagellates to algicidal bacteria isolated from coastal sea and seaweed beds PO.14-08 Imai, Tsuchiya, Yoshinaga, Sugino, Okamoto
Inhibitory mechanism of acetone extract from Eichhornia crassipes root on Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu PO.14-09 Liu, Yang, Chen
Removal of red tide organisms by organo-clays: removal mechanisms and ecological effects PO.14-10 Cao, Gao, Yu
Growth control of toxic microalgae by weak voltage and weak current PO.14-11 Hatta, Touna, Ogawa
Growth control of toxic microalgae by electrostatic adsorption and decentralization PO.14-12 Touno, Takano, Ogawa
Growth control of toxic microalgae by using direct current electricity, direct current high voltage electrical discharge, ozone gas dissolution and hydrogen peroxide PO.14-13 Takano, Touno, Ogawa
Control of cell growth of cyanobacterial cells using extract from water grasses and leaves of evergreen trees PO.14-14 Yoshida, Hatta, Takano, Ishiguro, Touno, Ogawa
Exterminating model of toxic microalgae by electrochemical method PO.14-15 Ogawa
Effects of alternate current on growth of and damage to toxic microalgal cells PO.14-16 Ishiguro, Takano, Ogawa
112 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
SESSION PO.15: MONITORING
Monitoring for harmful plankton blue-green algae in small Siberian reservoirs PO.15-01 Kolmakova, Ivanova, Kravchuk
The potentially harmful algae and HABs in East China Sea by regular red tide monitoring programme PO.15-02 Wang, Xu, Cheng, Huang
Relationship of magnitude and position of the algal SICF with chlorophyll-a concentration PO.15-03 Zhao
Status of potentially harmful algae in the Chesapeake Bay estuarine system PO.15-04 Marshall, Burchardt, Egerton, Lane
Ribosomal DNA quantification in the dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella and Alexandrium taylori for application in real-time PCR-based monitoring PO.15-05 Penna, Galluzzi, Bertozzini, Garcés, Magnani
PCR-based monitoring of toxic dinoflagellates in a Mediterranean shellfish farm PO.15-06 Bertozzini, Galluzzi, Penna, Giacobbe, Perini, Pigalarga, Prioli, Magnani
Moving towards an operational harmful algal bloom forecasting system in Texas (USA) PO.15-07 Wynne, Stumpf, Tomlinson, Villareal, Wiles, Heideman, Byrd, Buzan, Campbell
The use of SPATT. Detection of Aza and comparison with toxin profiles in shellfish in relation to algal cell counts PO.15-08 Sandvik, Rundberget, Hovgaard, Castberg, Nguyen, Miles
DNA extraction method from harmful microalgae that is potentially applicable to an in situ quantitative real-time PCR detection PO.15-09 Adachi, Preston, Marin III, Scholin
Rapid detection of toxic Alexandrium species by Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, a new DNA amplification method PO.15-11 Nagai, Matsuyama, Itakura
Development of a comprehensive method for monitoring harmful algae using real-time PCR assay PO.15-12 Kamikawa, Asai, Miyahara, Murata, Ohyama, Yoshimatsu, Yoshida, Sako
Solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) from New Zealand to the Scottish Coast PO.15-14 Lacaze, Stobo, Turrell, Scott, Bresnan
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Remote sensing for the detection and monitoring of Microcystis aeruginosa in western Lake Erie and Saginaw Bay, USA PO.15-15 Tomlinson, Stumpf, Fahnenstiel, Dyble, Tester
The Environmental Sample Processor (ESP): a robotic device for detecting microorganisms remotely using molecular probe technology PO.15-16 Marin III, Scholin, Jensen, Roman, Feldman, Greenfield, Preston, Jones, Massion, Doucette, Mikulski
The monitoring programme for harmful algal blooms in shellfish production areas in Catalonia. Long term data and impact on aquaculture PO.15-17 Diogène, Fernández, Cañete, Caillaud, Mallat, Delgado, Furones
Rapid field-based monitoring systems for the detection of toxic cyanobacteria blooms: microcystin immunostrips and fluorescence-based monitoring systems PO.15-18 Boyer, Gilbert, Konopko, Makarewicz
The sampling technique greatly affects the toxin content in Dinophysis spp. cells PO.15-19 Johansen, Rundberget
Spatiotemporal data mining for tracking harmful algal blooms PO.15-20 Cai, Fu, Chung, Boutonnier, Stumpf, Wynne, Tomlison, Heil
Harmful algal blooms monitoring plan in the Chubut coastal waters, Patagonia, Argentina PO.15-21 Sastre, Santinelli, Solís, Esteves, Ferrario, Ciccarone, Pérez
Application of a multiparameter monitoring system (YSI) in studies of large- scale red tides in the East China Sea PO.15-22 Wang, Zhu, Zhou, Yu
California Program for Regional Enhanced Monitoring of PhycoToxins (Cal- PReEMPT) PO.15-23 Miller, Langlois, Kudela, Silver
Quantification of epibenthic communities, including toxic dinoflagellates, in different green macroalgal substrates in Ria de Aveiro (Portugal) PO.15-24 Hinzmann, Craveiro, Calado
Utilisation of HPLC/FD to achieve a cost effective method for the routine monitoring of PSP toxins PO.15-25 Squire
HAB-MAPS of toxic marine microalgae in the ‘Cono Sur’ of South America PO.15-26 Akselman, Reguera, Lion
114 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Development of a simple and sensitive monitoring method for the shellfish- killing dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama using real-time PCR assay PO.15-27 Shiraishi, Kamikawa, Sako, Taino, Hayashi, Imai
Use of geographic information system software and approaches to analyze long-term database PO.15-28 Tustison, Lewis, Steidinger
Development of real-time PCR assays for the detection of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii PO.15-29 Fuentes, Rick, Noel, Baeza
Blooms of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea 1997-2006 detected using satellite – the phosphorus connection PO.15-30 Karlson, Hansson
Field plankton observation: equipment and techniques PO.15-31 Hall, Conrad, Etheridge, Deeds
Utilization of volunteers to monitor harmful algal booms in the southeastern coast of the United States PO.15-32 Morton
Minimizing economical losses with “real-time” HAB surveillance PO.15-33 Granéli, Esplund
SESSION PO.16: LIFE CYCLES
Local importance of resting cysts for a dinoflagellate bloom initiation PO.16-01 Angles, Garcés, van Lenning, Reñé, Palanques
Distribution of dinoflagellate resting cysts in surface sediments from Changjiang Estuary in the spring of 2004 PO.16-02 Wang, Qi, Yang
Overwintering of Heterocapsa circularisquama (Dinophyceae) as a pellicle cyst induced by low temperature in laboratory PO.16-04 Yoshida, Takahashi, Ishikawa, Wang, Hiroishi
Effects of temperature and light on benthic cell germination and germinated cell survival of the noxious raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo PO.16-06 Shikata, Nagasoe, Matsubara, Yamasaki, Shimasaki, Oshima, Honjo
Alexandrium cysts in Puget Sound, Washington, USA PO.16-07 Horner, Greengrove, Postel, Gawel, Davies-Vollum, Cox, Sorenson, Hubert, Hoffer, Neville, Frost
115 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Significance of benthic recruitment on the dynamics of harmful phytoplankton blooms in the tropics PO.16-08 Härnström
Life cycle transformations in HAB species: Pseudo-nitzschia in the Gulf of Naples PO.16-10 Montresor, D'Alelio, McDonald, Sarno, Zingone
Dynamics of in situ cyst germination and vegetative population of Alexandrium catenella in an embayment, central Japan PO.16-11 Ishikawa, Hattori, Imai
The bottom cell clusters: a new hypothesis for bloom initiation of cyst-forming dinoflagellates PO.16-12 Genovesi-Giunti, Vaquer, Laabir, Fiandrino, Pastoureaud
Spatial distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in sediments of the Yellow Sea PO.16-13 Hwang, Kim, Lee, Lee, Kim
Sexual compatibility assays in Pseudo-nitzschia species from the Aveiro coastal lagoon (NW Portugal) PO.16-14 Carreira, Churro, Calado, Moestrup, Lundholm
Abundance variations in dinoflagellate sedimentary cysts: the importance of time in sample analysis PO.16-15 Satta, Anglès, Bravo, Ceccherelli, Garcés, Luglié, Padedda, Sechi
Spatial and temporal distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in Malampaya Sound, Palawan, Philippines PO.16-16 Furio, Borja, Rodriguez, Fukuyo, Matsuoka
116 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
UNESCO monographs on oceanographic methodology:
Real-time Coastal Observing Systems for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics and Harmful Algal Blooms: Theory, Instrumentation and Modelling
Edited by Marcel Babin, Collin Roesler and John Cullen
The proliferation of harmful phytoplankton in marine ecosystems can cause massive fish kills, contaminate seafood with toxins, impact local and regional economies and dramatically affect ecological balance. Real-time observations are essential for effective short-term operational forecasting, but observation and modelling systems are still being developed. This volume offers guidance for developing real- time and near real-time sensing systems for observing and predicting plankton dynamics, including harmful algal blooms, in coastal waters. It explains the underlying theory and discusses current directions in research and monitoring in looking at instrumentation and modelling.
Topics treated include: coastal ecosystems and dynamics of harmful algal blooms; theory and practical applications of in situ and remotely sensed optical detection of microalgal distributions and composition; theory and practical applications of in situ biological and chemical sensors for targeted species and toxin detection; integrated observing systems and platforms for detection; diagnostic and predictive modelling of ecosystems and harmful algal blooms, including data assimilation techniques; observational needs for the public and government; and future directions for research and operations.
This anthology should inform the work of researchers and environmental monitors as well as teachers and trainers concerned with understanding the causes, predicting the occurrences and mitigating the effects of harmful algal blooms in marine ecosystems.
Expected release October 2006. Will be announced at the ISSHA list server.
117 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
POSTER ABSTRACTS
PO.05-35 their toxicological significance and Liquid chromatography-tandem whether we will be able to monitor mass spectrometry techniques for the toxins without standards. for the discovery of new marine algal toxin analogues and metabolites PO.04-12 Statewide distribution of Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis saxitoxins within Florida puffer JAB Aasen1, MA Quilliam2 fish species
1 Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Session: PO.04 – Food chains OSLO, Norway 2Institute for Marine Biosciences, NRC, JP Abbott, JH Landsberg, LJ HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, Canada Flewelling, L Sebastian, S Stahl
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation C, In recent years the number of ST. PETERSBURG, United States of known marine algal toxins has America increased tremendously, mainly by discovery of new analogues and From January 2002 to April 2005, metabolites within known toxin 28 cases of puffer fish poisoning groups. This is due in particular to (PFP) were reported, primarily from the use of LC-MS/MS. In this Florida. A harvesting ban was put presentation, we will outline some into effect in April 2002. Previously new strategies based on various unknown in Florida’s marine waters, MS/MS scanning techniques that all incidents were due to saxitoxin can be used for comprehensive present in the muscle of southern detection and identification of new puffer fish (Sphoeroides nephelus) structural analogues of toxins. One originating from the northern Indian example is the detection of assorted River Lagoon (IRL) on Florida’s new analogues of the cyclic imine Atlantic coast. Southern puffer fish toxins, spirolides (SPX). Targeting in the IRL continue to pose a key collision-induced product ions significant threat to public health (m/z 150 or 164) in a precursor ion with maximum levels in the muscle scanning mode and presenting the just over 20,106 µg STXeq./100 g ion intensity data in a 2-D contour tissue (n=384), (action level for plot (m/z vs. retention time) allowed shellfish is 80 µg STXeq./100g the detection of new toxins as tissue). Lower levels, ranging from individual 'spots' and also 10 to 3133 µg STXeq./100g tissue, determines their masses. Product have also been found in the muscle ion scans of those masses then of southern puffer fish from allow detailed structure information Apalachicola (northwest), to be generated. Thus, several new Jacksonville (northeast), Florida SPX analogues including fatty acid Keys (south), Charlotte Harbor acyl ester metabolites have been (southwest), Tampa Bay (central identified. Examples will also be west) and Tequesta (southeast). shown for the yessotoxin (YTX), Checkered (S. testudineus) puffer okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxin fish from the Florida Keys, IRL and (PTX) groups. The discovery of all Tequesta (range= 17 to 137 µg these new toxin analogues raises STXeq./100g tissue) were generally some important questions such as much lower than southern puffers.
118 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Bandtail pufferfish (S. dorsalis) Session: PO.08 - Toxicology muscle from Charlotte Harbor, 1 1 2 Florida Keys, IRL, and Tequesta CP Acosta , C Mariño , H Martín , J Blanco1 ranged from 1 to 1778 µg 1C. Invest. Mariñas, VILANOVA DE STXeq./100g tissue. AROUSA, Spain 2Centro Tecnológico del Mar CETMAR, VIGO, Spain PO.08-18 Analysis of paralytic shellfish Some previous observations, in poisoning (PSP) toxins from laboratory and field studies, have mussels obtained from the suggested that temperature plays a Egyptian Coast foremost role in controlling the velocity of depuration of domoic Session: PO.08 - Toxicology acid from the scallop Pecten Aly M. A. Abdallah maximus. We maintained scallops
Nat Inst. of Oceanography and Fisheries, at temperatures of 13 to 19 ºC BOKELY, ALEXANDRIA, Egypt during ca. 75 days and checked the
A sensitive HPLC method for effect of this factor on the domoic determination of paralytic shellfish acid contents of four body poisoning (PSP) based on ion-pair compartments (digestive gland, chromatographic separation of PSP adductor muscle, gonad and toxins, post-column oxidation with remaining tissues). No significant periodic acid, and fluorescence effect of temperature on the final detection has been used to domoic acid content was detected determine toxin profiles of in any of the studied compartments Alexandrium minutum. Total nor in the total soft tissues. A slight concentrations of PSP were 305 increase in the toxins in the and 390 µg/100g mussels in Mytilus adductor muscle to the total pool of and Donax, respectively. The toxins was the only effect detected. concentrations of decarbamoyl toxins in both species were much PO.15-09 higher than the concentrations of DNA extraction method from carbomoyl toxins. In the case of the harmful microalgae that is sum of STXeq, the concentration in potentially applicable to an in situ Mytilus spp. 166 µg/100g mussels quantitative real-time PCR was higher (three fold) than that detection found in Donax spp. (64µg/100 g Session: PO.15 - Monitoring mussels). The most dominant toxin 1 2 among the carbomoyl toxins in both Masao Adachi , CM Preston , R Marin III2, CA Scholin2 species was CTX2. This is the first 1 report in the literature of PSP toxin Kochi Univ., NANKOKU, Kochi Pref., Japan concentrations in mussels from the 2MBARI, MOSS LANDING, United States Mediterranean coast near of America Alexandria. Various DNA extraction protocols are in use today for quantitative PO.08-26 real-time PCR detection (QPCR) of Lack of effect of temperature on HAB species. Co-purification of the depuration of domoic acid genomic DNA and compounds that from the king scallop Pecten inhibit PCR can confound analyses maximus
119 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 by producing false negative and bloom intensity, are unknown. reactions. Here, we report on a Studies directed toward new DNA extraction method for understanding the economic impact harmful microalgae that is red tides have on coastal potentially applicable for remote in communities have only recently situ applications using the been attempted. Two economic Environmental Sample Processor studies have been completed (ESP). A QPCR assay for concerning red tide events along Heterosigma. (Raphidophyceae) the Gulf of Mexico coast of Florida. was developed using species- One study attempted to assess the specific primers and probe that impact to local business activities target large-subunit rDNA. Filtration along the southwest Florida coast. treatment with Supor (PALL, 0.22 This study not only attempted to µm) or Durapore (Millipore, 0.22µm) measure the changes in business after addition of a CH3COOK activity within the region where the solution post-lysis was highly red tides occurred, but also effective at removing compounds attempted to assess the level of that inhibit PCR. A GF/F filter was awareness that local residents had used for the solid phase extraction concerning red tide events. Another of DNA after that treatment. DNA study attempted to measure the was recovered with efficiencies changes in business activity along similar to that obtained using the the northern Gulf of Mexico coast of DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen). A Florida. These studies represent standard curve that has high the only empirical analyses linearity was constructed with addressing the economic genomic DNA extracted from consequences of red tide events in cultured Heterosigma (1cell-10,000 Florida, the state which has the cells) using the filter–based DNA greatest number of red tide events extraction protocol. Results of this in the USA. Finally, an on-going work suggest that this method is study is currently measuring the potentially applicable to in situ DNA economic impact of more recent red extraction and amplification systems tide events within a larger region of planed for future developments of the Gulf of Mexico coast of Florida. the ESP. PO.05-23
PO.03-02 A Microcystis aeruginosa bloom The economic consequences of and the occurrence of red tide events on the Gulf Coast microcystins from a eutrophic of Florida, USA freshwater lake in Comilla, Bangladesh Session: PO.03 - Public health Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis CM Adams, S Larkin, R Degner, K
Morgan 1 2 Sagir MD Ahmed , Bernd Luckas , University of Florida, GAINESVILLE, FL, Susan Hiller2 United States of America 1 Red tide blooms (Karenia brevis) University of Dhaka, DHAKA, Bangladesh 2University of Jena, JENA, Germany are naturally occurring events that frequent the Gulf of Mexico coast of Bangladesh is a tropical country of Florida, USA. The exact causes of large alluvial plains with 1.3 million such events, including their duration freshwater ponds and lakes. It has a
120 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 proper environment for growth of another through the production of cyanobacteria and a bloom of chemical compounds that escape Microcystis aeruginosa occurred into the environment (Rice, 1984). recently in a lake in Comilla district. This phenomenon is common in Methanol-water extracts of fresh micro- and macroalgae, bacteria bloom samples, filtered cells and and virus, and it plays an important lyophilized cells were analyzed by role in species interactions such as high performance liquid plankton succession, competition chromatography (HPLC) with UV and bloom formation. detection and MS, and showed The allelopathic effect of cell-free three types of microcystins viz., spent media (SM) of non-toxic O. Microcystin-RR, Microcystin-YR and agardhii on monocultures of toxin- Microcystin-LR. Their presence was producing M. aeruginosa was confirmed by HPLC-MS. In a fresh investigated under controlled M. aeruginosa sample the amount conditions using laboratory of MC-LR was the highest (2.12 µg bioassays. Freeze-dried SM of O. µl-1 ) followed by MC-RR (1.4 µg µl- agardhii was reconstituted to give 1) and MC-YR (0.44 µg µl-1). In case 0.1, 0.05 and 0.02 g ml-1 spent of lyophilized cells, the amount of medium in BG11 media. Aliquots of MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR was M. aeruginosa (10 % v/v) were 1048, 334 and 331 mg kg -1. Acetic added and incubated at 25 °C. acid extracts of bloom samples Cultures were sampled at 3- and 6- were analyzed by the Thielert HPLC week intervals to determine cell method but showed no paralytic biomass and microcystin shellfish poison. Histological studies concentration. The results showed a of the liver of catfish, Clarias concentration-dependent batracus from the contaminated stimulatory effect of SM in cultures lake showed damaged and of M. aeruginosa. In addition, there deformed tissues, perhaps tumor- was a significant increase in cell like structures. Further biomass, total- and intracellular investigations are needed to microcystin per cell weight. characterize other types of microcystins from bloom-forming Reference cyanobacteria and their effect on Rice, E. L. (1984) Allelopathy. cultured fish in Bangladesh. Second Edition. Academic Press, Orlando. 189 – 205.
PO.11-01 Allelopathy in Oscillatoria agardhii: effect on monocultures of Microcystis aeruginosa
Session: PO.11 - Allelopathy
GA Akin-Oriola1, LA Lawton2
1Lagos State University, LAGOS, Nigeria 2The Robert Gordon University, ABERDEEN, United Kingdom
Allelopathy refers to any direct or indirect, harmful or beneficial effect by one plant or microorganism on
121 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
PO.15-26 frequency of sampling in large HAB-MAPS of toxic marine areas of the Cono Sur. microalgae in the ‘Cono Sur’ of South America PO.13-44 Session: PO.15 - Monitoring Phytoplankton distribution, R Akselman1, B Reguera2, M Lion2 diversity and nutrient
1Inst. Nac. Invest. Des. Pesquero, MAR variations at the west coast DEL PLATA, Argentina 2Inst. Espanol Oceanografia, VIGO 36200, of Sweden, with special Spain reference to harmful algae
Information on the distribution of Session: PO.13 - Regional events harmful microalgal species and their changes over time is essential to A Y Al-Handal, B Karlson, L Edler, A-T Skjevik evaluate if harmful events are expanding/contracting in a given SMHI, GOTHENBERG, Sweden region, and to interpret dispersal Species composition, abundance routes. This information is also and distribution of phytoplankton as useful for risk assessment and well as some major physico- planning of the exploitation of chemical features and chlorophyll a marine resources. The ISSHA concentration were investigated project HAB-MAP was created to along the Swedish Skagerrak coast. establish a global referenced map This study is part of a long-term of the known distribution of toxic program for monitoring of harmful marine microalgae species. Here algae along the Swedish coast. we present HAB-MAP activities for Owing to the eutrophic nature of the the coastal waters of the Cono Sur region, phytoplankton is more of South America (Brazil, Uruguay, productive than diversified. Diatoms, Argentina, Chile, Perú and Ecuador) dinoflagellates and some other on the basis of a literature review flagellates dominate phytoplankton that comprised 150 published populations. Highest abundance papers and reports. The database was in Koljöfjord reaching 3.32 x was developed with Excel-files for 106 cells-1 in May 2005, with each species; different worksheets diatoms constituting 69.7%. Lowest provided data-sets extracted from abundance was in Kosterfjord in each bibliographic reference. March 2006, when cell densities Factors considered included geo- had dropped to 11.7 x 103 cells l-1. referenced location (to allow the Diatoms were exceptionally scarce generation of distribution maps), at this station in May 2005 (0.150 x date, cell abundance, toxin content, 103 cells l-1) accompanied by a harmful effects and relevant dominance of the harmful environmental information. A total of dinoflagellate Dinophysis norvegica 40 toxic species - 9 diatoms, 23 and some cryptophytes. dinoflagellates, 3 haptophytes and 5 Dinoflagellates reached their raphidophytes- were recorded. The highest abundance of 1.18 x 105 total number of toxic species could cells l-1 at Koljöfjord in August 2005. be greater than the apparent one Chlorophyll a reached a minimum of because of dubious taxonomic 1.1 µg/l in April 2005 (Danafjord) identification of some taxa, and low and a maximum of 8.1 µg/l in September (Kosterfjord). A number
122 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 of harmful algal taxa incidently Chattonella antiqua (specific growth appear in this region, these include rates approx. 0.3 divisions day-1) species belonging to Alexandrium, suggests that N. scintillans can Dinophysis, Pseudo-nitzschia and have a major impact on the Chattonella. microalgal populations of south eastern Australia.
PO.13-27 The effect of Noctiluca scintillans PO.13-06 on harmful algal species of south Benthic species of the genus eastern Australia Prorocentrum Ehrenberg in the Session: PO.13 - Regional events eastern Mediterranean Sea (North
1 1 Aegean Sea, Greece) ME Albinsson , SI Blackburn , C Legrand2 Session: PO.13 - Regional events
1 CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric K. Aligizaki, G Nikolaidis Research, HOBART, Australia 2University of Kalmar, KALMAR, Sweden Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, THESSALONIKI, Greece The red tide-forming dinoflagellate Benthic Prorocentrum species Noctiluca scintillans has bloomed off constitute a subject of interest since eastern Australia since the 1970s most of them are associated with and was first recorded in toxin production. In order to provide Tasmanian waters in 1994. The additional information on the distribution of N. scintillans blooms occurrence of these species, a in Tasmanian waters over the time survey on 50 sites along North period of 2001 - 2005 was Aegean continental and island investigated with monthly coasts was conducted in August monitoring in the D’Entrecasteaux 2003-December 2005. At least five Channel and the Huon Estuary from different benthic Prorocentrum September 2004 to January 2005, species (P. lima, P. emarginatum, determining population fluctuations P. rhathymum, P. borbonicum, in the area. The bloom frequency in Prorocentrum sp1.) were recorded. Tasmanian waters showed an Prorocentrum borbonicum increase between 2001 and 2004, represents a new record for the and there was an increasing Mediterranean algal flora; southwards distribution in the Prorocentrum sp1. does not fit any D’Entrecasteaux Channel and the of the presently described benthic Huon Estuary with the peak Prorocentrum species, while P. abundance in December. Noctiluca lima, P. emarginatum and P. scintillans feeds on a variety of prey rhathymum have been recently items. In this study we investigated recorded in the Eastern the feeding preferences of N. Mediterranean Sea. Species scintillans when fed ecologically identification was based on light and important harmful algal species electron microscopy of preserved (HABs) of south eastern Australia. field material and clonal cultures. P. The feeding experiments showed lima contributed remarkably to the that N. scintillans has the potential benthic dinoflagellate community, to graze both toxic and non-toxic which comprised also Ostreopsis species, and the ability to ingest and ovata, O. cf. siamensis, C. monotis thrive on HAB species such as and Amphidinium spp.; P. lima was Gymnodinium catenatum and
123 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 detected throughout the year calliantha and the epiphytic P. achieving abundances up to americana, both reported for the 1.33x105 cells g-1 fwm epiphytically first time in Argentinean waters, on the marine phanerogam were found only during spring. A Cymodocea nodosa in November, lower number of species was found while the presence of the other in the cold (0.6 to -1.6 ºC), nutrient- Prorocentrum species was more rich waters of the Weddell Sea. scarce and restricted to the warm Notably, P. lineola, P. period. prolongatoides, P. subcurvata and P. turgiduloides showed a widespread distribution, while P. PO.13-17 heimii and P. turgidula were Occurrence of species from the confined tp northward of 62ºS. genus Pseudo-nitzschia in the Morphometric data, abundances southwestern Atlantic and and ecological preferences are Southern Ocean given and compared with previous Session: PO.13 - Regional events studies. GO Almandoz1, ME Ferrario1, GA
Ferreyra2, IR Schloss2
1 PO.02-07 Facultad de Cs. Naturales y Museo New insights into the higher (UNLP), LA PLATA, Argentina 2Instituto Antartico Argentino, BUENOS order organization of the AIRES, Argentina dinoflagellate chromosomes: evidence of eukaryotic The distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia differentiations species and its relationship with Session: PO.02 - Genomics main environmental factors were EAF Alverca1, A Cuadrado2, S Franca1, studied in surface waters of the 3 Argentine and Weddell Seas (38- S Moreno Díaz de la Espina 55°S and 61-77°S, respectively). 1INSA, LISBON, Portugal Both qualitative and quantitative 2Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, samples, collected during summer MADRID, Spain and fall 2003, summer 2004 and 3Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, spring 2005 were examined using MADRID, Spain light and scanning electron Dinoflagellates are eukaryotic microscopy. Several Pseudo- protists with a unique genome and nitzschia species were found in the chromosome organization. They Argentine Sea, including P. lack histones and nucleosomes, americana, P. australis, P. being therefore considered the only calliantha, P. fraudulenta, P. heimii, living knockouts of these proteins. P. lineola, P. pungens, P. They have distinct interphasic subcurvata, P. turgidula and P. chromosomes stabilized by metal turgiduloides. Pseudo-nitzschia cations and DNA-RNA hybrids. pungens and P. australis were the Their DNA has a high G+C content, most common species recorded, highly methylated and rare bases especially in waters with elevated and their genomes lack the temperatures and salinities (around canonical TATA box, showing 15 ºC, 33.8psu) and low nutrient specific regulatory sequences in concentrations. The rest of the their promoters, as well as linear species showed a more restricted arrangement of genes and gene distribution. Pseudo-nitzschia
124 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 families. bioassay, liquid chromatography Without histones and with a low (LC) coupled with mass proportion of histone-like proteins, spectrometry (MS) was used to dinoflagellates need a different way search for the following lipophilic of packing their huge amounts of toxins: okadaic acid (OA), DNA into functional chromatin. dinophysistoxins (DTXs), Despite the interest in their genome, pectenotoxins (PTXs), azaspiracids studies on the molecular (AZAs), yessotoxins (YTXs), organization of their chromosomes spirolides (SPXs) and gymnodimine are scarce. (GYM). In order to investigate the FISH with telomeric and rDNA gene presence of okadaic acid esters, sequences were applied to three alkaline hydrolysis was performed dinoflagellates species. Our results on all samples, and LC/MS revealed the clustering of rDNA analyses were carried out on the genes in NORs and the presence of samples before and after hydrolysis. distal telomeres, which confirms the The results revealed different linear organization of their lipophilic toxin profiles depending on chromosomes. They also showed shellfish sampling locations. The specific features such as the primary finding was that all samples presence of non-randomly contained okadaic acid and its acyl- distributed structural RNA in the ester derivatives (DTX-3). In chromosome body. These results addition, other lipophilic toxins were provide the first evidence of found in the shellfish samples: DTX- eukaryotic differentiation of these 2, its acyl ester derivatives (DTX-3) unique chromosomes, reinforcing and spirolides (SPXs) on the the dinoflagellates’ position within Atlantic coast (Southern Brittany, the eukaryotic lineage. Arcachon), pectenotoxins (PTX-2, PTX-2-Seco-acid) on the Mediterranean coast (Thau Lagoon, PO.05-05 Corsica Island). This paper is the Lipophilic toxins in French first occurrence of pectenotoxin-2, shellfish: first report of spirolide-C-deMe and their isomers pectenotoxin-2, spirolide-C and in France. their isomers by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry PO.13-24
Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, Zouher Amzil, Florence Royer, composition and consequences Manoella Sibat, Solene Guimard, in the Arabian Gulf bordering Nadine Neaud-Masson, Claude Chiantella Abu Dhabi Emirate
IFREMER, NANTES CEDEX 3, France Session: PO.13 - Regional events During the French Phytoplankton and Phycotoxins monitoring network Rajan Anbiah, Thabit ZA Al Abdessalaam (REPHY), shellfish samples were harvested from different locations Environment Agency, ABU DHABI, United where harmful algae bloom Arab Emirates occurred. For all shellfish samples The Arabian Gulf has witnessed an found positive for diarrheic shellfish increase in algal bloom incidents poisoning (DSP) toxins by mouse over the last decade, presumably
125 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 due to pollution from land dinoflagellates and comprise the reclamation and urbanization. In normal dormant phase of these response to growing concerns over organisms. Cysts may survive in the the impact of harmful algal blooms sediment for months or even years, on marine resources, ecosystems and during that time their dispersion and human health, a survey was and concentration is influenced by initiated to study the harmful algae many factors. In the case of of the waters of Abu Dhabi Emirate localized blooms in shallow, bordering the Arabian Gulf. A restricted embayment or harbours, harmful algal bloom was recorded in the coupling between cysts in the one of the sampling areas sediment and blooms in the water is (Mussafah). It had a maximum cell direct. Recurrent blooms of the toxic concentration of 18 x 107 cells/L and dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum showed seasonal variation in in the 'Arenys de Mar’ Harbour (NW species dominance: dinoflagellates Mediterranean) provided a perfect during winter and cyanobacteria opportunity to study resting cyst during summer. The winter bloom dynamics and to evaluate the was represented by Prorocentrum number of cysts that contribute to spp and the water was brown in the bloom initiation. We quantified colour whereas in summer the the resting cysts of A. minutum and bloom was generated by other dinoflagellates in sediment Oscillatoria sp., and the water had a samples collected during several green colour. The hydrographic cruises and evaluated their spatial parameters showed abnormal and temporal distribution patterns conditions. Nutrient values were during pre- and post-bloom many folds higher than the normal conditions. We also studied seawater and confirmed the germination rates of A. minutum eutrophic nature. The blooms were cysts at different locations in the associated with widespread harmful harbour. Standard sedimentary impacts including hypoxic events variables (grain size, coarse and (0.20mg/L), finfish kills (Nematalosa fine fraction, organic and inorganic nasus) and subsequent loss of C, organic N), as well as physical benthic organisms. The sources, and meteorological parameters composition and consequences of were considered for interpretation of nutrients and bloom formation and observed variability in cyst species dominance in Abu Dhabi concentrations. waters will also be discussed.
PO.03-09
A water-asssociated dermatitis in PO.16-01 Swedish lakes Local importance of resting cysts Session: PO.03 - Public health for a dinoflagellate bloom initiation Heléne Annadotter
Session: PO.16 – Life cycles University of Lund, LUND, Sweden
S Angles, E Garcés, K van Lenning, A In 1999, an outbreak of water- Reñé, A Palanques associated dermatitis in the ICM CSIC, BARCELONA, Spain Swedish Lake Värsjön was found to
Resting cysts are the product of be caused by schistosome sexual reproduction of cercariae using the snail Radix
126 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
(=Lymnea) peregra as the The central California coast is a intermediate host. In connection highly productive, biodiverse region with the outbreak, the frequently affected by harmful algal cyanobacterium Anabaena blooms (HABs). In California, lemmermannii, and the flagellate shellfish are regularly monitored for Gonyostomum semen dominated the presence of Paralytic Shellfish the algal community. Poisoning (PSP) and domoic acid In a survey of 25 recreation lakes in toxins to protect human consumers, Scania, Southern Sweden, and there are data here, as in other schistosome cercariae were found coastal areas around the world, in four of these lakes. In all four showing that additional marine lakes, mass developments of organisms are contaminated by cyanobacteria alone or combined these same toxins. In the present with Gonyostomum semen occurred study our primary goal is to regularly during the vegetative understand the extent to which PSP season. toxins are contaminating local Increased endotoxin levels in lake commercial fisheries, if at all. Here water may be associated with we investigate several commercially developments of cyanobacteria important species, including and/or Gonyostomum semen. A planktivorous pelagic fish, a variety study of endotoxins in of flatfish, shellfish and rock crab. Gonyostomum-dominated lakes Three years of data on the revealed high concentrations; 220- particulate saxitoxin concentrations 1880 EU ml-1. Endotoxins in the and the cell abundance of blood stream of the bird-host may Alexandrium catenella, the alga stimulate the production of the responsible for PSP in this region, cytokine tumour necrosis factor will be compared to the presence, (TNF). TNF may, in turn, stimulate or lack thereof, of toxins in these egg-laying of the schistosome organisms. The presence of parasite as well as the excretion of saxitoxin in several of these the parasite eggs from the host. We organisms suggests that PSP toxins suggest that increased endotoxin are more prevalent in California concentrations in the water are food webs than previously thought. triggering the occurrence of In addition to PSP, we will report on schistosome cercariae in lakes. the potential for these same organisms to be simultaneously contaminated with multiple PO.13-47 phycotoxins, specifically domoic Paralytic shellfish poisoning and acid and/or okadaic acid. food web contamination: a
California coastal example
Session: PO.13 - Regional events PO.05-40 RJ Antrobus1, K Lefebvre2, VL Vigilant1, Content and profile of lipophilic IS Cheung1, CM Sutherland1, MW toxins in plankton samples Silver1 during two Dinophysis acuta
1U of California, Santa Cruz, SANTA outbreaks, in Galician Rías (NW CRUZ, CA, United States of America Spain) 2 NOAA/NWFSC, SEATTLE, WA, United Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis States of America F Arevalo1, A Moroño1, Y Pazos1, J Correa1, J Blanco2
127 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
1INTECMAR, VILAGARCÍA DE AROUSA, L Arin, N Sampedro, M Segura, K van Spain Lenning, A Calbet, J Guillén, A Reñe, D 2Centro de Investigacions Mariñas, Blasco, J Camp
VILANOVA DE AROUSA, Spain Institut de Ciències del Mar, BARCELONA, Spain In order to assess the variability in both content and profile of lipophilic Marine haptophytes of the genus toxins per Dinophysis acuta cell, two Phaeocystis may produce nearly toxic outbreaks were studied, in monospecific blooms in many which this toxic species was the nutrient-rich areas. Dense blooms dominant one. In the first bloom of Phaeocystis colonies in coastal (2001) water samples were zones are frequently associated collected by net tow (from 0 to 15 with extensive masses of foam, meters) in three nearby stations, on causing problems for local fishing 3 October. In the second one, activities and tourist industries. In (autumn 2005), plankton samples March 2006, a Phaeocystis bloom were collected weekly at three occurred along the Catalan coast depth intervals (0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 (NE Spain). The bloom was meters) using a hose. The toxin associated with foam formation and content of the plankton samples extended several kilometres in was analysed, in the first case by coastal waters. Based on the HPLC-FD, and in the second by LC- observed morphology of the MS, and in both cases colonies, the responsible species phytoplankton was quantified in a was identified as P. globosa. The inverted microscope. The toxin bloom was not monospecific as content per D. acuta cell was diatoms were also abundant (mostly independent of cell concentration members of the genera and ranged from 0.20 to 10.8 Rhizosolenia, Chaetoceros, pg·cell-1, without significant Pseudo-nitzschia and differences between the two Bacteriastrum). Phaeocystis has episodes. In the samples from previously been recorded along the 2001, OA, its conjugated forms and Catalan coast, but not at such high pectenotoxins were detected, with a densities. On this occasion, the slight predominance of OA- abundance of cells was high conjugated forms. During 2005, OA, enough to produce visible amounts DTX2 and the conjugated forms of of foam that could, for the first time, both toxins were found in very be recorded by ARGUS video variable proportions, even between cameras installed in the area. different depths during the same day, but with a slight predominance of free OA. PO.06-11 Gymnodinium catenatum preference for and growth on PO.13-71 nitrate, ammonium and urea
Foam events due to a Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics
Phaeocystis bloom along the 1 2 Catalan coast (NW PA Armstrong , PA Thompson , CJ Bolch3, SIE Blackburn2 Mediterranean) 1 University of Tasmania, Aquafin CRC, Session: PO.13 - Regional events HOBART, Australia 2CSIRO, HOBART, Australia
128 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
3University of Tasmania, LAUNCESTON, (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Australia common cockles (Cerastoderma
The toxic dinoflagellate edule), the clam Scrobicularia plana Gymnodinium catenatum has has been observed to retain PSP formed recurrent blooms in the toxicity for long periods (more than Huon Estuary, south east Tasmania 1 year) after a bloom event. since the mid 1980s. Phytoplankton Because this species is a deposit growth in the Huon Estuary is feeder, consumption of primarily limited by nitrogen (N). To Gymnodinium catenatum cysts from better understand the bloom the sediments was suggested dynamics of G. catenatum, previously as one possible preference for and growth on: explanation for this fact. In autumn nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+) 2005, a bloom of G. catenatum was and urea was investigated in a detected along the NW coast of series of laboratory experiments. Portugal. The gut contents of S. Results demonstrated that G. plana from affected areas were catenatum grows equally well on: examined for dinoflagellate cysts nitrate, ammonium and urea, but during and after the bloom. The takes them up in this order: NH4+ > PSP content in bivalves was NO3- > urea. In addition, G. followed by HPLC. The presence of catenatum is capable of initial cysts was maximal during the bloom specific N uptake rates ~20 times its and then deminished, even though specific growth rate i.e. 'surge PSP toxicity never decreased to uptake'. The ability of G. catenatum values below the regulatory safe to grow equally well using all three limit. Depuration experiments with N sources coupled with 'surge S. plana, blue mussels and uptake' capability are likely to play common cockles revealed that an important role in its dominance in elimination of toxins in S. plana was the Huon Estuary and other almost non-observable within 1 ecosystems. week, while in mussels or cockles reduction to half the toxin level took place. These results suggest that PO.13-33 cysts are not responsible for the Prolonged toxicity of observed prolonged toxicity, but Scrobicularia plana after PSP instead a slow depuration rate. events and its relation to Gymnodinium catenatum cyst consumption and toxin PO.10-35 depuration Nitrogen dynamics of Pseudo- nitzschia cuspidata from the U.S. Session: PO.13 - Regional events Pacific Northwest ML Artigas1, A Amorim2, P Vale3, SS 3 3 3 Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Gomes , MJ Botelho , SM Rodrigues autecology
1 University of Lisbon, PÓVOA DE STA. ME Auro1, WP Cochlan1, VL Trainer2 IRIA, Portugal 2Instituto de Oceanografia, LISBOA, 1Romberg Tiburon Center, SFSU, Portugal TIBURON, United States of America 3IPIMAR/INIAP, LISBOA, Portugal 2Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
NOAA, SEATTLE, United States of In contrast to other species of America bivalves such as blue mussels
129 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
The growth capabilities of the Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, RIGA, toxigenic diatom species Pseudo- Latvia nitzschia cuspidata, isolated from the Juan de Fuca Eddy region The coastal zone of the lakes during Fall surveys of the ECOHAB- located in the Riga City and its PNW project in 2004 and 2005, surroundings are densely inhabited were examined in non-axenic, semi- and widely used for recreation, continuous, batch cultures enriched fishing activities and as drinking with 40 µM nitrate, 40 µM water source for Riga City. Due to ammonium or 20 µM of urea as the strong anthropogenic impact, sole nitrogen source. Experiments, intensive blooms of potentially toxic conducted at both high (120 algae in the lakes are observed µmol·m-2·s-1) and low (40 µmol· m- every summer, however no regular 2·s-1) photosynthetic photon flux analysis of algal toxins has been densities (PPFDs), demonstrate carried out. In this study we that P. cuspidata grew significantly attempted to quantify the toxin faster at the higher PPFD, but concentrations in different stages of shows no preference for one cyanobacterial blooms in 2002- nitrogen source over the other at 2005. Samples for cyanobacterial either PPFDs. Exponential growth toxin analysis were collected from rates (determined using cell algae surface accumulations. abundance over time) and Presence of toxins was detected by particulate domoic acid content protein phosphatase inhibition (using ELISA) did not significantly assay (PPIA), enzyme linked differ as a function of the nitrogen immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and growth substrate. In contrast to HPLC. The most frequently most previous studies using other occurring species in all samples cultured Pseudo-nitzschia species, were Microcystis spp., Anabaena the particulate DA per cell averaged spp. and Aphanizomenon flos- 60% greater during exponential aquae, composing 50 -95% of the growth compared to stationary total phytoplankton biomass. The growth of P. cuspidata, regardless highest concentrations of of nitrogen source or PPFD. These microcystins were detected in the results demonstrate the capability of lakes Mazais Baltezers and Lielais this diatom to grow equally well on Baltezers, ranging from 300- 1600 both oxidized and reduced forms of ng/mg dw during the maximum of nitrogen, although our field the cyanobacterial bloom. These observations have generally found results suggest that more public greatest cell abundances in the attention should be paid to the nitrate-rich upwelled waters of the problem of HAB, to avoid possible Juan de Fuca Eddy. intoxication cases.
PO.13-65 PO.08-04 Cyanobacterial toxins in the PSP toxin profiles during lakes located in the Riga City and different growth phases in its surroundings Gymnodinium catenatum strains isolated from the Gulf of Session: PO.13 - Regional events California, Mexico
Maija Balode, Ingrida Purina, Ieva Session: PO.08 - Toxicology Barda, Solvita Strake
130 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
CJ Band-Schmidt1, J Bustillos- environment that are reflected in the Guzmán2, L Morquecho2, I Gárate- toxin profile. 1 3 Lizárraga , R Alonso-Rodríguez , A Reyes-Salinas2, K Erler4, B Luckas4
1CICIMAR-IPN, LA PAZ BCS, Mexico PO.10-16 2CIBNOR, A. P. 128, 23000 LA PAZ, BCS, Metal concentration in freshwater Mexico sediments seasonally subjected 3Unidad Académica Mazatlán, ICMyL, UNAM, AP 811, MAZATLÁN, SINALOA, to toxin-producing 82000, Mexico cyanobacterial blooms 4 Friedrich-Schiller University, Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Dornburgerstraße 25, 07743 JENA, autecology Germany MS Baptista, MT Vasconcelos
In vitro experiments were performed CIIMAR, PORTO, Portugal with Gymnodinium catenatum Graham strains isolated from the Cyanobacteria represent a sink for Gulf of California (Bahía de metals in aquatic environment, as Mazatlán, Bahía de La Paz, Bahía they are effective metal sorbents, Concepción) to determine the therefore affecting metal speciation variability in toxicity and toxin profile and bioavailability. In the ambit of a during different growth phases. project, aiming at investigating Growth rates varied between 0.70 causes and consequences of and 0.82 day-1. Highest cell yields cyanobacterial blooms in were reached at 16 and 19 days freshwater, trace metal (Cd, Co, Cr, with densities between 1090 and Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) 3393 cells mL-1. Mazatlán and La concentrations in sediments were Paz strains were more toxic (101 pg monitored monthly, throughout one STX eq cell-1), compared with year, at two sites of Tâmega River strains from Concepción (13 pg (Northeast Portugal): (1) the Marco STX eq cell-1). Toxin content did not reservoir, which has been change with culture age (0.2 - 0.6 seasonally dominated by toxin- pmol PSP cell-1). All strains producing strains of Microcystis contained NEOSTX, dcSTX, aeruginosa, from June to dcGTX2-3, B1-2, and C1-2 toxins. September; and (2) the city of Concepción strains had the highest Amarante (ca. 20 km upstream) content of C1, whereas Mazatlán where no such blooms have been and La Paz strains had a higher recorded. The results show the percentage of NEOSTX (23 to baselines of trace metal 52%). Mazatlán and La Paz strains concentration to be similar for both showed differences in toxin sites, in spite of site (1) being a composition with culture age. lentic system whereas site (2) is a Cultures with higher percentage of lotic one. However, extreme draught long chains had more NEOSTX, characterized the sampling year; its while those with a higher proportion influence on the results remains to of short chains had a lower content be ascertained. Maxima of metal of NEOSTX. Gulf of California concentrations were registered at strains are characterized by a high both sites during the bloom event, proportion of NEOSTX, and seem to which, unlike previous years, was have evolved particular recorded at site (1) only during physiological responses to their October and November (no phytoplankton bloom was recorded
131 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 at site (2)). The implications of these declined during stationary phase. results to the metal dynamics in Highest DA was associated with Tâmega River will be discussed. highest pH. Cellular DA concentration increased linearly with increasing PO. 10-39 initial TIC concentration (r2 = Effect of carbonate 0.983), suggesting carbon limitation addition on domoic of DA biosynthesis. Agitation on a acid production by rotary shaker table increased Pseudo-nitzschia growth rate and also DA multiseries in batch production. These conditions may culture be used to boost DA production in Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & batch cultures. autecology PO.06-01 Bates SS, Léger C Antibiotic synthesis by the bacterium Silicibacter sp. TM1040 Several factors control the is involved in the formation of production of the neurotoxin obligate symbiotic interactions domoic acid (DA) by the diatom with dinoflagellates Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics including silicate and phosphate limitation, irradiance level, M. Robert Belas presence of bacteria, concentration Center of Marine Biotechnology, of copper and iron, and pH. Most BALTIMORE, United States of America DA is produced post-exponential phase. At that time, the Members of the Roseobacter clade of the a-Proteobacteria are among concentration of CO2 has decreased due to photosynthetic the most abundant and ecologically uptake, pH is high, and the relevant marine bacterial groups. carbonate system has shifted One of the most salient features of toward higher proportions of these bacteria, such as Silicibacter bicarbonate and carbonate. It is sp. TM1040, is their ability to therefore possible that total metabolize dinoflagellate-derived inorganic carbon (TIC) may limit dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), DA biosynthesis. To test this, a major source of organic sulphur in medium f/2 (containing 1.9 mM the ocean. Silicibacter sp. TM1040 TIC) was amended with sodium forms an obligate symbiotic bicarbonate to give 2.8 and 3.7 mM relationship with DMSP-producing inorganic carbon. Stationary-phase dinoflagellates and phytoplankton cell numbers were similar at the suggesting that the bacteria are three initial carbon concentrations. highly adapted to engage in both TIC decreased during the positive and negative interactions exponential phase and generally with other marine microorganisms. increased (unexpectedly) during Silicibacter sp. TM1040 actively stationary phase. pH changed in an metabolizes DMSP, and is inverse fashion, reaching a chemotactically attracted to maximum of 8.95, for the highest dinoflagellate homogenates, DMSP, TIC concentration, at the end of amino acids, and other chemicals exponential growth, and then released by the dinoflagellate. Little is known about the cellular factors
132 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 and molecular mechanisms preference for decreased required for roseobacters to turbulence. establish and maintain their symbiosis with dinoflagellates. PO.10-46 Recently, we discovered that Influence of salinity on the Silicibacter sp. TM1040 produces dimensions of the dinoflagellate an antibacterial compound, Prorocentrum minimum under tropodithietic acid, which inhibits controlled conditions many other marine bacteria. A genetic analysis has revealed the A Beran1, M Monti1, M Berden Zrimec2, biosynthetic pathway, as well as the L Drinovec2, F Tamberlich3, A Zrimec2 regulatory circuit controlling 1OGS, TRIESTE, Italy tropodithietic acid expression. The 2Institute of Physical Biology, implications of these data and the GROSUPLJE, Slovenia 3 effect of the antibiotic on the Osservatorio Alto Adriatico, ARPA FVG, interaction of roseobacters with their TRIESTE, Italy dinoflagellate hosts, the structure Prorocentrum minimum is a and composition of bacterial planktonic dinoflagellate, which is communities, and the sulfur cycle considered potentially toxic to are discussed. humans. Associations between P.
minimum blooms and toxicity are PO.13-28 rare, but harmful effects were on Phytoplankton tidal population various occasions observed in in Sfax coasts (South Tunisia) areas of P. minimum blooms. Prorocentrum minimum is therefore Session: PO.13 - Regional events considered a HAB (Harmful Algal 2 1 S. Ben Khedhir , Asma Hamza , M. Bloom) species and a species to be Ben Hassen2 monitored. 1 Institut National des Sciences et Techno, Prorocentrum minimum cell size SFAX, Tunisia and shape are highly variable, and 2INSTM, SFAX, Tunisia different factors, including salinity, Diversity variation of phytoplankton temperature and light intensity, have in relation to daily tidal movements been suggested as putative causes was studied during four seasons at for this variability. Various authors the Sfax coast, Tunisia. Diatoms have suggested that different forms that adhere to the bottom move with could be treated as morphotypes in the water column and can reach within the species, and relationships the surface. The most abundant between P. minimum morphology, groups of the phytoplankton were geographical distribution and salinity dinoflagellates and some have been hypothesized. To study cyanophytes. Diatom abundance the possible relation between cell has a lunar as well as a seasonal dimension and salinity, P. minimum variability, with the highest strains from different geographical abundance corresponding to the areas were maintained in culture coldest days of the lunar cycle. under controlled conditions. Growth Dinoflagellate species occurred curves were monitored at three generally in summer and salinities (8, 16 and 32 PSU) and proliferated specially on the last cell dimensions analyzed. Cell days of the lunar cycle, showing a dimensions varied in the different phases of growth, and the average
133 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 cell size depended on the strain in mussel tissues poorly reflected used and not on the salinity of the the presence of these growth medium. dinoflagellates in the corresponding seawater samples. However, no DSP toxicity was found in mussels PO.15-06 during the entire monitoring PCR-based monitoring of toxic program. Even if no correlation was dinoflagellates in a found between the presence of Mediterranean shellfish farm algal DNA and toxin accumulation in Session: PO.15 - Monitoring mussels, the detection of harmful Elena Bertozzini1, Luca Galluzzi2, algae DNA could furnish an early Antonella Penna1, Maria Giacobbe3, warning for potential mussel toxicity Federico Perini2, Alessandra Pigalarga2, Silvia Prioli4, Mauro Magnani2
1Università degli Studi di Urbino, PESARO, PO.02-06 Italy Molecular physiology of the 2University of Urbino, FANO, Italy toxigenic haptophyte 3IAMC, CNR, MESSINA, Italy Prymnesium parvum 4 Coop. MARE, CATTOLICA, Italy Session: PO.02 - Genomics
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) S Beszteri1, U Tillmann1, M Freitag1, G and Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Glöckner2, AD Cembella1, U John1
(DSP) are syndromes caused by 1Alfred Wegener Institute, consumption of shellfish BREMERHAVEN, Germany contaminated with toxins produced 2Leibniz Institute for Age Research, JENA, by several species of marine Germany dinoflagellates. The standard Prymnesium parvum is a toxic monitoring of shellfish farms for the haptophyte, which forms harmful presence of harmful algae and blooms causing mass fish related toxins usually requires mortalities in brackish and marine microscopic examination of waters. A functional genomic phytoplankton, bioassays and toxin approach, within the EU project determination by HPLC. Molecular ESTTAL (expressed sequence tags biology techniques may be helpful of toxic algae), is being used to in the detection of target microalgae investigate the basis of toxicity and in contaminated mussels. growth regulation in this species. A qualitative PCR assay for the About 9,000 clones randomly rapid detection of the genera selected from a normalized cDNA Alexandrium and Dinophysis in library were sequenced and seawater samples and mussel approximately 15,000 ESTs have tissues was developed. This been generated. The resulting method was tested in a monitoring ~6230 contigs were analysed in program in a shellfish farm along silico and classified into functional the NW Adriatic Sea and Ionian categories. The ESTs served as the coast of Italy during 13 months. In basis for oligonucleotide design to seawater samples, the PCR method produce a microarray for gene has generally shown a greater expression analysis. Prymnesium sensitivity compared to microscope toxins, known as prymnesins, are analysis. Instead, the detection of linear polyether compounds genera Alexandrium and Dinophysis suggesting that are produced or at
134 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 least partially modified via Phytoplankton composition and polyketide biosynthetic pathways. spatio-temporal distribution was Therefore, our research focussed assessed in monthly samples by upon polyketide synthase (PKS) light and electron microscopy, genes. Six potential candidate revealing similar trends among the PKS sequences were identified different site populations. Seven among the ESTs based on similarity potentially toxic dinoflagellates were searches. We also performed detected, with maximal physiological experiments to abundance (8x106 cells l-1) of monitor toxicity, allelochemical Prorocentrum minimum at Fondi potency and growth of Prymnesium during spring. Mass occurrences of parvum. RNA was extracted from Prymnesium cf. parvum (92x106 different treatments and cells l-1) and Pseudo-nitzschia physiological stages of the cultures species (24x106 cells l-1) were to monitor gene expression with recorded at Fondi and Lago Lungo, microarrays. Special focuses of our respectively. Despite the variety and investigations are the genes related density of potentially toxic species, to growth regulation and toxin fish mortality was only registered in synthesis. October 2004 during a Prymnesium cf. parvum bloom (92x106 cells l-1). In addition, monitoring of PO.13-26 phytoplankton from the Orbetello Potentially toxic microalgae from Lagoon, at South Tuscany, over a coastal lagoons along the middle one-year period showed unusual Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean and persistent winter blooms of Sea) Dinophysis sacculus and Session: PO.13 - Regional events Prorocentrum micans (up to 26 and 6 -1 I Bianco1, V Sangiorgi1, E Zaottini1, L 30x10 cells l respectively). Lanni2, D Lucchetti2, A Ceredi3, P Toxicity tests on farmed oysters Albertano4, R Congestri4 revealed the presence of DTX-3 by
1Arpalazio, LATINA, Italy LC-MS/MS. 2Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, ROMA, Italy 3Centro Ricerche Marine, CESENATICO FORLÌ, Italy PO.05-03 4Università di Roma Tor Vergata, ROMA, The use of biopsies to quantify Italy domoic acid concentration in the king scallop Pecten maximus A complex system of six coastal Session: PO.05 – Toxin analysis lagoons (Fogliano, Monaci, Caprolace, Sabaudia, Fondi and J Blanco1, C Mariño1, CP Acosta1, H 2 Lago Lungo) located along the Martín
Southern Latium coast was 1C. Invest. Mariñas, VILANOVA DE monitored for algal surveillance and AROUSA, Spain 2Centro Tecnológico del Mar CETMAR, environmental assessment from VIGO, Spain January 2003. These lagoons showed high biomass potential (up Several biopsy methods were to 70 µg l-1 chl a) and were checked to obtain samples of markedly influenced by marine and several organs of the king scallop freshwater influxes and host Pecten maximus. Aspiration fisheries and shellfish farms. methods or open concentric
135 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 needles were found to be inefficient were assessed during this study for samples of digestive gland, including TSK-gel amide-80 gonad and adductor muscle. Cutting (Tosoh), Atlantis HILIC silica devices gave good, consistent (Waters) and the highly polar, samples of the three organs. Tru- zwitterionic ZIC HILIC (SeQuant). In Cut biopsy devices have the each case, a variety of parameters important drawback that they were optimised including buffer cannot be operated if there is not concentration, organic modifiers, ca. 1cm of distance between the ion-pairing agents, pH, column target of the biopsy and the shell, in temperature and flow rate. Single the direction of the insertion of the ion monitoring (SIM) of the positive needle. BioPince devices do not and negative parent ions was need additional space but the performed using an API III, API 165 existing commercial model has a and API 4000 mass spectrometer. minimum core length of 13 mm. Positive and negative MS/MS This device obtains a cylindrical spectra were obtained for each EAA sample of about 7 mg that can be examined with the API4000 triple easily extracted by a freezing- quadrupole MS which facilitated thawing process or other extraction optimization of collision energy and techniques. Scallops subjected to declustering potentials of major biopsies with BioPince and Tru-Cut fragment ions for single and multiple show relatively low mortality. The reaction monitoring. All aspects of coefficient of variation of the quantification will be discussed biopsies of the digestive gland was including linearity assessment, level found to be between 27 and 41%, of detection, level of quantification depending on the extraction and effects of sample matrix for procedure. each EAA under investigation. These studies were applied to purity assessment of algal derived PO.05-39 products such as kainic and domoic Development of sensitive LCMS acid, and excitotoxin identification in methods for the evaluation of seaweeds, diatoms and excitotoxic amino acids in marine cyanobacteria. algae.
Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis PO.04-09 P Blay, A Robertson, KL Reeves, K The uptake of domoic acid by Thomas, Y Chen, MA Quilliam jellyfish: a new phycotoxin National Research Council of Canada, vector? HALIFAX NS, Canada Session: PO.04 – Food chains
A novel hydrophilic interaction liquid 1 1 2 FM Boisson , F Oberansli , K King , C chromatography mass spectrometry Mikulski2, GJ Doucette2 (HILIC-MS) method was developed 1International Atomic Energy Agency, for the separation of excitatory MONACO, France amino acids (EAA) including kainic 2NOAA/National Ocean Service, acid, domoic acid, glutamic acid, CHARLESTON, SC 29412, United States aspartic acid, ß-oxalylamino-L- of America alanine and L-ß-methylamino- The trophic transfer of domoic acid alanine in a variety of marine algae. (DA) through marine food webs is Several HILIC stationary phases well-established. Many vectors have
136 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 been identified that either consume method of Lawrence et al. (2004) directly DA-producing Pseudo- were tested with shellfish harvested nitzschia or acquire the toxin during a bloom of Gymnodinium indirectly. A jellyfish mortality event catenatum that occurred along the was associated with a Pseudo- NW coast of Portugal during nitzschia bloom and dissolved DA autumn 2005. The toxic profile in levels exceeding 120 nM in several shellfish species was Monterey Bay, USA, indicating the obtained using acetic acid possible uptake of DA by jellyfish. extraction, and compared with This suggests that jellyfish can hydrochloric acid extraction. Since serve as vectors for transferring the acetic acid does toxin to its predator species (e.g., not promote the partial conversion turtles, dolphins, tuna) in this and of N-sulfocarbamoyl analogues, as other locations. Laboratory observed with 0.1M hydrochloric experiments using the jellyfish acid, underestimation of carbamate Aurelia aurita were performed to toxins was recorded. A more assess toxicity (LD50 96 h) of complete conversion of N- dissolved DA and the ability of these sulfocarbamoyl toxins was achieved organisms to accumulate the toxin, with 1 M hydrochloric acid, meaning with toxin levels measured using a cryptic toxicity was still left in the receptor binding assay. Results sample. demonstrated that DA was not toxic to A. aurita at the concentrations PO.01-01 tested (3 to 250 ng/mL) over a 96 h Genetic characterization of exposure. During the same time Pseudo-nitzschia species period, a linear relationship was isolated from the Chesapeake observed between the DA level in Bay, Maryland USA seawater and in the jellyfish, Session: PO.01 - Genetics suggesting diffusion as the primary uptake mechanism. These findings HA Bowers1, A Thessen2, DW Oldach1, demonstrate that jellyfish can D Stoecker2 accumulate DA and thus serve as 1University of Maryland, BALTIMORE, vectors for trophic transfer and United States of America 2 geographic transport of the toxin as University of Maryland Center for Envir, these contaminated organisms are CAMBRIDGE, United States of America moved by ocean currents. Recently, domoic acid-producing
Pseudo-nitzschia species were PO.05-31 isolated from the Chesapeake Bay, The study of cryptic PSP toxicity Maryland (see poster by A. depending upon the extraction Thessen, this meeting). Although procedure Pseudo-nitzschia has been identified previously in this region Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis via light microscopy, there has been M.J. Botelho, SS Gomes, SM very little work performed to identify Rodrigues, P Vale them via electron microscopy, INIAP-IPIMAR, LISBOA, Portugal genetics and toxin analyses. As part of the characterization of these The recent modifications of the isolates, we sequenced two extraction solvent for pre- ribosomal RNA loci: the 28S large chromatographic oxidation LC subunit and the region spanning
137 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 internal transcribed spacer 1, 5.8S, monitoring cyanobacterial blooms and internal transcribed spacer 2. and their toxins. The first uses the Sequencing of both loci confirmed fluorescence of the cyanobacterial the electron microscopy pigment phycocyanin. Dual identification of one P. multiseries fluorometers were installed in a culture, five P. fraudulenta cultures research vessel and used to and seven P. calliantha cultures. monitor for chlorophyll and These sequences were identical, or phycocyanin-containing blooms nearly identical, to sequences while the ship was underway. available on GenBank derived from Results of the autonomous ship- European and US west coast board monitoring from the great isolates. This work confirms the lakes, as well as application of a presence of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia simpler hand held unit will be in the Chesapeake Bay and discussed. In a second approach, a preliminarily demonstrates that we lateral flow immunoassay are detecting some of the same (ImmunoStrip) was constructed for strains that have led to marine the hepatotoxin, microcystin-LR. mammal deaths and human illness This ImmunoStrip could detect in other parts of the world. soluble microcystins at concentrations below 10 ug per liter. Coupled with a field extraction PO.15-18 technique, the ImmunoStrip could Rapid field-based monitoring quickly determine if a toxic bloom systems for the detection of toxic was present without returning the cyanobacteria blooms: samples to the laboratory. microcystin immunostrips and Comparison of this assay with other fluorescence-based monitoring techniques will be presented. systems
Session: PO.15 - Monitoring
1 2 1 PO.06-16 G. L. Boyer , H Gilbert , E Konopko , J Alexandrium minutum and Makarewicz3
1 Kryptoperidinium foliaceum State University of New York - ESF, blooms in different SYRACUSE, United States of America 2Agdia Inc, ELKHART, United States of environmental conditions in the America Miñor River influenced region 3State University of New York, (NW of Spain) BROCKPORT, United States of America Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics
The occurrence of toxic I Bravo, S Fraga, RI Figueroa, I Ramilo, cyanobacteria is an increasing P Rial, A Fernandez-Villamarín problem as the world places more Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO, demand on its water supplies. Spain Current monitoring strategies are man-power intensive. Discrete Baiona Bay was selected to study samples are collected and returned the spring and summer bloom to the laboratory for chemical or dynamics of Alexandrium minutum biochemical analysis. This since this area is frequently affected approach is slow and difficult to by its toxicity while nearby areas are implement in less-developed usually free of it. The zone is regions. Here we describe two affected by the tidally intermittent alternative approaches for freshwater discharge from Miñor
138 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
River at the SW part of the bay and correlating with lower PSP toxin by local breeze. concentrations in farmed mussels The researched area ranged from (Mytilus edulis). Dinophysis this part of the bay, the estuary and acuminata and D. acuta dominate the Miñor River up. A A. minutum the Dinophysis population in bloom was detected on 18 August Scottish waters. A change in the in the middle of the south part of the ratio of abundance of these species bay during low tide, reaching up to has been recorded since 2001. 8·105 cells·L-1, associated with Elevated cell densities of D. acuta salinities and temperatures from were associated with increased 35.3 to 35.7 psu and 17 ºC to 18.5 closures of cultivated mussels ºC, respectively. Nevertheless this inferring that this species is more bloom was not observed the toxic. Since 1999, extensive following day or the next week. closures have been enforced in Moreover, during the same month a offshore scallop fishing grounds due Kryptoperidinium foliaceum bloom to high concentrations of ASP toxins was observed in both the estuary in king scallops (Pecten maximus). and in Miñor River (2-3 km up). This Transmission electron microscopy species was associated with the of Pseudo-nitzschia species in estuarine front formed by the Scottish waters has revealed surface freshwater outflow and the diverse populations. In total more entrance of higher density then ten species were identified. seawater. It is discussed that Changes in the occurrence of toxin differences in the life cycle of the producing phytoplankton species in two species may be related to the Scottish waters will be discussed. different behaviour and physical conditions associated with their PO.04-07 blooms. A test of toxic vs. nutritional effects of harmful algae (brown PO.13-66 tide) on clam larvae and A decade monitoring toxic implications for benthic phytoplankton in Scottish waters recruitment
Session: PO.13 - Regional events Session: PO.04 – Food chains
E. Bresnan, E. Turrell V. Monica Bricelj1, Scott P. 1 2 Fisheries Research Services, Aberdeen, MacQuarrie , FABRICE Pernet
ABERDEEN, United Kingdom 1National Research Council, HALIFAX, Canada A programme, monitoring the 2Coastal Zone Research Institute, presence of potential shellfish toxin SHIPPAGAN, Canada producing phytoplankton species, in fulfilment of 91/492/EEC, was Brown tides of Aureococcus operated by FRS from 1996 to anophagefferens coincide with 2005. This programme identified a summer planktotrophic larval number of regional hotspots for the development of the commercially presence of Alexandrium cells along important bivalve, Mercenaria the Scottish coast. Over the mercenaria, in mid-Atlantic USA. monitoring period, decreased This study investigates effects of Alexandrium cell densities were toxic and non-toxic A. recorded during early summer, anophagefferens isolates on larval growth, survival and dynamics of
139 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 lipid classes and fatty acids. The Though the ranges of toxic and non- toxic strain consistently inhibited toxic strains of the dinoflagellate growth in a dose-dependent Alexandrium tamarense are not manner, relative to an Isochrysis thought to overlap, these cell types galbana control, leading to arrested do occur in close geographic development in D-stage, but yielded proximity. Unpublished data (D. M. variable mortalities. Larvae did not Anderson) show that toxic and non- recover when returned to the control toxic strains of this species can fuse diet after 2 wk-exposure to unialgal sexually to form resting cysts brown tide; 20% of the population (hypnozygotes). However, all hybrid recovered following exposure to an hypnozygotes die shortly after A. anophagefferens/Isochrysis germination. Such post-zygotic galbana mixture, suggesting genetic lethality (PZL) may be a barrier to variability in susceptibility to brown range expansion of toxic blooms. It tide. Non-toxic Aureococcus is not yet known whether such supported growth rates comparable hybrid fusions occur in nature; toxic to I. galbana. Larvae exhibited cells may fuse only with other toxic reduced filtration on unialgal brown cells if allowed a choice of tide and selected against toxic cells compatible toxic and non-toxic in mixed suspensions, as confirmed types. Here, a PCR method for by gut autofluorescence and flow analysis of cysts resulting from cytometry. Experimental competitive crosses of toxic and approaches allowing discrimination non-toxic strains is described. With between algal toxicity and nutritional this method, it is possible to deficiency are evaluated. We differentiate hypnozygotes arising conclude that brown tides will cause from two toxic, two non-toxic, and metamorphic failure of clam larval toxic/non-toxic parents. Analysis of populations primarily through toxin- single hypnozygotes and pellicle mediated, growth inhibition. (non-zygotic) cysts, in conjunction Prolonged residence time in the with previously published data, plankton will increase vulnerability suggests that pellicle cysts may be to secondary mortality factors. In incompletely transformed zygotes turn, hard clam larvae likely make a rather than haploid cells. A negligible contribution to remaining obstacle to reliable microzooplankton grazing on brown observation of mating selectivity is tide. the lack of a rapid and penetrant method for sexual induction of A. PO.02-09 tamarense in culture. Mating incompatibility: genotyping of Alexandrium cysts PO.13-62 Session: Genomics Seasonal diversity of Pseudo- ML Brosnahan1, DL Erdner2, DM Kulis1, nitzschia species in the Shetland 1 DM Anderson Isles, Scotland
1Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Session: PO.13 - Regional events WOODS HOLE, MA, United States of America LM Brown, E Bresnan 2 Univ. of Texas at Austin, Mar. Sc. Inst., Fisheries Research Services, ABERDEEN, PORT ARANSAS, TX, United States of United Kingdom America
140 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Members of the genus Pseudo- trophic position of the organisms nitzschia have been associated with involved. The isotope ratios differ extensive closures of offshore between organisms and their diets Scottish scallop fishing grounds due because of slight selective retention to the accumulation of high of the heavy isotope and excretion concentrations of domoic acid in the of the lighter isotope. As a result, gonad tissue of Pecten maximus. organisms tend to become enriched Four research cruises during spring by heavy isotopes as compared to and autumn 2004/2005 surveyed their diet. Despite the fact that the phytoplankton around the stable isotopes are increasingly Shetland Isles to investigate the being used, few experimental diversity of Pseudo-nitzschia studies have addressed the populations in this area. Light relationship between the isotopic microscopy analysis showed two composition of mixotrophic species Pseudo-nitzschia morphotypes: (P. and their diets. The aim of our study seriata ‘type’ cells (diameter >3µm) was to quantify the relative and P. delicatissima ‘type’ cells importance of photosynthesis vs. (diameter <3µm)) to be present at phagotrophy in Prymnesium parvum high cell densities (>500,000 cells l- when fed an animal (Oxyrrhis 1). Detailed analysis of these marina) and a plant (Rhodomonas samples using transmission sp.) using stable isotopes during a electron microscopy identified a 12-h experiment. Prymnesium diverse population structure. The parvum was cultured under nitrogen species observed included P. cf. deficient, phosphorus deficient and seriata, P. cf. australis, P. pungens, in nutrient sufficient conditions. The P. fraudulenta, P. cf. decipiens and experiment was performed in light P. pseudodelicatissima. and complete darkness. Results from the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures will be PO.10-11 discussed. Tracking through carbon and nitrogen isotopes if the food ingested by Prymnesium parvum PO.13-16 is from an animal or a plant Blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-
Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & aquae associated with historical autecology trophic changes in
1 1 2 Swietokrzyskie Lake, Poland A Brutemark , E Granéli , W Granéli
1University of Kalmar, KALMAR, Sweden Session: PO.13 - Regional events 2 Lund University, LUND, Sweden L Burchardt1, HG Marshall2, M Kokocinski1, PM Owsianny1 Understanding pathways of carbon 1Adam Mickiewicz University, POZNAN, and nitrogen through the aquatic Poland food webs are of fundamental 2Old Dominion University, NORFOLK, VA, importance in order to understand United States of America how these ecosystems works. It has been shown that the use of stable Sediment records from 7570 +/- 150 carbon and nitrogen isotope BP in Swietokrzyskie Lake have signatures can be used to trace the indicated increased trophic status to flow of organic matter through the present hypertrophic conditions. aquatic food web and to determine High values of phytoplankton biomass in the lake (82.0-611.7
141 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 mg/dm3) have been associated with 1Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, RALEIGH, United States of America increased concentrations of 2 ammonia nitrogen (2.5–9.2mg School of Plant Science, U. of Tasmania, 3 HOBART, Australia /dcm ), and organic phosphorus 3Depart. Environ. and Natural Resources, 3 (0.97–3.07 mg/dcm ), representing RALEIGH, United States of America a polytrophic status 4San Francisco Estuary Institute, (Burchardt 1987). Aphanizomenon OAKLAND, United States of America 5Institute of Human Virology, U. of MD, flos-aquae surface blooms in the BALTIMORE, United States of America lake were associated with 6Department of Biology, UNC Charlotte, increasing numbers and size of gas CHARLOTTE, United States of America vacuoles in their trichomes, and 7Center for Marine Sci., UNC Wilmington, occurred during the initial phase of WILMINGTON, United States of America the bloom and associated with Environmental conditions and higher iron concentrations (e.g. 0.18 phytoplankton assemblages were mg/l). Vegetative cell division of A. characterized in ballast water from flos-aquae and production of 62 ballast tanks aboard 28 ships heterocysts and akinetes occurred operated by the U.S. Military Sealift when phosphate levels exceeded Command and the Maritime 0.3 mg/l (Burchardt 1987). The lake Administration, sampled at 9 ports water analysis in 1998 included the on the U.S. West Coast and 4 ports concentration of algal biomass, on the U.S. East Coast. The ballast nutrients, N:P coefficient, and iron tank waters had been held for 2-176 (Burchardt, Kokocinski, Owsianny days, and 90% of the tanks had 2000). The combinations of the undergone ballast exchange with different mineral forms of iron to open ocean waters. One hundred mineral forms of nitrogen and phytoplankton species were phosphate were found to be identified including 22 potentially responsible for inhibiting harmful taxa. Assemblages were development of Aphanizomenon dominated by chain-forming flos-aquae as well as for the diatoms and dinoflagellates, and development of akinetes from viable organisms comprised about sediments. Avaibility of the mineral half of the total cells. Phytoplankton form of iron (III), involved in the abundances were unrelated to the photosynthesis process, was found measured physical/chemical to be a stimulating factor for parameters, except for a positive increased abundance of relationship between centric diatom Aphanizomenon flos-aquae in abundance and nitrate Swietokrzyskie Lake. concentrations. Abundance
generally was higher in tanks with PO.01-24 coastal water sources and Phytoplankton assemblages in decreased with water age. Tanks ballast water of U.S. military with ballast water more than 33 ships considering port of origin, days old did not produce culturable voyage time and ocean exchange phytoplankton. Abundances of practices viable phytoplankton with maximum
Session: PO.01 - Genetics dimension > 50 µm exceeded proposed International Maritime JM Burkholder1, GM Hallegraeff2, G 3 4 5 Organization standards in 47% of Melia , A Cohen , D Oldach , H the ballast tanks sampled. The data Bowers5, MW Parrow6, MA Mallin7 suggest that further treatment
142 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 technologies and/or alternative management strategies will be PO.08-27 necessary to enable DoD vessels to Variations in growth and toxicity comply with proposed standards. of Gymnodinium catenatum from the Gulf of California under several ratios of nitrogen and PO.04-06 phosphorus Lethality of microalgae to farmed Session: PO.08 - Toxicology Atlantic salmon Jose Bustillos-Guzman1, Ismael Session: PO.04 – Food chains 2 Garate-Lizarraga , Francisco LE Burridge, JL Martin, M Lyons, MM Hernandez-Sandoval1, L. Morquecho1, LeGresley, BD Chang C. Band-Schmidt2
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, ST. 1CIBNOR, LA PAZ, Mexico ANDREWS, NB, Canada 2CICIMAR, LA PAZ, Mexico
Blooms of phytoplankton in the Bay One anthropogenic influence on the of Fundy have been implicated in coastal waters is the input of the deaths of farmed Atlantic nutrients, which is reflected in the salmon. To establish whether or not increase and selectivity of particular elevated concentrations of these autotrophic organisms. algae can cause mortality, Gymnodinium catenatum Graham is monocultures of two species of a PSP producer, widely distributed microalgae, Alexandrium fundyense along the Pacific coast of Mexico, and Ditylum brightwellii were grown linked to poisoning events in coastal in large quantities. Atlantic salmon waters, as well as poisoning of smolts were exposed to a range of shellfish consumed locally. In this concentrations of these cultures for study, G. catenatum was submitted 24 h and an LC50 was determined to several nutrient scenarios to according to the concentration of measure its growth and toxin cells present (cells/L). Fish production. The greatest density exposed to Ditylum brightwellii at occurred at the 16:1 ratio, producing concentrations as high as 106 33% more cells than the 32:1 and cells/L had no apparent deleterious 64:1 ratios, which, in turn had 34 effect. This concentration is well and 30% more cells than the 1.6:1 above the concentration observed and 3.2:1 ratios. Total toxicity was in the field. Salmon exposed to A. not affected by the treatments but fundyense were affected. The LC50 depended on the growth phase. In was estimated to be ~300,000 general, toxicity decreased slightly cells/L - a concentration that has over time, but increased at the end been observed in the field. of the decay phase. The toxin profile Alexandrium fundyense is a known was dominated by sulfocarbamoyl neurotoxin producer and is the toxins (C types) with about 60 to organism responsible for causing 70% on a molar basis, followed by paralytic shellfish poisoning. Work is the carbamoyl toxins with about 5 to continuing to determine if other 25% on a molar basis. These data species found in the Bay of Fundy suggest that changes N:P ratios will can cause problems for cultured fish not stimulate toxicity production, but and to determine the concentrations will mainly effect the growth of G. of toxins in the Alexandrium cultures catenatum. and fish tissues.
143 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
PO.10-08 PO.15-20 Enhanced growth of Heterosigma Spatiotemporal data mining for akashiwo at high light intensity tracking harmful algal blooms
Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Session: PO.15 - Monitoring autecology 1 1 1 1 Y Cai , X Fu , S Chung , X Boutonnier , A Butron, I Madariaga, E Orive R Stumpf2, T Wynne2, M Tomlison2, C 3 University of the Basque Country, LEIOA, Heil
Spain 1Carnegie Mellon University, PITTSBURGH, United States of America Blooms of the raphidophyte 2NOAA, SILVER SPRING, MD, United Heterosigma akashiwo occur every States of America 3 year in the Nervion River Estuary, Fish and Wild Life Research Institute, ST. coinciding with calm weather and PETERSBURG, FL, United States of America high irradiance. To examine whether this alga benefits from high In this paper, we present a levels of irradiance without spatiotemporal data mining model experiencing apparent for tracking and predicting the photoinhibition, two strains isolated movement of Harmful Algal Blooms from the estuary were cultured at (HABs) from satellite image irradiance levels ranging from 100 database SeaWiFS and field cell -2 -1 to 1200 micromol quanta m s in a counts. We found that the spatial culturing medium prepared with density filtering algorithm shows estuarine water covering a broad promise in processing of the image range of salinities. The temperature data. The mutual information model in the culture medium was is able to track the target based on maintained at 20 ºC and the the spatial patterns over time, when photoperiod was 12:12 h the shape is coherent. With a light:darkness. The growth rates of defined environment and enough both strains increased with light training data, the machine learning intensity up to an irradiance of 350 model potentially is capable of -2 -1 micromol quanta m s after which predicting a short-term spatial the growth rates remained nearly dynamics. The challenge ahead constant but without showing any is how to combine data mining appreciable photoinhibition. Growth models with multi-physics models. rate values at high light intensities were of the order of 1 divisions per day even at 1200 micromol quanta m-2 s-1, which is a common rate for PO.08-14 this species. We hypothesize that Evaluation of the toxicity of the ability of Heterosigma to migrate Prorocentrum species by liquid in the water column and the chromatography-mass elevated growth rates this algae is spectrometry and cell-based able to maintain at extraordinarily assay high irradiances, makes it a strong Session: PO.08 - Toxicology competitor in the surface waters of the estuary on calm and sunny AC Caillaud1, E Cañete1, E Mallat1, M 1 2 days. Fernández , N Mohammad-Noor , Ø Moestrup2, JM Franco3, J Diogène1
144 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
1IRTA, Centre d'Aqüicultura, SANT on harmful algal bloom formation CARLES DE LA RAPITA, Spain along the Texas coast. Karenia 2Biological Institute, Univ Copenhagen, COPENHAGEN, Denmark brevis, which blooms sporadically 3CSIC-IEO, VIGO, Spain throughout the Gulf of Mexico, has a relatively slow growth rate Dinoflagellates belonging to the (doubling times of 2-3 days). genus Prorocentrum collected in Increases in K. brevis concentration Sabah, East Malaysia (P. cannot be explained simply in terms rhathymum, P. cf. faustiae and of growth. We hypothesize that the three strains of P. lima), La primary mechanism responsible for Réunion, (P. belizeanum) and in bloom formation is convergence Alfacs Bay and Vigo, Spain (P. cf. due to downwelling at the coast. mexicanum, P. lima) were cultured Convergence along the Texas coast to study their toxicological and toxin caused by seasonal downwelling production properties, by cell winds can concentrate the plankton assays and liquid chromatographic up to 1000 times. This is surprising methods, using either fluorescence because the modelled cells do not or mass-spectrometry detection grow; the simulated increase in (LC-FD, LC-MS). Cytotoxicity, concentration is due to physical characterised by IC50 and processes alone. The numerical morphological changes, is studied model does a reasonably good job and compared. at predicting the timing and IC50 ranged from 2103 cell magnitude of bloom initiation along equivalents for P. cf. faustiae to the coast, but does not predict the 133,103 for P. rhathymum. details of the migration of the bloom Morphological changes such as along the coast after it has formed, rounding and membrane blebbing, or the destruction of the bloom. This observed in cells exposed to all result is significant because it Prorocentrum lima from Malaysia implies that K. brevis blooms may and to Prorocentrum belizeanum, be caused primarily by physical suggest the presence of okadaic processes, and that cell division is acid (OA). Analytical measurements not an important factor in bloom confirmed the production of OA by formation. these species. However, toxicity not correlated with the presence of OA suggests the production of derivates of OA or other toxins. PO.13-46 Dinophysis sacculus from Alfacs Bay, NW Mediterranean. Toxin PO.07-10 profiles and cytotoxic potential
Convergent blooms of Karenia Session: PO.13 - Regional events brevis along the Texas coast 1 1 1 E Cañete , A Caillaud , M Fernández , Session: PO.07 - Ecology and E Mallat1, J Blanco2, J Diogène1 oceanography 1 Centre Aqüicultura IRTA, SANT CARLES L Campbell, RD Hetland DE LA RÀPITA, Spain 2 Texas A&M University, COLLEGE CIMA, Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, STATION, TX, United States of America VILANOVA DE AROUSA, Galicia, 36620, Spain A numerical model of wind-driven surface flow in the Gulf of Mexico is Dinophysis sacculus is commonly used to examine physical controls present at the Mediterranean and
145 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Atlantic European coasts. It is the ecological effects are discussed. principal cause of diarrhetic shellfish Hexadecyltrimethylammonium poisoning (DSP) toxic episodes in a (HDTMA) bromide improved the seafood production area in the Ebro capacities of clays to flocculate the Delta, Spain.This species has been algae. One of the reasons was that found to produce okadaic acid HDTMA in metastable state was (Delgado et al. 1996). As for other toxic to the algae. The influence of species of the genus Dinophysis, it the organo-clays on nutrients, DO is not yet possible to obtain cultures and COD in seawater was also that would facilitate its study. studied. The organo-clays had A bloom of D. sacculus was better capacity to adsorb nutrients, detected in a small pond connected especially phosphate, than the to Alfacs Bay during the fall of 2005 original clays. Seawater and winter of 2006. This has parameters, such as DO, COD and allowed us to make an estimation of pH also improved after treatment of the toxin profile of this species in harmful algal blooms by the organo- this area. In some samples clays. The clays not only controlled collected within this period, D. HABs effectively, but also benefited sacculus represented more than the seawater quality. Experiments in a 90% of the phytoplankton co-culture system indicated that the population with concentrations up to red tide organisms (Heterosigma 81600 cells/L. Cytotoxic assays and akashiwo, Prorocentrum analytical procedures were used to donghaiense) could be efficiently identify the toxins and the toxin extinguished without any evident potency of this species. The toxicity impact on co-cultured organisms of this species was evaluated with such as Crassostrea gigas. cell viability (MTT assay), IC50 was determined as well as the PO.16-14 morphological changes. LC-MS Sexual compatibility assays in analysis allowed the detection of Pseudo-nitzschia species from PTX2, PTX2sa and okadaic acid. the Aveiro coastal lagoon (NW Portugal)
PO.14-10 Session: PO.16 – Life cycles Removal of red tide organisms by organo-clays: removal CC Carreira1, CI Churro1, AJ Calado1, mechanisms and ecological Ø Moestrup2, N Lundholm2 effects 1University of Aveiro, AVEIRO, Portugal 2 Session: PO.14 - Mitigation Dept Phycology, Copenhagen University, COPENHAGEN, Denmark Xihua Cao, Yonghui Gao, Zhiming Yu
IOCAS, QINGDAO, China Portuguese isolates of the following five Pseudo-nitzschia species were Several organo-clays were mixed and tested for the capacity to prepared by modification of clays mate and produce auxospores: with different quaternary ammonium Pseudo-nitzschia americana, P. compounds (QACs). The australis, P. fraudulenta, P. modifications influenced the multistriata and P. pungens. capacity of the organo-clays to Additionally, sexual compatibility remove red tide organisms. The was assayed with strains from St. removal mechanisms and Lawrence, Canada (P. fraudulenta),
146 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Denmark (P. pungens, P. seriata), temperatures from 15 °C to 25 °C, Norway (P. obtusa), Ukraine (P. and growth curves have been pungens) and Washington State, produced. Using these growth USA (P. australis, P. pungens). curves the specific growth rate has Mating and auxospore formation been calculated for these was only found in P. pungens. strains/species under each Among 10 Portuguese strains of P. environmental condition and thus pungens, only four were involved in the optimal, maximal and minimum mating and auxospore formation; growth rates for each have been one of the strains being involved in determined. Cells have been all matings represents one mating harvested from different growth type. Although the Portuguese phases and under differing growth strains showed no sexual conditions and the RNA compatibility with strains from other concentration per cell measured. regions, four succesfull matings These studies are being undertaken among the latter were observed. to validate the quantitative use of these involved four strains from probes that have been designed to Ukraine, none of which was identify individual species of common to all successful crosses. Alexandrium (and other nuisance One of the American strains species of algae) in waters with produced auxospores with a different environmental conditions. Ukrainian strain. In all successful These probes will form an integral matings, sexual interaction was part of an RNA biosensor that is usually detectable one day after currently being developed within the mixing the strains and the main EU supported Algadec project. events of gamete formation and fusion occurred during late evening PO.10-09 and night. Auxospore growth Mixotrophy in Dinophysis continued for an average of about norvegica populations in natural 30 h. communities occurring in the Baltic Sea
PO.10-34 Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & RNA content and growth rates in autecology Alexandrium species cultured WF Carvalho, S Minnhagen, E. Granéli under varying environmental conditions University of Kalmar, KALMAR, Sweden
Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Dinophysis norvegica is known to Autecology form sub-surface blooms, produce
L Carter1, L Medlin2, U John2, J Lewis1 toxins and to ingest particulate
1University of Westminster, LONDON, organic matter. Although United Kingdom phagotrophy of photosynthetic 2Alfred Wegener Institute, Dinophysis species is not a new BREMERHAVEN, Germany discovery, its role in the ecology of Dinophysis spp. is still unclear. We Three cultures of Alexandrium, A. used flow cytometry and an minutum, A. ostenfeldii and a North acidotropic probe to quantify the American strain of A. tamarense, frequency of D. norvegica cells have been studied under various containing food vacuoles occurring conditions, including salinities in natural populations collected from ranging from 15 psu to 40 psu and
147 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 the Baltic Sea. At the beginning of conditions within streams. A the bloom (June 29th 2004), 27.43 paradox exists in that these dense % of the D. norvegica cells blooms occur in streams that would contained food vacuoles. A month otherwise be considered extremely latter (July 27th), 49.67 % of the D. oligotrophic. In recent years, norvegica cells in the whole water streams and rivers in New Zealand, column had food vacuoles, the North America, Europe, and Asia water column was well stratified and have been colonized by nitrogen limited. The highest cell unprecedented masses of Didymo density (341 cells/l) was recorded in and its extra cellular stalks. The the aphotic zone (30 m depth), pattern of expansion of the where 71% of the D. norvegica cells geographic range of Didymo blooms contained food vacuoles. Real-time around the globe suggests that PCR assay and microscope human activity is an important observations showed that part of vector. Although nuisance blooms the population (5%) was in a late of Didymo are increasingly reported stage of cell division. These results by the public and local media there suggest that phagotrophy was the has been little scientific investigation main nutritional pathway for D. of the phenomenon outside of New norvegica, supporting the formation Zealand. Recent work on the global and maintenance of sub-surface distribution, ecology, genetics and blooms of D. norvegica in the Baltic on-going mitigation efforts will be Sea during the summer. presented.
PO.07-07 PO.13-15 Control of toxic algal bloom by a Didymosphenia geminata: a new tiny parasitoid invasive diatom Session: PO.07 - Ecology and Session: PO.13 – Regional events oceanography S.C. Cary1, B.J.F Biggs2, C. Kilroy2, 3 4 A Chambouvet, L Guillou C.C. Vieglais , M. Bothwell , S.A. Spaulding1 Biological station, ROSCOFF, France
1 University of Delaware, LEWES, United Since 1988, an invasive harmful States of America blooming species Alexandrium 2Nat.Inst. of Water and Atm. Res., CHRISTCHURCH, New Zealand minutum Halim has been repeatedly 3Biosecurity New Zealand, WELLINGTON, recorded along the Atlantic French New Zealand coast in the Penzé Estuary. First 4 Environment Canada, NANAIMO, detected as massive toxic blooms BRITISH COLUMBIA, Canada during the first years of occurrence 7 The freshwater benthic diatom (about 10 cells/l), this species is still detected every year, but it no Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) 5 Schmidt (Didymo) is emerging as longer foms blooms (about 10 an organism with an extraordinary cells/l). At the same time, two novel capacity to impact stream eukaryotic lineages belonging to the ecosystems. This stalked diatom is Alveolata (Group I and Group II) able to dominate stream benthos by were detected by culture covering 100% of substrates with independent methods (genetic thicknesses of up to 20 cm, greatly diversity from total genomic DNA) altering physical and biological collected from a large array of
148 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 marine ecosystems (sea surface to Pyrodinium bahamense var. marine hydrothermal ecosystems). compressum, from Sabah, We used a specific oligonucleotide Malaysia probe that target the whole group II Session: PO.01 - Genetics to detect these organisms by WL Chin, PL Teoh, A Anton fluorescent in situ hybridization during the growth of A. minutum in University Malaysia Sabah, KOTA KINABALU, Malaysia the Penzé Estuary during two consecutive years. Members of this Harmful algae blooms in Sabah only group are efficient parasitoids of occur in the coastal waters of west dinoflagellates and their occurrence Sabah, where one of the causative was apparently tied to the organisms is the dinoflagellate, termination and demise of A. Pyrodinium bahamense var. minutum blooms. Bsed on the compressum. Pyrodinium blooms preferential amplification of the SSU are often unpredictable and rDNA, almost all were closely sometimes occur at very low related to the wellknown densities. One of the problems in dinoflagellate parasitoid the monitoring and management of Amoebophrya spp. (ex ceratii). the Pyrodinium red tides is the early
detection of the species. This study PO.06-27 involves the development of a DNA FINAL, an interreg program for probe from highly conserved small forecasting the initiation of toxic subunit rDNA regions for fast and algal blooms accurate identification of the alga. Seawater samples containing Session: PO.06 – Population dynamics Pyrodinium taken from four offshore Annie Chapelle1, R Raine2, K. locations were isolated and cultured 3 1 Davidson , C. Labry in f/2 medium. After DNA extraction,
1IFREMER, PLOUZANÉ, France PCR amplification was carried out 2 University of Galway, GALWAY, Ireland targeting the rDNA of the algae. The 3SAMS, OBAN, United Kingdom results of eight restriction enzyme Increasing toxic events threaten the digestions indicated that all the economy linked to aquaculture and cultures were similar. Sequences of tourism as well as human health. other Pyrodinium isolates were also France, Ireland, Scotland will create obtained (Accession number: a network to work on PSP events DQ500119 - 23). The size of the due to Alexandrium and ASP events sequences ranged from between due to Pseudo-nitzschia. 1580 to 1544 bp. They differed from The objectives are to investigate the sequence of Pyrodinium environmental factors linked to the bahamense from the GenBank in 1- occurrence of toxic events and to 4 nucleotide bases. propose an alert based on these indicators, which can be obtained PO.12-06 by monitoring by weather forecast FITC-conjugated lectins as a tool and by environmental modelling. for differentiating between various Polynesian strains of the PO.01-09 ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate, Development of a molecular Gambierdiscus spp. probe for the harmful alga, Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogeny
149 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
M Chinain, O Wong, A Ung, T Darius, T PO.09-04 Revel, P Cruchet Genetic characteristics of non- Institut Louis Malardé, PAPEETE-TAHITI, toxic subclones obtained from French Polynesia toxic clonal culture strain of The benthic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense Gambierdiscus spp. is the primary (Dinophyceae) causative agent of Ciguatera Fish Session: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis and Poisoning (CFP). Currently, 6 chemical structure of toxins distinct species have been Y Cho1, K Hiramatsu1, M Ogawa1, T described within this genus. Omura2, T Ishimaru3, Y Oshima1
Evidence for the existence of toxic 1Tohoku University, SENDAI, Japan and non-toxic clones within a given 2The University of Tokyo, TOKYO, Japan species is also documented in the 3Tokyo Univ. Mar. Science & Technology, literature. The coexistence within TOKYO, Japan natural populations and seasonal This study was conducted using blooms of multiple species of subclones of the PST-producing Gambierdiscus, comprising both dinoflagellate A. tamarense toxic and non-toxic clones, is often obtained from an extremely rare speculated, stressing the need for clonal culture strain (OF935-AT6), (molecular) tools capable of which was found to have become a differentiating between the various mixture of toxic and nontoxic cells strains of this dinoflagellate. during maintenance. The nontoxic We compared the binding patterns characteristics of UAT-014-009, an of 11 FITC-conjugated commercial axenic nontoxic subclone of OF935- lectins - Dolichus biflorus (DBA), AT6, were confirmed by three Canavalia ensiformis (Con A), different methods. Both nontoxic Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Pisum and toxic subclones from OF935- sativum (PEA), Arachis hypogaea AT6 were confirmed (PNA), Helix pomatia (HPA), Ulex phylogenetically by nucleotide europaeus (UEA), P. sequence analysis of species- tetragonolobus (PTG), B. specific regions in rDNAs to be the simplicifolia (BS-1), L. esculentum common A. tamarense found (LEA) and Lens culinaris (LcH) - around Japan. Three out of nine between various clones of G. toxic subclones were found to have toxicus, G. polynesiensis, G. lost toxicity during a short period of australes and G. pacificus isolated time (four or six years), whereas the from French Polynesia. other toxic subclones retained their Lectins appeared to be an toxicity within the same range as interesting tool to identify and formerly observed. The subclones differentiate between the different of OF-935-AT6 showed a variety of species of Gambierdiscus. AFLP patterns targeting Furthermore, some lectins were mitochondrial genes (cytochrome c also able to discriminate between oxidase and 5’-flanking region of toxic and non-toxic clones. cytochrome b), whereas re-isolated The potential use of the molecules subclones (sub-subclones) from the for detection and characterization of subclones of OF-935-AT6 showed harmful Gambierdiscus blooms in homogenous toxicity and AFLP nature is discussed. genotypes. These results suggest that the parent OF935-AT6 culture
150 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 had become very heterogeneous in PO.08-02 terms of toxicity and mitochondrial Biologically active substances genotypes; and the stability of them, with spiro-linked rings in seafood although the OF935-AT6 was Session: PO.08 - Toxicology established from one single cell B Christian1, B Luckas1, G Gerdts2 from natural population. 1 Institute of Nutrition, JENA, Germany 2Alfred-Wegener-Institute, HELGOLAND, PO.02-08 Germany Mononucleotide polymorphism of In the middle of the 1990s a new a microcystin synthetase, mcyH class of neurotoxins was discovered in the releasing of microcystins in aquaculture sites along the East in a specific strain of Microcystis Coast of Canada. These toxins aeruginosa were found to be 'fast acting' toxins causing death within several Session: PO.02 - Genomics minutes when injected into mice. HN Chou The molecular structure of the
National Taiwan University, TAIPEI, Taiwan toxins, named spirolides, consists of a spiro-linked, tricyclic system of Microcystins are a group of polyethers and a seven-membered hepatotoxins produced mainly by spiro-linked cyclic iminium moiety. toxic species of Microcystis through Spirolides were first isolated from the function of microcystin shellfish and later from plankton synthetases that are coded from a samples. In 2000, Alexandrium series of genes, mcyA~mcyJ. The ostenfeldii was identified as the toxins are produced within the causative organism of spirolides. cyanobacteria cells and are Whereas spirolides belonging to expected to be predominantly found groups A-D are biologically active, in slow-growing, healthy cells. spirolides E and F show no Microcystin release is generally biological activity. The instability of considered to be linked to a the cyclic iminium function under decrease in the integrity of the cells. enzymatic or acid conditions can be However, in a strain of M. important with respect to an oral aeruginosa it was found toxicity of spirolides. microcystins are released during the The Alfred-Wegener-Institute for log phase of growth and Polar- and Marine Research (AWI) continuously accumulate in the cell- on Helgoland Island succeeded in free medium. A single nucleotide cultivating a Danish strain of difference of the sequence mcyH Alexandrium ostenfeldii (KO287). was found in the toxin-releasing Subsequently the extracts were strain compared to other non-toxin tested for spirolides by LC-MS/MS. releasing strains. The sequence of For a study of the metabolisation of mcyH is known to be homologous to spirolides in shellfish, extracts from the bacteria transporter, but is also tissues of edible mussels were known as a key protein that incubated with an extract maintains the integrity of the of KO287. The measurement of microcystin synthetase clusters. extracts from mussels´ tissues
revealed no characteristic differences in the spirolide profile compared to KO287.
151 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
deliberately or accidentally take up PO.05-46 cyanobacterial cells. The associated Protease inhibition assay as a physiological implications can tool to test the toxicity of include incomplete protein cyanobacterial toxins digestion, molting problems,
Session: PO.05: Toxin analysis reduced feeding, growth and
1 reproduction as well as death. Kirsten S Christoffersen , U. Friberg- 1 1 2 Jensen , G. Mulderij , T. Rohrlack
1University of Copenhagen, HILLERØD, PO.04-10 Denmark Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate 2 Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Alexandrium minutum, grown OSLO, Norway under different N/P ratios, on the
copepod Acartia tonsa Bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria can affect other biota Session: PO.04 – Food chains and the adverse effects on e.g. E.D. Christou1, I. Maneiro2, I Varkitzi1, Daphnia survival and feeding have S. Zervoudaki1, K. Pagou1 often been used as a first 1HCMR, ATHENS, Greece approximation of toxicity. Recently, 2Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, it has been reported that toxins such Universidad, VIGO, Spain as microcystin and microviridin can have strong protease inhibitory An experimental study was carried effects on e.g., trypsin, out to test the effects of chymotrypsin and elastase. This Alexandrium minutum, cultured at study made in vitro test of mixed three different N/P ratios (5, 16 and solutions of extracted 80), on the copepod grazer Acartia cyanobacterial metabolites from tonsa. The ingestion rate, egg cultures and lake scums as well as production and hatching success, purified peptides on daphnid as well as the toxin content in proteases. Trypsin-like proteases tissues, eggs and pellets of the were extracted from Daphnia copepods were checked at different magna. The effects of metabolites concentrations of food, which also from cultured strains Microcystis oncluded a constant concentration and Planktothrix and from mixed of the non-toxic dinoflagellate lake bloom material were tested on Prorocentrum micans. Cell toxicity the daphnid trypsin-like enzyme of the A. minutum varied among the activity using a photometrical different N/P treatments, but it detection. The majority of the remained constant during each extracts tested were inhibitors of experiment. Copepods ingested daphnid trypsin-like enzymes as both toxic and non-toxic food at all well as on the pork trypsin used for treatments and concentrations. comparison. In conclusion, protease There was a positive correlation inhibitors which occur in many between A. minutum concentration laboratory strains and field and ingestion by copepods. populations of Microcystis, Production of eggs and Planktothrix, and other genera of pellets appeared to be affected by cyanobacteria may induce severe food toxicity, while increasing toxin protease inhibition in Daphnia. ingestion reduced hatching success Thus, protease inhibitors are a as well as increased toxin levels in potential threat to organisms that tissues and pellets. Our results indicate that A. minutum toxicity
152 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 affects the reproduction and dinoflagellates appeared as sub- excretion but not the feeding dominants during blooms. behaviour of copepods. The major HAB species in the lagoon showed a patchy distribution with high densities of short duration, PO.13-70 probably in response to nutrient Potentially toxic algal species in inputs from the surrounding Ologe Lagoon, Nigeria environment. Session: PO.13 - Regional events
EO Clarke, GA Akin-Oriola PO.13-21 Lagos State University, LAGOS, Nigeria Harmful microalgae along the The environmental factors and Latium coasts (Middle Tyrrhenian phytoplankton population of Ologe Sea, Mediterranean Sea): bloom Lagoon, Nigeria were studied and toxicity events since 1997 between January 2000 and Session: PO.13 - Regional events
December 2001. Seasonal and 1 2 2 R Congestri , VC Sangiorgi , I Bianco , spatial variations were recorded in P Ravizza2, P Albertano3 ° water temperature (27.6 ± 5.05 C), 1University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', ROME, salinity (0.17 ± 0.12ppm) dissolved Italy oxygen (5.7 ± 1.45 2Environmental Agency of Latium Region, mg/l), transparency (0.61± 0.21m) LATINA, Italy 3 and pH (6.8 ± 0.69). Nutrient inputs University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', ROME, Italy from a nearby industrial estate resulted in higher nitrate-nitrogen, In the framework of a research sulphate and phosphate collaboration with the Environmental concentrations in the high Agency of Latium (Middle insolation-low rainfall dry season. Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean There were periodic blooms of Sea) the structure and dynamics of potentially harmful algal species, marine phytoplankton was including diatoms (Chaetoceros & assessed at six coastal stations Nitzschia sp), blue-green algae from 1997 to the present day. Past (Aphanizomenon, Anabaena & identifications and distributions were Microcystis spp.) and dinoflagellates updated during a bimonthly (Prorocentrum lima, P. micans, monitoring program of harmful Ceratium spp. and Peridinium populations in water and net quinquanon). samples. Recurrent summer blooms The most abundant species were of the dinoflagellates Ostreopsis centric diatoms (76.12%) and blue- ovata and Coolia monotis in rocky, green algae (11.95%) while species sheltered southern environments diversity was greater among the also prompted monitoring of green algae, dinoflagellates and microphytobenthos from 2003. A pennate diatoms (H = 3.30, 3.27, variety of potentially toxic 3.14 respectively). The blue-green microalgae have been identified algae and centric diatoms showed with light and electron microscopy. lowest diversity (H = 1.51, 1.43). Fifteen thecate and at least five The Berger-Parker Dominance naked dinoflagellates were recorded Index (BPDI) showed that the together with five Pseudo-nitzschia Cyanophyta were dominant while species, the latter being responsible diatoms, green algae and for massive annual blooms (up to
153 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
107 cells/l). There were also The addition of the functionalized sporadic brown tides due to intense nanoparticles to the target solution growth of Fibrocapsa japonica is used to capture and concentrate during summer. In bloom periodicity target molecules as well as form an and cell abundance, spring and electrical bridge in nanotubes. summer were the most critical These bridges are then detected via periods for toxicity events. In fact, measurement of electrical HPLC and electrochemical immuno- impedance across the tube and the sensor analyses indicated the data collected. We present here presence of domoic acid in natural our approach and preliminary data. phytoplankton populations tested over a full year; using LC-MS/MS PO.13-59 methods a palytoxin analogue was A culture collection of harmful also detected in mucous aggregates marine microalgae in Brazil dominated by Ostreopsis ovata. Session: PO.13 - Regional events
1 2 PO.15-35 L.C. Coutinho , E. Barbarino , S.O. Lourenço2
Functionalized nanoparticles and 1 dielectrophoretic detection of Universidade Santa Úrsula, RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil harmful algae 2 Universidade Federal Fluminense, Session: PO. 15 - Monitoring NITEROI, Brazil
Laurie Connel, J. Duy, R. Smith The interest for cultivation of
University of Maine, ORONO, United microalgae has been increasing in States of America Brazil due to the growth of
A developing trend in harmful algae aquaculture and research on detection is microfabricated sensors environmental sciences, including and instruments that utilize tests of ecotoxicology, which reflect electronic sensing mechanisms, a new demand for the evaluation of which can reduce the size and impact of pollutants. Studies on power requirements, and potentially harmful microalgae are also increase the efficiency of data relevant. After a 75-year phase of generation, collection and descriptive work, including records processing through circuit of algal blooms, since the 1990s integration. Water quality managers, Brazilian experts have been also researchers and public health running analytical and experimental officials require timely and accurate studies on harmful microalgae. detection of harmful species in a However, the small number of cost effective manner. Therefore, potentially harmful strains in the ca. there is a need for improved 40 Brazilian culture collections of methods capable of rapid on-site microalgae creates a bottleneck to analysis. The use of a DNA analog, the development of new peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), with approaches for studies on harmful their unique binding parameters, is microalgae in the country. The used to decrease target binding ongoing expansion of the time and allow hybridization at very 'Elizabeth Aidar' Microalgal Culture low salt concentrations. HAB Collection (Fluminense Federal specific PNA probes are bound to University, Rio de Janeiro State), functionalized gold nanoparticles. represents the start of the organisation of a national reference
154 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 centre for cultivation of marine Dungeness crab were also tested microalgae. Part of the Collection is but were below the closure level. If dedicated to harmful strains, domoic acid continues to move into supplying cultures to researchers new areas inside Puget Sound, the countrywide, and contributing to economic and public health inter-institutitional integration of implications would be significant. experts on harmful microalgae. Puget Sound could be in for some Currently 20 strains of potentially very long shellfish closures, should harmful dinoflagellates, shellfish like geoducks retain the raphidophyceans and cyanobacteria toxin like razor clams do. are kept in the Collection, and more strains will be incorporated in the PO.06-17 near future. Molecular approaches to HAB
research: who’s there and what are they doing? PO.13-82 Domoic acid intrusion into Puget Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics
Sound 1 2 3 KJ Coyne , MA Doblin , CJ Gobler , DA Session: PO.13 - Regional events Hutchins1, SM Handy1, E Demir1, KJ Presentation time: 16:40 - 18:00 Portune1, SC Cary1
1 FH Cox, Bob Lona, Jerry Borchert University of Delaware, LEWES, United States of America Washington State Dept. of Health, 2University of Technology, SYDNEY, OLYMPIA, WA, United States of America Australia
3Stony Brook University, Marine Sciences, Domoic acid which causes amnesic STONY BROOK, United States of America shellfish poisoning was detected in razor clams on the Pacific coast of Recent developments in molecular Washington in 1991. Emergency technologies have transformed our closures of the razor clam and crab approach to HAB research. While fisheries were enacted. As a result, increasing accuracy and sensitivity a domoic acid monitoring program of detection, they also increase was established for the Pacific and sample throughput, making them Puget Sound fisheries. In 2003, ideal for routine monitoring of HAB domoic acid was detected inside species. Although the technology Puget Sound, at Ft. Flagler State has moved forward at a rapid pace, Park. The U.S. Food and Drug few studies have applied molecular Administration action level of 20ppm methods to move beyond simple was exceeded and shellfish monitoring and ask important closures were initiated. Domoic questions about HAB ecology. A acid was detected at low levels as suite of qualitative and quantitative far west as Port Angeles, as far east methods are now available to as East Whidbey Island and as far assess spatial and temporal south as Port Ludlow. In October, changes in community composition 2005, domoic acid prompted new and species-specific responses to closures in Puget Sound, involving environmental perturbation at Penn Cove and Holmes Harbor, two several taxonomic levels. Here, we commercial shellfish areas in the present an overview of these Whidbey Basin. These test results methods and their application to were much higher and impacted research on HAB species in shellfish other than mussels. estuarine, freshwater, and ships’
155 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 ballast tank environments. Using procedure, from extraction of molecular methods, we have shellfish to data analysis. A matrix investigated factors involved in CRM is very useful for inter- species selection during bloom laboratory studies, proficiency initiation, competition for nutrients, testing schemes, and development vertical migration patterns, cyst and validation of new methods. The germination, species-specific use of both calibration solutions and impacts of grazing in natural matrix CRMs is recommended. The populations, metabolic gene NRC-IMB Certified Reference expression in response to nutrient Material Program (CRMP) is a additions, toxin gene expression unique program that produces during ballast transport and the CRMs for marine toxins. This poster impacts of toxin gene expression on outlines the steps involved in the predation. When combined with an preparation of both calibration assessment of chemical and solution and matrix CRMs for physical factors of the environment, lipophilic toxins. The lipophilic toxins these methods provide detailed include the okadaic acid group, the information about the biotic and pectenotoxins, the azaspiracids, the abiotic factors that impact the yessotoxins, and the cyclic imine structure of phytoplankton group. The greatest challenges of populations in natural environments. working with lipophilic toxins include their availability and stability. CRMP has been able to produce these PO.05-38 new products with the help of many Certified reference materials for international collaborators. lipophilic toxins
Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis PO.08-28 S Crain, K Reeves, J Walter, S Impacts of toxic cultures of the MacKinnon, P LeBlanc, C Craft, W cyanobacterium Microcystis Hardstaff, N Lewis, M Quilliam aeruginosa on selected immune National Research Council, HALIFAX, NS, Canada parameters of the freshwater zebra mussel, Dreissena The ingestion of shellfish polymorpha contaminated with toxins can lead Session: PO.08 - Toxicology to severe symptoms such as SC Culloty, Guillaume Juhel, J diarrhoea, amnesia, paralysis and O'Halloran, RM O'Riordan, J Davenport even death. Routine monitoring is University College Cork, CORK, Ireland essential for public health and for international trade. Regulatory In vivo experiments were conducted testing requires validated methods with laboratory cultures of and a quality system that is Microcystis aeruginosa, with compliant with ISO 17025, for which different degrees of toxicity, to accurate calibration standards and assess the impacts of microcystins reference materials are essential on the immune system of the elements. Calibration solution freshwater zebra mussel, Dreissena CRMs are critical for both polymorpha. Mussels were fed instrument calibration and research three toxic cyanobacterial strains, while matrix CRMs are important to with different toxic profiles verify the complete analytical (presence of MC-LR and MC-LF)
156 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 and one non-toxic reference strain, compounds, amphidinols, and over a three-week period. cytotoxic macrolides, Immunological analyses were amphidinolides, is ubiquitous in carried with mussels sampled at 0, coastal waters (Satake et al. 1991, 7, 14 and 21 days. Ishibashi and Kobayashi 1997). Results showed an increase in total Samples observed from coral rubble haemocyte concentration after two contained an Amphidinium sp. with weeks and a subsequent decrease the unusual morphology of after this period. Furthermore, completely circular cells. increased strain toxicity appeared to Preliminary genetic analysis by be associated with a greater sequencing of LSU and SSU rDNA decrease in cell density. A higher regions revealed a close proportion of granulocytes was relationship between the unknown observed in the very toxic strains Amphidinium sp. and A. massartii. after one week of exposure. The unusual circular morphology of Phagocytosis results revealed that A. massartii has not been reported the presence of MC-LF lowered the in previous literature. An ability of the mussels to examination of this morphology phagocytose yeast particles and under temperature and nutrient this pattern was even more marked regimes is conducted. Even though after three weeks of exposure. The it is considered a toxic algae concentration of defence enzyme, species, little information beyond lysozyme, was variable but the description exists for A. increased after two weeks of massartii. Amphidinium massartii’s exposure and decreased genetic proximity to A. carterae is subsequently. cause for interest in the production In conclusion, microcystins of bioactive compounds. Two (particularly MC-LF) elicited an assays used in the toxin detection of immune response after one week of A. carterae, a hemolytic assay and exposure and gradually weakened antifungal bioassay, offer good the bivalve’s immune system, measurements of relative toxicity demonstrating another sublethal (Echigoya et al. 2005). This unusual effect of these toxins on bivalves. species of Amphidinium is examined for its ecological, morphological, and toxicological PO.10-29 properties. Ecological, morphological, and toxicological analysis of an unusual dinoflagellate, PO.13-50 Amphidinium massartii Ten years of monitoring for toxic Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & species of phytoplankton in the Autecology Gulf of Gabes (South-East TJ Cyronak, CR Tomas Tunisia)
University of North Carolina Wilmington, Session: PO.13 - Regional events WILMINGTON, United States of America 1 2 Hela Dammak-Zouari , Asma Hamza , Amphidinium carterae, an important Malika Ben Hassen2, Wafa Feki2 harmful algal species that produces 1INSTM Tunisia, SFAX, Tunisia powerful antifungal and hemolytic 2Institut National des Sciences et Techno, SFAX, Tunisia
157 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Because of the sanitary risks and Spondylus versicolor collected from environmental problems caused by Nha Phu Bay on May 30th, 2005. toxic phytoplankton species, Thirty specimens were therefore surveys and detection of these reared in running filtered seawater organisms are now a focus area for in an aquarium, and the change of scientists and marine exploitation. DA level in the specimens was In Tunisia a monitoring program analyzed. During 18 weeks of was launched in 1995. For the rearing, no significant decrease of shellfish area in the Gulf of Gabes, DA level was observed, suggesting we defined 17 sampling stations that this species maintains generally known for eutrophication, accumulated DA for a long period. and more than 35 stations in open On September 29th, 2005, sea. specimens of the same species The toxic phytoplankton along these collected from the same area coasts is limited to 4 dinoflagellate showed remarkably high levels of species (Alexandrium minutum, DA (109.47 + 47.66 μg/g, n=10), Prorocentrum lima, Protoceratium which is much higher than the reticulatum and Karenia selliformis), safety consumption level. DA in Karenia selliformis being the most these specimens was mostly toxic during the ten years of concentrated in the digestive gland. monitoring. This species is widely The results suggest that DA of S. distributed along the coasts, versicolor originates from especially in the Bougrara Lagoon microorganism(s) ingested by S. where we frequently observe red versicolor. Probably, the causative tides. organism of DA shows a seasonal bloom pattern. Further surveys of DA in plankton species in tropical PO.13-23 waters are required. Remarkably high level of domoic acid detected in a bivalve Spondylus versicolor in Vietnam PO.03-05 The situation of ciguatera fish Session: PO.13 - Regional events poisoning in French Polynesia 1 2 Viet Ha Dao , Takata Yoshinobu , Sato from 2000 to 2004 2 3 Shigeru , Yasuwo Fukuyo , Massaki 2 Session: PO.03 - Public health Kodama
1Institute of Oceanography, NHA TRANG, H T Darius, T Revel, A Ung, P Cruchet, Vietnam M Tchou Fouc, M Chinain 2Kitasato University, IWATE, Japan 3 Institut Louis Malarde, TAHITI, French University of Tokyo, TOKYO, Japan Polynesia
Recently, we reported that a Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is significant level of domoic acid (DA), caused by the ingestion of tropical a causative toxin of ASP, occurs in reef fish which have bio- the bivalve Spondylus collected accumulated ciguatoxins in their from various parts of tropical areas, tissues. This phenomenon is well including Vietnam. DA-producing known by local people particularly in organism(s) therefore probably remote archipelagos of French occur widely in tropical areas. In the Polynesia where the population still present study, we detected DA depend on fish resources. around the safety consumption level This work presents the situation of (1.93 + 1.29 μg/g, n=3) in
158 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
CFP as illustrated by the Ecophysiological studies on a West epidemiological data provided by European strain of Fibrocapsa the Public Health Directory of Tahiti, japonica indicate that this as well as fish toxicity data obtained raphidophyte must be able to in our laboratory from 2000 to 2004. maintain itself in Dutch coastal Although probably underestimated, waters. The experimental data have an average of 600 cases of CFP is now been correlated to extensive recorded each year within the five phytoplankton field data of the archipelagos composing French Dutch coastal waters over the Polynesia (i.e. Society, Tuamotu, period 1990-2003. The Dutch Gambier, Autrales and Marquesas). coastal zone clearly meets the In 2004, 42% of the cases occurred ecophysiological requirements of F. in the Tuamotu Archipelago. japonica; the area possibly belongs Data obtained from epidemiological to its northern biogeographic forms completed by health agents boundary, explaining why regarding the symptoms vegetative cells have never been experienced by the patients and the observed at higher latitudes. fish species implicated in CFP Moreover, the field data strongly cases are compared between all suggest that besides F. japonica five archipelagos. other raphidophytes such as Among the 50 fish species Chattonella spp. and Heterosigma identified, the most often akashiwo have established incriminated species belong to themselves in this region. In the longface emperor, leopard coral surface water samples, F. japonica grouper, humpback red and two- and Chattonella spp. have been spot snappers, striated surgeonfish observed almost the year round, and boomerang triggerfish. even at low temperatures just above Toxicity data obtained via the 4 °C. Fibrocapa japonica can Receptor Binding Assay for various dominate the phytoplankton specimens of fish collected from community in Dutch coastal waters these five archipelagos are during short term blooms, not only consistent with these data. in summer but also at lower temperatures (< 15 °C) during
spring. Despite the presence of PO.10-30 haemolytic and toxic components in Fibrocapsa japonica: a this raphidophyte, harmful events potentially harmful raphidophyte have not been observed. in Dutch coastal waters
Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & PO.05-43 autecology Application of capillary
M. K. de Boer1, M van Rijssel1, EG electrophoresis-mass Vrieling1, L Peperzak2, LPMJ Wetsteyn3 spectrometry to the AGJ Buma1 determination of lipophilic marine
1University of Groningen, HAREN toxins (GRONINGEN), The Netherlands 2 Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis Royal NIOZ, DEN BURG, Texel, The Netherlands Pablo de la Iglesia1, A Gago-Martinez1, 3RIKZ, MIDDELBURG, The Netherlands T Yasumoto2
1University of Vigo, VIGO, Spain
159 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
2Japan Food Research Laboratory, NAGAYAMA, TAMA-SHI, TOKYO, Japan Graciela de Lara-Isassi, MC Rodríguez-Palacio, ME Meave, C Capillary Electrophoresis is being Lozano-Ramírez, S Álvarez-Hernández applied in this work for the analysis Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- of yessotoxins as an alternative to Iztapalapa, MEXICO DF, Mexico the conventional HPLC method, Dinoflagellates are economically which is the most commonly used. important in Mexico as in other Coupling of capillary electrophoresis tropical countries, as some species with mass spectrometry (CE-MS) are toxic and can produce harmful offers a good alternative for algal blooms. HAB events are sensitive determination of these frequently recorded in Mexico. For toxins and also for confirmation of this reason it is important to culture the results obtained. the producer organisms, which were CE analysis was performed, using isolated under a microscope using a 10 mM ammonium acetate at pH micropipette and placed individually 8.5 as running buffer, and mass into microtiter plates. Twenty-three spectrometric detection were strains of dinoflagellates causing carried out through an electrospray red tides are maintained in our ionisation (ESI) source. An on-line laboratory. Some have been sample preconcentration approach reported as toxic: Karlodinium based on field-amplified sample micrum, Scrippsiella trochoidea and stacking (FASS) was applied to Gymnodinium catenatum, and increase the sensitivity. The limit of others as ichthyotoxic: Ceratium detection (LOD) achieved was 0.02 dens, Ceratium fusus and µg/mL, which corresponded to 1.25 Prorocentrum micans. Clonal pg YTX loaded onto the capillary. cultures are maintained as non- Under these conditions, Yessotoxin axenic, semicontinuous, L:D 12:12, (YTX) and its analogue 45-hydroxy- 18, 20 °C ± 1 °C, illuminations of yessotoxin (45-OHYTX) were 166.8 and 90.5 μmol m-2 s-1, clearly determined by CE-MS in respectively, using four different several shellfish samples as well as culture media. Isolation of HAB in marine phytoplankton cultures of producer species are vital for Protoceratium reticulatum. studying the conditions that regulate Additionally, the method was the growth or control the synthesis successful for determination of other of toxic molecules, in order to create lipophilic toxins present in mussel models to aid in early detection of samples such as pectenotoxin-6 red tides events. (PTX-6). The results clearly demonstrate the potential of CE, especially when coupled with MS, PO.12-15 as an alternative method for Description of a novel determination of these particular raphidophyte species and genus compounds. from Delaware’s inland bays,
USA
PO.13-78 Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogeny Establishment of cultures of E Demir1, Kathryn J Coyne1, Kirk HAB organisms from the 2 1 Czymmek , David A Hutchins
Mexican Pacific coast 1 University of Delaware, LEWES, United Session: PO.13 - Regional events States of America
160 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
2Delaware Biotechnology Institute, UD, 1Chinese Academy of Sciences, NEWARK, United States of America GUANGZHOU, China 2South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Delaware’s Inland Bays (DIB), GUANGZHOU, China Delaware, USA are subject to numerous mixed blooms of Bohai Sea is a semi-enclosed sea raphidophytes each year. in northeastern China, where Heterosigma akashiwo is a harmful algal blooms (HABs) break consistently occurring pleomorphic out frequently and cause large raphidophyte that blooms within a economic losses. The present study wide range of salinities and analyzed spatial and temporal temperatures. In the summer of distribution, causative species of 2004, a unialgal bloom with a HABs and ecological conditions in density of 200 million cells per liter the Bohai Sea for the period from was detected in low salinity water. 1950 to 2004, and discusses Initial analyses via light microscopy relevant environmental factors. led to the misconception that the HABs increased in frequency and species was H. akashiwo, however affected-areas with peaks in 2001 much smaller than other field and 1999. The dominant causative observations in the region. Further species was Skeletonema costatum molecular analyses of the 18S before the 1990s and Noctiluca rDNA sequence indicated that this scintillans after 1992. The high species is a novel raphidophyte, blooming season was July-August and phylogenetic analyses place in the 1980s and 1990s and it the new species within shifted to June-August during 2000- Raphidophyceae as a new genus. 2004 for the entire Bohai Sea. Although this species is Results show Dalian Bay and Bohai morphologically very similar to H. Bay to be two high-HAB frequency akashiwo under light microscopy, areas, and differences in high timing transmission electron and confocal and frequency occurrence of HABs microscopy revealed distinct shape are due to local meteorology, and size differences in chloroplasts nutrient and species. The increase and some organelles. Although in occurrence frequency and laboratory experiments indicated affected-areas of HABs are related that this new species grows to increase in eutrophication, but the optimally in low salinity water, improved methodology and pigment analysis indicates the improved monitoring enable more presence of both fucoxanthin and HAB to be identified. violaxanthin, which are characteristic of marine raphidophytes. PO.13-90 Aquaculture development and potentially harmful microalgae PO.13-08 in Senegal Ecological analysis of harmful Session: PO.13 – Regional events algal blooms for the Bohai Sea area, China Anis Diallo
Session: PO.13 - Regional events
2 1 2 Centre de Recherches Océanographiques BP Di , Danling Tang , SF Wang , de Dakar-Thiaroye (ISRA/CRODT), Parc Jianhai Lv 1, GM Zheng2
161 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 de Recherches ISRA/Hann, DAKAR, (PSP) in seafood by application Sénégal of a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic (HILIC) During the last three decades three column massive fish kills have taken place Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis in Senegal, however none of them have been associated with the M Diener, B Luckas presence of harmful algae. Also, University of Jena, JENA, Germany there are no official records of DSP, PSP, NSP or ASP. Shellfish Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) (bivalves) production is mainly is caused by a group of estuarine; the mean yield is 2,000 approximately two dozen naturally t.y-1 locally consumed. But, new occurring potent neurotoxins. oyster and shrimp farm productions Consequently, the development of have been set up in Saloum Estuary analytical methods for the during the last two years. qualitative and quantitative Freshwater fish culture is semi- determination of the toxins intensive but new political options associated with PSP is an important are ongoing for an industrial task. In particular, the quality control production using more intensive of potentially contaminated seafood systems. Production is less than requires exact quantification of the 100t.y-1. Particular attention was PSP toxins with regard to paid to cyanobacteria blooms in international regulations for public intensive Tilapia production health protection and international research (high phytoplankton commerce. The broad toxicity range concentration and their use by of different PSP toxins has Brachionus plicatilis), but no challenged analytical chemists to negative impact or fish mortalities develop accurate and reliable due to cyanotoxins have been analytical methods. observed. The growing focus on Chemical methods for PSP exploitation of marine and determination are based on freshwater shellfish and fish makes chromatographic separation and it relevant to monitor more detailed derivatization of the toxins prior to for the occurrence of potentially fluorescence detection. However, harmful microalgae. In the project these HPLC methods complicate ESIT/CSE, receiving satellite the on-line coupling to a mass images from MERIS and MODIS at spectrometer (MS). The new 250 and 1,000m resolution, the developed LC/MS-MS method is NODC team and CSE have joined based on chromatographic up and follow ocean colour, separation of the PSP toxins using phytoplankton bloom and eventually a zwitterionic-HILIC column. This red tides. However, small scale stationary phase allows complete monitoring in e.g. existing or separation of all relevant PSP toxins planned aquaculture sites is also in seafood. Low concentration of needed. volatile buffer substance and absence of ion-pair reagents increase the sensitivity of the MS PO.05-19 detection. LC/MS-MS determination of Literature: paralytic shellfish poisoning [1] B. Luckas, L. M. Botana (ed.), Seafood and Freshwater Toxins
162 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
2000, 173. to unharvested production in semi- confined areas. This can lead to massive mortality of mussels and PO.15-17 oysters when closures occur just The monitoring programme for before harvesting periods. harmful algal blooms in shellfish production areas in Catalonia. Long term data and impact on PO.06-21 aquaculture Water mass differentiation using
Session: PO.15 - Monitoring PARAFAC modeling of EEM
1 1 1 fluorescence J Diogène , M Fernández , E Cañete , 1 1 2 Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics A Caillaud , E Mallat , M Delgado , D 1 Furones LK Dixon1, RN Conmy2
1 IRTA, SANT CARLES DE LA RAPITA, 1Mote Marine Laboratory, SARASOTA, FL, Spain United States of America 2 Institut de Ciències del Mar-CMIMA, 2University of South Florida, ST. BARCELONA, Spain PETERSBURG, FL, United States of America The monitoring programme for HABs in shellfish production areas The optical properties of coastal in Catalonia focuses mainly on waters, as excitation-emission shellfish harvesting areas in sandy matrix (EEM) fluorescence (220- sediments along the shore (mainly 455nm excitation, 249-700nm natural production sites of clams) emission) and CDOM absorption, and production areas within the were used to map a complex semi-confined areas (mainly oyster coastal environment off the west and mussel cultures). HAB coast of Florida (U.S.A.) which incidences in production areas receives multiple estuarine inputs include recurrent DSP (e.g., and records nearly annual Dinophysis sacculus), PSP (e.g., occurrences of Karenia brevis Alexandrium minutum) and to a blooms. Sampling was conducted much lesser extent ichthyotoxic during the initiation and continuation events (Karlodinium spp.). An of an extended and extensive estimate of the percentage of bloom. Samples represented a closure periods indicates that wide range of CDOM absorption annually these figures have along an estuarine-coastal gradient increased since 1989, DSP events and EEM data were corrected for being the major cause for inner filter effects, blue-shifting the administrative closures. For the raw fluorescence data. EEM data period 2002-2005 closure time in were subsequently normalized to shellfish production areas reached prevent undue weight being maxima of 23 % (84 days in Alfacs assigned to high CDOM samples, Bay during 2002 for DSP) and 17% fluorescent components were (62 days in Alfacs Bay during 2005 identified with the linear un-mixing for DSP). The economic impact of technique of parallel factor closures is irregular and depends (PARAFAC) analysis, and on the time of the year closures components confirmed with split- occur. This is due to unbalanced half analyses to identify two commercial demand along the year dominant multi-modal components but also to the threat that increased to coastal fluorescence with both a temperatures in summer represent direct and an inverse relationship
163 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 with salinity. Other spectral regions three different Pseudo-nitzschia of high variation were identified in assemblages that grew at (1) low the pool of samples and compared temperature and low salinity; (2) with fluorescence peaks in the high temperature and low salinity; literature. Although factors did not and (3) high temperature and high correlate with cell count or presence salinity, while they were stenohaline of K. brevis, spatial patterns of but eurytherm in Nha Trang Bay optical properties and salinity were and the northern coast of Binh used to identify the origins of Thuan waters. Pseudo-nitzschia coastal water masses and potential cuspidata isolated from Nha Trang sources of entrained nutrients. Bay showed the highest growth rate at 35 PSU and 30 °C (1.8 d-1), but ° PO.10-38 grew well at a range from 20-30 C Pseudo-nitzschia along the and 25-35 PSU. This species may south-central coast of Vietnam: be a representative of the high abundance, distribution, T-S temperature and high salinity characteristics, and growth rate populations in Nha Trang Bay. of cultures and natural populations PO.13-84
Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. autecology in estuarine and shelf waters of Louisiana, USA Hai Doan-Nhu, Mai Anh T Nguyen, Tuong Session: PO.13 - Regional events
GIA Nguyen-Ngoc 1 2 3 Q Dortch , GJ Doucette , ML Parsons Institute of Oceanography, NHA TRANG, 1NOAA, SILVER SPRING, United States of Vietnam America 2 Pseudo-nitzschia species are widely Marine Biotoxins Program NOAA, CHARLESTON, SC, United States of distributed along the coast of America Vietnam with abundance distribution 3Marine Science Department, University of, varying in time and space. Along HILO, HAWAII, United States of America the southern-central coast, however, they tend to occur in high Pseudo-nitzschia spp. are abundance during the rainy season, frequently widespread and highly when nutrient loading from abundant in Louisiana coastal land/rivers is high. The seasonal waters. Seven species have been variation shows local differences identified, including, P. depending on the hydro-chemical pseudodelicatissima, P. characteristics of each embayment delicatissima, P. multiseries, P. along the coast. The Pseudo- pungens, P. multistriata, P. nitzschia assemblages were subfradulenta, and P. brasiliana. observed as high as 400.000 Although several of these are cells/L, which is close to the level of known producers of domoic acid shellfish harvesting closure in (DA), no human illness has been Europe. Temperature and salinity reported. In order to determine if compared with cell abundance DA was being produced and, if indicated that Pseudo-nitzschia may possible, by which species and adapt to a wide range of under what environmental temperature and salinities. In Nha conditions, DA content was Phu Lagoon there were at least measured in net tow samples (35
164 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 micron) from 1994-1998, using a DF is a long-lived light emission receptor-binding assay. Samples from photosynthetic organisms after were selected because they had a illumination. DF decay curve reflects high Pseudo-nitzschia abundance, the state of the photosynthetic and species composition was apparatus. determined by SEM on many Monitoring of DF decay curves of samples. Most (80% of 106) light-adapted and dark-adapted samples contained DA, with samples, DF intensity versus concentrations ranging from 0.01 to irradiance response, chlorophyll 28.65 pg/cell. Preliminary analysis content, cell concentration and of the data suggests that salinity maximum quantum yield of PSII and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (Fv/Fm) was performed for 4 days was higher when DA was present on cultures growing in nitrogen- and and there was a significantly higher phosphorus-limited media. percentage of P. multiseries and P. Significant changes in DF kinetics delicatissima present when DA was with regard to medium composition present. Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were observed. Chlorophyll content present in Louisiana coastal waters and Fv/Fm were reduced compared do produce DA and, thus, represent to the control for cultures in a threat to human and ecosystem nitrogen-deprived media. The health. changes in DF intensity versus irradiance response showed differences in the absorption of light. PO.10-28 Delayed fluorescence as an indicator of nutrient limitation in PO.08-19 Prorocentrum minimum Uptake and elmination of DST in mussels, oysters and scallops Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & autecology Session: PO.08 - Toxicology
1 2 Luka Drinovec , Ilaria Molinari , Maja Arne Duinker1, P Hovgaard2, A 1 3 Berd Zrimec , Marina Monti , Alfred Svardal3 3 1 Beran , Alexis Zrimec 1 Nat. Inslt. of Nutrition and Seafood Res, 1 Institute of Physical Biology, BERGEN, Norway GROSUPLJE, Slovenia 2Sogn og Fjordane University College, 2 Dept. Biol, University of Trieste, TRIESTE, SOGNDAL, Norway Italy 3Univ. of Bergen, Sect. for Pharmacology, 3 Inst Nazl. di Oceano e Geofisica Spe, BERGEN, Norway TRIESTE, Italy Mussels (Mytilus edulis), oysters Primary productivity and growth of (Ostrea edulis) and scallops algae is frequently limited by the (Pecten maximus) were exposed to availability of nutrients, especially natural occurrences of Dinophysis nitrogen and phosphorus. The spp. Samples were taken for six ability to identify factors limiting weeks during toxin accumulation algal growth is of considerable followed by two months of importance for marine ecology. elimination in toxin-free waters. In our study, delayed fluorescence Large species differences in (DF) was used to detect changes in accumulation were seen, with photosynthesis due to nitrogen and mussels accumulating 10 to 20-fold phosphorus limitation in laboratory higher toxin concentrations cultures of Prorocentrum minimum. compared to oysters and scallops.
165 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Due to sudden mortality after the which often give toxin levels in the accumulation period we could not surrounding water at similar evaluate toxin elimination in the concentrations to the toxin content scallops. The oysters, having of the cells. This is the first report of accumulated less DST than the these toxins being detected in a mussels, also showed faster toxin benthic cyanobacterial species. elimination rates. DST concentration in the oysters did not exceed half the regulatory limit, PO.12-07 despite high water column toxicity Haplo-diploid life cycles in the that resulted in concentrations genus Chrysochromulina almost 10 times the regulatory limit (Haptophyta) in the mussels. Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and Phylogeny PO.05-18 B Edvardsen Deoxy cylindrospermopsin, detection in the benthic University of Oslo, OSLO, Norway freshwater cyanobacterium A heteromorphic haplo-diploid life Lyngbya wollei from Australian cycle appears to be common streams among haptophytes and has been Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis found in Chrysochromulina G K Eaglesham1, M Seifert2, GR polylepis. To assess whether other Shaw3, W Wickramasinghe4 Chrysochromulina species may
1Queensland Health Scientific Services, have a haplo-diploid life cycle, BRISBANE, Australia coding and non-coding ribosomal 2 University of Queensland, BRISBANE, DNA regions, body scale Australia morphology, cell size and ploidy 3Griffith University, LOGAN CITY, Australia 4Entox, BRISBANE, Australia level were examined in 30 strains representing 16 Chrysochromulina Cylindrospermopsin and its deoxy species. All described species had analogue have been detected in a distinct SSU rDNA sequences, number of cyanobacteria throughout except strains of C. hirta and C. the world. Previously in Australia ericina, which were identical in this these toxins have been reported in region, suggesting that they have Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and diverged too recently to have Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. In evolved differences in this gene, or both these species the deoxy- alternatively are conspecific. Two cylindrospermopsin levels are less ploidy levels differing by a factor of than 10 % of the predominant toxin, two assumed to represent haploid cylindrospermopsin. Lyngbya wollei and diploid stages, each capable of specimens from several streams in vegetative cell divisions were found South East Queensland were found in five species: C. ericina, C. hirta, to contain deoxy- C. kappa, C. rotalis and C. cylindrospermopsin as the polylepis. Haploid and diploid cells predominant toxin with only low of C. kappa and C. ericina had levels of cylindrospermopsin. The similar scale morphology, but were level of toxin in the water was below heteromorphic in C. hirta, C. rotalis the detection level of 0.2 and C. polylepis. All strains within a micrograms per Litre in contrast to species had identical ITS1 rDNA the other two species mentioned sequences. These results suggest
166 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 that other Chrysochromulina Fibrous roots connecting the basal species in addition to C. polylepis bodies and microtubular roots, have a haplo-diploid life cycle with consisting of a few microtubules, an alternation between are present, but have not been heteromorphic or isomorphic motile studied in detail. Strain NIES 670 stages. has a morphology and ultrastructure similar to that of Chattonella aff. verruculosa from Norway, but they PO.12-14 differ genetically. Morphology and ultrastructure of Chattonella aff. verruculosa (Heterokontophyta) PO.01-15
Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and Molecular tools for the Phylogeny identification of Pseudo-nitzschia
1 2 3 in Catalan waters, Spain W Eikrem , B Edvardsen , L Naustvoll , J Throndsen2 Session: PO.01 - Genetics
1 Norwegian Institute for Water Resaerch, LM Elandaloussi1, R Venail1, M OSLO, Norway 1 1 2 Fernández-Tejedor , J Diogène , S University of Oslo, OSLO, Norway 2 2 2 3 Quijano , E Garcés , J Camp , KB Norwegian Marin Institute, BERGEN, Andree1 Norway 1 IRTA, SANT CARLES DE LA RÁPITA, Spain Since 1998 the flagellate 2 Chattonella aff. verruculosa CSIC-CMIMA, BARCELONA, Spain
(Dictyochophyceae), has formed A new project focusing on the recurrent blooms in the North Sea development of molecular tools for and Skagerrak causing fish the identification of toxic mortalities. Cells were isolated from phytoplankton in Catalan waters the 2001 bloom off the south coast has been initiated. This project of Norway and strains established arises from the need to characterise and compared with the Chattonella both in culture and in the field verruculosa Hara et Chihara type harmful microalgal species and to strain NIES 670 from Japan. The develop specific molecular tools for cells in the Norwegian isolates were their identification. For this purpose, very variable in size and form, being characterisation in terms of large oblong (= 40 µm long) to small morphology, growth and rRNA rounded (<10 µm in diameter) with sequences of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. two unequal heterokont flagella. cultures isolated from the NW The chloroplasts are numerous (up Mediterranean coast is currently to 30-35) and yellow brown. The underway. Here, we report the initial cells are covered in oval mucocyst- results obtained on eight clonal like bodies. The nucleus is located cultures of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. centrally in the anterior part of the isolated from Alfacs and Fangar cell close to the basal bodies, and Bay in the Ebro Delta during the the Golgi body is situated on the winter 2006. Based on scanning lateral side of the nucleus. The electron microscopy, these isolates flagellar transition region contains were identified as P. delicatissima two proximal rings (two gyre helix) and P. calliantha. Morphological and distal rings (helix), a description of P. delicatissima combination of features found only isolated from both Alfacs and within the Dictyochophyceae. Fangar bays and P. calliantha
167 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 isolated from Alfacs Bay are and chlorophyll a (3-14 µg/L). The presented in this study. The identity phytoplankton community was of the species was confirmed by variably dominated by the analysis of the ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 cyanobacterium Planktothrix of the nuclear-encoded rRNA (Oscillatoria) rubescens with a sequences. Intraspecific and distribution across a small depth interspecific variability of the range under thermal stratification. cultures was also assessed by With an increase in mixing depth in analysis of the nuclear-encoded May-05 down to 100m and Jan/Mar- rRNA in order to develop species- 06 full overturn, P. rubescens was specific oligonucleotide probes distributed throughout the epilimnion targeting the rRNA for the and caused surface blooms. identification of Pseudo-nitzschia Throughout the study period there spp. by fluorescent in situ were three variants of microcystin hybridisation (FISH) techniques. identified, the major variant, present in every sample, was [D-Asp]- MCYST-RR. The variants, (Asp)- PO.06-06 MCYST-LR and MCYST-YR where Seasonal dynamics of a absent in autumn. This is the first Planktothrix rubescens- study to show the diversity of dominated phytoplankton microcystins produced by P. community and toxic compounds rubescens in Lake Albano. in Lake Albano (Rome, Italy)
Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics
1 2 PO.13-18 NTW Ellwood , P Albertano , E Distribution of toxic Dinophysis Viaggiu2, R Mosello3, R Funiciello1
1 species and contamination of Università Roma Tre, ROME, Italy shellfish along the Doukkala 2Università di Tor Vergata, Roma, ROME, Italy coast (Moroccan Atlantic water) 3CNR-ISE, VERBANIA-PALLANZA, Italy Session: PO.13 - Regional events
Lake Albano is situated in the Colli Btissam Ennaffah1, Abdelghan Chafik2 Albani Volcano 25 km southeast of 1Institut National de Recherche Halieutiq, the city of Rome. Physico-chemical OUALIDIA-PAR EL JADIDA, Morocco measurements and analyses of 2Institut National de Rechrche Halieutiqu, water were made at discrete depth CASA, Morocco intervals across the full depth profile of the lake (0-160m). Analyses of The distribution of Dinophysis phytoplankton toxins were made on species and the contamination of net samples using MALDI-TOF shellfish in the Doukkala coast mass spectrometry and (Moroccan Atlantic water) were observations and counts made on studied. samples from discrete depths During the monitoring program, between 0-30m using a 1-L Niskin samples were taken bimonthly from bottle. Sampling was made on five 2004 to 2005 at about eleven occasions between 2005 and 2006 sampling stations, situated on 2 to incorporate complete seasonal lagoons and open sea sites along variation. The lake is classified the coast. meso-eutrophic; based on average The presence of toxic species of epilimnion total phosphorus (5-92 Dinophysis varied seasonally, with µg/L), total nitrogen (365-809 µg/L) maximum abundance registered in
168 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 summer. Among the Dinophysis autumn blooms was interpreted as cells, some individuals were a predominance of physical morphologically similar to D. advection of cells and/or conditions acuminata, D. sacculus, D. acuta favouring dinoflagellates growth and D. caudata. At the beginning of during the transition from upwelling August 2004, Dinophysis spp. were to winter conditions. Record found at Sidi Moussa Lagoon concentrations of D. acuta (140,103 (Atlantic water) with a high density cells/L) were observed off Aveiro (1.3 103 between August and November cells/l), but DSP was not detected 2005. In Galicia, September-mid on the analysed clams. However, in October estimates indicated good open sea areas (Jemaa ouled in situ growth (µmin = 0.22 d-1), low Ghanem and Cap Beddouza) high cell densities (<102 cells/L), and levels of DSP were found in Mytilus even negative net growth galloprovincialis during the summer (estimated from weekly monitoring of 2005, although Dinophysis spp. of 18 stations in Vigo and was present at lower density. Pontevedra) of D. acuta. In contrast, During the monitoring program, the record autumn concentrations of D. spatial distribution of Dinophysis acuta (> 17 · 103 cells/L in spp. was not homogeneous, and integrated hose-samples) were contamination by DSP can occur observed in early November with very low density of Dinophysis, together with negligible division causing the closing of production rates (< 0.1 d-1) and high (up to 0.60 zones. d-1) net growth. Analyses of spatio- temporal variability in cell numbers, in situ division rates, SST images, PO.06-09 current-velocity measurements and Follow up of an autumn bloom of physical-model simulations support Dinophysis acuta in NW Iberia: the view that in early November along-shore transport versus in 2005, the shift of Dinophysis situ growth. maxima from Portugal to Galicia Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics was the result of a northwards
L Escalera Moura1, B Reguera physical transport.
Ramirez1, T Moita2, Y Pazos3, A 3 2 4 Moroño , M Cerejo , M Ruiz-Villareal , PO.07-13 JM Cabanas1 A fuzzy logic model for 1 Instuto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO, Alexandrium minutum Spain 2INIAP, LISBON, Portugal proliferations in harbours of the 3INTECMAR, VILAGARCÍA DE AROUSA, Catalan coast (NW Spain Mediterranean) 4C.O. de A Coruña (IEO), A CORUÑA, Session: PO.07 - Ecology and Spain oceanography
Previous observations on M Estrada1, L Arin2, D Blasco2, AN mesoscale dynamics of Dinophysis Blauw3, J Camp2, E Garcés4, N acuta in NW Iberian waters suggest Sampedro2, M Vila2 that Aveiro functions as the 1Institut de Ciències del Mar, CMIMA (CSI, BARCELONA, Spain 'epicentre' for initiation (May-June) 2 of D. acuta blooms. A northwards Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), BARCELONA, Spain shift of the cell maximum during 3Delft Hydraulics, DELFT, The Netherlands
169 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
4Centre d'Aqüicultura, IRTA, SANT 2005 New England paralytic CARLES DE LA RÀPITA, Spain shellfish poisoning (non)-event:
risk management success story The dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum, a PSP producer, forms Session: PO.03 - Public health recurrent blooms in many estuaries Stacey M. Etheridge1, J. Deeds1, S. and semi-enclosed marine areas. Conrad1, S. Hall1, P. DiStefano1, M. We explored the feasibility of Ellwanger1, K. Chu2, F. Pettengill3, M. designing a fuzzy logic model based Hickey4, D. Whittaker4, D. Couture5 on historical ecological information 1US Food and Drug Administration, and routinely monitored LAUREL, United States of America 2 meteorological variables, to predict NOAA Fisheries Service, GLOUCESTER, United States of America the occurrence and intensity of A. 3Division of Marine Fisheries, minutum proliferations in two GLOUCESTER, United States of America selected harbours ('Olímpic' 4Massachusetts Marine Fisheries, Harbour of Barcelona and Arenys POCASSET, United States of America 5 Harbour) of the Catalan coast (NW Maine Department of Marine Resources, WEST BOOTHBAY HARBOR, United Mediterranean). Fuzzy logic models States of America represent the knowledge in terms of IF-THEN rules and allow the The largest recorded Alexandrium combination of partial truth values fundyense bloom since 1972 with a certain uncertainty within the occurred off the New England coast available data set. The model was from May to July 2005. This developed for the Olímpic Harbour resulted in paralytic shellfish and assumed that bloom timing and poisoning (PSP) toxins greatly intensity depended on the exceeding the action level of 80 coincidence of more or less micrograms saxitoxin equivalents favourable seasonal windows with a per 100 grams tissue. At the two to four-week spell of favourable request of the US Food and Drug weather conditions including lack of Administration (FDA), the US heavy precipitation and of strong National Marine Fisheries Service winds. The model tended to (NMFS) closed approximately exaggerate the foreseen bloom 15,000 square miles of federal intensity, but successfully predicted waters in the northwestern Atlantic the 6 high biomass blooms (1 in the Ocean on 14 June. Since the Olímpic and 5 in Arenys) recorded closure shellfish toxicities have in the studied harbours between been monitored using the receptor 2000 and 2002. This result binding and/or mouse bioassays. suggests that, although based on Toxicities varied with species, with limited understanding of the maximum levels of 2045, 4378, and processes affecting bloom 4200 micrograms per 100 grams dynamics, the developed fuzzy reported in whole scallops from model could be helpful in providing federal waters and in blue mussels insight for management measures. from waters off Massachusetts and Maine, respectively. Toxicity decreased over time with depuration rates differing between species. Analytical data supported reopening part of the closure on 9 September (except for whole and PO.03-01 roe-on scallops); the northern area
170 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 has remained closed due to G. polygramma may reach cell insufficient sampling. Due to timely densities of 1-3 x 106 l-1. Dissolved and effective state responses and ammonium is the naturally the assistance given by FDA and produced nutrient at 0.1-6.0 µmol L- NMFS, there were no human PSP 1 maintains the blooms of illnesses despite remarkably high dinoflagellates. The above toxicity in the unmarketed product. conditions influence the ability of cells to concentrate and proliferate into species-specific blooms that PO.06-02 favor dominance toward Dinoflagellate diversity and dinoflagellate species. Margalef abundance in seven Belizean Mandela predicted that marine coral reef-mangrove lagoons: a environments with low turbulence test of Margalef's Mandala and high nutrient inputs would favor
Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics dinoflagellates. As a consequence
1 2 2 this species shift may cause altered MA Faust , SR Kibler , RW Litaker , food web dynamics and the MW Vandersea2, PA Tester3 prevalence of toxins in the microbial 1 Smithsonian Institution, WASHINGTON food chain. DC, United States of America 2NOS/National Oceanic Atmospheric Adminis, BEAUFORT NC, United States of America PO.07-17 3National Oceanic Service, BEAUFORT Advection, stratification and NC, United States of America harmful algal bloom development
Toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellates in the southern Benguela upwelling system are abundant in the waters of the Belizean Central Lagoon, Atlantic Session: PO.07 - Ecology and oceanography Barrier Coral Reef Mangrove Ecosystem. Dinoflagellates are AL Fawcett1, G.C. Pitcher2, S. costal and off shore planktonic, and Bernard1, A. du Randt2, T.A. Probyn2 benthic species. Most often bloom 1University of Cape Town, CAPE TOWN, forming dinoflagellate observed are: South Africa 2 Bysmatrum caponii, Dinophysis Marine and Coastal Management, CAPE TOWN, South Africa caudata, Gonyaulax grindleyi, Peridinium quinquecorne, The west coast of South Africa Gonyaulax polygramma, Gonyaulax experiences problems associated spinifera, Lingulodinium polyedrum with harmful algal blooms (HABs), and Pyrodinium bahamense var. which are typically attributed to bahamense. Nineteen bloom- dinoflagellate species. Wind-driven forming species, and half of those upwelling, which is a feature of the identified are known toxins southern Benguela, plays a critical producing species. Network of coral role in the algal dynamics of the ridges of semi-enclosed ponds of region. Physical processes typological diversity and complex important to bloom situations are ecology limit water exchange from mixing and stratification, which the lagoon. The unusual affect species selection; and hydrography of the mangrove advection, which affects bloom embayments, and nutrient input transport, retention and shoreline from natural sources enhance impact. Data from a multi-sensor development of blooms. Bloom of
171 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 mooring, providing HAB focussed predictive models for bloom real-time and time series data, has occurrence and duration. This study enabled the detection of high focused on four potentially harmful biomass blooms and allows further algae (dinoflagellates Gyrodinium insight into the roles of stratification instriatum, Karlodinium micrum, and and advection in the development of Prorocentrum minimum, and such events. Dominant periods in cyanobacteria Cylindrospermopsis wind, current and temperature data raciborskii) that occur in the are found at inertial/ diurnal estuaries of North Carolina, USA. frequencies and around 3 and 9 Multivariate analyses were days, demonstrating the link conducted on data collected between wind and current reversals, between 2000 and 2005 in three and changes in temperature tributaries (Neuse, New, and structure. Currents lag wind Pamlico Rivers) of the Albemarle- reversals by around 12 hours, with Pamlico estuarine system. In relaxation of upwelling winds general, G. instriatum, K. micrum, leading to poleward advection of and C. raciborskii were intolerant to warm water creating stratification high flow conditions, as abundances and conditions conducive to bloom greater than 1,000 units/ml only formation. On a short time scale occurred at flows less than 50 m3 s- inertial oscillations create semi- 1. Whereas, P. minimum abundance retentive circulation patterns, and was as high as 21,000 units/mL at enhance mixing through the flows greater than 230 m3 s-1. introduction of vertical shear into the Prorocentrum minimum populations water column. Mooring data will be were also more pronounced during used to illustrate these processes. cooler temperatures, higher NOx- levels, and lower salinities. Both C. raciborskii and G. instriatum were PO.07-18 more prevalent during periods of Going beyond nutrients: role of lower salinities, and K. micrum was environmental factors in shaping most abundant during warmer harmful algal blooms in estuarine temperatures, higher salinities, and waters higher total phytoplankton Session: PO.07 - Ecology and abundances. oceanography
EE Fensin1, BW Touchette2 PO.07-16 1NC Division of Water Quality, RALEIGH, NC, United States of America The Ebro Delta coastal 2Elon University, ELON, NC, United States embayments, a GEOHAB pilot of America site for the study of HAB population dynamics Nutrient availability is often Session: PO.07 - Ecology and considered a major contributory oceanography factor in algal productivity. However, M Fernández-Tejedor1, LM other environmental components 1 1 1 can selectively displace individual Elandaloussi , E Mallat , E Cañete , A Caillaud1, P Riobo2, B Paz2, J Franco2, species even under eutrophic 3 4 5 D Ibarra , A Cembella , D Blasco , J conditions. Therefore, it is Diogène1 necessary to identify other 1IRTA, SANT CARLES DE LA RÀPITA, contributory factors that promote Spain HABs if we are to develop better 2IEO, VIGO, Spain
172 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
3Dalhousie University, HALIFAX, Canada First study of Gymnodinium 4 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and M, catenatum sexuality in natural BREMERHAVEN, Germany 5CSIC, BARCELONA, Spain samples from Galicia´s coasts (NW Spain)
Coastal embayments of the Ebro Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Delta in the NW Mediterranean autecology include Fangar and Alfacs Bays. RI Figueroa1, I Bravo1, I Ramilo1, E Both bays are active sites for Garcés2, A Morono3, Y Pazos3 shellfish production of mussels 1Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO, (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Spain oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and 2Institut de Recercca i Tecnologia, SANT have been subject over the years to CARLES DE LA RÁPITA, Spain 3 extensive studies in relation to Instituto Tecnoloxico, Spain
HABs. We present herein the first Gymnodinium catenatum Graham is year results of a collaborative an unarmoured, cyst-forming research project between NRC dinoflagellate species responsible (Canada), CSIC and IRTA (Spain) for outbreaks of paralytic shellfish concerning HAB population poisoning (PSP). During November dynamics in Alfacs Bay. This project and December of 2005, G. has recently started (2005) and in catenatum bloomed in the Galician conjunction with the local monitoring coasts (NW coast of Spain). program, aims to give knowledge on Vegetative cells, fusing gametes, the occurrence of HAB events using planozygotes and resting cysts Alfacs Bay as a pilot site for coastal were counted in fixed samples embayments. For this purpose which morphologies and sizes were marine toxins in bivalves and previously compared for calibration phytoplankton were recorded to the observed in living ones. The together with environmental and maximum values recorded were of physical parameters that could be 86.000 vegetative cells/L, 1000 crucial for the understanding of fusing gamete pairs/L, 18,000 HABs dynamics. Evaluation of planozygotes/L and 480 cysts/L. toxicity over a 52-week period Living sexual stages were isolated shows DSP episodes with co- to check behaviour and viability. occurrence of YTX in shellfish in Apart from the previously cited Alfacs Bay. Complementary results sexual stages, other unreported include the distribution of harmful behaviours of G. catenatum species, the description of toxins in sexuality in natural samples, such shellfish and phytoplankton through us planozygote division, bilobulated analytical chromatography, the cysts and chains of resting cysts cytotoxicity of phytoplankton were documented, photographed recovered from net hawls, and compared to laboratory studies. chlorophyll-a quantification, seston Sediment samples were taken 3 estimation through light absorbance months after the bloom. Up to evaluation and description of 671cysts/cc were counted, and after environmental and physical isolation, high values of parameters. germinability and viability were
obtained.
PO.10-33 PO.13-80
173 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Fish and wildlife mortalities routes of toxin exposure. Analyses associated with the 2005 Florida demonstrated the accumulation of red tide brevetoxins in the food web, with
Session: PO.13 - Regional events exposure confirmed in multiple
1 1 animal species. With the exception LJ Flewelling , Cindy Heil , Jay of the fish kills and benthic Abbott1, Karen Atwood1, April 1 1 mortalities associated with the Granholm , Sheila O Dea , Allen Foley1, Deborah Fauquier2, Howard hypoxic zone, ingestion is believed Brown1, Sentiel Rommel1, Alex to be the primary lethal route of Costidis1, Danielle Stanek1, Michelle exposure in these events. van Deventer3, Gabriel Vargo3, Jan
Landsberg1 PO.05-15
1FL Fish & Wildlife Conservation Comm., First report of the production of ST. PETERSBURG, FL, United States of spirolides by Alexandrium America peruvianum (Dinophyceae) from 2Mote Marine Laboratory, SARASOTA, the Mediterranean Sea FL, USA 3University of South Florida, College of Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis Marine Science, ST. PETERSBURG, FL, JM Franco1, B Paz1, P Riobo1, G USA 2 2 2 Pizarro , R Figueroa , S Fraga , I 2 Throughout 2005, the Florida Gulf Bravo coast experienced one of the most 1Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, severe Karenia brevis red tide VIGO, Spain 2Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO, events in recent decades with Spain significant impacts on aquatic animals and benthic systems. The Four strains of Alexandrium earliest mortalities began with peruvianum obtained from resting offshore fish kills in January. In early cysts in the western Mediterranean March, mortalities of the Florida in 2002 and 2004 were analyzed for manatee increased, followed in the the presence of toxins. No PSP summer by wide-scale strandings of toxins were detected by LC-FD after bottlenose dolphin and multiple postcolumn derivatization. species of sea turtles. By August, a Nevertheless, spirolides were large-scale bloom-related detected by LC-MS in the four hypoxic/anoxic zone developed strains. The major components offshore of southwest Florida, were 13-desmethyl spirolide C (m/z affecting hundreds of square miles 692,5) with 90% of the total toxin of patch reefs and other benthic content, followed by spirolide B communities. Divers reported (m/z 694,5) (6%) and small widespread benthic mortalities, quantities of spirolide D (m/z 708,5) including corals, multiple (2,7%) and 13-desmethyl spirolide invertebrate and vertebrate taxa D (m/z 694,5) (2%). Also traces of and multiple reef fish species. spirolide C (m/z 706,5) were found. Large numbers of aquatic birds This is the first report of the were affected throughout the bloom production of spirolides by this period. species. Given the great The temporal sequence of the morphological similarity between A. mortalities reflects movement of the peruvianum and A. ostenfeldii, in bloom over time as well as the which the main difference is the ecology of the affected animals and shape of the sulcal anterior plate,
174 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 triangular in A. peruvianum and sensitive technique detects even rectangular with a left extension in low densities of this species A. ostenfeldii, the presence of these instantly, allowing the creation of peculiar toxins in both species could real-time species abundance be an indication of a possible distribution maps, enabling synonymy. managers to respond immediately to increases in biomass of this harmful species and for timely PO.15-29 notification of possible health risks Development of real-time PCR to the public assays for the detection of
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
Session: PO.15 - Monitoring PO.13-57
M S Fuentes, J J Rick, J L Noel, J A Summer Alexandrium catenella Baeza bloom and the impact on fish farming, in the XI region, Chile University of Louisiana at Lafayette, LAFAYETTE, United States of America Session: PO.13 - Regional events
Blooms caused by toxic blue-green Claudio G Fuentes Grünewald, AA algae have repeatedly produced Aguilera Belmonte, A Clément Díaz episodes of wild and domestic Plancton Andino LTDA., CASTRO, Chile animal illness and death. Since 2002 the toxin producing During the summer of 2005 and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is 2006 a bloom of Alexandrium frequently abundant from summer catenella was observed in the to fall in the Caernarvon/Breton northern inland sea of the XI region. Sound Estuary in Louisiana, posing This species is well known as a a potential risk of a bloom of this PSP producer. Unusual behaviour species in that area. Recently of caged salmon and high A. (10/04) the species was detected in catenella abundance, more than abundant biomasses in the whole 356 cells/mL in surface waters at Atchafalaya Basin. Monitoring these the fish farm, indicated damage to areas for the presence of the fish gill and caused a serious Cylindrospermopsis is essential in salmon kill at the site. assessing the potential for bloom The cells were distributed mainly in formation. However, detection and the upper surface layer, numbers quantification of Cylindrospermopsis diminishing with depth. At one site is sometimes problematic, located in the Guaitecas especially if individual chains lack Archipelago (ca. 44º lat. South) the the characteristic terminal maximum concentration was 961 heterocyst. cells/mL, representing 86 % of the To circumvent this problem we total phytoplankton community. The developed a real-time PCR assay bloom began in December 2005, for rapid detection of the species. In and the maximum abundance of A. this assay, detection of amplified catenella was observed during the target DNA requires annealing of 2nd and 3rd week of January. At all fluorescent-labelled probes, sites with positive presence of the resulting in added level of specificity dinoflagellate the sea temperature compared with assays based on was higher than 12.0 ºC. traditional PCR methodology. This
175 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
species characterization, and the PO.13-55 third RG on use of ELISA kit for TTR, a new project of the PSP toxin detection. WESTPAC-HAB programme
Session: PO.13 - Regional events PO.03-07 Y. Fukuyo1, R Azanza2 Italian observatory on water and
1University of Tokyo, TOKYO, Japan health 2 University of the Philippines, MANILA, Session: PO.03 - Public health Philippines 1 1 1 E Funari , D Mattei , S Scardala , L IOC/WESTPAC, IOC Sub- Gramaccioni2
Commission for the Western 1National Institute of Health, ROME, Italy Pacific, has implemented its HAB 2Ministry of Health, ROME, Italy Programme since 1989, to study biological, ecological and Italy has enforced the European biochemical characters of harmful directives on bathing and drinking microalgae and the effects caused waters, and the quality is generally by the algae. The programme has good. Yet, the national organisation recognized the importance of in this area suffers from training activities and the shortcomings in: adequate IOC/WESTPAC has conducted monitoring programs; lack of relevant training courses seven integration of institutional actors (at times during 1995-2003, focusing national and local levels); analytical on the development of skills to data not always being produced in a detect toxic dinoflagellates and quality system; no integrated toxins in contaminated shellfish. The approach for the surveillance of courses have been funded by the waterborne diseases; problems of Japanese Government. Significant management of data at the national achievements have ben obtained level (informative system). during these courses. However the To face some of these problems, a obtained skills were sometimes national Observatory on water and abandoned because the trainees health has been created. did not have the possibility to apply Several Italian surface waters used them in their positions at their home for drinking and bathing activities countries. We resolved that the are infected by toxic cyanobacteria training courses should be belonging to the genera upgraded to the 'Training through Cylindrospermopsis, Plankthotrix Research (TTR)' project. This and Microcystis. Most recently, in reformation was supported at the the marine waters blooms of toxic Fifth WESTPAC Session held in algae such as Ostreopsis ovata Nha Trang, Vietnam, in May 2005. have occurred. Such blooms have Whereas the previous training been associated with minor human courses did not include research health effects following exposure to activities, the TTR programme can the toxic aerosols from the algae. be regarded as an international The Observatory activities will cooperative research programme. include both issues of freshwater Several research groups (RGs) on cyanobacteria and toxic marine different scientific subjects were algae. The informative system will established; the first RG on Cyst collect and elaborate data on the mapping, the second RG on HAB aspects related to human health,
176 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 will provide guidelines for monitoring sediments. The consistent activities and will propose training appearance in time and space of courses. very abundant P. zoharyii cysts in the surface sediments of the Outer Sound indicates potential 'seed PO.16-16 beds' for blooms of motile cells of P. Spatial and temporal distribution bahamense. of dinoflagellate cysts in Malampaya Sound, Palawan, Philippines PO.06-05 First record of a large-scale Session: PO.16 – Life cycles bloom of Thalassiosira F Furio1, V. Borja1, A. Rodriguez2, Y. curviseriata Takano in the East 3 4 Fukuyo , K. Matsuoka China Sea
1NFRDI, QUEZON CITY, Philippines 2 Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics OPA, Local Government of Palawan, PUERTO PRINCESA, Philippines Yahui Gao1, Douding Lu2, Yuzao Qi3, 3 University of Tokyo, TOKYO, Japan Jingzhong Zou4, Yang Li1, Wengling 4 Nagasaki University, NAGASAKI, Japan Xie1, Junrong Liang1
1 Dinoflagellate cyst mapping from Xiamen University, XIAMEN, China 2Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, the sediment surface were HANGZHOU, China conducted at 26 sampling stations 3Jinan University, GUANGZHOU, China in two basins of Malampaya 4Chinese Academy of Science, QINGDAO, Sounds, Palawan, from late 1998 to China mid-2002. The study focused on the In the East China Sea (ECS), a spatio-temporal distribution of cysts large- scale bloom of Prorocentrum of the PSP-producing species, donghaiense Lu from April to June Pyrodinium bahamense var. has been a recurrent phenomenon compressum (Polysphaeridium in recent years. However, the zoharyii in paleontological Prorocentrum bloom was rather nomenclature) in the sediments, to small during the spring of 2005. assess the existence of possible Instead, there was a large-scale 'seed beds', that may serve as bloom of diatoms from late March to source of motile cells. mid-April and from late May to Mid- Approximately 22-32 dinoflagellate June. The dominant species was cyst types were recorded, Thalassiosira curviseriata Takano, representing nine motile cell-defined together with Skeletonema genera and one cyst-defined genus. costatum (Greville) Cleve and The cyst assemblages found during Chaetoceros debilis Cleve. The cell all monsoonal seasons were concentration reached 106 cells/L characterized by higher proportions and the bloom area extended for of autotrophic species, which were several thousand km2. Thalassiosira widely distributed in the surface curviseriata is a newly recorded sediments. A higher density of diatom species from China and Polysphaeridium zoharyii cysts, blooms have never been reported which occurred at several stations before. It mainly occurred in the along the northwest side of the surface and subsurface waters and Outer Sound, were observed mostly the main distribution region in the in deep, small embayments with ECS was at 122°4'-122°13'E and restricted inlets and muddy 27°42'-28°59'N. The highest cell
177 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 concentration observed was blooms from the Gulf of California to 1.27×106 cells/L. Thalassiosira Oaxaca. The toxicity of G. curviseriata is a spiral chain-forming catenatum has been determined in diatom with a cell size of 8.3- strains from the Gulf of California. 12.6um. Its characteristics were Recently, Rhizosolenia debyana, studied by LM and EM and results Eucampia zodicacus, Chaetoceros are given in this paper. debilis, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, This work was supported by China Prorocentrum rathymum, P. 973 program (2001CB409701) and mexicanum, Gyrodinium instriatum NSFC (40476055). and Chattonella marina have been reported to form blooms along the coasts. This review highlights the PO.13-75 importance of monitoring programs A review of harmful algal blooms to understand causes, incidences, along the Mexican Pacific coast toxicity, and effects on ecosystems (1878-2006) and human health. Session: PO.13 - Regional events
1 Ismael Gárate-Lizárraga , CJ Band- PO.16-12 Schmidt1, DJ López-Cortés2, JJ 2 The bottom cell clusters: a new Bustillos-Guzmán , MS Muñetón- Gómez1 hypothesis for bloom initiation of
1 cyst-forming dinoflagellates Instituto Politecnico Nacional, LA PAZ, Baja California Sur, Mexico Session: PO.16 – Life cycles 2 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, LA 1 1 PAZ, Baja California Sur, Mexico B Genovesi-Giunti , A Vaquer , M Laabir1, A Fiandrino2, A Pastoureaud2
An increase of harmful algal blooms 1Ecosystèmes Lagunaires, MONTPELLIER, France has occurred worldwide over the 2 last few decades. This increase has Ifremer LER/LR, SETE, France also been observed in Mexico. The Alexandrium catenella causes present study aims at updating the recurrent toxic blooms (> 1 million information on HABs along the cells/l) in the Thau Lagoon (French Mexican Pacific. A bibliographical Mediterranean). The bloom review (60 references) and study of development occurs only in the unpublished data indicate 167 Angle Creek, which is a small, blooms, mainly dinoflagellates and shallow and semi-enclosed diatoms. Of these blooms, 33 took embayment. We mapped the place on the west coast of the Baja resting cyst distribution, which California Peninsula; 108 in the Gulf revealed a low average abundance of California; 21 in the tropical of cysts in the sediments (40 Pacific, and 5 in the Gulf of cysts/ml) and a few accumulation Tehuantepec. The highest number patches (up to 200 cysts/ml). Our of blooms occurred in Bahía de experimental investigation of cyst Mazatlán and Bahía de La Paz. The biology revealed synchronous most commonly reported species germinations involvong up to 90 % (> 30) was the ciliate Myrionecta in 4 days. However, the capacity of rubra, which is distributed from germling cells to divide and form a Punta San Hipólito (27°N, 114°W) new population was very low. These to Oaxaca (15°40'N, 96°30'W), results suggest a very low seeding followed by Gymnodinium potential in the creek. In parallel, catenatum, with more than 25
178 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 biological and hydrodynamical Allellic diversity within the numerical models are being population was confirmed by developed for A. catenella bloom analyzing several microsatellite loci. simulation in the area. In order to Great genetic variation indicates reconcile our observations with that sexual reproduction is important numerical simulations, it appears in the population. The high genetic that the low inoculum resulting from diversity of the population may be a cyst bank germination must remain prerequisite for its extensive concentrated close to the bottom as occurrence during variable seasonal a condition for successful bloom conditions. Sequencing of initiation. Less than 4 days of water conserved parts of the genome column stability associated with a (LSU rDNA) also displayed a range frontal structure reduced the of genetic variation, whereas dispersion and supported the morphological features examined in cohesion of the bottom cell clusters, the electron microscope did not allowing the seeding population to vary. reach a critical density for blooming.
PO.08-05 PO.01-27 Gyrodinium fissum: harmful Population genetic structure of species or new biotechnological object? Skeletonema marinoi - a model species for phytoplankton bloom Session: PO.08 - Toxicology dynamics Evgeny B. Gol'din
Session: PO.01 - Genetics Southern Branch of the National Agrarian,
A Godhe SIMFEROPOL, Ukraine
Göteborg University, GÖTEBORG, Sweden The dinoflagellate Gyrodinium
Phytoplankton blooms fuel coastal fissum (Gf) is poorly studied alga. food webs but can sometimes be Some authors regard it as red tide harmful due to overwhelming organism; others as non-toxic object concentrations, production of toxins, of crustacean feeding; Gf biocidal or mechanical injury. The genetic activity has not been properly diversity of a population is important studied. We exposed lackey and in determining the response to brown-tale moths, fall webworm and changing environmental conditions. Colorado potato beetle (Cpb) to the This diversity may also be important effects of Gf. The leaves were for bloom formation. We have treated with a Gf culture and fed to examined the genetic diversity of the insects. Gf demonstrated Skeletonema marinoi clones various inhibitory effects. (1) isolated from Gullmar Fjord on the Repellent action: lackey moth larvae Swedish West Coast. This is a very did not feed and gathered in the common species in the area. It substrate and jar walls. (2) Long- occurs from February to November, term deterrent action with residual and reaches its highest density consequences: the larval nutrition during the spring bloom in February fell considerably (3.0-5.0% of or March. More than a hundred control). (3) A short-term deterrent different clones were individually action: brown-tale moth larvae. (4) isolated from plankton samples Inhibition of growth: developmental collected over more than one year. lag of larvae of lackey moth
179 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
(50.0%), fall webworm (29.2-68.0); acuminata were detected by both in the larvae and imago in Cpb (48.5- situ autofluorescence and by using 63.5% and 15.4-16.1%). (5) the fluorochrome Sybr-Green. Dysfunction of metamorphosis: Further experiments are in progress defects of pupation and imago involvog laboratory incubations of forming; treatment of Cpb eggs isolated single cells of D. rotundata caused elimination of eggs (56.3%) and D. acuminata in multiwell and hatching larvae (32.6%). (6) plates, using a cryptophyte as food, Mortality during 10-20 days: in and with a new class of model lackey moth (95.0%), fall webworm protein particles labelled covalently (100.0%) and Cpb (84.4-100.0%). with fluorochromes as model Histological examination particles for the determination of demonstrated the degradation of grazing rates. organs and tissues. Gf can be propagated in controlled cultivation; PO.05-30 its toxicity is selective: it is not toxic Yessotoxin contamination: the to non-target objects: Gf can be first report from Portuguese used in biological pest control. shellfish
Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis PO.10-37 Ecological and physiological SS Gomes, P Vale, MJ Botelho, SM Rodroguez, M Cerejo, MG Vilarinho studies of Dinophysis spp. during an upwelling-downwelling INIAP/IPIMAR, LISBOA, Portugal cycle in Ría de Pontevedra (NW Several Portuguese shellfish Spain) species were screened for the Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & presence of yessotoxin (YTX) using autecology a newly developed immunoassay S Gonzalez-Gil, L Velo, B Reguera kit, sensitive to a wide variety of
Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO, YTX analogues (YTXs). Shellfish Spain samples were collected at Aveiro and Formosa Lagoon, and at the During a two-week multidisciplinary Algarve offshore during the cruise in the Ría de Pontevedra in summer/autumn 2005. In lagunar June 2005 (HABIT 2005) aimed at species, YTXs were detected in the identifying and characterizing thin following at decreasing layers under stratified conditions, concentrations: Mytilus and to study the population galloprovincialis >> Cerastoderma dynamics of Dinophysis species, edule > Ruditapes decussatus = biological observations were made Venerupis pullastra = Solen in an effort to define the marginatus, but not in Crassostrea physiological status of each spp. In offshore species, YTXs were species. Viability assays, detected in the following at percentages of vacuolated decreasing concentrations: Spisula specimens, positions of the nuclei, solida > Donax spp = Chamelea as well as polysaccharide deposits gallina. Some of the mussels and morphometric measurements samples collected in the north of were made on live samples. Portugal (Aveiro), as well as the Indications of apparent mixotrophy south (Formosa), showed levels in Dinophysis rotundata and D. around the current EU regulatory
180 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 limit of 1 mg/kg shellfish meat, not and quantification, analyses of exceeding 1.2 mg/kg. A prolonged cyanobacterial pigments, persistence of YTXs was observed temperature, salinity, etc. The in all three areas studied. At Aveiro results for the pilot study (July- Lagoon it was possible to associate August) will be presented. temporary increases in YTX’s contamination with the presence in PO.10-31 the plankton of Protoceratium spp. Using quantification of gene and Gonyaulax spinifera, but not expression to investigate the with Lingulodinium polyedrum. This initiation phase and dynamics of is the first report of contamination of Alexandrium catenella blooms bivalve molluscs from Portugal with (Dinophyceae) YTXs.
PO.15-33 Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Minimizing economical losses autecology with 'real-time' HAB surveillance 1 1 1 D Grzebyk , MS Shin , E Masseret , M Session: PO.15 - Monitoring Laabir1, A Pastoureaud2, Y Collos1, A Vaquer1 E Granéli, C Esplund 1 University Montpellier 2, MONTPELLIER, Kalmar University, KALMAR, Sweden France
2IFREMER, LER/LR, SÈTE, France Cyanobacterial blooms covering almost the entire Baltic Sea is a Initiation is a critical phase of normal feature in July-August. For harmful algal blooms that has been the tourism industry at the island of overlooked in field investigations Öland, SE Sweden, the economical carried out for understanding and losses during the summer of 2005 predicting their occurrence, for two amounted to16-21 million euros. As reasons. First, when toxic cells are remote sense satellite images have detected in phytoplankton by a low resolution, from the pictures of conventional monitoring methods, the blooms it looks like that all their concentration is already Öland beaches are covered with relatively high (ca 100 cells/L) and decomposing algae. In reality, these environmental conditions are likely blooms rarely affect the western changing with respect to the side of the island. By having an initiation conditions that triggered intensive daily real-time surveillance the cell proliferation. Second, when of the algal accumulation on the a cell is observed, its physiological beaches, with quick transfer (within status remains unknown: is this cell hours) of this information to the actually in growth phase? To get public, it is possible to get the closer to the initiation period of tourists back, showing that on HAB, new tools are required which almost all days of the two months of are more sensitive, specific, and blooms, most beaches are fit for able to give information on cell bathing. The 'real-time' monitoring activity and proliferation dynamics. is be done by volunteers In the framework of our program (pensioners, youth, camp-site investigating Alexandrium catenella workers, etc.) who get the blooms in the Thau Lagoon (French necessary training at the University Mediterranean), we are developing of Kalmar. Among the skills to be molecular assays to analyze gene learned by the volunteers are expression (mRNA quantity per cell) harmful algal species identification
181 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 using reverse transcription and quantitative PCR. We have selected PO.14-05 two target genes coding for the Flow cytometry in conjunction RubisCO enzyme (performing with dual staining assesses carbon fixation and reflecting cell viability of Microcystis cells after metabolic activity) and the PCNA exposure to bacteria (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) Session: PO.14 - Mitigation protein involved in cell division. To test these assays, we will present JR Gumbo, TE Cloete variations of gene expression University of Pretoria, PRETORIA, South analyzed in various experimental Africa conditions. Flow cytometric (FCM) technique was used to assess viability of PO.06-22 Microcystis cells after exposure to Effect of selenium on Pseudo- Bacillus mycoides B16. The FCM nitzschia seriata analysis involved assessment of Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics two cellular functions, esterase
IC Guimarães Nogueira1, VM activity and membrane integrity, Vasconcelos1, P Vale2 after dual staining with Fluorescein
1Ciimar, PORTO, Portugal diacetate (FDA) and Propidium 2IPIMAR-Instituto de Investigação das Pes, iodide (PI). The dual staining of LISBOA, Portugal Microcystis cells revealed different cell populations: living, membrane The laboratory culture of toxigenic compromised and dead cells. The pennate diatoms of the genus results show that after 2 h of Pseudo-nitzschia often gives lower incubation with B. mycoides B16 the growth rates. This is inadequate for population of dead Microcystis cells ecophysiological studies and for was 12%, membrane-compromised studies involving acid domoic cells was 80% and live cells was quantification or web-transfer. It is 8%. The demography of Microcystis suggested in the literature that cells changed after 6 d of addition of extra silicon and incubation, with population of dead selenium is beneficial for growth of Microcystis cells was 51%, those diatom cultures, such as Pseudo- with membrane- compromised cells nitzschia sp. In this work we was 34% and live cells was 15%. In evaluated the effect of selenium on bacteria treated samples the Pseudo-nitzschia seriata growth Microcystis biomass was reduced rates and also on f/2 medium by over 95% whereas with the features such as pH, salinity and control samples the biomass conductivity, over 15 days at 10 ºC. increased by over 1000%. The Addition of selenium, at biocontrol agent B mycoides B16 concentration of 1.29 mg Na2SeO3 appeared to cause Microcystis cell /L, caused a slight increase of the lysis resulting in cells with growth rate and pH. In contrast, compromised membranes with a significant differences were found in SEM micrographs signature conductivity and salinity between equivalent to samples that have culture mediums with and without been lysed with copper sulphate, a selenium. No domoic acid known algicide. B. mycoides B16 production was detected by HPLC. could therefore be considered as a
182 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 potential biocontrol agent for the Occurrence of motile cells of a control of harmful algal blooms Gymnodinium species, belonging to the Gymnodinium catenatum group, in the western Baltic Sea PO.13-43 Session: PO.01 - Genetics National report of red tides (HABs) in China 2001- 2005 J Göbel1, D Lu2
1 Session: PO.13 - Regional events Landesamt für Natur und Umwelt,
1 2 FLINTBEK, Germany Hao Guo , Xiao Lei Yi 2 Second Institute of Oceanography, 1National Marine Environmental Monitoring, HANGZHOU, China DALIAN, Liaoning Province, China 2State Oceanic Administration (SOA), Since 2003 motile cells of the BEIJING, China Gymnodinium have been detected in the coastal waters of Schleswig- Red tides (HABs) is an important Holstein within the context of the environmental issue in Chinese intensive phytoplankton monitoring coastal areas. From the first record (Early Algae Detection System) of a red tide in 1933, more than 800 during the summer months. The red tide events have been recorded species usually appears as in China. In 2001-2005, China vegetative single cells but also 2- witnessed 453 cases of red tides, cell-chains were observed in the which covered an area of 93.26 samples. Data show that this thousand square kilometres totally. Gymnodinium did not appear before Most red tides are located in the 2003 and until now there has been East China Sea. Results of no records of motile vegetative cells monitoring indicate that red tides from the water column of other frequently occur in May/June. 62% areas in the Baltic Sea. of the red tides occurred during this The reason may be its low cell period, representing 83% of the numbers but it may also indicate area. Dominant red tide organisms recent changes of environmental were Prorocentrum dentatum, conditions, which probably promote Skeletonema costatum, Noctiluca the germination of cysts from scintillans, Mesodinium rubrum etc. sediments. Poisonous and harmful species like
Karenia mikimotoi, Phaeocystis sp. etc. have increased in recent years. PO.15-31 Land-based pollution and Field plankton observation: eutrophication is suggested to be equipment and techniques the main reason causing red tides. Session: PO.15 - Monitoring Careful monitoring increases the discovery and control of red tides S Hall, SM Conrad, SM Etheridge, JR significantly, and emergency Deeds response systems play an important FDA, LAUREL, MD, United States of role for mitigating the impact of the America red tides. A small, hand-held field microscope
permits plankton observations in near real time- a few minutes from net tow to observation. This in turn
PO.01-21 permits sampling to be directed by what one sees, rather than having
183 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 to wait until samples are returned to vegetative microalgae). The the lab for examination before one chlorine dioxide biocide Vibrex® is knows what was present in the field. not a suitable ballast water Any of several readily available treatment due to the need for digital still or video cameras can be hydrochloric acid as activator, coupled to the microscope, allowing however it was the most effective field observations to be against bacteria (complete inhibition documented. This equipment will at 15 ppm). The performance of be demonstrated during the biocides was adversely influenced conference. Please check the by low temperatures (6 vs 17 °C), bulletin board for announcements of light vs dark conditions, and times and locations. incidence of humus and sediments. Routine applicability of active PO.14-04 substances is limited by concerns Efficacy of three commercial as to cost, biological effectiveness, ballast water biocides against ship crew safety and residual vegetative microalgae, toxicity of discharged ballast water. dinoflagellate cysts and bacteria
Session: PO.14 - Mitigation PO.10-10 GM Hallegraeff, MD Gregg Vertical distribution of two University of Tasmania, HOBART, Australia potentially toxic Dinophysis
Inclusion within the IMO Ship species (Dinophyceae) in the northern Baltic Sea Ballast Water Convention of a microbial treatment standard has Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Autecology rekindled interest in chemical biocides to combat ballast water HA Hällfors1, S Hajdu2, H Kuosa3, U mediated aquatic invasions. We Larsson2 examined efficacy of three 1Finnish Institute of Marine Research, commercial ballast water biocides, HELSINKI, Finland 2 SeaKleen®, Peraclean® Ocean and Stockholm University, STOCKHOLM, Sweden Vibrex®, using vegetative 3University of Helsinki, HELSINKI, Finland microalgae, dinoflagellate cysts and bacteria as test organisms. The potentially toxic dinoflagellates Peraclean® Ocean could effectively Dinophysis acuminata and D. inactivate dinocysts of norvegica are dominant among Gymnodinium catenatum, Dinophysis species in the Baltic Alexandrium catenella and Sea. We investigated their vertical Protoceratium reticulatum at 400 distributions in the open northern ppm, control bacterial growth at Baltic proper and western Gulf of 125-250 ppm, and eliminate Finland. Dinohysis acuminata was vegetative dinoflagellate cells at considerably more abundant than 100ppm. It was biodegradable D. norvegica, especially in the Gulf within 2-6 weeks. SeaKleen® did of Finland. Dinophysis norvegica not inactivate cysts of A. catenella was more frequent and occurred in at 5 times recommended dose (10 higher abundances in the northern ppm), exhibited poor bactericidal Baltic proper. It occurred in a properties (100-200 ppm required), narrower temperature and salinity and poor biodegradability (assessed range and may need a more stable through impact on motility of water column to develop abundant
184 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 populations. Japan in 2002-2004 and were High abundances of D. acuminata measured by the ELISA. Good were usually observed in the correlation was observed between illuminated layer above the the ELISA values and those of thermocline or at the thermocline mouse bioassay (MB). In the when it was within the euphotic ELISA, because of the high zone and coincided with a nutricline. sensitivity, small amounts of PSP Dinophysis norvegica resided at the were detected from 461 of 611 thermocline even when it was below samples which gave negative the euphotic zone and even though results by MB. The ELISA is no apparent increase in nutrients considered to be a useful tool for was observed. Dinophysis PSP monitoring of shellfish. acuminata and D. norvegica appeared to be vertically separated when co-occurring; this was PO.13-29 observed even when both species About toxic cyanobacteria in Tunisia’s fresh water formed maxima in the top 10 m. Session: PO.13 - Regional events
PO.05-24 Asma Hamza1, I Zekrri2
Development of an enzyme- 1Institut National des Sciences et Techno, SFAX, Tunisia linked immunosorbent assay 2 (ELISA) for detection of paralytic INSTM, SFAX, Tunisia shellfish poisoning toxins (PSP) A survey on cyanobacteria has Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis been conducted in aquatic
Y Hamano, K Kawatsu environments in Tunisia (marine
Osaka Pref. Inst. of Public Health, OSAKA, water, dams, thermal waters, etc.). Japan Species were named and critical periods identified. Species A rapid and sensitive ELISA for composition, biomass and dynamics detection of PSP in shellfish was of the cyanobacteria depended on developed, using a monoclonal many factors. Besides the trophic antibody (GT-13A), which was status of a particular water mass, previously confirmed to react weather seasonality also plays an specifically to various kinds of important role. Excessive growth of standard PSP, and was evaluated cyanobacteria and strong for PSP monitoring. The ELISA kit, dominance of Microcystis consisting of the antibody (GT-13A) aeruginosa reflected an solution, anti-mouse IgG-antibody exceptionally long hot dry period. coated plate, decarbamoylsaxitoxin- peroxidase conjugate solution, washing solution and stopping PO.01-18 solution, was made for practical Phylogeny and biogeography of Prorocentrum donghaiense use. By the ELISA kit, at least 40 samples can be measured within 40 Session: PO.01 - Genetics min, and the detection limit of PSP Xiaotian Han1, YZ Qi2, JZ Zou1, ZM was 0.2 nmol of PSP (gonyautoxin Yu1, YH Gao3, DD Lu4
2/3) per g of shellfish. More than 1Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO, 1300 specimens of samples were China collected from various areas of 2Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, GUANGZHOU, China
185 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
3School of Life Sciences, Xiamen blooms have caused environmental University, Xiamen, China concern due to nuisance, toxicity 4Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, HANGZHOU, and the increased nitrogen input. China The most abundant toxic species, Nodularia spumigena, can pose a This research represents the first threat to small animals and children. comprehensive study of the Based on satellite sensor AVHRR phylogeny and biogeography of P. (Advanced Very High Resolution donghaiense from the East China Radiometer), SMHI has a compiled Sea, Korean coast and the East time series of surface Pacific (South America). accumulations of cyanobacterial The 18S ribosomal RNA gene was blooms during the period 1997- used as a phylogenetic and 2006. Results indicate large inter- biogeographic indicator. The four P. annual variations that could be donghaiense strains were connected to periods with oxygen positioned i the same clade on the free conditions in the bottom water phylogenetic tree. The bootstrap in the Baltic Sea and the resulting value of 93.2% between the West release of phosphorus from the Pacific and the East Pacific strains sediments to deep water. During indicate that the populations inflow of oxygen rich and saline originated from the same ancestor. water from the Kattegat, deep water Prorocentrum donghaiense strains can be moved closer to the surface from the East China Sea and and eventually the water with high Korean coast are closely related to concentrations of phosphorus is one another, which suggests that P. transported into the surface layer donghaiense from the East China due to wind mixing. Since most Sea may be native to the Korean cyanobacteria have the ability to fix coast. From the high degree of nitrogen, the main limiting factor is homogenity within the globally the amount of available distributed clade of P. donghaiense, phosphorus. Other factors that also we conclude that P. donghaiense influence the occurrence of strong from the East Pacific may be the blooms are the sea surface origin of these populations. The temperature, wind conditions and clade of P. donghaiense is closely stratification. related to the clade of P. minimum.
PO.05-37 PO.15-30 Analysis of phycotoxins in hand- Blooms of cyanobacteria in the picked plankton cells by micro- Baltic Sea 1997-2006 detected column liquid chromatography- using satellite – the phosphorus tandem mass spectrometry connection Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis
Session: PO.15 - Monitoring 1 1 2 WR Hardstaff , NI Lewis , J Aasen , 1 M Hansson, B Karlson MA Quilliam
SMHI, Oceanographic services, VÄSTRA 1National Research Council, HALIFAX NS, FRÖLUNDA, Sweden Canada 2School of Veterinary Science, OSLO, Summer blooms of nitrogen-fixing Norway cyanobacteria are regular phenomena in the Baltic Sea. In the The toxin concentration and profile past years strong and widespread present in plankton can vary
186 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 considerably between different importance of benthic resting stages geographical areas and even within in seeding planktonic blooms is still a region and between seasons due unclear. Using mesocosms, we to the presence of different species tested the influence of benthic vs. and strains. Traditional methods of planktonic inocula on the analysis require substantial sample development and taxonomic sizes (e.g. millions of cells) making composition of tropic phytoplankton it difficult to attribute the presence of communities. The experiment toxins or variations in toxin profiles revealed that the type of inoculum to individual species. This paper will influenced bloom development and present a new method based upon community structure. Taxa not a micro- sampling and extraction known to form resting stages, such procedure coupled with micro- as Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and column liquid chromatography- Skeletonema tropicum were very tandem mass spectrometry (LC- abundant in the plankton inoculated MS). This sensitive method makes mesocosms. Species composition analysis of toxin content within was different when seeded by cells single cells from both cultures and from the benthos. Resting-stage field samples, a possibility. LC-MS forming species, such as analyses of spirolides, representatives of the genus pectenotoxins and yessotoxins from Thalassiosira, thrived in the intact cells picked from field sediment inoculated mesocosms. samples are provided. Variations in These species displayed two toxin profiles were observed in temporally separated density peaks single cells of A. ostenfeldii from a in mesocosms inoculated with both sample collected at Ship Harbour, plankton and sediment. Most where we have observed probably the second peak was a considerable variability in toxin consequence of germinated resting profile in previous years. In clonal stages. Our results indicate that cultures of A. ostenfeldii (AOSH1) benthic resting stages provide an similar toxin profiles were observed, important source for some species. however there was a strong The introduction of benthic resting correlation between cell size and stages to surface waters can greatly toxin concentration. influence species composition of the plankton, and therefore it is important that studies of plankton PO.16-08 blooms include life history stages Significance of benthic from both the sediments and water recruitment on the dynamics of column. harmful phytoplankton blooms in the tropics
Session: PO.16 – Life cycles
K Härnström
Marine Ecology, GÖTEBORG, Sweden
Many harmful marine microalgae have a benthic resting-stage as part of their lifecycle. Although PO.14-11 phytoplankton blooms are major events in aquatic systems, the
187 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Growth control of toxic AG Haubois, M Bricelj, M Quilliam microalgae by weak voltage and National Research Council of Canada, weak current HALIFAX, Canada
Session: PO.14 - Mitigation Blooms of the brevetoxin-producing Karenia brevis in the Gulf of Mexico Yukie Hatta, Asami Touna, Hitoshi cause fish kills, food poisoning and Ogawa respiratory irritation in humans. Univ. Tamagawa, MACHIDA-SHI TOKYO, Sedimentation of toxic cells Japan following clay application could It is well known that the weak reduce toxin incorporation by voltage and current in the nervous commercially important suspension- system influence the physiology of feeding bivalves and direct public animals. On the other hand, little is health impacts, but may potentially known about the influences of lead to brevetoxin (PbTx) voltage and the current on the accumulation by benthic deposit- physiology of algae and plants. feeders. The goal of this study was The use of a slight voltage and to determine whether deposit- current was reported as adhesion feeding could provide a pathway of prevention of the barnacle by Inoue toxin transfer from deposited clay-K. et al. (Fisheries Engineering in brevis aggregates. We investigated Japan 2004 Vol. 41 No1. pp. 47- PbTx uptake, metabolism and 52). detoxification kinetics in a deposit- With a relatively low voltage (3 to feeding, tellinid clam exposed to 12V) movement to the electrode clay-deposited brevetoxins. We (30 cm between the electrodes) demonstrate that brevetoxins can and whitening of the toxic be rapidly accumulated by deposit- microalgae was observed. feeding from sedimented K. brevis Intermittent and intersection cells (exceeding the regulatory level -1 voltage and current supply have of 0.8 mg PbTx g within ~12h as possible effects on the growth of determined by ELISA). LC-MS the algal cell. analysis showed that PbTx-2, the The voltage and the current supply dominant toxin in the clay/cell layer, have influence on surfacing and was rapidly transformed into PbTx-3 sedimentation of the algae. Effects and its cysteine derivatives in clam of daytime and nighttime was also tissues. Detoxification of tissues seen. following deposit-feeding occurred The electrical stimulations may but toxicities remained around the cause disturbance and confusion of regulatory level for 15 days. This electrical potentials of the cell films toxicity was due largely to the and thereby influence mineral persistence of the more potent nutrition, oxygen and carbon PbTx-3-cys metabolites in tissues. dioxide intake of the cells. Deposit-feeding clams do not pose a direct threat to humans but may provide a pathway for brevetoxin PO.04-11 food web transfer. Uptake, metabolism and loss of clay-flocculated brevetoxins in a surface deposit-feeding clam
Session: PO.04 – Food chains PO.05-09
188 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
In vitro interactions between the hemocytes and the hemolymph several species of harmful algae in the defense mechanisms in and hemocytes of bivalve molluscan shellfish to harmful algal molluscs cells.
Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis
1 2 PO.05-27 HT Hegaret , GH Wikfors , SE Newly discovered brevetoxin Shumway1
1 oxidation products in marine University of Connecticut, GROTON, aerosol: assessing potential United States of America 2 public health impacts NOAA-NMFS, MILFORD, CT 06460, United States of America Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis
1 1 Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can Michael S Henry , RH Pierce , PC Blum1, KL Lemkau1, B Kirkpatrick1, SE have noxious and sublethal impacts 1 2 2 on shellfish. The northern quahog (= Osborn , YS Cheng , Y Zhou , LE Fleming3, LC Backer4, S Plakas5, A hard clam), Mercenaria mercenaria, 5 5 6 Abraham , R Dickey , A Reich , A can experience blooms of several Bourdelais7, J Naar7, DG Baden7 HAB species, including 1Mote Marine Laboratory, SARASOTA, FL, Prorocentrum minimum, United States of America Heterosigma akashiwo and 2Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Alexandrium fundyense. To ALBUQUERQUE, NM, United States of America understand the possible roles of the 3 hemocytes in bivalve responses to NIEHS MFBS and NSF NIEHS OHH Center, MIAMI, FL, United States of HABs, and how the algal cells are America affected by these responses, in vitro 4Centers for Disease Control, ATLANTA, tests of interactions between those GA, United States of America 5 harmful algae and hemocytes of M. FDA, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, mercenaria were carried out. We DAUPHIN ISLAND, AL, United States of America measured possible differences in 6FL-Department of Health, TALLAHASSEE, hemocyte parameters attributable to FL, United States of America harmful algae and also the effect of 7Center for Marine Science-UNCW, hemocytes on the algae WILMINGTON, NC, United States of themselves. Using microscopic and America flow-cytometric observations, The toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia changes in hematology and brevis, produces polyether physiology, including cell neurotoxins (brevetoxins or PbTx) concentration, phagocytosis, that cause massive aquatic animal adhesion and oxidative burst mortality and neurotoxic shellfish response of hemocytes were poisoning (NSP). A unique determined. Changes in the characteristic of K. brevis blooms is physiology and the characteristics of the associated airborne brevetoxin the algal cells including mortality, component that results in severe size, chlorophyll fluorescence and respiratory problems in exposed internal complexity were also populations. This study was determined. The results show a undertaken in collaboration with species-specific response of the human exposure studies to hemocytes depending upon the determine the composition of harmful algae to which they were aerosolized brevetoxins to which exposed. Thus, in vitro tests allow a beachgoers are exposed during a better understanding of the role of
189 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
K. brevis bloom. Brevetoxins and cylindrospermopsins. Due to the related degradation products were cases of human intoxication extracted from water collected along frequently connected with the shore and from marine aerosols. cyanobacterial blooms, Water samples were further governmental institutions processed to separate the toxins established control programmes to contained inside (intracellular) as ensure that toxins do not reach the well as outside (extracellular) the K. consumer. Therefore, many brevis cells. Oxidation and/or methods have been developed for hydrolysis products of PbTx-1, -2, -3 specific target compounds of most and -7 were found only in of the toxin groups. These methods extracellular water and in aerosols have their benefits and are in use at and at levels comparable to the numerous analytical laboratories. parent brevetoxins. These However, the application of specific compounds have been previously methods depends on the knowledge described in laboratory culture, of the presence of a toxin-producing natural bloom water, and shellfish, organism. If this information is but have not been described in lacking toxin analysis can be very marine aerosols to which people tedious. Recently, we have and other mammals are exposed. developed a liquid chromatography- Knowledge of these compounds electrospray ionisation-tandem and their mechanisms of mass spectrometry (LC-ESI- aerosolization will provide critical MS/MS) method, which qualitatively information regarding the cause and monitors various typical effect relationship on human and representatives of all known classes animal health during red tide of cyanotoxins, including even aerosol exposure. unknown derivatives. This method uses diagnostic mass fragments for the detection of characteristic PO.05-45 compounds of the different classes Development of a screening and thus allows monitoring a large method for cyanobacterial toxins set of unspecified cyanobacterial Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis samples for the presence of any S Hiller1, B Krock2, A Cembella2, B kind of cyanotoxins. Luckas1
1FSU Jena, JENA, Germany 2 PO.15-24 AWI Bremerhaven, BREMERHAVEN, Germany Quantification of epibenthic communities, including toxic Mass developments of toxic dinoflagellates, in different green cyanobacteria in fresh waters in macroalgal substrates in Ria de combination with health risks and Aveiro (Portugal) several lethal poisonings of animals Session: PO.15 - Monitoring as well as human beings have been MF Hinzmann, SC Craveiro, AJ Calado documented. The most important group of cyanobacterial toxins are University of Aveiro, AVEIRO, Portugal hepatotoxins, dominated by The coastal lagoon ‘Ria de Aveiro’ microcystins in addition to is a complex system of channels, nodularins. Other cyanobacterial marshes and puddles that support toxins are anatoxin-a, paralytic the growth of a variety of shellfish poisoning toxins and
190 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 macrophytes. In sheltered areas 2Haskin Shellfish Research laboratory, In, extensive masses containing PORT NORRIS, United States of America 3Institute for Marine Biosciences, Nation, mixtures of green algae can be HALIFAX, Canada found, among which three main types can be distinguished: those Experimental data were used to predominantly made up of species modify an individual-based model of Ulva (including Enteromorpha), that simulates growth, development, entangled filaments of Cladophora, and metamorphosis of hard clam, and elongate masses of Mercenaria mercenaria, larvae to Chaetomorpha linum. High numbers include the effects of brown tide of microscopic algae can be found (Aureococccus anophagefferens). attached to these substrates or The coupled model was applied to dwelling close to the macroalgal predict brown tide effects on clam surfaces, forming diverse epibenthic larvae in a USA estuary (Great communities. Attached diatoms South Bay, New York) where make up the greatest abundance of blooms of varying magnitude have epibenthic organisms, especially in occurred for 20 yrs coincident with more exposed areas, but a variety the period of clam spawning and of dinoflagellates, including toxin- larval development. Initial producing species, are regular simulations showed that members of the community in temperature and food quantity sheltered areas. The composition of variations produce small changes in these communities in the three overall larval survivorship, whereas different types of green algal changes in food quality (especially masses was examined every reduced lipid content) have the fortnight in two sheltered localities, largest effect on larval survival. using a quantification method that Simulations that include brown tide involves the forced detachment of effects show inhibition of M. the organisms from a known weight mercenaria larval growth that is of macroalgal mass, followed by observed in laboratory experiments counting in sedimentation with a toxic A. anophagefferens chambers. Differences in the strain. When brown tide occurs over abundance of epibenthic species in 2 wks of development, followed by a the different types of substrates period of no exposure, the model were noted and may be useful for predicts considerably reduced directing efforts for finding toxic postlarval recruitment success. The species in other areas of this simulated genetic structure of the extensive lagoon. population shows that brown tide PO.04-08 affects the genotypic characteristics An individual-based model of hard clam populations. For simulates the effects of brown example, simulations show that tide on larval recruitment of hard brown tide exposure selects against clams fast growing larvae derived from
Session: PO.04 – Food chains large eggs that attain competence without the necessary lipid reserves Eileen E. Hofmann1, Eric N. Powell2, V. 3 1 to sustain metamorphosis. Monica Bricelj , John M. Klinck , John
N. Kraeuter2
1Old Dominion University, NORFOLK, United States of America
191 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
PO.10-32 Saturated fatty acid eicosanoic acid Culture and ichthyotoxicity of the was identified as a potential red tide dinoflagellate Noctiluca Noctiluca biomarker. scintillans
Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & autecology PO.10-24
1 1 Nutrient physiology of AK Holmes , GM Hallegraeff , SI Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu Blackburn2 from Eastern China Sea 1 University of Tasmania, HOBART, Australia Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & 2 autecology CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, HOBART, Australia Hua-Sheng Hong1, Lin Lin1, Bangqin Huang1, Linjian Ou1, Leo Lai Chan2, TU Noctiluca scintillans red tide Zhang1, Da-Zhi Wang1 frequency and distribution has 1Xiamen Univeristy, XIAMEN, China increased in Tasmanian waters, 2Hong Kong University, HONG KONG, Australia since the first sighting in China 1994. This study maintained the first Australian Noctiluca culture for 8 This study investigated nutrient months during laboratory requirements, physiological experimentation. Cultures were kept response to nutrient variations and at 17 °C and 28 ‰ salinity to adapting strategy to low nutrients in balance Noctiluca grazing and Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu, a growth of the dinoflagellate prey, key HAB species, which is Gymnodinium catenatum. Specific widespread in the East China Sea. growth rate increased with Prorocentrum donghaiense is able temperature from 0.24 at 12 °C to to utilize various inorganic and 0.47 at 23 °C and decreased with organic nitrogen and phosphorus increasing salinity from 0.6 at 20 ‰ sources as sole nitrogen and to 0.33 at 30 ‰. Culture growth phosphor source for cell growth and rates support field evidence of biosynthesis. Various enzymes play frequent summer coastal blooms important roles in nutrient uptake and survival of overwintering and assimilation. Comparative estuarine seed populations. protein profiles of P. donghaiense Field sampling investigated the under nutrient replete and N or P potential fish killing mechanisms limited conditions indicate that cells associated with surface slicks, grown under N limitation had more which severely threatened potential to form blooms than P Tasmanian aquaculture farms in limited cells. Several protein groups 2002. Red tides exhibited higher cell related to nutrient status of cells ammonia (NH3) concentration than were identified, and some proteins water column populations. Red tide could be used as potential nutrient populations produced seawater NH3 indicator. Time series of protein levels fatal to salmon and liberated profiles of P. donghaiense under a high proportion of free fatty acids long-term low nutrient growth in comparison to blooms. conditions showed that some Polyunsaturated fatty acids included proteins remained relatively eicosapentaenoic acid with a history constant and played important roles of toxicity and docosahexaenoic in maintaining P. donghaiense acid common to dinoflagellates. population at low nutrient conditions. Our results indicated
192 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 that P. donghaiense has a numbver MS (3 ng/ml in MRM positive ion of nutrient-utilizing systems and low mode transition at m/z 312>266). nutrient-adapting mechanisms, These results confirm that Pseudo- which may aid during competition nitzschia calliantha and Pseudo- with other phytoplankton species nitzschia delicatissima are the most under low nutrient environment. common Pseudo-nitzschia species in the Adriatic Sea, although their involvement in ASP toxins PO.13-48 production has to be demonstrated. Pseudo-nitzschia and ASP in the northern Adriatic Sea Thanks to Friuli Venezia Giulia Session: PO.13 - Regional events Government for funding this G Honsell1, C Dell’Aversano2, F research. Vuerich1, S Sosa3, L Tartaglione2, A Tubaro3
1University of Udine, UDINE, Italy PO.16-07 2University of Naples, NAPLES, Italy Alexandrium cysts in Puget 3 University of Trieste, TRIESTE, Italy Sound, Washington, USA
The presence of domoic acid in Session: PO.16 – Life cycles mussels grown in Northern Adriatic RA Horner1, CL Greengrove1, JR Sea has been recently reported. Postel1, JE Gawel1, KS Davies-Vollum1, Although Pseudo-nitzschia species A Cox2, K Sorenson1, J Hubert1, S have been abundantly found in Hoffer1, J Neville1, BW Frost1 phytoplankton, forming spring- 1University of Washington, SEATTLE, summer and autumn blooms, WASHINGTON, United States of America 2 taxonomical information on this Western Washington University, BELLINGHAM, WASHINGTON, United genus including domoic acid States of America producers are generally lacking. For this reason, a survey on Pseudo- Paralytic shellfish poisoning is often nitzschia was carried out in the Gulf common in shellfish throughout of Trieste in 2005 based on much of Puget Sound, but little is phytoplankton qualitative and known about the distribution of quantitative analysis, taxonomical either the motile cells or cysts of the identification by TEM and ASP major causative species, toxins analysis. The most abundant Alexandrium catenella. A survey of species were Pseudo-nitzschia 32 sites in the spring of 2005 calliantha (54420 cells/L) and showed that cysts are present in Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima surface sediments throughout Puget (20840 cells/L), as previously Sound, being most abundant in the observed also in Southern Adriatic northern and central areas. Sequim Sea. Some clones of these species Bay in the north with 200 cysts/ml are known to produce low amounts sediment and Quartermaster Harbor of domoic acid, such as 0.007-0.221 in the central part with 12,000 pg/cell and 0.005-0.12 pg/cell, cysts/ml sediment have the highest respectively. Consequently, the abundances. Elsewhere where concentration of amnesic toxins cysts were found, numbers ranged both in natural phytoplankton net from < 10 to about 100 cysts/ml. samples and in seawater was under There appears to be no correlation the detection limit of both Biosense between sediment grain size and ASP ELISA (10 pg/ml) and HILIC- cyst abundance. Cyst abundance
193 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 correlations with sediment metal form the most prominent spots on concentrations and total organic the cell surface. In addition, four carbon are being investigated. Cyst putative transporter proteins were germination studies, still in progress identified by this immunoproteomic for Quartermaster Harbor, suggest approach. They are involved the presence of an endogenous actively in the transport of a broad clock. range of substances across the membranes, as well as five groups of cell surface associated proteins. PO.10-23 Identification and characterization of cell surface PO.01-10 proteins in the toxic Molecular detection and diversity dinoflagellate Alexandrium of Pseudo-nitzschia populations catenella DH01 using from the North American West epifluorescence, Coast immunoproteomic approach and MS-MS Session: PO.01 - Genetics
Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & K. A. Hubbard, E. V. Armbrust, G. autecology Rocap
Xu Guang Huang1, Da-Zhi Wang1, Leo University of Washington, SEATTLE, Lai Chan2, Hua-Sheng Hong1 United States of America
1 Xiamen Univeristy, XIAMEN, China The diatom Pseudo-nitzschia 2Hong Kong University, HONG KONG, China produces domoic acid, which has led to closures of shellfish harvests Alexandrium catenella DH01 is a along the US Washington coast and key harmful algal species along the in the Puget Sound estuary. We China Sea. This study developed developed automated rRNA cell surface specific antiserum using intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) 0.5% paraformaldehyde (PFA)-fixed to rapidly identify different species cells as antigen, and investigated of Pseudo-nitzschia. In silico cell surface proteins using a analyses were used to design combination of 2-DE and Pseudo-nitzschia specific PCR immunoblot analyses. The results primers that amplify a polymorphic showed that PFA-fixed WCA- region of the internal transcribed derived antiserum specifically spacer 1 (ITS1) from at least recognized weakly bound cell thirteen Pseudo-nitzschia species surface proteins (CSPs) in A. over a broad geographic range, catenella DH01. Using these theca- including species from Europe, specific antisera, about 42 abundant Tasmania, Vietnam, and Central cell surface associated antigenic and North America. These primers spots were identified on the 2-DE were used to generate clone immunoblots. Nine of the most libraries from environmental abundant 42 proteins identified by samples. Amplicon length remained this approach gave positive consistent for a species, though identification of protein orthologues intraspecific sequence variability in the protein database by MS-MS was detected. For example, 68 analysis. Peridinin-chlorophyll a Pseudo-nitzschia pungens clone binding protein (PCP) appeared to sequences were generated, all with an amplicon size of 142 base pairs,
194 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 and thirteen P. pungens sequence Within each transect, cyst types were detected (with up to 3% concentrations in the offshore differentiation). We used ARISA to central areas reached the highest determine Pseudo-nitzschia ITS1 values and gradually decreased amplicon sizes- and thus species toward both the Chinese and composition- in a variety of Korean coasts. Overall, cyst environmental samples, including concentrations were markedly during toxic events. During a elevated in the offshore central domoic acid closure in Washington, Yellow Sea areas and gradually ARISA was used to identify the decreased outward in all four most abundant type of Pseudo- directions. This concentric cyst nitzschia present as P. sp., with an distribution pattern was consistent amplicon length of 233, which does with hydrographic features such as not correspond to anything in circular current systems, Genbank. sedimentary properties and water depth of the Yellow Sea.
PO.16-13 Spatial distribution of PO.14-08 dinoflagellate cysts in sediments Differences in susceptibility of of the Yellow Sea harmful raphidophytes and dinoflagellates to algicidal Session: PO.16 – Life cycles bacteria isolated from coastal sea CH Hwang1, KY Kim1, Y Lee2, SG Lee2, and seaweed beds CH Kim1
1 Session: PO.14 - Mitigation Pukyung National University, BUSAN, 1 1 1 South Korea I Imai , T Tsuchiya , I Yoshinaga , N 2Nfrdi, BUSAN, South Korea Sugino2, H Okamoto2
1Kyoto University, KYOTO, Japan We analyzed 33 sediment samples 2General Environmental Technos Co., from the Yellow Sea by OSAKA, Japan palynological methods to investigate spatial distribution of dinoflagellate Growth and survival of harmful cysts. The sampling areas algae are largely influenced by comprised four latitudinal transects, algicidal bacteria in coastal the northernmost located off the ecosystems. The susceptibility of 3 Shandong Peninsula of China, and raphidophytes (Chattonella antiqua, the southernmost off Jeju Island of Heterosigma akashiwo and Korea. Each transect line comprised Fibrocapsa japonica) and 2 six to nine stations, spanning the dinoflagellates (Heterocapsa distance between the Chinese and circularisquama and Karenia Korean coasts. In total, we identified mikimotoi) was investigated for 411 26 different types of dinoflagellate bacterial isolates from seaweed cysts. Gonyaulax scrippsae, beds (seaweeds and seawater) of Alexandrium spp. (ellipsoidal type) shelving sea bank at Kansai and G. spinifera were dominant at International Airport and offshore in all stations surveyed. The latitudinal the Seto Inland Sea in August and distribution trend showed that cyst November 2003. A total of 77 concentrations along the inner two strains exhibited algicidal activities transects were much higher than but the range of susceptibility to those along the outer two transects. algicidal bacteria showed great
195 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 variations. Some bacteria current than direct current specifically killed only one of the electricity, the alternate current of algal species examined, and some low voltages and currents are used killed 2, 3, 4 or all 5 species. The for medical treatment. density of the algicidal bacteria was We observe sometime that in thousands / mL or higher in microalgae whiten in connection seawater of seaweed beds, much with electric leaks from submerged more abundant (50 times or more) pumps in backyard ponds. Effects than offshore. In offshore seawater, of application patterns of the algicidal bacteria were associated alternate current on different kinds with particles. In seaweed beds, the of algae were investigated. same species of algicidal bacteria Different effects, e.g. whitening, were detected in particle-associated flaking off, cohesion and the and free-living fractions of seawater separation, etc. on algae were and on the surface of seaweeds. observed. It showed that the SSB Sequence analyses of SSU rRNA wave of the alternate current gene revealed that algicidal bacteria causes gathering of the algae on belonged to marine the electrode side. Further Cytophaga/Flavobacterium/ research on removal of the toxic Bacteroides group and α- and γ- substances from collected algae is Proteobacteria. The isolates with required. the same sequences to algicidal bacteria did not always show algicidal activities. PO.16-11 Dynamics of in situ cyst
germination and vegetative PO.14-16 population of Alexandrium Effects of alternate current on catenella in an embayment, central Japan growth of and damage to toxic microalgal cells Session: PO.16 – Life cycles
Session: PO.14 - Mitigation A Ishikawa1, M Hattori1, I Imai2
1Mie University, TSU, MIE, Japan Ayaka Ishiguro, Shin Takano, 2 Hitoshi Ogawa Kyoto University, KYOTO, Japan
Univ. Tamagawa, MACHIDA-SHI TOKYO, Seasonal variations of in situ Japan germination flux of cysts and
A typical pattern of the alternate abundance of vegetative cells of the current of the commercial electric toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium power is the sine wave. However, catenella were investigated in Ago there are various wave shapes of Bay, central Japan, between July 2003 and December 2004. The in the alternating current, e.g. 2 quadrate, triangle, saw shaped, situ germination flux (cells/m /day) bias, etc. Moreover, parameters was measured using a new device such as voltage, current, 'Plankton Emergence frequency, distance between Trap/Chamber (PET Chamber)' that electrodes, continuousness and we recently developed. Germination intermittence of the current can be of the cysts on the sediment occurred continually, ranging from varied. Although the risk for electric 2 shock is higher with alternate 52 – 1753 cells/ m /day, with no seasonal trend. In contrast, the
196 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 vegetative population showed a summer. It was more abundant on bimodal seasonal pattern – a larger the brown algae Padina sp. and bloom from spring to early summer Sargassum sp., less abundant on and a smaller bloom from autumn to the red algae Corallina sp., Jania early winter, although the cell sp. and Laurencia sp. and even less concentration in both blooms were so on the green algae Ulva spp. not high (maximum 1.9 x 103 and Ostreopsis ovata was also found 1.7 x 102 cells/L, respectively). The during summer months on the same size of the vegetative population did algal species but at much lower not correlate with that of abundance. germination but a larger population Ostropsis mediterraneus n. sp. was often observed when the water alternated in dominance with the temperature was around 20 °C, benthic cyanobacteria Oscillatoria indicating that bloom development spp. and the diatom Licmophora sp. is mainly controlled by the Other benthic dinoflagellates temperature but not by the recorded at low abundance were germination. However, the Amphidinium carterae, continuous germination mode of A. Gymnodinium sp. and Prorocentrum catenella is advantageous for the lima. Ostreopsis mediterraneus vegetative cells to immediately somewhat resembles O. exploit favorable conditions for caribbeanus but is easily blooming. distinguished by its shape, smaller size and the shape of the diagnostic plates. PO.12-01 First record of Ostreopsis spp. in Egyptian waters with a PO.07-02 description of O. mediterraneus Induced development of algal n. sp. blooms using sewage enrichment
Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogeny Session: PO.07 - Ecology and Presentation time: 16:40 - 18:00 oceanography
AA Ismael1, Y Halim2 WA Ismail1, FY Al-Yamani1, KS Al- 1 2 1Alexandria University, ALEXANDRIA, Rifaie , DV Subba Rao
Egypt 1Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, 2 Oceanography Dept., ALEXANDRIA, KUWAIT, Kuwait Egypt 2Emeritus Scientist, Bedford Institute of, NOVA SCOTIA, Canada A population of Ostreopsis spp. is reported for the first time from Globally, the frequency of red tides Egyptian waters. Macroalgal has been on the increase. Some of samples were collected monthly the algal bloom incidences are since June 2005 from 5 different attributed to urban pollution and sites along the Alexandria coast eutrophication. This is true in the from less than 1.5m depth and their waters off Kuwait where 18 associated microalgae examined. potentially harmful algal species Populations of two Ostreopsis exist. A perturbation experiment species occurred along the eastern was conducted, which sector of Alexandria: O. ovata demonstrated that natural Fukuyo and O. mediterraneus n. sp. assemblages of phytoplankton from Ostreopsis mediterraneus n.sp. was the Kuwait Bay environment could abundant and dominant during be stimulated and sustained to
197 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 bloom levels. High levels of algal μg/kg or PTX2 at 300 μg/kg did not density (up to 28.9 million cause fluid accumulation, however, flagellates/l, 31.6 million by co-administration they had picoplankters/l and 8.9 million other synergistic effect. The effects of the algal cells/l) were attained. two toxins were discernible. The Phytoplankton biomass measured OA-induced erosion was in terms of chlorophyll also characterized by edema, while responded similarly. From this vacuole formation at epithelial cells study, it is evident that enrichment was more prominent with PTX2. In with sewage could induce contrast to mice, rats were more development of algal blooms in tolerant to the toxins. Both OA and microcosms. The magnitude of the PTX2 diluted in saline caused blooms and their production intestinal fluid accumulation at 400 characteristics were high. The μg/kg and over. Use of triolein-oil for presence of a variety of OA dilution lowered the minimum phytoplankton species in bloom effective dose to 200 μg/kg and the densities, particularly the use of 2% lecithin-water lowered the dinoflagellates implicated in minimum effective dose for PTX2 to toxigenic episodes elsewhere, is a 300 μg/kg. matter of concern and demonstrated the existence of a potential for development of PO.01-23 toxigenic algal blooms off this coast Phylogenetic relationships due to eutrophication. between Cochlodinium polykrikoides populations from Japanese and East Asian coasts PO.08-01 Session: PO.01 - Genetics Verification of diarrhetic activities of PTX-2 and okadaic acid in vivo Mitsunori Iwataki1, Hisae Kawami1, Kazumi Matsuoka1, Y Fukuyo2 Session: PO.08 - Toxicology 1 Nagasaki University, NAGASAKI, Japan Emiko Ito 2Tokyo University, TOKYO; Japan
Chiba University, CHIBA, Japan The unarmoured dinoflagellate Diarrhetic activities of OA and PTX- Cochlodinium polykrikoides is 2 were studied in mouse and rat by responsible for recurrent mass oral route. mortalities of fish in East and Stock solutions of OA and PTX2 Southeast Asian countries. In were prepared with 50 % ethanol Japanese and Korean coastal and dimethylformamide and diluted waters, blooms of this species occur with saline before use. At sublethal every summer. To distinguish the doses, both toxins produced in mice populations and their geographical the severest tissue injuries in the distribution, SSU rDNA and partial small intestine at 60 min and the LSU rDNA sequences of C. maximum fluid accumulation at 90 polykrikoides collected along the min. The recovery thereafter was coasts of Western Japan were well and rapid. The minimum analyzed and compared to adverse effect doses for OA and sequences from Korea, Philippines PTX2 were estimated to be 75 and Malaysia. In the phylogenetic μg/kg and 400 μg/kg, respectively. tree constructed by the gamma Single administration of OA at 50 weighted neighbour-joining method,
198 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 all strains formed a well-supported genome in both structural and monophyletic group within the regulatory respects. Our research dinoflagellates. Sequences of all focuses on the identification and Korean and almost all Japanese characterization of genes involved strains were identical, while other in spirolide biosynthesis, specifically strains had several base PKS genes. Genomic substitutions. This indicates that the characterization of A. ostenfeldii dominant population of C. was conducted by generating an polykrikoides from Japanese and Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) Korean coastal waters could be data-bank, based on a normalized separated from populations and a standardized cDNA library. inhabiting Southeast Asian About 20,000 ESTs were countries. Moreover, chain-forming sequenced and compared from two Cochlodinium sp. specimens, strains of A. ostenfeldii (AOSH1 and showing a morphological AOSH2) from Nova Scotia, Canada, resemblance to C. polykrikoides (i.e. which produce distinctive spirolide possessing chloroplasts and an profiles. Several genes putatively eyespot), were also found in this related to toxin synthesis were study. This species branched out as detected, including genes encoding a sister to C. polykrikoides. PKS. Genome size and gene density were estimated via a genomic library analysis. A fosmid PO.02-02 library was also generated to detect Genomic characterization of the and further analyse toxin-related spirolide-producing genes. Significant insights into the dinoflagellate Alexandrium general genomic organisation of A. ostenfeldii with special emphasis ostenfeldii and the relationship with on PKS genes putative toxin-producing genes were Session: PO.02 - Genomics obtained by this multi-dimensional N Jaeckisch1, G Glöckner2, H Vogel3, A limited genomic characterization. Cembella1, U John1
1 Alfred Wegener Institute, PO.10-05 BREMERHAVEN, Germany 2Leibnitz Institute for Age Research, JENA, Short-term temporal variability of Germany ammonium and urea uptake by 3MPI Chemical Ecology, JENA, Germany Alexandrium catenella and A. minutum in culture The dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii is the only known Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & autecology producer of toxic spirolides. 1 2 3 Spirolides are macrocyclic imines C. Jauzein , Y Collos , E Garcés , M Vila3, M Maso3 that are derived via polyketide 1IFREMER, SÈTE, France biosynthetic pathways - production 2 is therefore almost certainly UMR5119-CNRS, Univ Montpellier 2, MONTPELLIER, France mediated by polyketide synthase 3Institut de Ciències del Mar, (PKS) genes. At the genomic level, BARCELONA, Spain studies on the biosynthesis of protist-derived polyketides have In batch cultures of A. catenella (2 been very sparsely reported. For strains) and A. minutum on a diel dinoflagellates, this is due in part to light cycle, ammonium uptake was the peculiarities of the dinoflagellate estimated by the 15N tracer
199 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 technique and could be described 2005, water samples were collected by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, while using a submersible pump. urea uptake was related in a linear Samples were collected without or sigmoid way to urea concentration and with a concentration in the range 0.1 to 10 concentration factor of 500 or 1000, µgat N/liter. The maximum uptake using a plankton net of 20-µm mesh rate (Vmax) for ammonium size. Cell number per liter was increased over the day (3-6 h time enumerated and toxin content per scale) by a factor of 2-7 depending liter was measured using LC-MS. on species and strain. Half- The result was striking. By saturation constants for ammonium concentrating the samples, at least (KNH4) did not show significant two thirds of the toxin disappeared. differences over time, but the KNH4 The average cell toxin content of D. for the Olbia strain of A. catenella acuminata in non- concentrated were lower than those of the samples was slightly over 100 pg Tarragona strain by factors of 2 to OA/cell whereas concentrated 10. Another measure of affinity for samples only contained about 35 pg ammonium, the initial slope of the OA/cell. The same pattern of toxin uptake rate – concentration loss was also found in cells of D. relationship, always increased over acuta and its content of DTX-1 and the daylight period, indicating that DTX-2. These results strongly those organisms are influenced by emphasize that the handling the diel cycle through their capacity procedure of the cells has a crucial to absorb ammonium at low effect on the toxin content in the concentrations. For urea, the uptake cell. This has to be considered rate at 10 µgat N/l increased over when evaluating the toxicity of time only for the Olbia strain of A. Dinophysis and its impact on catenella (by a factor of two). Those mussel toxicity. results are discussed in terms of the contribution of ammonium and urea to the growth of those PO.02-05 dinoflagellates. Polyketide synthases in protists: a class of their own
Session: PO.02 - Genomics PO.15-19 The sampling technique greatly Uwe John affects the toxin content in Alfred Wegener Institut, BREMERHAVEN, Dinophysis spp. cells Germany
Session: PO.15 - Monitoring Polyketides (PK) is a structurally M Johansen1, T Rundberget2 diverse class of natural products,
1Marine Ecology, FISKEBÄCKSKIL, including substances of Sweden 2 pharmaceutical, industrial and National Veterinary Institute, OSLO, chemical ecological interest. PK Norway express a number of human health- The toxin content in cells of related effects (antibiotic, antitumor, Dinophysis spp. is often measured and immunosuppressive agents) from concentrated water samples. and many from marine micro- One reason for this is that organisms are potent biotoxins, Dinophysis spp. normally appears in which are involved in processes relatively low numbers. In autumn such as chemical defence or
200 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 complex cell communication. They poorly characterized are synthesized by successive allelochemicals. Within the EU- condensations of acetate units via Project ESTTAL (Expressed activity of enzymes known as Sequence Tags of Toxic Algae), we polyketide synthases (PKSs). aim to identify candidate genes and Bacteria, fungi and plants may processes putatively involved in produce PKS but Type I modular toxicity and allelochemical form was formerly known only for interactions, and in growth bacteria and fungi. DNA sequences regulation and stress responses. To were used to identify modular Type obtain RNA samples linked with I PKS genes within genomes of physiological status, batch cultures protists belonging to the of A. minutum were grown under evolutionary lineages of alveolates different environmental conditions, and amoebozoa. We present that yielding differences in growth, PSP the newly sequenced genomes of toxin production, and allelochemical representatives of other protistan potency. As a basis for gene groups, the chlorophytes expression analysis, we generated Ostreococcus tauri and a normalized cDNA library, from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and the which about 10,000 expressed haptophyte Emiliana huxleyi, as well sequence tags (ESTs) were as expressed sequence tags generated. Annotation of these data (ESTs) of various harmful yielded first insights into the microalgal species also contain genome of A. minutum. Based on putative PKS genes. Bioinformatic the EST library, we designed an analysis reveals that these protistan oligonucleotide microarray, which PKS genes cluster into a unique will be used to screen for clade. These observations provide differences in gene expression important insight into the evolution among the differently treated A. of polyketide metabolic pathways minutum cultures. Here we present and suggest that PKS enzymes the results of the EST library found in various lineages represent analysis, the design of the a conserved ancestral form derived microarray, and physiological data from early eukaryotes. of cultures grown for gene expression analysis.
PO.02-03 Molecular investigations on the PO.06-24 toxic marine dinoflagellate Dynamic modelling of Alexandrium minutum cyanobacterial blooms in lakes using ECO Lab Session: PO.02 - Genomics
1 1 2 Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics I Jung , U John , G Glöckner , U Tillmann1, B Krock1, AD Cembella1 H Kaas1, A CHR Erichsen1, P Stæhr2
1 Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, 1DHI Water & Environment, HØRSHOLM, BREMERHAVEN, Germany Denmark 2 Fritz Lipmann Institute for Age Research, 2Freshwater Biological Laboratory; JENA, Germany University of Copenhagen, COPENHAGEN, Denmark Alexandrium minutum is a widely distributed HAB dinoflagellate that Cyanobacterial blooms are well typically produces PSP neurotoxins known to produce toxins that pose a (gonyautoxins 1,2,3,4), as well as health threat to humans. Therefore
201 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 management of bloom situations shellfish. In order to minimize the are important issues to managers of damage to the fisheries industry, it bathing waters and drinking water is necessary to monitor the reservoirs worldwide. An causative harmful algae rapidly, operational approach for sensitively, and comprehensively. In management would be to model the this study, we developed a sensitive blooms; thus being able to predict monitoring method by using real- mass occurrences and evaluate time PCR (qPCR) assay against various measures to reduce the three dinoflagellates, namely bloom intensity and frequency. In Cochlodinium polykrikoides, the present study, a dynamic model Heterocapsa circularisquama, and has been established for a small Karenia mikimotoi, and two Danish lake using the model tool raphidophycean flagellates, namely ECO Lab. The objective was to Chattonella spp. and Heterosigma identify the most important akashiwo. The assay contains an parameters that must be taken into efficient DNA extraction protocol account when setting up such from these harmful algae, and models. The model describes the therefore DNA extraction for qPCR dynamics of the most important is necessary only once for algal groups including monitoring of the algae. Detection cyanobacteria, using a dynamic and quantification with qPCR, description of the hydrodynamics of where the detection sensitivity was the lakes, weather conditions and only 1 cell for all targeted species, nutrient loading. The model is were not affected by growth stages calibrated against monitoring data. and the presence of non-targeted A first attempt was made to include species. QPCR assay also labelled predictions of the toxicity in various the harmful algae in environmental compartments: intracellular, in samples, where no targeted species water, in sediment. was found by direct counting. Therefore, this comprehensive assay will be a powerful tool for PO.15-12 precise prediction of the occurrence Development of a comprehensive of harmful algae. method for monitoring harmful algae using real-time PCR assay
Session: PO.15 - Monitoring PO.08-08
1 1 Effects of cyanobacteria on Ryoma Kamikawa , J Asai , T copepod egg production in the Miyahara2, K Murata3, K Ohyama4, S 4 5 1 Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea Yoshimatsu , T Yoshida , Y Sako
1Kyoto University, KYOTO, Japan Session: PO.08 - Toxicology 2 Fisheries Research Center of Oita Pref., MR Karjalainen, E Lindén, S Viitasalo, OITA, Japan 3 M Viitasalo Kagoshima Fisheries Technology Center, KAGOSHIMA, Japan Finnish Institute of Marine Research, 4Akashiwo Research Institute of Kagawa, HELSINKI, Finland KAGAWA, Japan 5Fukui Prefectural University, FUKUI, Cyanobacterial blooms occur in the Japan Baltic Sea every summer. Copepod peak abundance overlaps with the In Japan, several harmful algae cyanobacteria mass occurrences. form red tides and often cause Copepods, in turn, are the main mass mortality of cultured fish and
202 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 food source for planktivorous fish Diarrheic shellfish toxin (DST) like the Baltic herring and sprat. producing Dinophysis species occur Therefore the effect of in Irish coastal waters throughout cyanobacteria on copepod the year, with cell numbers peaking production can have an effect on during the summer months. The fish nutrition as well. However, little majority of closures of Irish mussel- information exists about copepod farms are attributed to Dinophysis production rates in a natural blooms. Routine monitoring of toxic phytoplankton community phytoplankton from Irish coastal containing cyanobacteria. waters, carried out by the Marine The copepod (Acartia spp.) egg Institute, currently relies on production capacity and faecal microscopic identification of target pellet production was studied species and biochemical analysis of experimentally during 2-week field shellfish tissue. Nucleic acid tests studies in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic based on fluorescent in situ Sea in summer 2004 and 2005. The hybridisation probes (FISH) and experiments were conducted PCR technologies have been onboard R/V Aranda, using different shown to be effective for monitoring size fractions of natural toxic phytoplankton species. We are phytoplankton bloom communities currently developing real-time PCR as food suspensions for copepods. based tests to detect D. acuta and Egg production rates were very low D. acuminata in Irish waters, for use even in the control treatment, in the phytoplankton monitoring suggesting that copepods were programme. Single-cell PCR was food-limited in the field. The almost performed to amplify the D1-D2 complete lack of pellet production in region of the large ribosomal sub- cyanobacteria treatments indicates unit (LSU) from indigenous that copepod feeding rates were Dinophysis species. The resulting low. Even though cyanobacterial sequence information for D. acuta blooms host a variety of and D. acuminata was aligned with heterotrophic organisms, which can all available LSU sequence be favourable food items for information for Dinophysis species copepods, apparently they were not from GenBank. PCR primers and consumed by copepods when FRET hybridisation probes specific cyanobacteria were present. These for D. acuta and D. acuminata were findings suggest that cyanobacteria designed for real-time PCR tests on affect zooplankton feeding the LightCyclerTM. These tests are behaviour. currently being optimised on Irish water samples.
PO.01-06 Development of a real-time PCR- PO.05-28 based nucleic acid test for the Gymnodimine toxins in Tunesian shellfish detection of Dinophysis species in Irish waters Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis
Session: PO.01 - Genetics Riadh Kharrat
SM Kavanagh Institut Pasteur de Tunis, TUNIS, Tunisia
National Diagnostics Centre, GALWAY, Ireland The causative agent of toxicity in shellfish from a localized area on
203 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 the Tunesian coast has been determination method was isolated by high-performance liquid developed, using LC/ESI-MS, and chromatography (HPLC), following HEPES (2-[4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1- bioassay–guided fractionation of a piperazinyl] ethane-sulfonic acid) as dichloromethane extract of shellfish. the internal standard. In the LC/ESI- The identity and the purity of the MS, the retention times of CYN and isolated compounds were confirmed HEPES were 12.41 and 14.21 min, by liquid chromatography coupled and were observed at m/z 414.00 with tandem mass spectrometry for CYN and 237.00 for HEPES, (LC-MS-MS). According to its RF, respectively. CYN was determined its molecular mass and its from peak area ratios in the fragmentation patterns the toxins selected ion monitor (SIM) mode of were identified as a mixture of m/z 414.00/237.00. Linearity of this gymnodimine A and gymnodimine B method was observed in the range at a concentration of 885 and 80 of 0.05-25 µmol/L (0.1-52 ng/5 µl .10-6 mol /kg of shellfish, injected volume). The quantification respectively. In contrast to limit (QOL) at a signal-to-noise gymnodimine B, gymnodimine A (S/N) ratio of 10 was 158 pg. The exhibited high neurotoxicity in mice method is useful for determination and was lethal following inoculation of CYN in environmental and/or by peripheral and drinking waters. intracerebroventricular administration. PO.10-14 Ecological niche of a marine red PO.05-02 tide ciliate Myrionecta rubra Development of a highly revisited: multi-modes of sensitive determination method nutrition in a single species for cylindrospermopsin using Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & LC/ESI-MS Autecology
Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis HS Kim1, G Myung2, KG Chang2, W
Yih2 Sachiko Kikuchi 1 Tohoku University, SENDAI, Japan Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, KUNSAN, South Korea 2 Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a Kunsan National University, KUNSAN, South Korea hepatotoxic alkaloid produced by several freshwater cyanobacteria Myrionecta rubra Jankowski 1976 including Cylindrospermopsis (=Mesodinium rubrum Lohmann raciborskii. CYN-producing 1908) is a marine kleptoplastidic cyanobacteria are abundant in (=retaining plastids of donor cells) surface waters used as drinking ciliate feeding on cryptophyte water reservoirs throughout the species including Teleaulax sp. As world. The toxicity of CYN and its a functional primary producer M. presence have prompted the World rubra is very common and often Health Organization guideline value causes recurrent red tides in diverse for drinking water quality of 1.0 µg eutrophic marine environments. CYN/L. When the guideline value is Recently, we observed active determined, a highly sensitive bacterivory by M. rubra MR-MAL01 determination method is imperative. strain that had been isolated from In this study, a highly sensitive Gomso Bay, Korea. Thus, the
204 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 nutrition of M. rubra, a single ciliate toxins were C2, GTX1,3,5, and species, encompasses 3 different neoSTX. Among them, eight modes such as photosynthesis, isolates contained GTX5, which was bacterivory, and algivory. Among not detected in any coastal isolates. the metazoan predators of M. rubra, In addition, there was a clear calanoid copepods, mysids, larvae difference in the proportion of of ctenophores and anchovies, and carbamate to N-sulfocarbamoyl spats of bivalves were reported. toxins between coastal and offshore Feeding on M. rubra by isolates, which were 69:31 and kleptoplastidic dinoflagellates, 44:56, respectively. The cluster Dinophysis spp. was suggested to analysis based on toxin composition explain the cryptophyte origin of the and concentration divided the Dinophysis plastids (Jansson 2004). Korean Alexandrium isolates into Here, M. rubra is to serve as a three distinct groups, which were donor of its kleptoplastid for the clearly characterized by a higher secondary kleptoplastidy by proportion of C2, neoSTX, and Dinophysis spp. To conclude, the GTX4, respectively. traditional ecological niche assigned to M. rubra in marine pelagic PO.01-17 environment needs to be Isolation of preferentially rearranged because of the recently expressed gene between unveiling reality of the very different mating type cells in the complicated pelagic food web dinoflagellate Alexandrium surrounding M. rubra. tamarense
Session: PO.01 - Genetics PO.05-32 A Kobiyama, K Koike, T Ogata Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in Alexandrium Kitasato University, OFUNATO, Japan catenella and A. tamarense Sexual reproduction is an important isolated from southern coastal process in the life cycle of and offshore waters of Korea Alexandrium tamarense. However, Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis nothing is known about the
CH Kim, YS Kim molecular mechanism during sexual
Pukyong National University, BUSAN, reproduction although it is thought South Korea that discrimination at the molecular level between different mating type Thirty-two isolates of Alexandrium cells is important. In this study, catenella and A. tamarense from subtractive PCR was used to isolate the southern coastal and offshore a gene, which is differentially waters and from the Yellow Sea in expressed in the different mating Korea were analyzed for PSP type cells of A. tamarense. After toxins. All contained toxins in the three rounds of subtractive PCR range of 0.04-46.38 fmol/cell. In using cDNAs synthesized from seventeen coastal isolates, the mRNA of different mating type cells, major toxins were C2, GTX1,4 and subtractive cDNA libraries were neoSTX, and the minor toxins were constructed. One gene, AT4-3, C1 and GTX3. However, in fifteen showed a strong mating type- offshore isolates, the major toxins specific signal as the results from were C2 and GTX4, and the minor cDNA membrane array and RNA
205 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 dot blot analysis of randomly possible occurrence of a bacterial selected library clones. The substance bound to PSP toxins. complete nucleotide sequence of Using the reaction of PSP toxins AT4-3 was determined by RACE with the thiol compound, the antigen method. BLAST homology search in which STX is coupled with BSA showed no similarity to any known was prepared for the specific genes or proteins. The predicted antibody that shows affinity to all the amino acid sequence of AT4-3 has toxin components examined. The an N-terminal signal peptide for western blot analysis of the bacterial extracellular secretion, an N-linked protein extract using the antibody glycosylation site and eight cysteine against STX showed the presence residues in half of the C-termini. of bands. The hydrolyzate of the Although the function of this gene is protein also reacted with the unknown, the results provide the antibody. These results suggest the first evidence of intracellular occurrence of proteins with PSP variation between the different toxin(s) as constituent(s). mating-type cells in dinoflagellates.
PO.04-01 PO.09-08 Growth of harmful blue-green Occurrence of bacterial protein algae after viable gut passage in that reacts with specific antibody crucian and silver carp against saxitoxin Session: PO.04 – Food chains
Session: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis and VI Kolmakov1, MI Gladyshev1, OV chemical structure of toxins Anishchenko1, SM Chuprov2, EA
Ivanova3, ES Kravchuk1, IV Zuyev2 Massaki Kodama, Yoshinobu Takata, 1 Shigeru Sato Institute of Biophysics of SB of RAS, KRASNOYARSK, Russia Kitasato University, OFUNATO, Japan 2Krasnoyarsk State University,
KRASNOYARSK, Russia Previously, we reported on the 3Krasnoyarsk State AgriculturalUniversity, occurrence of a saxitoxin-producing KRASNOYARSK, Russia bacterium isolated from Alexandrium tamarense cells, and The role of fish-gut passage we suggested that PSP toxins of the enhancing harmful blue-green algae dinoflagellate originate from productivity has recently been intracellular bacteria. However, the reported for a number of species toxin productivity of the bacterium residing in eutrophic lakes. The aim was too small to explain the toxin of present work was experimental amount of the dinoflagellate. It study of growth of harmful blue- suggests that PSP toxins are green algae after passage through intermediates of some bacterial intestinal tract of crucian carp substance. Recently, we have found (Carassius auratus Linn.) and silver that conjugates of toxins and thiol carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix compounds are formed by Val.). Growth of harmful algae transformation of 11-O-sulfate passed through the intestine of derivatives of STX such as crucian and silver carp from small gonyautoxin 1-4 to STXs. These Siberian reservoirs were compared findings show that PSP toxins are with those of harmful algae taken more reactive substances than directly from the reservoirs previously thought, and suggest the subjected to blue-green algal
206 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 blooms. The dominant green algae reached 200 mg/l phytoplankton species in the during the period of bloom. The reservoirs, Microcystis aeruginosa most important part of research was Kütz. emend. Elenk., showed a development of practical measures significant increase of growth after directed at the prevention of harmful the passage. However other blue-green algae mass dominant phytoplankton species in development in these reservoirs. the reservoirs, Anabaena flos- Complex 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' aquae (Lyngb.) Breb. and biomanipulation should be Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) conducted for prevention of the Ralfs, were not stimulated by the water bloom. Levels of sediments gut passage. Our results and phosphorus in the water, the demonstrated that when M. number of planktivorous fish need aeruginosa was dominant, the to be reduced, th hypolimnion effects of crucian and silver carp on aerated, and a coastal woody increase of summer blue-green vegetation must be planted. algal bloom could be significant.
PO.13-56 PO.15-01 Seasonal dynamics of harmful Monitoring for harmful plankton algae and their amino acids in blue-green algae in small two small Siberian reservoirs Siberian reservoirs Session: PO.13 - Regional events
Session: PO.15 - Monitoring AA Kolmakova, GS Kalachova, EA OV Kolmakova1, EA Ivanova2, ES Ivanova 3 Kravchuk Institute of Biophysics of SB of RAS,
1Krasnoyarsk State University, KRASNOYARSK, Russia KRASNOYARSK, Russia 2Krasnoyarsk State Agricultural Universit, A comparison of the dynamics of KRASNOYARSK, Russia harmful algal biomass and total 3 Institute of Biophysics of SB of RAS, amino acid composition was made KRASNOYARSK, Russia for two small Siberian reservoirs.
Results of summer toxic bloom The only factor that significantly monitoring in small reservoirs of changed the percentages of amino Krasnoyarsk region (Siberia, acids in water was the bloom of Russia) – Bugach, Bereshskoe, Cyanophyta in the 'blooming' water Vetluzhanka - were analyzed. body. During the bloom of harmful Investigations were conducted Cyanophyta, the absolute and during the period of open water in relative content of leucine-glutamine 2003-2005. Water blooms in these group increased, while the reservoirs were caused by harmful concentrations of other acids blue-green algae and had two generally dropped. Before and after peaks. The first peak (June-July) the bloom, no significant variation in was dominated by mass the total amino acid composition development of Aphanizomenon was recorded. In the reservoir, flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs and Anabaena where harmful Cyanophyta didn't flos-aquae (Lyngb.) Breb. The dominate, no significant variations in second peak (August-September) – amino acid composition were by Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. recorded during the season. emend. Elenk. The biomass of blue-
207 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
type. Toxin compositions of Pseudo-nitzschia strains isolated PO.10-02 from Ofunato Bay, Japan, will be ASP toxin composition of also presented. pennate diatoms and bacterial effect on the composition variation PO.12-11
Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & PLANKTON*NET a distributed autecology online taxonomic database
1 2 system – its benefits for harmful Yuichi Kotaki , N Lundholm , T 1 3 4 algal research Katayama , EF Furio , ML Romero , JR Relox4, T Yasumoto5, H Naoki5, MY Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogeny Hirose5, TD Thanh6, CV Thuoc6, NTM Presentation time: 16:40 - 18:00 6 6 1 Huyen , PT Thu , Y Takata , M 1 2 3 1 7 A Kraberg , D Vaulot , DJ Patterson , A Kodama , Y Fukuyo 4 5 6 Ardelean , A Amorim , I Probert , J 1 Kitasato University, OFUNATO, Japan Young7, T Moita8, A Macario1, KH 2 University of Copenhagen, Wiltshire1
COPENHAGEN, Denmark 1 3NFRDI, MANILA, Philippines Alfred Wegener Institut, HELGOLAND, 4 Germany BFAR, MANILA, Philippines 2 5Okinawa CREATE, JST, URUMA, Japan Station Biologique de Roscoff, ROSCOFF, 6 France IMER, HAI PHONG, Vietnam 3 7Tokyo University, TOKYO, Japan Marine Biolocial Laboratory, WOODS HOLE, United States of America 4 Previously, we reported that Marine Biological Laboratory, WOODS HOLE, United States of America Philippine strains of Nitzschia navis- 5University of Lisbon, LISBON, Portugal varingica were separable into two 6Université de Caen Basse Normandie, types based on the toxin CAEN, France 7 composition: DA-IB and IA-IB types. Natural History Museum, LONDON, United The former produced domoic acid Kingdom 8INIAP/IPIMAR, LISBON, Portugal (DA) with isodomoic acid B (IB), and the latter isodomoic acid A (IA) with Many research projects globally are IB. We further extended toxin investigating harmful algae. These analysis to many culture strains require accurate information on the isolated in Japan, Vietnam, and taxonomy of different harmful Philippines. The IA-IB type was species and their biogeography to limited to only 13 strains from three target their research. areas of the northern Philippines PLANKTON*NET (e.g. and all other 183 strains belonged http://www.awi.de/Plankton-Net) is a to the DA-IB type. When sub-strains communal online database project were prepared in non-axenic with currently 6 European and 1 US conditions, they kept the same toxin partners. It aims to provide type of the parent strain. However, comprehensive information when sub-strains were prepared in including images, taxonomic axenic conditions, one sub-strain descriptions and matrix keys on changed itself from the DA-IB type marine and freshwater plankton. to the IA-IB type. It returned to the The content will serve the needs of original DA-IB type, when the many users, including the HAB culture medium was replaced with a community. PLANKTON*NET is cell-free but non-axenic medium of conceived as an open-ended the parent culture, suggesting a network of collaborating web sites bacterial role in controlling the toxin (nodes) using micro*scope
208 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 software. The resources of all related to anthropogenic nutrient nodes will be linked so that content enrichment and changing climatic from all local sites, as well as conditions, the mechanisms external resources accessed underlying the relationship have through linkouts, can be accessed remained poorly understood. Using from each node. PLANKTON*NET mesocosms, we studied the effects will use taxonomically intelligent of variable nutrient additions and web services developed by the uBio nutrient supply ratios on species Project (http://www.ubio.org) to composition and dominance organize information about patterns of natural spring organisms. The modular software phytoplankton communities from the will also be extended to contain coastal N Baltic Sea. The environmental data. experiments which were repeated PLANKTON*NET already contains during 3 consecutive years showed many records of harmful algae in that bloom formation and collections from very different dominance of the dinoflagellate geographic areas and the coverage Woloszynskia halophila primarily will increase as new partners make depended on the size of the their data collections visible through inoculum population and the relative PLANKTON*NET. By providing abundance of co-occurring diatoms. comprehensive, reliable up to date Variations of N/P:Si ratios did not information it will present a valuable have any significant effect on resource for research and phytoplankton development and monitoring studies on harmful composition. Addition of N and P as algae. well as increased irradiance generally stimulated the growth of diatoms, but could not alter the PO.07-09 outcome of competition between Effects of nutrient supply ratios diatoms and dinoflagellates when and initial community the latter were initially dominant. composition on dinoflagellate Our results emphasize the bloom formation: mesocosm importance of efficient recruitment studies from the northern Baltic strategies and initial conditions in Sea dinoflagellate bloom formation. Session: PO.07 - Ecology and oceanography PO.05-10 A Kremp1, T Tamminen2, K Spilling2 Yessotoxin profiles from cultures 1University of Helsinki, HANKO, Finland 2 and planktonic field samples of Finnish Environment Institute, HELSINKI, the marine dinoflagellates Finland Protoceratium reticulatum and Since the early 1980s 'red-tides' Gonyaulax spinifera caused by cold-water Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis dinoflagellates have become a B Krock regular phenomenon in the coastal Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and M, N Baltic Sea, where they BREMERHAVEN, Germany increasingly replace the typical diatom-dominated phytoplankton Yessotoxins are a large group of spring bloom assemblage. Although ladder-frame disulfated polyethers. this trend has generally been Yessotoxin and an array of
209 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 derivatives including glycosides can seawater as well as human samples accumulate in suspension-feeding such as blood and urine, several shellfish, leading to positive methods have been reported. responses in the mouse bioassay However, the procedures of the for lipophilic marine biotoxins. methods are complicated. In order Yessotoxins are globally distributed to simplify the procedures, selective in coastal and shelf waters of separation of DA and its isomers diverse locations, including Japan, from samples is the most effective. Norway, Chile, New Zealand, Italy For the reason above, we and the North Sea. There are three developed a novel selective known natural sources of separation medium of DA using the yessotoxins – all are marine molecular imprinting technique dinoflagellates belonging to the (MIT) that is the most effective gonyaulacoid species Protoceratium method for selective molecular reticulatum, Lingoludinium recognition. In this study, we used polyedrum and Gonyaulax spinifera. an advanced method of MIT, named Yessotoxins were originally classed 'fragment imprinting technique'. To as among the diarrhetic shellfish design a template for DA, we poisoning (DSP) toxins, but they are focused on carboxylic acid groups now regarded as a distinct group as in the molecule, and selected they do not induce diarrheagenic several carboxylic acid group- symptoms. We analyzed the containing compounds. In the case yessotoxin composition of P. of o-phthalic acid as a template, the reticulatum isolates from the selective recognition of DA was Benguela Current, South Africa and observed by high performance compared the profiles to cultures of liquid chromatography (HPLC), P.reticulatum and G. spinifera from while the medium prepared using the North Sea off the east coast of m- or p-phthalic acid as the Scotland by high performance liquid template recognized DA only to a chromatography coupled with small extent. Finally, we achieved tandem mass spectrometry (LC- direct selective separation of DA MS/MS). The data on the cultured from shellfish-extracted sample by isolates were then compared to the HPLC using o-phthalic acid yessotoxin profiles found in natural imprinted polymer. phytoplankton assemblages from both locations. PO.08-16 Effects of microcystins on human PO.05-01 polymorphonuclear leucocytes
Direct selective separation of Session: PO.08 - Toxicology domoic acid by molecularly imprinted polymers P Kujbida, A Campa, P Colepicolo, E Pinto, E Hatanaka Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis Universidade de São Paulo, SAO PAULO, Takuya Kubo1, Kunimitsu Kaya1, Brazil Tomoharu Sano2 Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic 1Tohoku University, SENDAI, Japan 2NIES, TSUKUBA, Japan heptapeptides produced by cyanobacteria present in In the analysis of domoic acid (DA) contaminated reservoirs. Reported in shellfish, phytoplankton and toxic effects for microcystins are
210 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 liver injury and tumour promotion. In Thalassiosira weissflogii, and the this study, we evaluated the effects dinoflagellates Scripsiella of two MCs, MC-LR and [Asp3]-MC- trochoidea and Prorocentrum LR, on the human neutrophil cells minimum in the presence of the (PMN). We observed that even at filtrate of A. catenella grown under concentrations lower than that N- or P- deficient conditions. recommended by World Health Results show that nutrient limitation Organization for chronic exposure of A. catenella cultures increases (0.1 nM), MCs affect human PMN. significantly its inhibitory effect on Both MCs have chemotactic activity, the growth of the tested microlagae. induce the production of reactive It also enhances the production of oxygen species, and increase temporary cysts by the target phagocytosis of Candida albicans. microalgae. MC-LR also increased C. albicans These results suggest that A. killing. The effect of MCs on PMN catenella success in natural provides support for a damage environments may be related to its process mediated by PMN and capacity to produce allelochemicals oxidative stress, and may explain against potential competitors. liver injury and tumour promotion associated with long-term MCs PO.10-17 exposure. Pulsed phosphorus supply dynamics controlling the PO.11-08 outcome of the competition Allelopathic activity of between toxic Alexandrium Alexandrium catenella grown minutum and non-toxic under N- or P- deficient Heterocapsa triquetra conditions Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Session: PO.11 - Allelopathy autecology
Mohamed Laabir1, C Jeannin1, E C Labry, E Erard, A Chapelle, A Masseret1, Y Collos1, A Vaquer1, A Youenou, MP Crassous, J le Grand, B Pastoureaud2 Lorgeoux
1Laboratoire Ecosystemes Lagunaires, IFREMER, PLOUZANÉ, France MONTPELLIER, France 2IFREMER LER/LR, SETE, France Since 1988 Alexandrium minutum has formed regular blooms in the We demonstrate that Alexandrium Penze Estuary (northern Brittany, catenella, a dinoflagellate species France) causing shellfish paralytic responsible of recurrent paralytic toxin contamination. This study shellfish poisoning (PSP) blooms in aims to establish knowledge bases Thau Lagoon has an allelopathic on the competition with a coexistent activity on co-ocurring species, Heterocapsa triquetra and phytoplankton species. Alexandrium finally on the ecophysiology of catenella cell-free filtrate obtained in Alexandrium. A preliminary study late exponential phase decreases revealed that Heterocapsa always significantly (Anova-test) the growth dominated in excess nutrients but rate of target species. Because phosphate limitation conditions nutrients are usually present in low followed by a phosphate supply concentration in situ, we enhanced the growth of investigated the growth of the Alexandrium. Different phosphate diatoms Skeletonema costatum,
211 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 depletion times before a pulse were seawater. Experiments by tested in mixed batch cultures. researchers from New Zealand These experiments showed two demonstrated a lag between contrasted periods. Heterocapsa detection of dissolved toxins grew preferentially for the first three adsorbed onto porous synthetic days of depletion while Alexandrium resin, phytoplankton peak cell growth was promoted after three densities and highest toxin days. This transition corresponded concentrations in shellfish. to two favourable physiological Preliminary investigations at Loch adaptations of Alexandrium cells: Ewe (Scotland) used SPATT in the the use of stored intracellular form of suspended SP-700 resin phosphorus for later growth and a held within a mesh bag. Bags were high capacity to increase its cell suspended at 10 m and retrieved phosphate uptake rate. After three and replaced weekly when water days, Alexandrium consumed the samples for phytoplankton were whole phosphate pulse, reducing also collected. The resin was Heterocapsa growth. These extracted and analysed for lipophilic adaptations were confirmed in a P- toxins using LC-MS. Okadaic acid limited semicontinuous culture and dinophysistoxins were detected experiment testing several at low concentrations in the phosphate supply frequencies (1, 2, absence of the causative 4, 6 days). Alexandrium always Dinophysis spp. These outgrew Heterocapsa and more concentrations increased prior to quickly so for shorter intervals. The detection of D. acuminata and D. experiments revealed that acuta. Yessotoxin was detected Alexandrium minutum is a 'storage when the causative algae, specialist' and Heterocapsa Protoceratium reticulatum, was triquetra rather a 'velocity adapted' below the detection limit using light species. microscopy. We propose that SPATT is further developed for detection of domoic acid and PO.15-14 saxitoxin using other available Solid phase adsorption toxin resins and computationally tracking (SPATT) from New designed polymers. Zealand to the Scottish Coast
Session: PO.15 - Monitoring PO.05-42 J-P Lacaze, L Stobo, EA Turrell, A Evolution of DSP toxicity in a Scott, E Bresnan mussel-farming raft. Influence of
Fisheries Research Services, ABERDEEN, bacterial faecal contamination United Kingdom and relative position in the raft
Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis At the XI International Conference on HABs it was proposed that J Lago, AG Cabado, JM Vieites
SPATT was a simple and sensitive ANFACO-CECOPESCA, VIGO, Spain method for early warning of shellfish contamination. SPATT is founded Marine biotoxins are produced by on the observation that when low dinoflagellates or other microalgae. numbers of toxic algae are present Under optimal ecological conditions, in the water column significant toxic dinoflagellates proliferate, amounts of toxins are dissolved in producing a bloom or red tide.
212 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
When a red tide occurs, filter- Alexandrium satoanum Yuki & feeding bivalve molluscs Fukuyo 1992 and A. tamutum accumulate the toxins produced by Montresor, Beran and John 2004 toxic dinoflagellates and become are reported here for the first time toxic for human consumption. from Vietnamese waters. Mussels are not affected by toxin Alexandrium satoanum belongs to accumulation, and when the bloom the subgenus Gessnerium and is stops, they undergo a natural characterized as follows: cells wider detoxification process. than long, ca. 40 µm wide and ca. The detoxification speed depends 32 µm long, 1’ plate not connected on many factors, not well to the APC and without a ventral understood so far. Among others, pore. Alexandrium tamutum belongs food availability has been proposed to the subgenus Alexandrium and is to play a positive role in shellfish characterized as follows: detoxification. Food availability for isodiametric cells, 25-30 µm, 1’ mussels in a raft is affected by the connected to the APC and with a their relative position, both in depth, ventral pore, 6' as wide as long, and because the algal population varies sp. plate wider than long, cyst in the water column, and related to morphology unknown. With these the water stream, because mussels records, 17 species of Alexandrium downstream receive water which have now been reported from has been previously filtered by Vietnamese waters. upstream individuals. Our objective was to investigate if PO.08-03 there is a relationship between DSP DNA damage and apoptosis in detoxification and the relative CHO-K1 cells following treatment allocation on the raft. Our results with cylindrospermopsin suggest that upstream mussels lose Session: PO.08 - Toxicology DSP toxicity faster. Moreover, we studied the relationship between A Lankoff1, WW Carmichael2, J faecal contamination, coliforms and Bialczyk3, H Lisowska4
Escherichia coli, and DSP 1Swietokrzyska Academy, Institute of Biol, accumulation. KIELCE, Poland 2 Wright State University, DAYTON, United States of America 3 PO.13-87 Jagiellonian University, KRAKOW, Poland 4Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, On the genus Alexandrium WARSZAWA, Poland (Dinoflagellata) in Vietnamese waters: - two new records of A. The aim of our study was to satoanum and A. tamutum examine the impact of
Session: PO.13 - Regional events cylindrospermopsin on DNA damage in CHO-K1 cells. The Nguyen N. Lam1, Jacob Larsen2
1 alkaline version of the comet assay, Institute of Oceanography, NHATRANG, the micronucleus assay and flow Vietnam 2IOC Sci. & Comm. Centre on Harmful cytometry were applied. Algae, COPENHAGEN, Denmark The source material for the production of cylindrospermopsin Based on observations of cell (CYN) was a culture of morphology and thecal plate Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. The pattern, two dinoflagellate species, concentration of CYN was
213 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 determined using LC/MS. CHO-K1 may be irrecoverable since products cells were treated with are perishable and consumption cylindrospermopsin at a dose of 0.5, cannot be delayed entirely. In an 1 and 2 µg/ml for 24 hours. The effort to estimate the potential level of DNA damage as well as the negative correlation between frequency of apoptosis were adverse weather events and short- assessed by the alkaline comet run restaurant sales, proprietary assay. The Olive Tail Moment was sales data are combined with red calculated using the CASP tide and tropical storm data software. (incidence, intensity, wind speed, Micronucleus assay was used to and wind direction). The correlate the results obtained with observations are on a daily basis the comet assay with the and cover three waterfront cytogenetic results. The occurrence restaurants in Southwest Florida of early apoptosis was determined from January 1997 through by the Annexin test and flow September 2005. This presentation cytometry. will illustrate the restaurant sales A missing correlation between the data, discuss the estimated models, comet assay and the micronucleus and describe the relationship assay results may suggest that between the revenues and the cylindrospermopsin-induced DNA various explanatory factors damage observed in the comet including red tides and tropical assay may be related to the early storms. In addition, the estimated stages of apoptosis due to cytotoxic impacts will be used to calculate the but not to genotoxic action of the regional impacts associated with compound. unforeseen environmental events that could aid in the development of This work was supported by the a cost and benefit analysis of Polish Committee for Scientific proposed expenditures on Research No6PO5D01320 education, mitigation, research, and monitoring.
PO.03-03 Using beachfront restaurant PO.10-40 sales in Southwest Florida to Growth and toxicity of the determine the localized impacts dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus of HAB events toxicus under nitrogen and Session: PO.03 - Public health phosphorus limitation
SL Larkin, CM Adams, KL Morgan, RL Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Degner autecology
University of Florida, GAINESVILLE, United J Lartigue1, T Villareal1, RW Dickey2
States of America 1University of Texas at Austin, PORT
ARANSAS, TEXAS, United States of Extreme environmental events, America such as red tide blooms, have been 2Food and Drug Administration, DAUPHIN identified by owners and managers ISLAND, ALABAMA, United States of of waterfront-dependent businesses America as a source of appreciable Caribbean strains (CCMP 1651 and economic losses. For the restaurant 1655) of the toxic dinoflagellate sector in particular, these losses
214 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Gambierdiscus toxicus were grown lyngbyaceum) was found to induce in N- (nitrate, ammonium, free a severe ciguatera outbreak in Lifou amino acids, urea, or putrescine) or (Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia). P-limited (phosphate, ß- Lipid-soluble extracts of glycerophosphate, or nucleotides) cyanobacteria and giant clams were xenic batch cultures. Growth rates found to contain CTX-like ranged from 0.11- 0.18 d-1 except compounds, as assessed by on urea (no growth). Cellular N and neuroblastoma cell bioassays and P pools were uncoupled from competitive membrane-binding conditions in the water and cell assay using tritiated brevetoxin-3. division continued after the limiting According to the mouse bioassay, nutrient was below detectable limits. water-soluble extracts of both N:P varied from 3-34 (1651) and 2- samples appear to contain the well- 37 (strain 1655) with no relationship known alkaloid neurotoxins between cellular N:P and total produced by cyanobacteria and toxicity. Strain 1655 was roughly responsible for Paralytic Shellfish five-fold more toxic than strain 1651. Poisoning (PSP). The N source had no effect on This is the first demonstration of toxicity in either strain. The P simultaneous occurrence of PSP source had no effect on toxicity in toxins and CTX-like toxins in strain 1651, but strain 1655 cells extracts of marine cyanobacteria. grown on ß-glycerophosphate were The chemical identification of these more toxic. Stationary phase cells toxins is currently underway by were more toxic than exponential liquid chromatography coupled with phase cells in both strains under mass spectrometry (LC/MS). both N- and P-limitation. In P- Although long-term observations will limited semi-continuous cultures, be necessary to decipher the trends the toxicity of strain 1655 decreased in dinoflagellate and cyanobacteria (43.7-79.3 fg C-Ctx1Eq cell-1) as the populations as well as the growth rate increased (0.02-0.15 d- favourable environmental 1). Toxicity differences were a parameters, the new findings function of growth phase (batch require that CFP risk assessment culture) or growth rate (semi- programs must now include continuous culture). Nutrient source monitoring of cyanobacteria besides and type of nutrient limitation having the usual screening for little to no effect. dinoflagellates. In the perspective of global warming, such events would probably arise more frequently. PO.13-58
Involvement of cyanobacteria in PO.11-02 the tropical ecotoxicological Effect of bicarbonate addition on phenomenon of ciguatera fish allelopathy in Oscillatoria poisoning agardhii Session: PO.13 - Regional events Session: PO.11 – Allelopathy D Laurent, AS Kerbrat, I de Fremicourt, LA Lawton1, GA Akin-Oriola2,
T Darius, M Chinain, S Pauillac 1 The Robert Gordon University, IRD, NOUMEA, New Caledonia ABERDEEN, United Kingdom 2Lagos State University, LAGOS, Nigeria During 2005, a cyanobacterial proliferation (Hydrocoleum
215 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Phytoplankton species compete Production of allelochemicals may with each other for limiting be considered as a competitor- and resources especially nutrients. This predator-exclusion process. Epilithic has led to the evolution of different biofilms are benthic microbial strategies ensuring their competitive aggregates formed by an advantage over other species in association of autotrophs and resource utilization. An example of heterotrophs, prokaryotes as well as such a strategy is allelopathy – the eukaryotes. With the relatively release of organic compounds by cohesive organization of plants into the medium, which microorganisms, these affects competiting species. This agglomerates are quite auspicious study investigates the effect of for allelopathic interactions. The aim bicarbonate-enriched spent media of this study is to show the effects of of non-toxic O. agardhii CYA 29 on the presence of an allechemical- growth and toxin concentration in M. producing strain on biofilm structure aeruginosa PCC 7820. and production. The experimental Bioassays were carried out in BG set-up was based on artificial 11 media to which were added biofilms, grown in microcosms and either i) 15mM of bicarbonate ii) 0.1 composed of a limited number of % (v/v) spent medium of O. agardhii algal species (cyanobacteria and or iii) 15mM bicarbonate and 0.1 % diatoms, isolated from natural (v/v) spent medium of O. agardhii. biofilms). Non-destructive The cultures were incubated at 25 techniques of biofilm investigations °C and sampled for biomass and were used in order to elucidate both toxin concentration. spatial structure and functioning A statistical analysis using Tukey’s (laser-scanning confocal honestly significant difference test microscopy, microelectrodes). To showed that after 3 weeks, biomass eliminate the effects of competition, and total microcystin concentration extracts containing cyanobacterin, were higher in cultures with spent an allelopathic compound produced media than those with bicarbonate by the cyanobacteria Scytonema and spent media. In contrast, hofmannii, were added to the microcystin concentration biofilms. In a more general context, decreased six-fold in cultures with epilithic biofilm is an example of bicarbonate. complex integrated system whose Conclusion: addition of bicarbonate dynamic functioning involves many and/or spent media of O. agardhii signalisation and regulation has a significant impact on growth networks. This study aim to and toxin production in M. understand how allelopathic aeruginosa. interaction can modify biofilm functioning and structure. PO.11-14 Epilithics biofilms: effect of allelopathic compound on PO.06-13 structure and algal production Effects of varying salinity and
Session: PO.11 - Allelopathy N:P ratios on the growth and toxicity of Karenia brevis J Leflaive, L Ten-Hage Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics Université Paul Sabatier, TOULOUSE,
France DK Lekan
216 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
WILMINGTON, NC, United States of Soka University, HACHIOJI, TOKYO, America Japan
The toxic dinoflagellate Karenia Nitrogen (N) is an essential variable brevis forms extensive blooms in controlling the bloom dynamics of the Gulf of Mexico, releasing dinoflagellates in marine brevetoxins with implications for environments. The ability to take up human health, mortalities of marine different species of N readily and mammals and fishes. Historically, K. simultaneously, and to switch N brevis was considered to form source rapidly is one of the blooms above a salinity barrier of 24 mechanisms that may enhance the PSU. Recently, blooms in low bloom potential for dinoflagellates. salinity waters were recorded in the In the present study, dinoflagellate Florida Panhandle and near the Alexandrium tamarense grown on a Mississippi River outflow. In this single N source was supplied with study K. brevis was cultured at different forms of N, and two N salinities of 15-40 at 5 PSU intervals species simultaneously to examine and N:P ratios (N:P = 16:1, 4:1 and the cellular nutrient uptake kinetics 80:1), to measure the influence of under different supply mode. A. salinity and nutrients on growth and tamarense was able to take up N toxicity. No growth of K. brevis readily regardless of the previously occurred at 20 PSU or below, but supplied N source. Cells grown on good growth occurred at 25-40 either nitrate or urea were observed PSU. Growth varied from 0.36 to -1 to take up ammonium rapidly. 0.64 div day . Highest growth rates However, with ammonium-grown occurred at 35 and lowest at 25 cells lower uptake rates of nitrate PSU. Salinity was a primary factor and urea were observed. regulating growth, with nutrients as Alexandrium tamarense secondary factors. Using an ELISA demonstrated the ability to take up assay the highest per cell two N species simultaneously. concentration occurred in the 25 N- When ammonium and nitrate (or limited treatment with 100.0 and 40- -1 urea) were supplied in equal Balanced with 99.2 pg toxin cell . concentrations, more ammonium Similarly salinity was a primary was taken up and assimilated. The factor regulating toxin production ability to take up different species of particularly at 25 and 40 PSU. N rapidly and also simultaneously is Nutrient stress appears to stimulate one of the advantages that may toxin production, prompting further allow A. tamarense to proliferate investigation as to the relationship and form blooms in marine between nutrients and toxins. environments with complex N
sources.
PO.10-19 Nutrient acquisition in the PO.01-20 harmful dinoflagellate The distribution of Alexandrium Alexandrium tamarense in species in British coastal waters response to different nitrogen Session: PO.01 - Genetics supply JM Lewis, L Carter, L Percy Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & autecology University of Westminster, LONDON, United Kingdom SCY Leong, M Maekawa, S Taguchi
217 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
In 1968 the first instance of PSP affected by both environmental and toxicity in the UK was documented, genetic factors. Changes in toxin linked to Alexandrium tamarense. content during the cell cycle have Alexandrium species are a regular been observed in several toxic feature of the early summer species including Alexandrium spp. phytoplankton assemblage in In this study, a micro-column LC- various parts of the country and MS system was used to quantify PSTs are regularly recorded in toxin concentration within a single shellfish. Over the years a range of cell over the diurnal cycle, allowing studies on Alexandrium have been the accurate determination of carried out in various parts of the changes in spirolide quota of single country and further Alexandrium cells of AOSH1, an isolate of species (A. minutum and A. Alexandrium ostenfeldii. Digital ostenfeldii) have been detected. image analysis was used to The advent of molecular studies determine the volume of individual and the identification of two cells, which facilitated accurate ribotypes for Alexandrium calculation of des methyl-C tamarense (North American and concentration following analysis. In Western European) that occur in the addition, changes in mean cell size UK, have further complicated this in the culture were monitored using picture. The overlap in occurrence a Coulter Multisizer. A distinct of these ribotypes is particularly advantage of this method was that interesting from an ecological the toxin profile and concentration standpoint and as part of the EU could be determined for individual funded SEEDS project we are cells undergoing division. These investigating the occurrence and methods allowed further mating capability of Alexandrium examination of differences in the tamarense strains around the coast bio-volume of live and preserved of the British Isles. In this (Lugol’s) cells. presentation we will bring together all that is known (from disparate PO.10-25 sources) of the occurrence of Nitrogen uptake rates by Alexandrium species in British successive dinoflagellate blooms coastal waters and highlight areas in the East China Sea, 2005, and which merit more detailed variation with nitrogen and investigation. phosphorus status
Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & PO.08-17 autecology
Production of spirolides in single 1 1 2 3 4 J Li , PM Glibert , S Lu , D Lu , X Shi , cells of Alexandrium ostenfeldii C Zhang4 throughout the diurnal cycle 1 Horn Point Laboratory, UMCES, Session: PO.08 - Toxicology CAMBRIDGE, MD, United States of America NI Lewis, CM Garnett, CT Leggiadro, 2Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan Univ., CM Rafuse, MA Quilliam GUANGZHOU, China National Research Council, HALIFAX, NS, 3Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Canada HANGZHOU, China 4Ocean University of China, QINGDAO, The production of toxic metabolites China by dinoflagellates is known to be
218 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
During late spring and early of Skeletonema collected from summer of 2005, large scale coastal waters of southern China. (>10,000 km2) mixed dinoflagellate SSU gene fragments blooms developed in the coastal (approximately 1666 bp long) were East China Sea, associated with cloned, sequenced and analyzed for massive fish kills in coastal comparison with morphological aquaculture areas. Samples were characters. Based on morphology, collected from different stations three species were identified: S. along both north-south and west- subsalsum (Cleve) Bethge (mainly east transects during 3 cruises of from Shenzhen water), S. marinoi the Chinese Ecology and Sarno et Zingone (from Xiamen and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Hongkong waters) and S. dohrnii Blooms (CEOHAB) Program, from Sarno et Kooistra (from Xiamen and April-June 2005, for assessing rates Hongkong waters). All strains had - + of N (NO3 , NH4 , urea, and glycine) polymorphic sites, with proportions uptake during these blooms. ranging from 0.1% to 1.4%. Nutrient uptake rates and Samples of Skeletonema preferences varied during the subsalsum showed higher blooms, which were explained by sequence diversity (from 1.3% to the change of phytoplankton 1.4%) compared to the other community, total nutrient availability, strains. It was also found that S. and its relative composition. Pre- subsalsum formed an individual and early-bloom rates showed high lineage in NJ and UPGMA uptake of nitrate, but increasing evolutionary trees. The strains of S. dependence on reduced nitrogen marinoi and S. dohrnii showed very sources as the blooms progressed. low sequence divergence (ranging Later in the bloom, nitrogen uptake from 0.1% to 0.3%). Thus, rates also increased with molecular analyses using SSU supplemental phosphorus rDNA were able to clarify the enrichment, suggesting genetic diversity and taxonomic physiological phosphorus limitation. complexity of Skeletonema. This work was supported by NSFC (40476055) and China 973 program PO.01-26 (2001CB409701, 2005CB422305) Genetic diversity studies on Skeletonema species (Bacillariophyta) in the coastal PO.13-81 waters of southern China by SSU Monitoring a bloom of rDNA sequence analysis Pyrodinium bahamense var.
compressum occurring in El Session: PO.01 - Genetics Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico Junrong Liang1, Jinfeng Chen1, Peng (November 2005-March 2006) Wan1, Yahui Gao1, Kinchung Ho2, Yang 1 Session: PO.13 - Regional events Li 1 2 1 S Licea-Duran , A Navarrete , R Xiamen University, XIAMEN, China 3 4 1 2 Rodríguez , J Bustillos , B Martínez , C The Open University of Hong Kong, 5 HONG KONG, China Ramírez
1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Small subunit (SSU) rDNA México, MEXICO D. F., Mexico sequence analysis was applied to 2Universidad del Salvador, SAN study genetic diversity of ten strains SALVADOR, El Salvador
219 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
3Centro de Estudios Tecnologicos del Mar, PO.09-01 PUERTO MADERO, Chiapas, Mexico New gonyautoxin analogue 4Northwest Biological Research Center, LA PAZ, Mexico isolated from the toxic 5Instituto Nacional de la Pesca, MÉXICO D. dinoflagellate Alexandrium F., Mexico minutum (Dinophyceae)
Session: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis and Water samples were analyzed by chemical structure of toxins inverted microscope, and saxitoxin PT Lim1, S Sato1, CV Thuoc2, PT Tu2, (STX) content of dead turtles was 2 1 3 measured by HPLC methods. NTM Nguyen , Y Takata , M Yoshida , A Kobiyama1, K Koike1, T Ogata1
During the present bloom one 1 person died and seven intoxications Kitasato University, OFUNATO CITY, IWATE, Japan occurred. In addition, 206 deaths of 2Inst. of Marine Environment and Resource, turtles and numerous quantities of HAI PHONG, Vietnam jellyfish were found on the 3Prefecture Uni. of Kumamoto, Salvadorian beaches. Data analysis KUMAMOTO, Japan from Sea WiFS and Modis showed Six clonal cultures of Alexandrium a positive temperature anomaly (1-5 minutum established from Hai °C) in November 2005 between Phong, Northern Vietnam in Costa Rica and Southern Mexico October 2004 were examined for lasting until March. Chlorophyll a toxin production. The cultures data registered a positive anomaly contained predominantly GTX4. as well (0.5-1.0 mg/m3) following a Other toxin congeners GTX1 - 3, similar path. The concentration of NEO and dcSTX were also STX in turtles ranged from 27.9 - detected. Toxin content (Qt) varied 627.8 µg STX eq/100 g, while on among the strains and growth collected live jellyfish 17.3 - 21.4 µg stages, and ranged from 3.0 to 12.5 STX eq/100 g were detected. fmol PST cell-1. Interestingly, a peak Concentrations of STX in oysters eluted between GTX4 and GTX1 collected in Mexico had 58 µg was consistently detected in all A. eq/100 g in December 2005 and up minutum strains with concentrations to 200.44 µg /100 g on February depending on the growth phase. 2006. Microscope analyses The peak disappeared under non- revealed the presence of 48,900 oxidizing HPLC-FD condition but cells ml-1 in December 2005 and a remained unchanged after minimum of 15 cells l-1 in March treatment with 0.05 M ammonium 2006 in Salvadorian waters; while in phosphate/ 10 % mercaptoethanol southern Mexico maximum density or 0.1 N HCl hydrolysis. The peak was 12 cells l-1 on February 2006. was partially purified using Bio-Gel Discussed also are ocean colour P2 after GTX1 - 4 were converted imagery collected during previous into STXs with ammonium blooms in the same area and phosphate /mercaptoethanol unpublished data obtained from treatment. In LCMS, mass spectra Mexican coasts between December of the peak showed predominant 1989 to February 2002. [M+H]+ ion at m/z 396. Ion scanning from 150 to 450 Da showed similar fragmentation to other GTX 1-4 with
parental ion of [M+H]+ at m/z 396,and fragment ions [M-SO3]+ at m/z 316, and [M-SO4]+ at m/z 298.
220 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
The congener was identified as a segments is important to avoid deoxy GTX4-12ol lacking an oxygen misleading results. atom at position C12. This is the first report of the congener. PO.10-01 Effects of UVBR on different PO.02-09 strains of the cyanobacterium Is application of quantitative-PCR Nodularia spumigena from the possible for measurements in Baltic Sea toxic Microcystis populations? Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Session: PO.02 - Genomics autecology
JZ Lin, HN Chou V Lindberg, M Mohlin, A Wulff
National Taiwan University, TAIPEI, Taiwan Göteborg University, GÖTEBORG, Sweden
Six characteristic segments, Nodularia spumigena is one of mcyA~E, and the promoter of the several toxin-producing microcystin synthetase gene cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea. It cluster, designed in a Quantitative- produces the hepatoxin nodularin, a PCR amplification were applied for tumour promoter known to have quantitative measurements of toxic killed wild and domestic animals. populations in environmental Nodularia spumigena blooms occur samples. Observations during the during late summer, a period with method-development experiments strong light, calm weather and against 8 toxic and 4 non-toxic stable water-column stratification. clones of Microcystis were: (i) the The tolerance to high light expected specific amplicons were intensities of three different strains found in all toxic clones but were of N. spumigena was tested for 10 absent or less abundant in non-toxic days in two different laboratory clones; (ii) all the toxic clones experiments. Cultures were kept in showed consistent Tm values of semi-continuous growth and mcyD, implying this partial mcyD exposed to UVBR and UVAR, up to 2 2 segment as the most conserved 0.8 W/m and 5 W/m , respectively. among the tested mcys; (iii) a linear Variables measured: growth (light correlation was obtained between microscope), photosynthetic the microscopically determined cell capacity (phyto-PAM, Walz), numbers and the PCR threshold content and composition of cycles; (iv) cell concentration of the photosynthetic pigments, phycobilin toxic Microcystis from Q-PCR pigments and UV-absorbing measurement was not affected by compounds (HPLC). Despite some addition of non-toxic populations; (v) treatment effects, UVBR intensities 2 gene copy number per cell was up to 0.4 W/m do not seem to have variable during the different growth a negative impact on the three stages and a maximal of 20 at the strains on day 10. However, when early logarithmic and stationary exposed to UVBR intensities up to 2 phase of batch cultures of toxic 0.8 W/m all strains were to some Microcystis. This Q-PCR can be extent negatively affected by a applied in the environmental lower maximum quantum yield of samples to as few as 800 toxic photosynthesis but not growth. In cells. The selection of suitable conclusion, this toxic primer pairs for specific mcy cyanobacterium appear to have the
221 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 potential to outcompete less UVBR- indicate that PST is more common tolerant taxa at increased levels of than previously believed and may UVBR. constitute a serious threat to consumers of uncontrolled mussels.
PO.13-35 Spatial and temporal analysis of PO.13-19 PSP toxins in plankton and Blooms of Alexandrium mussels along the Swedish West ostenfeldii in a shallow Coast archipelago area in Åland, SW Finland Session: PO.13 - Regional events
1 2 Session: PO.13 - Regional events Susanne Lindegarth , B Lundve , E 1 2 3 Selander3 TJ Lindholm , J Franzén , A Kremp
1 1Göteborg University, Tjärnö Marine Lab., Abo Akademi University, ABO (TURKU), STRÖMSTAD, Sweden Finland 2 2Kristineberg Marine Research Station, Farmer, FÖGLÖ, Åland, Finland 3 FISKEBÄCKSKIL, Sweden Finnish Environment Institute, HELSINKI, 3Tjärnö/Göteborg University, Finland STRÖMSTAD, Sweden Summer blooms of the marine Blooms of Alexandrium tamarense, dinoflagellate Alexandrium A. minutum and A. ostenfeldii, ostenfeldii were observed in a known to produce PSP- toxins, shallow, densely vegetated occassionally occur in Swedish archipelago channel in Föglö, Åland waters. During the last 10-15 years, (SW Finland) in 2003-2005. In sporadic testing of PST by the brown water with densities of about mouse bioassay in farmed blue 1000 cells/ml, chlorophyll a values mussels (Mytilus edulis) has shown exceeded 10 microgram/l. The that the regulation limit for these blooms were associated with strong toxins is rarely exceeded. However, bioluminescense, a phenomenon due to the prohibition to perform not previously reported from Åland. mouse bioassay in Sweden, very Thus, it is possible that A. few data on the spatial and ostenfeldii has reached Åland temporal distribution of PST in recently. The blooms were patchy mussels exist. Further, there are no and transported back and forth in studies confirming the identity of the the area. Phototactic behaviour and species responsible for PST fast swimming of A. ostenfeldii in production in Sweden. During the response to local water currents last years, HPLC analysis of PST (partly caused by scheduled ship has been established as a research traffic in a nearby fairway) may have tool in Sweden. This paper reports contributed to the bloom formation. the initial results from a 2-year No harmful effects were observed in monitoring study, where plankton the field, but toxicity is suspected in and mussels were sampled along cultured material. the Swedish west coast using a spatial and temporal hierarchial PO.12-12 sampling design. The results Toward integrating molecular showed that PST levels above the data into the process of limit for marketing were detected in recognizing new dinoflagellate more than half of the samples from species
May and June 2005. These findings Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogeny
222 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
R. Wayne Litaker, Patricia Tester and molecular sequence data will be discussed. National Ocean Service, NOAA,
BEAUFORT, NC, United States of America PO.14-09 Dinoflagellate taxonomy is based on Inhibitory mechanism of acetone morphological criteria that are extract from Eichhornia inherently more difficult to obtain crassipes root on Prorocentrum than are corresponding DNA donghaiense Lu sequence data. This results in the Session: PO.14 - Mitigation rapid accumulation of sequence information indicating many more Jie-Sheng Liu, Wie-Dong Yang, Zhi- species exist than can be Lan Chen adequately described given the Jinan University, GUANGZHOU, China extant morphological data. Currently, no method exists for The effects of Eichhornia crassipes systematically categorizing these roots on the growth of Prorocentrum sequences into potential species donghaiense Lu were studied and groups for use in ecological studies the chemical basis of the inhibition or for taxonomic characterization. examined. The effects of dry We examined whether genetic powder and acetone extracts of E. distances among ITS1/5.8S/ITS2 crassipes roots on P. donghaiense rDNA sequences could be used for were observed. The components in this purpose. The analysis involved acetone extract from E. crassipes identifying sequences from 81 were analysed by GC-MS and dinoflagellate species to determine HPLC and the inhibitory activities of if simple uncorrected genetic the main components in the extract distances (p) above a certain level were determinated. When E. consistently correlate with known crassipes roots dry powder was -1 species boundaries. For a diverse below 0.5 g L , the growth of P. assemblage of dinoflagellate donghaiense was stimulated, species, the within species genetic whereas the growth was inhibited distances between ITS1/5.8S/ITS2 completely when the concentration -1 copies (p=0.000-0.021 substitutions were higher than 1.0 g L . The per site) were consistently less than growth of P. donghaiense was those observed between species inhibited more than 50% by 0.019 g -1 (p=0.042-0.580). Our results L acetone extract of the roots. 1 -1 indicate that a between species mg L of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine uncorrected genetic difference was shown to have above 60% >0.04 could be used to delineate inhibitory effect on P. donghaiense -1 most dinoflagellate species, after 6 days. 50 µL L of linoleic including cryptic forms. Recently acid resulted in 82% inhibition. GC- evolved species, however, may MS and HPLC showed that, in have ITS p values <0.04 and addition to N-phenyl-2- require more extensive naphthylamine and linoleic acid, morphological analysis, in long chain fatty acids such as combination with rRNA monophyly hexadecanoic acid, 9-hexadecenoic as a grouping criterion, to resolve. acid were present in the extract in The overall significance of the relatively high amounts. The results correlation between morphology showed that E. crassipes roots could inhibit the growth of P.
223 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 donghaiense, and that N-phenyl-2- naphthylamine and linoleic acid PO.10-28 might play an important role in the Response to small-scale inhibition. turbulence by natural microphytoplankton PO.05-44 assemblages along a natural Production of monoclonal Alexandrium minutum bloom antibody and development of an event enzyme-linked immunosorbent Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & assay for the determination of autecology okadaic acid in shellfish G Llaveria, E Garcés, E Berdalet, N Session: PO.05 - Monitoring Sampedro, S Anglès, Ò Guadayol
Ren-Yan Liu1, Bing-Jun Chen2, Dao- Institut de Ciències del Mar, BARCELONA, Yan Xu3, Yu-Bo Liang4, Bing Liang3 Spain
1 Dalian Maritime University, DALIAN, China Small-scale turbulence is an 2Dalian Fisheries University, DALIAN, China environmental factor that may 3Natl. Marine Environ. Monitoring Centre, directly affect different physiological DALIAN, China processes of phytoplankton. Most 4 SOA Key Lab of Coastal Env. & Ecosys available data have been generated Res, DALIAN, China in the laboratory using monospecific
An indirect competitive enzyme- phytoplankton cultures. In the linked immunosorbent assay for present work we used field samples quantitation of okadaic acid(OA), a of a bloom of dinoflagellates marine biotoxin associated red dominated by Alexandrium tides, was developed by preparation minutum, Scrippsiella spp. and of a monoclonal antibody against Prorocentrum micans, in different OA using the cell-fusing method. phases of the succession, and we OA-KLH was used as immunogen, tested their sensitivity to and the spleen cells of immunized experimentally generated small- mice were fused with Sp2/O cells. scale turbulence. Clones secreting specific Three experiments, each 15 days monoclonal antibodies were apart, were performed on the screened by indirect ELISA using microplankton fraction (15-60 µm) of OA-OVA as coating ligand. After the natural water. The samples cloning, three hybridoma cell clones were distributed in 4-liter spherical stably producing anti-OA flasks and maintained still or monoclonal antibody were obtained. exposed to turbulence generated by an orbital shaker (turbulent Detection of OA concentrations by 2 -3 indirect competitive ELISA was dissipation rate epsilon~15 cm s ) established. The detection limit of for ca. 10 days. The response was OA was 0.781ng/ml. The level of evaluated in terms of biomass yield, OA in shellfish from China was net growth rate and cyst abundance determined using the idc-ELISA of the dominant species. method. A good correlation Diatoms, A. minutum and (R=0.7963,P‹ 0.001) was observed Scrippsiella spp. collapsed under between idc-ELISA and HPLC- still conditions while P. micans MS/MS. growth was not favoured by turbulence. Temporary cyst formation of A. minutum was
224 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 markedly reduced in the shaken PO.08-11 treatments. The different degree of Effects of cyanobacteria sensitivity to turbulence exhibited by ingestion on Daphnia magna each species appears to be linked midgut epithelium and to the initial physiological state of associated diverticula the community during the bloom. Session: PO.08 - Toxicology
A Lobo-da-Cunha, IC Guimarães PO.09-11 Nogueira, VM Vasconcelos
A new yessotoxin isomer from Ciimar, PORTO, Portugal Protoceratium reticulatum The effects of ingested CYN Session: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis and chemical structure of toxins (cylindrospermopsin)-producing
1 2 cyanobacteria on the digestive tract Jared Loader , Christoph Miles , Allan of D. magna were investigated by D. Hawkes1, Dwayne J. Jensen3, 3 light and electron microscopy. Jannie M. Cooney , Veronica Beuzenberg4, Alistair Wilkins5 Cladoceran survival when feeding on cyanobacteria was also 1AgResearch Limited, HAMILTON, New Zealand evaluated. We used as food three 22National Veterinary Institute, OSLO, cyanobacteria differing in their Norway ability to produce CYN: CYN- 3 HortResearch Ltd, HAMILTON, New producing C. raciborskii, CYN- Zealand producing A. ovalisporum and CYN- 4Cawthron Institute, NELSON, New Zealand non-producing C. raciborskii. In 5The University of Waikato, HAMILTON, order to analyze cyanobacterial New Zealand nutritional value, individuals were also exposed to a green alga A new isomer of yessotoxin was (Ankistrodesmus falcatus). Other isolated from extracts of New controls were given no food. The Zealand Protoceratium reticulatum midgut from individuals fed with cultures during large-scale CYN-non-producing C. raciborskii purification of yessotoxin. Structural revealed two distinct features: some information was gained by LC-UV, individuals showed features like LC-MS3 and NMR spectroscopy. unfed individuals, whereas others The information obtained identifies showed features similar to those fed the isomeric alteration is confined to A. falcatus. In contrast, the midgut the side chain substructure. The from individuals fed A. ovalisporum structural variation results in an showed features resembling those increase in hydrophilicity of the of unfed individuals. In individuals of molecule and a markedly earlier D. magna fed CYN-producing C. elution time compared to yessotoxin raciborskii, the midgut showed under reverse-phase severe cell disorganization, chromatographic conditions. suggesting another active LC-UV and LC-MS3 data also metabolite. Our results show that confirmed the presence of other cyanobacteria can be a toxic and unknown yessotoxin analogues in inadequate food source for D. the P. reticulatum extracts. magna, due to low digestibility and to toxin content. The toxic effects
observed were also illustrated by survival evaluation. Moreover, the CYN-producing C. raciborskii strain
225 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 used in this study may, in addition, as most closely related in the SSU produce another(s) secondary phylogenies. Some Pfiesteria and metabolite(s) responsible for the Pfiesteria-like species are well disruption of epithelial cell adhesion known toxin producers. systems, but not yet identified. Interestingly, P. aciculiferum is one of the few freshwater dinoflagellates known to produce allelopathic PO.12-04 substances, and there is some Evolutionary relationships evidence that S.hangoei produce between two winter-blooming toxins. An interesting difference is photosynthetic dinoflagellates that Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-like and heterotrophic Pfiesteria-like species are heterotrophic, while P. species aciculiferum and S. hangoei have Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogeny chloroplasts. We are presently RE Logares1, K Rengefors1, A Kremp2 investigating the origin of their
1Lund University, LUND, Sweden chloroplasts. 2Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, HANKO, Finland PO.08-22 Peridinium aciculiferum is a Comparative pathogenicity of freshwater dinoflagellate normally Cochlodinium polykrikoides from found in north-temperate lakes. the York River, Virginia, USA and Scrippsiella hangoei is a marine- the Gulf of California brackish dinoflagellate endemic Session: PO.08 - Toxicology from the Baltic Sea. Both VJ Lovko, WK Vogelbein morphospecies are important components of the winter Virginia Institute of Marine Science, GLOUCESTER POINT, United States of phytoplankton community and America generally bloom below the ice-cap at the end of the winter. The two Cochlodinium polykrikoides is a morphospecies differ in habitat, globally distributed mixotrophic general morphology and physiology. dinoflagellate that forms massive However, they share identical blooms worldwide. These blooms nuclear ribosomal DNA (SSU, ITS1- have been associated with fish kills 2, 5.8S and LSU) and very similar in Japan, Korea, the Gulf of Mexico mitochondrial cytochrome b (COB) and the northwest coast of North sequences, indicating a recent America and C. polykrikoides is evolutionary divergence. AFLP often considered a toxic alga, fingerprinting shows that the two although the mechanisms of morphospecies are presently pathogenicity have not been clearly genetically isolated. The SSU and identified. Other regions including COB phylogenies indicate that both the east coast of North America morphospecies are evolutionary also experience blooms of C. related to estuarine species similar polykrikoides, although no to Pfiesteria. Morphological data association with fish kills has been agree with phylogenies: the plate reported. We conducted patterns of P. aciculiferum and S. comparative larval fish bioassays hangoei are very similar to the (Cyprinodon variegatus) with bloom- Pfiesteria-like Shepard’s-Crook derived cultures of C. polykrikoides species, and the three taxa appear collected from the York River,
226 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Virginia and a clonal culture outbreak mechanisms will be obtained from Centro de discussed. Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mexico. Larval PO.07-06 fish exposed to whole-cell York Succession pattern of HAB River culture experienced 100% species before large-scale mortality in <8h while fish exposed blooms of dinoflagellates in the to York River bloom lysate or whole ECS in spring 2004/2005 cell and lysate fractions of the Gulf of California isolate experienced no Session: PO.07 - Ecology and oceanography mortalities in preliminary assays. Additional mortality assays, Douding Lu1, Yahui Gao2, Yuzao Qi3, histological analysis of exposed fish Jingzhong Zou4, Jeanette Göbel5, Ping 1 1 and possible mechanisms of Xia , Wei Du pathogenicity will be discussed. 1Second Institute of Oceanography, HANGZHOU, China 2Xiamen University, XIAMEN, China PO.07-04 3Jinan University, GUANGZHOU, China 4 Ecological study of a Karenia Institute of Oceanology, QINGDAO, China 5Landesamt für Natur und Umwelt, mikimotoi bloom in the East FLINTBEK, Germany China Sea in 2005
Session: PO.07 - Ecology and Large-scale blooms of oceanography Prorocentrum donghaiense in May
Songhui Lu1, MS Ou1, DD Lu2, DD have been a recurrent phenomenon Zhu2, YF Wang3, CS Zhang4, YZ Qi1 for the last decade in the ECS.
1Jinan University, GUANGZHOU, China During the first ten days of April 2The 2nd Institute of Oceanography,SOA, 2004, the density of P. donghaiense HANGZHOU, China exceeded 10,000 cells/L and it was 3Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO, the dominant species of China phytoplankton in the subsurface 4Ocean University of China, QINGDAO, China layer. The highest concentration 100,000cells/L in some stations A huge bloom of Karenia mikimotoi, near the isobath of 50 m, where the co-occurring with Prorocentrum abundant source of causative donghaiense, has been recorded in species was present for subsequent the coast of Zhejiang Province, the development of massive blooms. In East China Sea. The bloom covered the spring of 2005 the sitution was an area of 15,000 km2 and lasted slightly different. Following a diatom about one month. A succession of bloom dominated by Skeletonema species were recorded during the costatum and Thalassiosira bloom, beginning with Karenia curviseriata in late April, Karenia mikimotoi and Prorocentrum mikimotoi became dominant donghaiense and followed by followed by Scrippsiella trochoidea Noctiluca scintillans. The population and P. donghaiense in the dynamics of Karenia mikimotoi was subsurface layer leading in late May studied and the relationship to the development and outbreak of between the bloom and the largest bloom of this ichthyotoxic environmental factors such as species recorded in the ECS. The salinity, temperature, fronts, and change in oceanographic and nutrients was analyzed. Possible nutrient conditions in winter and
227 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 early spring of 2005 obviously [1] M.J. Laamanen, M.F. Gugger, influenced the succession pattern of J.M. Lehtimaki, K. Haukka, K. phytoplankton, inducing the unusual Sivonen. 2001. Appl. Environ. proliferation of certain algae such as Microbiol. 67:4638-4647. K. mikimotoi.
PO.13-92
Cyanobacteria blooms - a PO.01-12 possible cause of mass mortality Genetic diversity within Baltic of Lesser Flamingos in Lake Sea populations of nodularin- Manyara and Lake Big Momela, producing Nodularia spumigena Tanzania and non-toxic Nodularia Session: PO.13 – Regional events harveyana Charles Lugomela, Harish B. Pratap, Session: PO.01 - Genetics Yunus D. Mgaya
B Luckas, T Krueger, S Hiller, R University of of Dar es Salaam, DAR ES Oelmueller SALAAM, Tanzania
University Jena, JENA, Germany Limnological studies were The genus Nodularia was recently conducted in three alkaline lakes divided into seven species. Four (Lake Big Momela, Manyara and species (Nodularia spumigena, N. Embagai) with the aim of baltica, N. litorea, and N. crassa) investigating the cause of mass are planktic with the capability to mortality of the Lesser Flamingos in produce gas vesicles. Three Lake Manyara and Lake Big species (N. harveyana, N. Momela during July–August 2004. sphaerocarpa, and N. willei) lack High concentrations, up to 150 gas vesicles and grow in benthic, million filaments per liter of the periphytic, or soil habitats. Methods potentially toxic planktonic involving the whole genome and cyanobacterium Arthrospira 16SrRNA sequences have indicated fusiformis were found in surface the close overall relatedness of scum of Lake Big Momela where Nodularia strains and also Lesser Flamingos were dying at a distinguished the nodularin- rate of between 15 and 50 producing strains from the non-toxic individuals per day during the study ones [1]. period. Gut content analyses Recently, Nodularia spumigena indicated that A. fusiformis was the (Huebel 1988/306) and Nodularia main food item in moribund harveyana (Huebel 1983/300) from flamingos. Mouse bioassay the Baltic Sea were tested for suggested that the crude microalgal production of nodularin, and only N. extract dominated by A. fusiformis spumigena proved to be toxic. was toxic with all mice close to Therefore, the gene clusters of both death becoming lethargic, with loss species were analysed. of balance, uncoordinated Characteristic differences were movements, intermittent tremors, observed. Southern analyses dyspnoea with gasping followed by demonstrated that the cluster of N. respiratory arrest. This observation harveyana lacks DNA sequences gives circumstantial evidence that encoding the subunits NdaE/F. A. fusiformis at such high concentrations was toxic to the
228 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Lesser Flamingo in Lake Big PTX-2 production in D.acuta. More Momela. attention should be taken to determine if the permitted level of toxin content should be increased. PO.08-12 35 times higher content of PTX-2 PO.07-05 in Dinophysis acuta compared to Transport of potentially harmful DTX-1 species by density-driven coastal Session: PO.08 - Toxicology jets in the western English Bengt Lundve1, O Lindahl1, M Sandvik2, Channel T.L Torgersen2, L Nguyen3 Session: PO.07 - Ecology and 1University of Gothenburg, oceanography
FISKEBÄCKSKIL, Sweden 1 2 1 2 SJ Lyons , L Fernand , R Raine National Veterinary Institute, OSLO, 1 Norway The Martin Ryan Marine Science Institute, 3Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, GALWAY, Ireland 2 OSLO, Norway CEFAS, Pakefield Road, LOWESTOFT NR33 0HT, United Kingdom The diarrhea-producing microalgae D.acuminata and D.acuta are Strong bottom fronts to the west of common and known as Brittany and along the southern pectenotoxin producers. In 2001, coast of England exist in the water samples was taken on the western English Channel in Swedish West Coast at three summer. Strong flows associated different depths and analysed for with these fronts were evidenced by pectenotoxins with LC-MS. satellite tracked drifters. In the Countings of D. acuminata and D. central region, flows were weaker acuta were performed for due to a combination of tide and comparing toxicity contents in the wind effects. cells. September samples from Noticeably discoloured water in the Koljörfjord contained 4000 cells/L of western English Channel in late D. acuta, which caused June/early July 2003 was due to a contamination of 800 μg DTX-1/kilo bloom of Karenia mikimotoi, cell mussel-meat in blue mussels densities reaching 3.8 million cells/l, with associated chlorophyll levels of (Mytilus edulis). The content of -3 DTX-1 in the D. acuta population up to 70 mg m . Underway was approximately 700 ng DTX- measurements and satellite imagery 1/100L seawater. The D. acuta revealed the bloom to be located in population contained up to 25000 the central area of the Channel ng PTX-2/100L, an amount which is between 3 and 5°W. Cell densities 35 times higher. PTX-2 is quickly of K. mikimotoi were substantially converted into PTX-2 seco acid by reduced in late August when the mussel tissue. The permitted blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia and level of toxin in mussel meat used Emiliania huxleyi were observed. for human consumption is 5000 μg Multivariate statistical analyses /kg for PTX-2 and PTX-2 seco acid were used to summarise the phytoplankton data from both and 160 μg/kg for DTX-1. We cruises. Without doubt, the most should take in consideration that the important aspect of physical permitted level for PTXs is 31,25 oceanography relevant to harmful times higher and 35,7 times for events in the near-shelf/coastal
229 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 region studied was the presence of plan to examine again the density-driven coastal jets over the differences in death time between bottom fronts. A transport pathway mice injected in the morning and in for Karenia populations, and other the afternoon. forms, associated with these flows from Ushant, across the English PO.10-20 Channel and around the Celtic Sea Carbon and nitrogen uptake is discussed. kinetics of the harmful dinoflagellate Alexandrium PO.05-26 tamarense in response to Within-day variations in response nitrogen supply mode of the mouse bioassay for Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & diarrhetic shellfish poisoning autecology toxin (okadaic acid) M Maekawa, SCY Leong, S Taguchi Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis Soka University, Hachioji, TOKYO, Japan K Machii1, M Kawasaki2 Anthropogenic enrichment in the 1National Institute of Health Sciences, TOKYO, Japan form of nitrogen (N) is one of the 2Food and Drug Safety Center, stimuli for dinoflagellate blooms. N KANAGAWA PREF., Japan sources are not always supplied to the coastal ecosystem continuously, The mouse bioassay (MBA) for but in pulses. When phytoplankton testing of marine biotoxins is still an is exposed to different N species or important tool in food safety different N supply modes, monitoring. During the symposium physiological changes including 'Marine and Freshwater Toxins uptake kinetics can be predicted to Analysis' held in Baiona, Spain last occur in the cells. In this study, the year, we reported that following i.p. effects of N sources, concentrations injection of PSP the mice showed a and supply modes on the nutrient tendency to die more quickly when uptake and C:N ratio of injected in the morning compared to Alexandrium tamarense were those injected in the afternoon. examined. The cellular C uptake Recently, we found the same exhibited different patterns among phenomenon when okadaic acid N sources and also between the (OA) was injected in mice. That is, two supply modes. This suggests mice injected with OA tended to die that the C requirement for synthesis more quickly when injected in the of organic products such as lipids morning than when injected in the might depend on the N utilized. The afternoon. Further, the death time cellular N uptake was observed to following injection of OA, was display opposite trend among the significantly different (p<0.05) two supply modes at >12µM-N. This between normally-fed mice and suggests that the metabolic starved mice. The time of injection pathways and assimilation of N may may therefore influence the decision differ among N sources. Therefore, for regulation. Following the dose of the type of N supply to coastal μ OA we used (4 g per mouse), the environments may contribute to the mice died after less than 12 h. We bloom potential of dinoflagellates. are now regulating the toxin dose to Information on the nutrient a death time of approximately 20 h. dynamics of dinoflagellates may Using the lower doses of OA, we
230 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 assist in controlling blooms of toxic recorded along the dinoflagellate and thus preventing a Protoceratium/Dinophysis bloom. bloom from being fully developed. Evaluation of cell-based toxicity of field samples by estimation of cell viability, IC and morphological PO.05-29 50 effects was studied and compared Evidence of yessotoxins in to the analytical measurements. Alfacs Bay - toxic effect Protoceratium reticulatum was evaluation by cell-based assays previously detected in and toxin profile determination phytoplankton samples from the by liquid chromatography Ebro Delta embayments in summer Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis 2001, and concentration levels of E Mallat1, E Cañete1, A Caillaud1, M yessotoxin and homoyessotoxin Fernández1, I Bravo2, B Paz2, JM were then confirmed in mussel Franco2, J Diogène1 samples.
1Centre d'Aqüicultura-IRTA, ST. CARLES DE LA RÀPITA, Spain 2 Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO, PO.13-45 Spain The influence of Pseudo- In July 2005, a bloom of the nitzschia australis blooms in dinoflagellate Protoceratium shellfish domoic acid reticulatum at cell concentration accumulation on the Andalusian coast (southern Spain) levels of 1600 cells/L was detected in Alfacs Bay, in conjunction with Session: PO.13 - Regional events the presence of Dinophysis Luz Mamán, D Jaén, R Fernández, MA sacculus. Ocaña, l Fernández, I Marquez
Positive DSP mouse bioassay Laboratorio Control Recursos Pesqueros, measurements indicated the HUELVA, Spain presence of diarrhetic toxins in mussels. Analytical procedures Diatoms of the genus Pseudo- were optimised and applied to nitzschia have been detected at the phytoplankton and to mussel Andalusian coast since the extracts. Mussel samples were first monitoring program began in 1996. extracted in methanol/H2O (80:20), Some species from this genus are further percolated through an harmful because of the production octadecylsilica cartridge, derivatized of the toxin domoic acid. During using the dienophile fluorescence 2006, samples from the monitoring reagent, DMEQ-TAD, and program were analysed with LM subsequently analysed by liquid and EM, allowing identification of chromatography coupled to Pseudo-nitzschia australis as the fluorescence detection (LC-FD). most abundant Pseudo-nitzschia Concentration levels of yessotoxin species. This event resulted in in mussels about 0.3 to 1.0 µg/kg marked toxin accumulation in were detected during this event. several bivalve molluscs from the Phytoplankton samples were Mediterranean coast. extracted by sonication with methanol, followed by a clean-up step. Okadaic acid concentration levels in these samples were also studied to confirm the toxic effects
231 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
PO.05-07 1MBARI, MOSS LANDING, CA, United Testing of a passive adsorption States of America 2Jet Propulsion Labaratory, PASADENA, device in the detection of DTXs CA, United States of America under controlled conditions 3Marine Biotoxins Program, NOAA/NOS,
Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis CHARLESTON, SC, United States of America Claire Marcaillou, Florence Mondeguer, Jean Bapt Bérard, Amélie Goupil One of our primary research goals
IFREMER, NANTES, France is to develop analytical techniques and instrumentation that allow us to Recently, McKenzie and his use molecular probe technology to collaborators described an attractive detect microorganisms, their genes technique to detect lipophilic toxins and gene products remotely, in situ. in the field. The principle is based Towards that end we have on the passive adsorption of toxins developed the ESP, onto porous synthetic resin held in http://www.mbari.org/microbial/ESP, small bags. For the purpose of a device designed to collect discrete using this technique for a water samples from the ocean decontamination trial, an subsurface, concentrate experiment was set up in the particulates, and automate laboratory with a Prorocentrum lima application of ribosomal RNA culture. Prorcentrum lima is a (rRNA) targeted DNA probe arrays benthic species producing DTXs (see Greenfield et al.) and antibody- and cultivable in the laboratory. The based diagnostics (see Doucette et cumulative adsorption was studied al.). The ESP can also be used to under three environmental archive samples for a variety of conditions: in the raw culture, in the nucleic acid analyses, microscopy filtrate and in the lysate of the same and other types of analytical culture. The results obtained from procedures after the instrument is this preliminary experiment were as recovered. To date, 3 different follows: the cumulative adsorption classes of DNA probe arrays that does not seem to be modified by target a variety of bacteria and the cell presence, its relationship archaea, harmful algae, and larval with exposure time is linear over invertebrates have been applied in time and for the toxin levels studied, single field deployments in and the reproducibility is good in all Monterey Bay, CA, lasting ~20 d. In cases. concert with the probe arrays for
detecting a suite of HAB species PO.15-16 that include Pseudo-nitzschia The Environmental Sample australis, P. multiseries and P. Processor (ESP): a robotic device pseudodelicatissima, we have for detecting microorganisms successfully utilized a competitive remotely using molecular probe ELISA technique for detecting technology domoic acid. In this presentation we will review the design and workings Session: PO.15 - Monitoring of the ESP, and our plans for future R Marin III1, C Scholin1, S Jensen1, B deployments, developments and Roman1, J Feldman2, D Greenfield1, C 1 1 1 technology transfer. Preston , W Jones , E Massion , G Doucette3, T Mikulski3
232 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
PO.08-25 Session: PO.08 - Toxicology
Effect of emersion on diarrhetic 1 1 shellfish toxins depuration from R Marinho da Costa , LCC Pereira , F Fernández2 the blue mussel Mytilus 1UFPA, BRAGANÇA, Brazil galloprovincialis 2 Universidad de Barcelona, BARCELONA, Session: PO.08 - Toxicology Spain
C Mariño1, H Martín2, CP Acosta1, J 1 Short-term feeding and survival Blanco , 1C. Invest. Mariñas, VILANOVA DE experiments with three different AROUSA, Spain toxic strains of Alexandrium 2Centro Tecnológico del Mar CETMAR, minutum revealed that the copepod VIGO, Spain Euterpina acutifrons was able to consume them to a similar extent at The effect of emersion on the which they fed on the non-toxic and depuration of DSP toxins DTX2, similar-sized Scrippsiella okadaic acid and conjugated forms trochoidea. Feeding showed a of these two compounds, in the typical satiation response to mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis, increasing food concentrations. For was studied. Contaminated mussels a given food concentration, no were placed in tanks with running significant differences between the seawater and maintained for one ingestion rates of E. acutifrons on week. On days 2 and 5 of the the different dinoflagellate strains experiment a subgroup of mussels were found, except for differences was kept out the water for one day, between AL1V and S. trochoidea. another subgroup for 12 h, and a Concentrated extracts of copepod third subgroup was maintained tissues fed on A. minutum revealed submerged. The observed the dominance of N - depuration was slow for the three sulfocarbomoyl toxins. Some treatments. Emersion seems to gonyautoxins were also detected in have no relevant effect on DSP copepods fed on AL1V. At the end toxin depuration. Notwithstanding, of the feeding experiments, the relative contribution of organisms were healthy. During the conjugated forms was lower in the 288-h exposure time no differences two treatments that involved were found between survival rates emersion than in the one in which of E. acutifrons when fed on AL1V mussels were always submerged (55 %) or AL2V (70 %) nor when and in the initial samples, probably fed AMINAR1 (80 %) or S. T. (95 because of increased esterase %), but significant differences were activity in the two former treatments. observed between copepods fed This likely hydrolytic activity both AL1V or AL2V with respect to produces an increase of the free AMINAR1 or S. T. Our results forms of the toxins after one week of suggest that E. acutifrons can depuration in the mussels subjected consume A. minutum and act as to emersion. PSP toxin vector through the food
PO.08-10 web during bloom events. Do toxic Alexandrium minutum strains affect feeding and survival rates of the pelagic marine copepod Euterpina acutifrons?
233 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
PO.05-22 provide a feasible scheme for the Isolation of novel spirolides from production of high purity spirolides the marine dinoflagellate for structural elucidation. Alexandrium ostenfeldii
Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis PO.15-04 I. Marschallek, B. Krock, A. Cembella Status of potentially harmful
Alfred Wegener Institute, BREMERHAVEN, algae in the Chesapeake Bay Germany estuarine system
Session: PO.15 - Monitoring Spirolides are macrocyclic compounds characterised by a H.G. Marshall1, L Burchardt2, TA 1 1 tricyclic ether system and a seven- Egerton , MF Lane membered cyclic imine moiety. The 1Old Dominion University, NORFOLK, marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium VIRGINIA, United States of America 2Adam Mickiewicz University, POZNAN, ostenfeldii is the only known Poland proximal source of these biologically active compounds that evoke Chesapeake Bay is the largest apparent neurotoxicological estuary in United States. Two symptoms in mice. In recent monitoring programs started in 1985 investigations of a strain of A. and 1998 have provided data ostenfeldii (AOSH2) originating from regarding phytoplankton Ship Harbour in Atlantic Canada, populations for Virginia tributaries we found several previously and regions in Chesapeake Bay. undescribed spirolides. Precursor These programs have resulted to scans of characteristic fragment- date in the identification of 1454 ions by liquid chromatography taxa within these waters with 34 coupled with tandem mass potentially toxic (2.3%) species. spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed These include common bloom molecular ion masses that did not producers: Akashiwo sanguinea, correspond to known structures and Cochlodinium polykrikoides, and exhibited fragment ion spectra that Prorocentrum minimum, plus non- differed from spirolides of equal toxic Ceratium furca, Heterocapsa molecular weight. An LC-MS/MS triquetra, Heterocapsa rotundata, method was optimised for the Scrippsiella trochoidea. Also, baseline separation of the complex Dinophysis acuminata blooms in spirolide mixture. Since the 2002 reached highs of 236,000 unambiguous structural elucidation cells/l, with okadaic acid present. of these compounds requires Long-term trend analysis has nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) indicated significant (p=0.01) spectroscopy, dinoflagellate batch increasing trends in abundance and cultures were harvested to generate biomass of cyanobacteria in Virginia sufficient spirolides (upper tidal river sections. For example, in microgram range) and high purity 2004, Microcystis aeruginosa components for spectroscopic Potomac River blooms lasted 3 analysis. Low pressure column months at salinities up to 7.5 ppt. chromatography and solid phase Although no re-occurring toxic extraction (SPE) techniques were events within this estuary have employed to remove major matrix occurred, there are potentially toxic compounds from the raw cell flora, which under specific extracts. These combined methods environmental conditions, may
234 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 through increased development observed for HL-60 cells when influence the health status and treated with the cyanobacterial water quality within this system. organic extracts. Our data Supported by Virginia Dept. demonstrated that marine Environmental Quality, Virginia cyanobacteria extracts cause Dept. Health, and USEPA. inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria and induce apoptosis in eukaryotic cells. The different activity in PO.08-15 different extracts suggests different Antimicrobial and cytotoxic compounds with different polarities. assessment of marine Cyanobacterial strains of the genera cyanobacterial extracts Synechocystis and Synechococcus Session: PO.08 - Toxicology proved to be a potential source of MR Martins1, MF Ramos2, L Herfindal3, bioactive compounds. K Skærven3, VM Vasconcelos2
1Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, PORTO, Portugal PO.13-86 2CIIMAR, PORTO, Portugal The genus Ostreopsis in the 3Department of Biomedicine, BERGEN, recreational waters along the Norway Catalan Coast and Balearic
Islands (NW Mediterranean Sea) Marine cyanobacterial strains isolated from Portuguese rocky Session: PO.13 - Regional events shores and adapted to large-scale M Maso laboratory culture were screened for Instituto Ciencias del Mar, BARCELONA, biological activities. Seventeen Spain strains belonging to the genera Cyanobacterium, Oscillatoria, Two Ostreopsis species have been Synechocystis and Synechococcus detected in the Mediterranean Sea, were tested for antifungal and Ostreopsis cf. siamensis and O. antibacterial activity and ten of ovata. Both are toxic (palytoxin these strains were screened for analogues) and live loosely cytotoxic activity against primary rat attached to macroalgae, although hepatocytes and HL-60 cells. they have the availability to detach Extracts of different polarities were and swim in the water column. tested. No inhibitory effects were Respiratory problems have been found against the fungi Candida recently related with these albicans and a wide range of Gram- organisms in some Mediterranean negative bacteria. Nine coastal areas. In August 2004, 200 cyanobacterial strains were found to people were affected by respiratory have antibiotic activity against two difficulties in the central part of the Gram-positive bacteria, Clavibacter Catalan coast. Studies on the michiganensis subsp. insidiosum distribution of these epiphytic and Cellulomonas uda. Slight dinoflagellates are scarce and it is apoptotic effects were observed in an urgent task to be done due to its primary rat hepatocytes when potential danger. During the tourist exposed to aqueous extracts but no season, an extensive monitoring significant apoptotic effects were associated with bathing beaches registered when cells were exposed was performed in two to organic extracts. A high Mediterranean coastal regions percentage of apoptotic cells were exploited for recreational use.
235 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Sampling was performed in 240 have been introduced from beaches along the Catalan coast temperate Asia (e.g. Japan) through (CSIC_Agència Catalana de ballast waters. In order to test this l’Aigua) and 80 beaches along the hypothesis, we carried out a genetic Balearic Islands (CSIC_Conselleria analysis of French Mediterranean del Govern Balear). Results and Japanese strains using revealed the widespread distribution microsatellite markers (MS). MS of the genus Ostreopsis in the sequences are highly polymorphic bathing waters of these two markers, which are nowadays recreational coastal areas. widely used to study population Concentration of the organism genetics in terrestrial and aquatic around 200 cells l-1 is a common macroorganisms. This approach situation in the water column and in has been recently used to several occasions concentrations as investigate genetic diversity in high as 104 cells l-1 have been phytoplankton. MS have been detected. developed in A. catenella (Nagai et al., Molecular Ecology Notes 6:120- 122, 2006). Using these markers, PO.01-22 we will present the comparative Testing the hypothesis of analysis of A.catenella strains temperate Asia origin of isolated from Thau Lagoon (from Alexandrium catenella in Thau blooms and resting cysts) and from Lagoon (NW Mediterranean) Japanese waters. The data are using microsatellite markers discussed with respect to analyses Session: PO.01 - Genetics based on rDNA data. E Masseret1, S Nagai2, D Grzebyk1, B
Genovesi-Giunti1, B Lasserre1, M 1 1 1 PO.11-06 Laabir , D Alrivie , Y Collos , A Vaquer1, P Berrebi1 Inhibitory effects of diatoms on the growth of the dinoflagellate 1University Montpellier II, MONTPELLIER, France Akashiwo sanguinea 2 National Research Institute of Fisheries, Session: PO.11 - Allelopathy HIROSHIMA, Japan T Matsubara, S Nagasoe, Y Yamasaki, A massive bloom of Alexandrium T Shikata, Y Shimasaki, Y Oshima, T catenella associated with paralytic Honjo shellfish poisoning first occurred in Graduate School, Kyushu University, Thau Lagoon (French FUKUOKA, Japan
Mediterranean) in 1998. Since then, Results of phytoplankton high- A. catenella has been repeatedly frequency studies over four years in blooming in this lagoon. More Hakozaki Harbour, Hakata Bay, recently, A. catenella blooms also Japan, showed that the occurred for the first time in several bacillariophytes Skeletonema areas in the NW Mediterranean costatum and species of the genus (Spain, Italy) where this species Chaetoceros are dominant in spring seems to be expanding. On the and summer, whereas Asterionella basis of genetic analyses of A. japonica is dominant in the fall. On catenella strains isolated from the the other hand, the density of NW Mediterranean, using rDNA Akashiwo sanguinea began to markers, it was suggested that this increase during early fall, when the Mediterranean population could
236 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 diatoms began to decline. Akashiwo density was 1.35 x 107 cells/L at the sanguinea occasionally formed monitoring station and 2.74 x 108 blooms during late fall when all cells/L in a harbour located near the diatoms had disappeared. Thus, station. Water temperature and inhibitory effects on growth of A. salinity during the outbreaks of the sanguinea by these diatoms were red tide ranged from 23.5 to 26.1 °C examined under laboratory and 27.5 to 31.3 psu, respectively. conditions. The growth of A. Finfish and oyster aquaculture held sanguinea was strongly inhibited in in the bay were devastated by the bi-algal cultures with S. costatum red tide. Total fisheries damage to and Chaetoceros didymium, and farmed finfish was 950,000 US$. slightly inhibited by A. japonica. The average mortality of the Pacific Furthermore, the growth of A. oyster Crassostrea gigas and the sanguinea was significantly lower in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis filtrates (enriched with nutrient were 46% and 65%, respectively. matter) containing medum on which Massive kills of shellfish were S. costatum and C. didymium had probably caused from a detrimental grown thickly than in fresh medium. effect of K. mikimotoi because the These results suggest that A. death of shellfish had occurred sanguinea was inhibited by before the lowest values of of allelopathy and cell contact with S. anoxic water (2.0 mg/L in bottom) costatum and Chaetoceros sp. had developed. blooms in spring and summer. The growth rate of A. sanguinea increased in the fall, due to the PO.01-14 absence of diatoms and A molecular approach to identify disappearance of inhibitory Pseudo-nitzschia species in natural samples conditions. Session: PO.01 - Genetics
SM McDonald, D Sarno, A Amato, PO.13-88 WHCF Kooistra, A Zingone
Red tide due to the dinoflagellate Stazione Zoologica, NAPLES, Italy Karenia mikimotoi occurred in Hiroshima Bay in 2002 During recent years, a number of
Session: PO.13 - Regional events new Pseudo-nitzschia species have been described (e.g. Lundholm et Yukihiko Matsuyama al. 2003) that are genetically Natl Res Inst Fish Env Inland Sea, distinct, but difficult to distinguish HIROSHIMA, Japan using light microscopy and in some
A large-scale red tide due to harmful cases even with electron dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi microscopy. Therefore molecular occurred in Hiroshima Bay, western methods must be developed to part of Seto Inland Sea, Japan in identify the various species for the 2002. Hydrographic and biological purposes of both monitoring investigations were conducted at a programmes and ecological studies monitoring station from the initial at sea. A PCR-based method was outbreak to cessation of the red employed to assess the seasonal tide. Visible blooms (>106 cells/L) distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia occurred 6-22 July during the species during 2004 within the Gulf monitoring station. Maximum cell of Naples. A genus-specific primer
237 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 set was derived from Pseudo- source of the DSP toxin in the nitzschia LSU sequences and used mussel product was determined to for PCR on environmental DNA be Prorocentrum lima growing samples. Clone libraries were epiphytically on the mussel ropes. constructed from the DNA This study examines the seasonality fragments obtained at six different and spatial distribution of these dates, chosen among samples with dinoflagellates within the maximum abundances and diversity aquaculture site and in relation to of Pseudo-nitzschia species. the other epiphytic species found on Sequence analysis revealed 13 the mussel ropes and collectors. LSU types, ten of which correspond Epiphyte samples were collected to known species such as P. over a two- year period from mussel galaxiae and P. delicatissima and socks and collector lines and three seem to be novel genotypes examined microscopically to warranting further investigation. The determine the distribution of harmful composition of the clone libraries algal species. The implications for differed among the dates, reflecting site management and the seasonal succession among the subsequent economic impact on the Pseudo-nitzschia species as producer are discussed. detected by LM identifications. The potential applications of this method PO.05-14 are discussed as a means to A fast and sensitive multi-analyte support identification of Pseudo- UPLC-MS/MS method for the nitzschia species in natural detection of DSP and other samples. lipophilic marine biotoxins in shellfish
PO.06-19 Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis Dynamics of Prorocentrum lima D McMillan1, E Fux2, P Hess2, R Bire2 on mussel ropes and the 1 implications for economic impact Waters Corp, MANCHESTER, United Kingdom and site management 2 Marine Institute, GALWAY, Ireland Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics The high sensitivity and selectivity CH McKenzie of LC-MS/MS have proven to be Fisheries & Oceans Canada, ST. JOHN'S, reliable and effective in many areas Canada of analysis where validated Mussels harvested in May (2001) quantitation and confirmation are from a site in Newfoundland were required. Recent advances in the found to contain DSP toxins and technologies involved show great were rejected from European Union potential for the technique in the (EU) markets. The cost of the field of biotoxin research, where the product and more importantly the detection of shellfish toxins is cost of shipping were a significant becoming increasingly reliant on economic loss to the producer. The instrumental methods. Canadian Food Inspection Agency The diversity of structures and (CFIA) now routinely tests for DSP chemistries exhibited by these toxins in product destined for the EU compounds, the extreme complexity in addition to the toxins that it had of the matrices and the requirement traditionally tested. The probable for a fast and efficient analysis have
238 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 given rise to considerable analytical STXeq 100g–1. Subsequently (1995- challenges. The high resolution 1996), this species was registered offered by Ultra-Performance LC again in México, reaching the coast helps to minimise co-elution of of Michoacán, and causing death of analytes and matrix and in turn marine organisms at a toxin level of reduces suppression effects in the 6,337 µg STXeq 100g–1. In Costa mass spectrometer, increasing Rica a subsequent bloom took overall sensitivity. The latest place 10 years later (1999-2001) generation of tandem-quadrupole covering the entire Pacific coast, mass spectrometers use novel ion and both morphotypes var. optics and high performance compressa and var. bahamense electronics, enabling fast switching occurred. In Acapulco, México in between MRM transitions and 2001 the toxin level reported was polarity switching, to allow for more 7,309 µg STXeq 100g–1. Meanwhile analytes in a single run. in Chiapas, resting cysts were Presented here is a method registered in the water column from developed for the analysis of 23 January 2001 and the first marine biotoxins from six distinct vegetative cells in March 2001. We compound classes. Secondary, observed exponential growth until confirmatory transitions and the formation of the bloom six calibration curves for the most months later. Cysts were also important compounds are included observed in the water column when and an overall cycle time of 6 the bloom advanced. The last minutes is achieved with LoDs from registration was in November- 0.17 to 43pg on-column. December 2005 in the Gulf of Papagayo (Costa Rica) with densities of 350x106 cells l-1. The PO.13-54 same event was registered in Blooms of Pyrodinium Chiapas (México) from December to bahamense var. compressa along March 2006, reaching cell densities the Central American Pacific of 950 cells l-1and a toxin level of coast and south of México –1 200 µg STXeq 100g . Session: PO.13 - Regional events
E Meave del Castillo1, R Rodríguez S.2, PO.06-04 3 M Vargas M. Dinoflagellate blooms and
1Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, paralytic shellfish poisoning MEXICO DF, Mexico producers in Uruguayan waters, 2CETMAR, PUERTO MADERO, Chiapas, Mexico in relation to environmental 3Universidad de Costa Rica, SAN JOSÉ, conditions
Costa Rica Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics
The first toxic episode of Pyrodinium SM Méndez, O Galli bahamense in America occurred in National Direction of Aquatic Resources, Guatemala (July 1987), when 26 MONTEVIDEO, Uruquay people died after consumption of Toxic dinoflagellate blooms have clams. In Costa Rica and been a recurrent phenomenon in Tehuantepec Gulf (México) the first Uruguayan waters since 1991. The bloom was in October 1989, objective of the present study was resulting in 99 sick people and 3 to analyze the relationship between fatalities. The toxin level was 811 µg
239 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 the PSP- producing species bloom tracking. Although these Gymnodinium catenatum and technologies are available, a Alexandrium tamarense and several constraint to adoption of them by environmental factors in the period the California Department of Health 1991-2004. The study zone Service (CDHS) is the lack of funds included three Uruguayan coastal for ground-truthing them, a locations along a 140-km stretch: necessary step before full adoption Piriápolis, Punta del Este and and incorporation into the state’s Arachania. The relation between monitoring effort. To bridge the gulf weekly abundance of the two between availability of new tools species, water temperature, salinity, and integration of those into temperature anomalies, seawater monitoring efforts, NOAA, through temperature (SST 3.4 Index) from its Monitoring and Event Response NOAA, and Río de la Plata was Program for Harmful Algal Blooms analyzed. (MERHAB), is providing funding to The A. tamarense blooms higher perform necessary validation of new than 10,000 cells/l occurred tools for incorporation of them into between 11 and 14 ºC, 17.3 and the CDHS monitoring program. We 32.2 psu, without strong incidence have established pilot project sites of temperature anomalies, and a where new technologies are Rio de la Plata flow between 17,000 incorporated into an intensive and 23,000 m3/s. Gymnodinium monitoring program. Our approach catenatum blooms occurred is to shift much of the monitoring between 21.8 and 24 ºC, generally effort to the field, where field under positive anomalies of sea technicians pre-screen samples for surface temperature, with salinities toxins and toxin-producing species, from 18.4 to 32 psu, under higher thus ensuring early warning of Rio de la Plata flow discharge impending blooms while avoiding between 18,000 and 34,000 m3/s. un-necessary and expensive lab- based sample testing. This presentation will provide an PO.15-23 overview of our MERHAB-funded California Program for Regional program, detailing our progress and Enhanced Monitoring of accomplishments to date. PhycoToxins (Cal-PReEMPT)
Session: PO.15 - Monitoring
1 2 1 PO.12-09 P E Miller , GW Langlois , RM Kudela , Molecular phylogeny and MW Silver1
1 ultrastructural studies of the University of California, Santa Cruz, periflagellar area of some benthic SANTA CRUZ, United States of America 2California Department of Health Services, species of Prorocentrum RICHMOND, United States of America (Dinophyceae)
California’s expansive coastline is Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and threatened by blooms of a variety of Phylogeny harmful algal genera, including Normawaty Mohd Noor, Niels Pseudo-nitzschia and Alexandrium. Daugbjerg, Øjvind Moestrup
Efficient and cost-effective new Biological Institute, COPENHAGEN K, methods for species and toxin Denmark detection have been developed, as have remote sensing capabilities for
240 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
The taxonomy of the genus PO.10-15 Prorocentrum is currently in a state Interaction effects of high of flux. McLachlan et al. (1997) irradiances and nutrient suggested reinstatement of the concentrations on the generic name Exuviella for some cyanobacterium Nodularia species presentl included in spumigena from the Baltic Sea
Prorocentrum. To further explore Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & the taxonomy of ‘Prorocentrum’ Autecology species we sequenced the nuclear- M Mohlin, V Lindberg, A Wulff encoded large subunit (LSU) Marine Ecology, GÖTEBORG, Sweden ribosomal DNA gene of some Prorocentrum species isolated Nodularia spumigena is one of the mainly from Malaysia. Molecular dominant species during the phylogenetic analyses revealed a cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic few lineages which could be divided Sea. The blooms occur during late into several groups supported by summer, a period with increased morphological characters such as irradiances, low DIN:DIP and stable the presence of trichocysts, water-column stratification. It has ornamentation of the periflagellar been observed that increasing area, ornamentation of valve irradiance has a stimulating rather surface and type of toxin. than an inhibitory effect on N. Additionally, the periflagellar area of spumigena. Because of its ability for two Prorocentrum species, viz. P. nitrogen fixation, a low DIN:DIP emarginatum and P. concavum, would not be expected to negatively was studied by serial sectioning in affect N. spumigena. In this study the TEM to examine whether this we tested the interaction effect of character is a useful taxonomic high irradiance (PAR and character for inferring relationship at UVBR+UVAR) and different the species level. The platelets were DIN:DIP on a strain of N. labelled according to Taylor’s spumigena. The laboratory scheme. The results showed that experimental period was 17 days the platelets of the two and the cultures were kept in semi- Prorocentrum species were uniform continuous growth and exposed to in number, arrangement and PAR and PAR+UVBR+UVAR. ornamentation such as flanges and Variables measured: nutrient collars extending from the platelets. - - concentrations (PO4 , NO3 ) growth We conclude that additional gene (light microscope), photosynthetic sequence data are needed before capacity (phyto-PAM, Walz), the taxonomy of Prorocentrum can content and composition of be finally settled with any photosynthetic pigments (HPLC), confidence. phycobilin pigments
(spectrophotometer), UV-absorbing compounds (HPLC), and nodularin (HPLC). The experiment is currently
running and the results will be presented at the conference.
241 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
PO.06-14 northern Portuguese waters until The return of Gymnodinium January 2006. catenatum after 10 years: bloom initiation and transport off the PO.05-06 Portuguese coast First evidence of DTX2 in Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics France: detection by LC-ESI-MS2 MT Moita1, S Palma1, PB Oliveira1, T during 2004-2005 south Brittany Vidal2, A Silva1, MG Vilarinho1 phytoplankton blooms
1 INIAP/IPIMAR, LISBOA, Portugal Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis 2 INIAP/IPIMAR-CRIP Centro, AVEIRO, Portugal Florence Mondeguer, Elizabeth Nézan, Dominique Le Gal, Claire Marcaillou
The last bloom of Gymnodinium IFREMER, NANTES, France catenatum on the western Iberian coast was reported in 1995 Our study relates to phytoplankton although some cells were detected samples collected during one year in the following years. Previous on the southern Brittany coast studies on the species dynamics (05/10/04-07/18/05). For each suggest that bloom initiation sample, we worked at the same occurred in Lisbon Bay in a time on taxonomic and toxin profiles retention area related to the Cape (lipophilic phycotoxins). To ensure Roca upwelling plume. During 2005, that all samples were treated in this Bay, G. catenatum was identically for optimum observed up by the monitoring reproducibility, all phytoplankton programme from mid-July. In extracts were quickly purified on August/September, a survey carried Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), with out on the area showed that G. a robotic station (ASPECXli, catenatum was distributed (>500 Gilson). The simultaneous cells/L) along a strong thermal front, identification and quantification of resulting from the interaction of the toxin profiles were achieved by colder upwelled waters of Cape using a liquid chromatography– Roca plume and oceanic waters. tandem mass spectrometry (LC– Satellite-derived sea level anomaly MS/MS) with electrospray ionisation maps revealed that during the (+) and monitoring of daughter ions cruise, and for at least three weeks in multiple reaction modes. The before, the off-shelf surface results obtained in the taxonomic circulation was dominated by the analysis showed that Dinophysis presence of two counter rotating acuminata was the predominant mesoscale eddies, responsible for a species (75%). The toxin analysis of strong northeastward flow of warm the samples by LC-ESI-MS/MS oceanic waters into the survey area. shows that okadaic acid (AO) is the During autumn, the monitoring principal lipophilic toxin. Howeve,r programme allowed the following of 02/11/04 a monospecific sample a northward shift of the population containing 75% of Dinophysis related to a poleward surface flow. acuta, was an exception to the On 29 November, G. catenatum uniformity of the profiles observed reached the maximum during this year. The LC-MS2 concentration (43x103 cells/L) on analysis of this plankton net tow the Aveiro coast and lasted in shows the rare presence of DTX2 (dinophysistoxin-2). For this sample
242 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
(42 600 cells of Dinophysis spp/L), than 32 psu. The characteristics [AO] was 25,4 pg/cell, while for and the distribution of this Dinophysis acuta, the [DTX2] was potentially toxic genus are 25 pg of equivalent AO/cell. discussed.
PO.13-64 PO.01-07 A post-tsunami study on the Molecular characterization and diversity of dinoflagellates in the morphological variability of coastal area of Phang-nga seven strains of the Province, Thailand dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum Session: PO.13 - Regional events
Session: PO.01 - Genetics N Mongkonsangsuree, C Songroop, A Piumsomboon, N Phapavasit M Monti, B Cataletto
Chulalongkorn University, BANGKOK, OGS, TRIESTE, Italy Thailand The class Dinophyceae has been An assessment of tsunami damage the subject of several molecular on the mangrove and coastal studies that have clarified the ecosystem of Nam Khem Village, phylogenetic position of Phang-nga province, southern dinoflagellates with respect to other Thailand was carried out in October protists and have helped to 2005. The area was damaged by establish new genera. However, the tsunami event in December within the same dinoflagellate 2004. The water intrusion into species, morphological features can mangrove creeks and the sometimes vary in response to destruction of mangrove trees by changing environmental conditions the over-washed wave caused or physiological states. serious problems for both the Prorocentrum minimum has been a ecosystem diversity and function. subject of interest to taxonomists Thus, a study on the diversity and because of its highly variable distribution of phytoplankton and cellular morphology. This has given benthic microalgae was conducted rise to a debate about whether the to assess the long-term impact of different shapes represent separate the tsunami. Duplicate water species or only one variable taxon. samples were collected from The morphological diversity of subsurface and bottom depths at 7 seven strains of P. minimum from stations located along the water different geographical areas was channel between the main land and investigated using a range of cell Kho-kao Island and in the mangrove characters, and intraindividual creeks. A total of 15 genera of genetic diversity was assessed by dinoflagellates were found in the sequencing the internal transcribed area with Protoperidinium, Ceratium spacer regions (ITS1 – ITS2). Three and Prorocentrum as the most strains originated from the Adriatic abundant genera. Dinoflagellate Sea, two from the Baltic Sea, one cysts were also observed. A high from the Gulf of Finland and one density of Prorocentrum, more than from Chesapeake Bay (USA). All 200 cells/l, was recorded in the mid- strains were kept under controlled channel and the adjacent mangrove conditions, at their original salinities. creek where the salinity was higher From the morphological and
243 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 phylogenetic analyses, it was concluded that size and shape variations are indicative of different PO.08-13 morphotypes of the same species. Lipid, fatty acid and sterol composition of 8 species of Kareniaceae: chemotaxonomy PO.16-10 and putative lipid phycotoxins Life cycle transformations in HAB Session: PO.08 - Toxicology species: Pseudo-nitzschia in the Gulf of Naples BD Mooney2, PD Nichols2 1 GM Hallegraeff , Session: PO.16 – Life cycles 1 University of Tasmania, HOBART, M Montresor, D D'Alelio, SM Australia McDonald, D Sarno, A Zingone 2CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric
Stazione Zoologica 'Anton Dohrn', NAPOLI, Research, HOBART, Australia Italy Lipid class, fatty acid and sterol The EU project SEED composition of 8 species of (http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/ ichthyotoxic marine gymnodinioid seed/) aims at improving and dinoflagellates (Karenia, extending our knowledge of the Karlodinium,Takayama) was shifts between the different life examined. The common stages in HAB species and at dinoflagellate polyunsaturated fatty identifying the environmental and acids (PUFA), octadecapentaenoic physiological factors that regulate acid (OPA 18:5ω3) and those transitions. The two domoic docosahexaenoic acid (DHA acid-producing diatoms Pseudo- 22:6ω3), were present in all species nitzschia galaxiae and P. in varying amounts (14-35% and 8- multistriata regularly bloom in the 23%, respectively). The very long- Gulf of Naples (Mediterranean Sea). chain PUFA (VLC-PUFA) 28:7ω6 The former species consists of and 28:8ω3 were present at low three genetically distinct populations levels (<1%) and the ratio of these with different seasonal timing of fatty acids may be a useful their bloom, whereas the latter chemotaxonomic marker at the species generally blooms in late species level. The typical summer-autumn, with a secondary dinoflagellate sterol dinosterol was peak in early winter. The temporal absent from all species tested. A dynamics of their cell size spectrum predominance of the 4-methyl and may provide a hint for the 4-desmethyl Δ8(14) sterols in all occurrence of sexual reproduction. dinoflagellate species included 23- Do the different species have methyl-27-norergosta-8(14),22- distinct environmental windows for dien-3ß-ol (Karenia papilionacea, optimal growth? Does a bloom 59-66%), 27-nor-(24S)-4a-methyl- represent the occasion in which 5a-ergosta-8(14),22-dien-3ß-ol, sexual reproduction occurs? Where NED, (Takayama tasmanica 84%, are the species when they are not T. helix 71%, Karenia brevis 45%, seen in plankton? We provide Karlodinium KDSB01 40%, Karenia preliminary data gained from mikimotoi 38%) and (24S)-4a- laboratory experiments and in situ methyl-5a-ergosta-8(14), 22-dien- observations of P. galaxiae and P. 3ß-ol, ED, (K. mikimotoi 48%, K. multistriata in the Gulf of Naples. umbella 59%, Karlodinium
244 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 veneficum 71-83%). The relative Since 2001, SEPMN has provided levels of the PUFA OPA and DHA, opportunities for teachers, students, coupled with the potential inhibitory and community members to action of Δ8(14) sterols, and the participate in real scientific potential by many of these species research, helping to expand to produce reactive oxygen species, knowledge about phytoplankton and may provide insight into the the roles these organisms play in ichthyotoxicity of these bloom- our daily lives. For more information forming dinoflagellates. about SEPMN, visit the website: http://www.chbr.noaa.gov/PMN/.
PO.15-32 Utilization of volunteers to PO.12-02 monitor harmful algal blooms in Species of the genus Pseudo- the southeastern coast of the nitzschia Peragallo United States (Bacillariophyceae) in Greek Session: PO.15 - Monitoring coastal waters
Steve L Morton Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogeny
NOAA/NOS, CHARLESTON, SC, United K Moschandreou, G Nikolaidis States of America Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
THESSALONIKI, Greece The Southeast Phytoplankton Monitoring Network (SEPMN) was Records of species belonging to the established by the National Oceanic potentially toxic (Amnesic Shellfish & Atmospheric Administration Poisoning) diatom genus Pseudo- (NOAA) as an outreach program to nitzschia in Greek coastal waters unite volunteers and scientists in are limited. This study presents monitoring harmful algal blooms. detailed information about the Currently, there are 60 volunteer occurrence and morphological groups that monitor 72 sites along variability of Pseudo-nitzschia the southeast Atlantic coast from species in Greek coastal waters. A northern Outer Banks, NC to taxonomic survey was carried out at Jacksonville, FL. the main harvesting and shellfish The Program is based on a growing areas 2004-2006. Species volunteer network of schools, identification was based on light community groups, and (LM) and electron (SEM and TEM) parks/recreational facilities. microscopy of field samples Volunteers are instructed on algal (preserved and live material) and identification and sample on a unialgal cultures. Eight species/taxa weekly/biweekly basis, reporting were identified; P. fraudulenta, P. their data to researchers at the multiseries, P. multistriata, P. Marine Biotoxins Program. Results pungens and four species within the from volunteer groups enable P.pseudodelicatissima/cuspidata researchers to identify problem complex: P. caciantha, P. calliantha, areas to isolate for further study. A P. pseudodelicatissima, and a volunteer based monitoring network morphospecies that closely enables researchers to maintain resembles what is described as P. and monitor an extended survey caciantha (Pseudo-nitzschia cf. area throughout the year. caciantha). Morphometric data are given and the observed
245 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 morphological variability of the gymnodimine, 0.16 μg/ml) with no species within P. pseudo- pH amendment. As a consequence delicatissima/cuspidata complex is a fully automated culture system discussed. The spatial distribution of has been developed. We describe the various species is also outlined. parameters for growth and gymnodimine production by
K.selliformis with respect to fixed PO.09-02 culture pH in this system. Enhancement of gymnodimine production in automated culture of Karenia selliformis PO.10-27
Session: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis and Comparison of growth rate and chemical structure of toxins efficiency of the Texas brown tide
DO Mountfort, V. Beuzenberg, L alga Aureoumbra lagunensis MacKenzie, P Holland when grown on DON and DIN
Cawthron, NELSON, New Zealand Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & autecology
Gymnodimine has recently attracted HI Muhlstein1, TA Villareal2 interest because of its 1 The University of Texas at Austin, pharmacologically interesting DAUPHIN ISLAND, ALA, United States of properties mainly residing in the America spiro-cyclic imine ring, which is 2The University of Texas, PORT thought to activate L-type calcium ARANSAS, TX, United States of America channels of brain receptors. In The nuisance Texas brown tide order to investigate its (TBT) alga, Aureoumbra pharmacology, a requirement for lagunensis, reached bloom the production of gymnodimine is densities once again beginning in the guarantee of a reliable and the spring of 2005. Although the enhanced supply of the compound. original Texas brown tide bloom We have constructed a persisted 1990-1997, there is only photoreactor (15 L capacity) limited information on the growth or allowing improved light access (190 μ 2 nutritional characteristics of the mol/m /s) operated in a 12h causative organism. We light:12h dark cycle, with gentle investigated the effect that organic stirring and aeration of culture. The nitrogen availability and reduced unit also has an inlet for carbon photosynthetically available dioxide injection, and capability of radiation (PAR) have on the growth pH and turbidometric of TBT. Such parameters seem measurements. We have operated critical for blooms of the the reactor on a semi-automatic morphologically and genetically basis with pH poised at 8.5. Growth similar east coast brown tide kinetics and gymnodimine species Aureococcus production by K. selliformis (growth anophagefferens. We tested the yield maximum, 46510 cells/ml; - ability of TBT to utilize DIN (NO2 or doubling time, 8.6 days; NH +) and DON (urea or glutamic μ 4 gymnodimine, 0.5 g/ml) were acid) as the sole source of nitrogen substantially improved compared to under 8 light intensities ranging from standard (12 L) batch culture limiting to saturating irradiances (growth yield max. 41,510 cells/ml; using a light gradient table. The doubling time, 17.3 days; experiments demonstrated highest
246 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
+ -1 TBT growth on NH4 (1.0 div day ), ratios. This suggests that the followed by urea (0.8 div day-1), dinoflagellate may respond -1 - glutamate (0.54 div day ), and NO2 differently to nitrate or phosphate (0.48 div day-1). Growth rate vs. due to N:P supply ratio. Therefore, irradiance curves revealed that the the N:P supply ratio in coastal tested forms of organic nitrogen do environments should be taken into not enhance growth of the TBT at consideration when assessing the any irradiance above that observed nutrients utilized by dinoflagellates + for NH4 grown TBT. We such as Alexandrium species. hypothesize that the TBT may utilize ambient DON to sustain PO.13-72 growth at lower rates when DIN Brevetoxin contamination is becomes limiting. common in fish from the eastern Gulf of Mexico
PO.10-21 Session: PO.13 - Regional events Nitrate and phosphate uptake J Naar1, LJ Flewelling2, JH Landsberg2 kinetics of the dinoflagellate 1 Alexandrium tamarense in Center for Marine Science-UNCW, relation to N:P supply ratios WILMINGTON, NC, United States of America 2 Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, ST autecology PETERSBURG, FL, United States of America AI Murata, SCY Leong, S Taguchi
Soka University, HACHIOJI, Japan Brevetoxins are potent neurotoxins produced by a few species of Nitrogen (N) such as nitrate, and harmful algae, most notably Karenia phosphate (P) are primary nutrients brevis. These toxins are highly in coastal ecosystems. Their ichthyotoxic, leading to massive fish concentrations vary so dramatically kills during red tide events. Fish that phytoplankton is bound to be can be exposed to brevetoxins by exposed to variable N:P supply absorption of dissolved toxin ratios. The present study through the gills, or by ingestion of investigated nitrate and phosphate K. brevis cells or toxic prey such as uptake parameters of A. tamarense shellfish, seagrass or zooplankton. in relation to N:P supply ratios in a Although very susceptible to soluble semi-continuous experiment. brevetoxins, a series of Alexandrium tamarense was grown experimental exposures of fish to at five different N:P supply ratios contaminated prey revealed that (N:P = 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64) by ichthyotoxicity is modulated by the keeping phosphate concentration at route of exposure which allows for 1.56 μM-P with variable nitrate fish survival and toxin accumulation concentrations. Increasing the N:P in tissues by dietary transfer. supply ratios induced a decrease in In light of these results and given cellular nitrate uptake rates. the involvement of brevetoxin- However, cellular phosphate uptake contaminated fish in a 2004 rate showed a maximum value at bottlenose dolphin mortality1, live the N:P supply ratio 16. The cellular fish throughout the Gulf Coast of C:N ratio decreased with increasing Florida (n>500, more than 69 N:P supply ratio, and reached distinct species) were collected and minimum value at high N:P supply analyzed. Our results indicate that
247 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 brevetoxin accumulation in fish is fluorescent intercalating dye with much more common than initially the naked eye. The primers expected. More than 70% of the fish targeting the D1/D2 region of the analyzed were found to contain large-subunit rDNA were designed detectable levels of brevetoxins in in each species. LAMP was carried their tissues. Prevalence, toxin out in a reaction mixture containing levels and distribution in tissues Bst DNA polymerase and its from fish at all positions in the food- appended buffer, dNTPs, and web are discussed with regards to betaines to screen for specificity, human and natural resources rapidity and simplicity i.e. primer health. combination and DNA extraction, etc. The LAMP method is a simple 1Flewelling, Naar et al. Nature 2005 method which can detect the DNA 435:755-756 of target species from a single cell in natural samples within 20-25 min with high specificity (<60 min in total PO.15-11 (n=16)). Rapid detection of toxic
Alexandrium species by Loop- mediated isothermal PO.13-12 amplification, a new DNA Epiphytic dinoflagellates from the amplification method Brazilian coastline Session: PO.15 – Monitoring Session: PO.13 - Regional events
Satoshi Nagai, Y Matsuyama, S Itakura SM Nascimento
Fisheries Research Agency of Japan, Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense, HIROSHIMA, Japan CAMPOS DOS GOYTACAZES, Brazil
In order to detect toxic Alexandrium Reef flats of the tropical and sub- species, we designed and tropical Brazilian coastline can be evaluated a novel DNA amplification regarded as one of the preferred method using Loop-mediated habitat types for epiphytic isothermal amplification (LAMP). dinoflagellates associated with This method synthesizes a large macroalgae. However, little is amount of DNA with high specificity, known about this local assemblage. sensitivity, and rapidity under Epiphytic dinoflagellates are the isothermal conditions at 60-65 °C, source of toxins that cause and it is unnecessary to use ciguatera, a human poisoning that expensive equipments (thermal results from consuming toxic finfish cycler and Q-PCR system). The from coral reefs. This study aimed method employs a DNA polymerase to investigate the epiphytic with strand displacement activity dinoflagellate species composition and a set of four specially designed and abundance on macroalgae from primers that recognize a total of six Muro Alto (8° 27’S, 34° 59’W) and distinct sequences on the target Maracaípe (8° 32’S, 35° 00’W) on DNA. This method can be the northeast, and Arraial do Cabo monitored the target DNA in real- (22° 59’S, 42° 00’) on the southeast time by increase in turbidity due to Brazilian coast. Macroalgal samples an abundance of the by-product, were collected from tidal pools in pyrophosphate, and also detected algal reefs and from rocky shores. the DNA in the presence of They were placed in plastic bags
248 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 and a known volume of filtered period M. chilensis demonstrated an seawater was added. Bags were ability to acclimate to toxin- shaken for 1 min to dislodge containing diets, approaching epiphytic microalgae. The similar values to the control suspension was preserved with mussels. The relative insensitivity of neutral lugol iodine for microscopic M. chilensis to PSP resulted in the identification and enumeration. rapid normalization of its feeding Epiphytic microalgae were behaviour, allowing it to accumulate quantified by sedimentation in a the paralytic toxin within a short settling chamber and examined period of time. This capacity made under an inverted epifluorescence Mytilus chilensis a good indicator microscope using calcofluor species for detection of PSP events staining. Species composition and potentially dangerous to human abundance are reported. Species of health. The capacity for acclimation Prorocentrum and Ostreopsis were of M. chilensis may be an adaptive observed, indicating the potential property within the natural risk of toxin accumulation through population of origin, which was the food web. affected by the toxic bloom of A. catenella during 2002. (We are grateful for financial PO.04-02 support from: Grant FONDECYT Short-term feeding response of 1030340 and DID-UACH). the mussel Mytilus chilensis exposed to diets containing the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium PO.13-10 catenella HABs and hurricanes in Florida Session: PO.04 – Food chains Session: PO.13 - Regional events
JM Navarro, AM Contreras 1 1 Merrie Neely , Cynthia A Heil , Sue Universidad Austral de Chile, VALDIVIA, Murasko1, Kristy Dziemiela1, Erin Chile Faltin1, Matt Garrett1, Earnest Truby1, 1 2 Frequent blooms of Alexandrium Tom Corbin , Dan Carlson , Dave English3 catenella in southern Chile 1 encouraged undertaking of the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation C, ST. PETERSBURG, FL, United States of present study, which uses the America mussel Mytilus chilensis as a model 2Florida State University, TALLAHASSEE, for evaluating the feeding response FL, United States of America 3 to diets containing PSP produced University of South Florida, ST. by A. catenella. Short-term feeding PETERSBURG, FL, United States of America responses were measured using four diets containing different The 2004 and 2005 hurricane proportions of Alexandrium season provided two unique catenella. Four specimens were opportunities to evaluate the effects exposed to diets containing A. of post-hurricane nutrient catenella and three controls were enrichment of the West Florida fed with a diet free of A. catenella. Shelf (WFS) and HAB initiation and Diets containing the highest maintenance. Multidisciplinary percentages of A. catenella research cruises began significantly affected clearance rate approximately 10 days after both during the initial hours. After this Hurricanes Charley and Wilma, the
249 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 former occurred during a period be distinguished from the without a HAB event and the latter Pseudanabaena group sensu occurred during a HAB event. In Komárek and Caslavská (1991), both cases, nutrient loading on the which is characterized by a more or WFS was up to an order of less concentric arrangement of the magnitude greater than pre- thylakoids. A detailed description of hurricane, wet season conditions the ultrastructure including the cell and much greater than dry season wall and cellular inclusions is also conditions. Nutrient bioassays provided. The phylogenetic taken at the mouths of bays and relationship between this species rivers during each cruise indicated and other cyanobacteria was that nitrogen was the most limiting investigated by sequence nutrient in these locations, although determination of the phycocyanin P co-limitation was also implicated gene. Toxin production studies of in some regions and light was the strain HOs24 using ELISA and primary limiting factor for HPLC analyses showed it to phytoplankton growth in about half produce six variants of microcystins. the locations. Comparisons of limiting nutrients in similar PO.13-07 bioassays within offshore and Mucilage phenomena in North inshore blooms during non- Aegean Sea, Greece: another hurricane conditions provide harmful effect of dinoflagellates? supporting evidence of nutrient Session: PO.13 - Regional events needs in Karenia brevis blooms. The passage of Hurricanes Katrina G Nikolaidis, K. Aligizaki, K Koukaras, and Rita ameliorated a HAB related K Moschandreou hypoxia/anoxia event on the WFS. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, THESSALONIKI, Greece
PO.12-13 Mucilage phenomena are known in Pseudanabaena cf. moniliformis, the Mediterranean Sea since the a new toxic cyanobacterium from 18th century, while in Greece the Vietnam first reports go back to the ’80s. Recently, the formation of mucilage Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogeny has been associated with the LTT Nguyen, N Daugbjerg, Ø Moestrup dinoflagellates Gonyaulax hyalina
Biological Institute, COPENHAGEN, and G. fragilis in Tasman Bay (New Denmark Zealand) and the Adriatic Sea (Italy), respectively. After A freshwater cyanobacterium from successive mucilage formations and Huong River (Hue, Vietnam) has subsequent fisheries problems the been isolated into clonal culture last years in Greek coastal waters, (strain HOs24). Based on the samples were collected on a weekly general morphology seen in the basis from 14 sampling stations in light microscope (including size and Thermaikos Gulf (NW Aegean Sea) shape), it was identified as and sporadically from 20 sites in Pseudanabaena cf. moniliformis. North Aegean Sea between June However, in the transmission and October 2005 in order to electron microscope, thin sections investigate any causative organism revealed the thylakoids having a for mucilage aggregations; G. cf. radial arrangement. It can therefore
250 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 fragilis was found from June to Adriatic usually occurred in early September coinciding with mucilage summer. Dinophysis caudata and phenomena. Towards the end of D. fortii showed maximum summer, Gonyaulax cells were abundance in summer and autumn. often found inside aggregations Dinophysis species showed strong along with diatoms and heliozoans, seasonal variability and different while on many occasions only the spatial distribution. Diarrhetic thecae were found. Furthermore, shellfish toxins outbreaks were the examination of preserved water usually associated with the samples collected in 2004 revealed presence of D. fortii and D. caudata. that G. cf. fragilis was also present Dinophysis fortii was always in summer 2004 when mucilage associated with shellfish toxicity phenomena were also intense. The while D. caudata blooms were highest abundances of Gonyaulax present during both periods with (7.92x103 cells/L) were found on and without shellfish toxicity, August 2005 in integrated water indicating D. fortii as the most DSP samples, while their abundance in toxic species in these areas. 2004 did not exceed 1.40x103 cells/L. PO.06-07 The emergence and dynamics of PO.13-32 red tide blooms caused by DSP shellfish toxicity in relation Cochlodinium polykrikoides in to occurrence of Dinophysis fortii the Peconic Estuary, NY, USA and D. caudata blooms Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics
Session: PO.13 - Regional events 1 2 R Nuzzi , CJ Gobler
Ž Nincevic Gladan, I Marasovic, S 1Suffolk County Department of Health Serv, Skejic, M Bužancic YAPANK, United States of America 2 Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Stony Brook University, SOUTHAMPTON, SPLIT, Croatia United States of America
Temporal and spatial distribution of The dinoflagellate Cochlodinium Dinophysis species in relation to polykrikoides is well known for DSP shellfish toxicity was studied at forming harmful red tide blooms in six areas with 13 sampling stations Asian waters to the detriment of along the eastern Adriatic coast fisheries and aquaculture there. In from January 2001 to December the US, C. polykrikoides blooms 2005. Seven potentially toxic have been less common. Here we Dinophysis species were recorded report on the emergence of a C. including D. acuta, D. acuminata, D. polykrikoides blooms in the Peconic caudata, D. fortii, D. rotundata, D. Estuary, NY, USA, during the late sacculus, and D. tripos. Dinophysis summer and early fall of 2004 and species differed in seasonal 2005. During both years, blooms achieved cell densities exceeding occurrence. Dinophysis acuta, D. 7 acuminata and D. sacculus were 10 /L and chlorophyll levels more abundant in spring and autum. exceeding 100μg/L throughout Dinophysis rotundata and D. tripos much of the estuary, although occurred in high abundance during bloom waters were characterized by winter and spring, while higher extreme patchiness. High- abundance of D. rotundata in NW resolution spatial and temporal sampling during 2005 suggested
251 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 that the bloom was initiated in the dependent manner, and it upper tributaries of the Peconic decreased after addition of carboxy- Estuary in August, and PTIO, a specific NO scavenger. The progressively spread to the outer estimated level of NO produced by estuary in September. Aquacultured C. marina was higher than those of juvenile oysters (Crassostrea ROS. The NO generation by C. virginica) and wild juvenile and adult marina was also confirmed by a soft shell clams (Mya arenaria) spectrophotometric assay based on experienced elevated mortality the measurement of the diazo- during the blooms, a finding reaction positive substances (NOx) particularly troubling in light of the and by fluorometric assay using a ongoing multi-million dollar efforts to highly specific fluorescent indicator restore the Peconic Estuary’s of NO. The NO level in C. marina shellfish populations. Incubation was significantly reduced by L- experiments during bloom events NAME, a specific NO synthase suggested that both nitrogen and (NOS) inhibitor, and the addition of organic micronutrients (vitamins) L-arginine resulted in an increase in may both play a key role in NO level, whereas NaNO2 had no stimulating the growth of C. effect. These results suggest that polykrikoides during bloom events. NOS-like enzymes are mainly responsible for NO generation in C. marina. PO.05-04 Nitric oxide synthase-mediated nitric oxide (NO) generation by PO.10-03 harmful red tide phytoplankton, Growth and toxin production of Chattonella marina the dinoflagellate, Alexandrium
Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis minutum (Dinophyceae) isolated from Tumpat Estuary, Tatsuya Oda, Kim Daekyung, Kenichi northeastern part of Peninsula Yamaguchi Malaysia Nagasaki University, NAGASAKI, Japan Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & autecology The harmful red tide phytoplankton species Chattonella marina is T Ogata1, CP Leaw1, G Usup2, A known for its potent fish-killing Kobiyama1, K Koike1, PT Lim1,3 activity. Previous studies have 1Kitasato University, OFUNATO CITY, demonstrated that C. marina Iwate, Japan 2 produces reactive oxygen species Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, BANGI, (ROS), and a ROS-mediated Malaysia ichthyotoxic mechanism has been The tropical estuarine postulated. In this study, we found dinoflagelallate, A. minutum Halim that C. marina is producing was used to determine the relatively high levels of nitric oxide ecophysiological adaptation in (NO) under normal growth relation to the temperate conditions. We utilized a counterparts. This species has been chemoluminescence (CL) reaction frequently associated with incidence between NO and luminol-H2O2 to of paralytic shellfish poisoning detect NO in a C. marina cell (PSP) in Southeast Asia in recent suspension. Significant CL was years. The effects of irradiance and observed in a cell-number temperature on growth, nitrate
252 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 assimilation and PST production metallic ion from the structures. were investigated in clonal batch Large amount of calcium and cultures over the growth cycle. magnesium dissolved in water can Growth rates increased with be obtained easily from shells and increasing temperature and used for the machine structure. irradiance. Growth was depressed Iron, aluminum, sodium and at lower temperature (20 °C) and potassium are dissolved as ions in irradiance (40 µmol photons m-2 s-1). water, but their concentrations are The species showed no net growth low. Iron and aluminium chelates at 10 µmol photons m-2 s-1 and a have effective cohesion effects but temperature of 15 °C, although cells they spoil the taste of water. remained alive. Cellular toxin quotas The performance of the model (Qt) varied in the range 10 – 42 fmol device based on adsorption, PST cell-1. Toxin production rate, precipitation (effect of cohesion) Rtox increased with elevated light at and surfacing was evaluated by both 20 °C and 25 °C, with using the solution in which several pronounced effect observed in the kinds of algae have been cultured. exponential phase (r2 = 0.96). Rtox The toxic microalgae were also increased significantly with adsorbed and concentrated by the increased temperature (P < 0.05). device. Different methods to The ecotypic variations in growth remove the chemicals and the adaptations and toxin production of elements discharged from toxic this Malaysian strain may reveal a microalgae were tested. unique physiological adaptation of tropical Alexandrium species. PO.07-11 Impact of Lingulodinium PO.14-15 polyedrum blooms on the Exterminating model of toxic northern coast of Baja California, microalgae by electrochemical Mexico method Session: PO.07 - Ecology and Session: PO.14 - Mitigation oceanography
E Orellana-Cepeda1, C Granados- H Ogawa 2 3 Machuca , M Avalos-Borja , LA Univ. Tamagawa, MACHIDA-SHI TOKYO, Morales-Zamorano4, M Valdez- Japan 5 5 Marquez , D Parlange-Lamshing , I Gradilla-Martínez3 Chemical methods to exterminate 1 toxic microalgae have being Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, SAN YSIDRO, United States of America developed; but application of the 2 FCM, UABC, ENSENADA, Baja methods in river head areas and California., Mexico fish farms is restricted. 3CCMC, UNAM, ENSENADA, Mexico Exterminating toxic cyanobacteria 4FCAS, UABC, ENSENADA, Baja California, Mexico is important because of increasing 5 concentrations of toxic compounds Maricultura del Norte SRL de CV, ENSENADA, Mexico through the food chains. A method that does not use chemicals is Red tides occur annually on the preferred in riverhead areas and coast of Baja California (BC) and a fish farms. phytoplankton monitoring program The electrochemical method is was therefore initiated in 2003 to characterized by the elution of a
253 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 detect potentially harmful algae Akashiwo, Alexandrium, before they impact fish farms. Dinophysis, Karenia, Karlodinium, Phytoplankton samples were taken Lingulodinium, Pfiesteria, using a segmented pipe. The most Prorocentrum and Protoceratium, important red tide event of the last and to a lesser extent to 20 years occurred in spring/summer Heterokontophyta, represented by 2005 and the dominant species was Chattonella, Fibrocapsa and Lingulodinium polyedrum. A Heterosigma, or Haptophyta, with maximum value of 17 500 000 harmful representatives of cells/L was recorded for this species Chrysochromulina, Phaeocystis, at Salsipuedes, BC, in August, while Platychrysis, Pleurochrysis and values of 4 500 000 and 4 990 000 Prymnesium. Some species such cells/L were obtained at Puerto as Heterosigma akashiwo and Escondido, BC, in June and July, Phaeocystis globosa appear respectively. In addition to the direct recurrently and, in many cases, at impact on the bottom fauna when L. elevated densities. The remaining polyedrum attained a density of 6 species appeared in very low 300 000 cells/L in a shallow area of concentrations or were identified in Ensenada Bay in June, secondary cultures of natural samples together effects were observed. In October, with the dinoflagellates Karlodinium in Ensenada Harbour and Coral micrum and Karlodinium sp., and Marina, tons of anchovy (Engraulis the haptophytes Prymnesium mordax) were infected by parvum, Chrysochromulina Acinetobacter vaumannii and died. brevifilum, Pleurochrysis Subsequently, unusual tuna pseudoroscoffensis and mortalities occurred in farms at Platychrysis pienaari. In this study, different localities. Paralytic and we present the relationship between amnesic shellfish poisoning were the physical environment, with not detected in the dead tuna. The emphasis on haline or thermal L. polyedrum bloom could have stratification, and the presence of played a role in these complex toxic these harmful species along the outbreaks. longitudinal axis of the estuary.
PO.13-20 PO.13-61 Harmful flagellates in the Nervion Bloom-forming Pseudo-nitzschia River Estuary species (Bacillariophyceae) from
Session: PO.13 - Regional events the southeastern coast of Russia: morphology, distribution and E Orive, A Laza, S Seoane toxicity University of the Basque Country, LEIOA, Session: PO.13 - Regional events Spain Tatiana Orlova Several potentially harmful flagellate Institute of marine Biology, species have been identified in the VLADIVOSTOK, Russia Nervion River Estuary, a eutrophic warm temperate estuary which has A survey for species of the experienced in the last years a potentially toxic diatom genus marked improval of water quality. Pseudo-nitzschia was carried out on Species belong mostly to the south-eastern coast of Russia: Dinophyta, including the genera Peter the Great Bay (within the Sea
254 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 of Japan) and Aniva Bay (within the analyzed by HPLC. More than 300 Sea of Okhotsk). The bloom- samples showing toxicity close to forming Pseudo-nitzschia species the regulation limit were selected for found were P. multiseries, P. the analysis. multistriata and P. calliantha, as Shellfish contaminated by identified by TEM and SEM. Alexandrium tamarense in northern Morphometrics, taxonomic Japan showed similar toxin profiles, discussion and distribution patterns with GTX1-GTX4 and neoSTX as are presented for these three major toxins. However, those species. We document, for the first related to autumn blooms of A. time, the toxicity of a Pseudo- catenella showed a large proportion nitzschia species isolated from of C1/C2 toxins. Mussels, clams Russian waters. The highest and oysters from western Japan domoic acid concentration was showed much more variation in 3,780 ng ml-1 (11 pg cell-1), in a 23 toxin profiles. Especially, those day-old culture of P. multiseries contaminated by Gymnodinium from Amursky Bay. No domoic acid catenatum were characterised by a was detected (<2 ng ml-1) in the large proportion of N- cultures of P. calliantha and P. sulfocarbamoyl toxins such as multistriata from the same location. C1/C2, GTX5 and GTX6. Despite No poisoning events or mass great variation in toxin profiles, mortality of sea birds or mammals estimated toxicities from HPLC data have yet been reported. However, agreed well with the results of the regular phytoplankton monitoring is mouse bioassay. However, in low needed to detect the appearance toxicity samples HPLC-based and density of potentially toxic toxicities always exceeded those of Pseudo-nitzschia species along the the bioassay, due to the matrix southeastern coast of Russia. effect in the bioassay.
PO.05-25 PO.14-07 Characteristics of PSP-toxin Looking into the use of clay to profiles in bivalves from control Pyrodinium blooms in the Philippines Japanese coastal waters
Session: PO.14 - Mitigation Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis
LV Padilla, MS McGlone, RV Azanza Y Oshima
Tohoku University, SENDAI, Japan The Marine Science Institute, QUEZON CITY, Philippines Contamination of shellfish by PSP toxins occurs all over Japan from Pyrodinium blooms in the Hokkaido to Okinawa. So far, 4 Philippines have resulted in more species of dinoflagellates have than 2100 cases of paralytic been identified as causative shellfish poisoning due mainly to organisms. Since the basic ingestion of the vector species, information on the toxins is Perna viridis. Some efforts have important for the application of new been made to respond to this toxic analytical methods to the monitoring outbreak. This study is the first program, toxic samples were attempt to examine the use of clay systematically collected from the to control a Pyrodinium bahamense major shellfish growing areas and bloom. The removal efficiency of
255 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 local clays (ball clay, brown dinoflagellates ranged from 2.5 to bentonite and white clay) and 4.7 X 106 cells L-1. This resulted in a marine sediments was determined serious health hazard as more than in a microscale set up. Ball clay 200 persons, especially school exhibited high removal efficiency of children were admitted in hospitals. >99% at final concentration of 1 g/L. It also adversely affected the Removal efficiency was 69% for mussel and fin- fish fishery along brown bentonite, 48% for white clay, the coast. The mouse bioassay and 59% for marine sediments. revealed no toxicity in mussels. Cell removal of ball clay was Subsequent to this event, another consistent from 2.5 to 24 h after clay massive fish kill had occurred at addition. The effectiveness of ball Varkala on 27 September 2004, clay was also tested against other which coincided with high HAB species, Chatonella marina concentration of Ceratium furca (1.6 and Amphidinium carterae, showing X 104 cells L-1) and Cochlodinium cell removal of 25% and 50%, polykrikoides (2.2 X 104 cells L-1). respectively. Mesoscale The HAB is a recurring experiments will be done for the phenomenon along the Kerala efficacy of ball clay on larger volume coast. Currently a national and under turbulent condition. The coordinated monitoring programme effect of ball clay addition on 'Harmful Algal Blooms in the Indian seawater chemistry showed no EEZ' is being carried out along the change in ambient ammonia southern coasts of India. concentration but nitrate decreased after 5 and 24 h of clay addition. Results for nitrite and phosphate PO.14-03 varied between two runs. Modified local soils/sediments for HAB removal and macrophytes restoring in shallow lakes PO.13-67 Session: PO.14 - Mitigation Harmful algal blooms along the Kerala coast, southern India G Pan, M Zhang, H Zou, H Chen, B Tian, X Yuan, S Gao Session: PO.13 - Regional events Res. Cent. Eco-environ. Sci., BEIJING, K Padmakumar China
University of Kerala, TRIVANDRUM, India The major concerns for mitigating During 9 – 21 September 2005, the HAB using clays in shallow lakes coastal regions from Kollam to are low HAB removal efficiency for Vizhinjam of Kerala experienced most clays in fresh waters; high clay massive fish kills followed by loading and operating costs; obnoxious and nauseating smell for ecological risks for adding exotic about a 100-km stretch along the clays; re-suspension of algal cells coast. The coastal waters had and increased anaerobic release of strong discolouration and high nutrients/pollutants from the concentration of Cochlodinium sediment; and the inherent polykrikoides. There was a drastic incapability for preventing the decline in the concentration of occurrence of HAB from long point oxygen, nitrite, nitrate and of view. We proposed a MLSIER phosphate during the initial bloom (PCT patent filed) technology period. The concentration of the (modified-local-soils/sediments
256 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 induced ecological restoration), the plastids in Dinophysis are which made it possible to solve all known to be of cryptophyte or these problems. In the study of the haptophyte origin, whether they are MLS technique, it was found that kleptoplasts and how they are some natural netting and bridging acquired by Dinophysis still remain materials, such as chitosan, turned unresolved. To address these many solids, such as local issues, we tried to establish D. soils/sediments, into highly effective acuminata in laboratory culture. The flocculants in removing results will be discussed in context cyanobacterial blooms fromn fresh of biology and plastid evolution of waters (1-3). When MLS was further Dinophysis species. modified with macrophyte seeds (MLSIER), the short-term effect of PO.12-08 algal removal triggered a long-term Morphological characteristics macrophyte growth (the latter would and life cycle of the diatom otherwise die in HAB waters), which Thalassiosira cf stellaris permanently fixed the cells and Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogeny nutrients into the sediments. JG Park, J Ren
1. Pan G, Zhang MM et al., Kunsan Univ., JEOLLABUK-DO, South Environmental Pollution, 2006, 141 Korea (2): 195. 2. Zou H, Pan G et al., Strains of Thalassiosira stellaris and Environmental Pollution, 2006, 141 Thalassiosira cf stellaris were (2): 201. isolated off the coast of Wando, 3. Pan G, Zou H et al., Korea. T. cf stellaris resembles T. Environmental Pollution, 2006, 141 stellaris in many morphological (2): 206. characteristics such as cell length, fascicular distribution of areolae, and the number and interval of PO.10-18 strutted processes on the margin Trying to cultivate Dinophysis and middle of the valve face. T. cf acuminata, a dinoflagellate stellaris differs in lacking dot-shaped causing diarrhetic shellfish small processes on the valve face, poisoning and the strutted processes are Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & surrounded by four additional small autecology areolae. T. cf stellaris displayed
MG Park1, S Kim2, HS Kim3, YG Kang2, typical oogamous reproduction. In a W Yih2 phase of vegetative multiplication,
1Chonnam National University, GWANGJU, several cells were connected by South Korea mucous threads to build up short 2Kunsan National University, KUNSAN, chains in which each cell stands South Korea apart at regular intervals, but during 3Gunsan RMAFO, MOMAF, KUNSAN, South Korea and/or just before sexual reproduction, the cells were closely The dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis connected to neighbouring cells includes several toxic species which producing chains without cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, mucilaginous threads. Cell counts of and no species of the genus has yet single cells decreased with growth been established in culture. While of the filamentous chains. These
257 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 results imply that the filamentous subpopulation of cells with a single chains might play the role of oocyte nucleus containing 4C DNA also and the single cells may be occurred during the dark period. spermatocytes. In spite of identical Based on observations of the culture conditions of T. cf stellaris sexual life cycle of K. veneficum, it and T. stellaris, sexual reproduction is proposed that these 4C DNA cells was observed only in T. cf stellaris. were zygotes undergoing meiosis. This potentially co-occurring meiotic cycle could impact determinations PO.10-41 of the mitotic cell cycle of Examination of the cell cycle, Karlodinium. growth rate, and meiosis of Karlodinium spp. by flow cytometry PO.08-20
Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Impacts of the toxic Autecology dinoflagellate Alexandrium
1 2 monilatum on three ecologically MW Parrow , JM Burkholder , E 3 important shellfish species Garcés
1University of North Carolina Charlotte, Session: PO.08 - Toxicology
CHARLOTTE, United States of America 1 1 2 SE Pate , JM Burkholder , SE Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, Shumway2 RALEIGH, United States of America 1 3IRTA, Inst. de Recerca i Tecnol. Agroal., North Carolina State University, RALEIGH, SANT CARLES DE LA RÀPITA, Spain United States of America 2 University of Connecticut, GROTON, The DNA content, DNA synthesis United States of America cycles, and growth rates of different Alexandrium monilatum is a toxic strains of Karlodinium veneficum dinoflagellate that forms blooms and K. armiger were studied in mostly in the Gulf of Mexico. Toxic culture by flow cytometry. A 3-fold A. monilatum has been linked to fish difference in DNA content was and invertebrate kills, and produces found between K. veneficum and K. endotoxins with hemolytic and armiger, indicating a significant neurotoxic properties. We difference in genome size. K. experimentally assessed responses veneficum strains had a diel of ecologically important shellfish to periodicity of DNA synthesis (S) and toxic A. monilatum (AMO3 isolate). cell division (G2M) that was phased Grazing studies were conducted with the photocycle. Cells with 1C with eastern oysters (Crassostrea DNA (G1) began DNA synthesis (S) virginica), northern quahogs during the latter half of the light (Mercenaria mercenaria) and green period, then entered G2M and mussels (Perna viridis), all of which divided during the dark period. inhabit areas where A. monilatum Variation among K. veneficum blooms occur. Clearance rates of strains was found in the duration of each shellfish species were the S phase (3.2-8.4 h) and G2M depressed when exposed to toxic A. phase (2.0-12.7 h). Potential growth monilatum alone or with nontoxic rates derived from cell cycle data Instant Algae® Pavlova, in ranged from 0.55 to 1.03 divisions comparison to control animals that day-1, and were higher than net were fed benign algal prey. growth rates calculated from cell Exposure to A. monilatum also numbers. In most strains, a distinct significantly decreased shellfish
258 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 valve gape. Bioassays were was present during this period. conducted to test survival of larval On October 24th, a strong shellfish exposed to A. monilatum downwelling (Iw < -1000 m3·s-1·km- as whole, unconstrained cells, cells 1) event occurred and surface held in dialysis tubing, or sonicated waters warmer (>16.5 ºC) and less cells. Sonicated A. monilatum saline (35.2) flowed into the Rías, caused a significant decrease in advecting a G. catenatum larval survival, in comparison to population (max. 1.7 x105 cells·L-1). survival of the control larvae that Data from a lagrangian drifter were tested with nontoxic (NOAA/CoastWatch) confirmed the Alexandrium tamarense. Overall, presence of a northward coastal these data indicate that A. current (Vel ~0.2-0.6 m·s-1) on these monilatum blooms can adversely dates. Temporal fluctuations in G. affect shellfish survival by reducing catenatum bloom dynamic followed clearance rate and valve gape, the upwelling-downwelling events. affecting food intake, and inducing High cell concentrations persisted larval mortality. until December, decreasing gradually until spring 2006. After ten years of no G. catenatum blooming PO.13-53 in Galician Rías, this intense and Early detection and intensive persistent episode caused bans on monitoring during an unusual mussel culture areas (average toxic bloom of Gymnodinium production>2x105 tons·year-1) until catenatum advected into the mid-February, having an important Galician Rías (NW, Spain) social and economic impact. Session: PO.13 - Regional events
1 1 2 Y Pazos , A Moroño , J Triñanes , M PO.10-45 Doval1, P Montero1, MG Vilarinho3, MT 3 Carbon dioxide production Moita during an exceptional 1INTECMAR, PONTEVEDRA, Spain 2Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, dinoflagellate bloom at Todos SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA, Spain Santos Bay, Baja California, 3IPIMAR, LISBOA, Portugal México
Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Cooperation between Galician and autecology Portuguese monitoring programs JL Peña-Manjarrez1, MD Martinez- allowed an early alert of a 1 2 Gymnodinium catenatum bloom in Gaxiola , G Gaxiola-Castro , ME de la Cruz-Orozco2, J Cepeda-Morales2 the Galician Rías a month before 1 the PSP toxin accumulation in Centro de Estudios Tecnologicos del Mar, ENSENADA, B. C., Mexico mussels. Both programs detected 2CICESE, ENSENADA, B. C., Mexico isolated chains of G. catenatum from July 2005. The Portuguese During an exceptional dinoflagellate monitoring system warned about bloom in 2005 at Todos Santos high concentrations of G. catenatum Bay, Baja California (perhaps the on the Lisbon shelf in September most intense bloom during the last and the progressive increase in the 45 years), a 2-day survey cruise concentrations northward thereafter. was carried out to study the impact From the near real-time sea surface of this event on the CO2 ocean- temperature fields, it was inferred atmosphere flux. Continuous that a northward coastal current measurements of carbon dioxide
259 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
partial pressure (pC O2sea) along Several molecular methods for the sea surface were made, monitoring of HAB species have pCO2sea average values of 600 been recently developed. In ?atm were measured, inducing an particular, quantitative real-time ocean-atmosphere flux of 13.55 PCR can be used for the detection -2 -1 mmol CO2 m d , our estimations and quantification of genetically revealed that the Todos Santos Bay distinct HAB species in exported at least 97 ton CO2 per environmental samples using a week to the atmosphere during the standard curve as reference. The bloom. When the bloom began, the standard usually consists in the phytoplankton community was target sequences of rDNA genes dominated by thecate cloned into a plasmid, or in DNA dinoflagellates (Lingulodinium extracted from a known amount of polyedrum, Ceratium furca, C. cultured target cells. When a fusus, Prorocentrum micans and plasmid is used as standard, it is Dinophysis spp.) with maximum cell essential to know the amount of the counts of 7 x 106 cells L-1. At the target rDNA copy number per cell. end, the dominant species were L. In this study, the rDNA content of polyedrum together with non- the HAB species A. catenella and A. thecate dinoflagellates taylori was estimated by real-time (Gymnodinium spp., Gyrodinium PCR using specific primers spp. and Amphidinium spp.) and the designed on the 5.8S rDNA region, diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. and standard curves constructed Inorganic nutrients, oxygen, with serial dilutions of the cloned temperature and chlorophyll 'a' target sequences. The data were fluorescence profiles were also useful for quantification of A. measured. A conceptual model is catenella and A. taylori in bloom proposed in which the autotrophic samples using the real-time PCR- respiration and bacterial oxidation of based approach. While A. taylori organic matter controls the cell quantification was generally in pCO2sea levels. agreement with microscope cell count, A. catenella cell quantification was underestimated PO.15-05 compared to standard counting Ribosomal DNA quantification in method. This could be partially the dinoflagellates Alexandrium explained by the presence of a catenella and Alexandrium taylori pseudogene in the 'A. for application in real-time PCR- tamarense/catenella/fundyense' based monitoring complex. Further experiments will
Session: PO.15 - Monitoring be needed in order to address this
1 1 issue. A. Penna , Luca Galluzzi , Elena Bertozzini2, E Garcés3, Mauro 1 Magnani
1University of Urbino, PESARO, Italy 2Università degli Studi di Urbino, PESARO, Italy 3Institut de Ciències del Mar, BARCELONA, Spain
260 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
PO.06-15 prediction and therefore has An investigation of the restricted capability in the prediction relationship between Pseudo- of domoic acid accumulation in nitzschia species and domoic shellfish in this region. acid in Mytilus sp. in the Fal Estuary, UK PO.08-06 Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics Cyanobacterial toxins as triggers L Percy1, W Higman2, K Bateman2, E for oxidative stress in plants Bresnan3, S Morris2, J Lewis1 Session: PO.08 - Toxicology 1University of Westminster, LONDON, Anja Peuthert, Stephan Pflugmacher United Kingdom 2CEFAS, WEYMOUTH, United Kingdom IGB, BERLIN, Germany 3Fisheries Research Services, ABERDEEN, United Kingdom Cyanobacterial toxins have been shown to have adverse effects on An 18-month detailed time series plants, both terrestrial and aquatic. has been constructed for the Microcystins are cyclic occurrence of Pseudo-nitzschia heptapeptides and the main group species and domoic acid in Mytilus of cyanotoxins. During exposure of sp. from the Fal Estuary, UK. plants to cyanobacterial toxins the Pseudo-nitzschia species were formation of reactive oxygen regularly observed with four species can occur. These reactive Pseudo-nitzschia species isolated oxygen species have strong into culture; P. fraudulenta, P. cf. reactivity and are able to interact pseudodelicatissima, P. multiseries with other cellular compounds like and P. pungens, of which P. lipids, proteins and DNA. multiseries was confirmed to Plants do have an effective produce domoic acid. However, antioxidative system which will limit domoic acid was only detected in the negative effects caused by shellfish during a peak in Pseudo- reactive oxygen species. Seedlings nitzschia, when TEM analysis of Alfalfa exposed to purified confirmed the dominant species to cyanobacterial toxins and cell-free be P. cf. pseudodelicatissima. cyanobacterial crude extract Spatial and temporal data indicated showed uptake of toxin, and that these cells entered the estuary adverse effects on germination, from the seaward source (i.e. the growth and root development. English Channel). There were also Antioxidative enzymes, such as periods where Pseudo-nitzschia superoxide dismutase (SOD) and species occurred without the catalase were examined at the presence of domoic acid in shellfish. protein- as well as on the gene The presence of a range of non level. domoic acid producing Pseudo- nitzschia strains/species in the Fal Estuary could explain non PO.13-63 correlation between cell abundance First evidence of spirolide and domoic acid concentration in accumulation in northwestern Adriatic shellfish shellfish in this region. In addition, the use of size classing of Pseudo- Session: PO.13 - Regional events nitzschia cells provided limited S Pigozzi1, M Cangini1, A Ceredi1, F capability in aiding species Magnani1, A Milandri1, M Pompei1, E
261 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Riccardi1, L Bianchi2, L Boschetti2, S and high nutrient inputs can Montanari2, S Rubini2 enhance the development of toxic
1Centro Ricerche Marine, CESENATICO cyanobacterial blooms in lakes and (FC), Italy 2 reservoirs. This study describes the IZS Lombardia-Emilia Romagna, occurrence of four microcystin FERRARA, Italy variants (MC) in a bloom in the In autumn 2003, shellfish samples eutrophic reservoir Billings, in Sao from the Northwestern Adriatic Sea, Paulo City. The bloom sample was collected during the routine collected in October 2003, and monitoring programme, tested Microcystis was the main genus positive by mouse bioassay for found. The MC were separated and lipophilic toxins (Yasumoto, 2001). purified by reverse phase high Unusual symptoms and the performance liquid chromatography extremely short survival times (as (RP-HPLC). Their structures were low as 5 min), alerted the monitoring elucidated by electrospray ionization operators, suggesting the presence tandem mass spectrometry (ESI- of compounds previously MS/MS) and four variants were undetected in Italy. During the determined: MC-RR, MC-LR, MC- event, the dinoflagellate YR, and MC-hRhR. MC-hRhR is Alexandrium ostenfeldii reached its described for the first time as a new maximum concentration of 15,612 variant of MC with two cells/L. The microalga, isolated and homoarginines at positions 2 and 4 grown in culture, was demonstrated in its structure. ESI-MS/MS analysis to produce mainly spirolide 13- thus provides a powerful and desmethyl C but no PSP toxins convenient tool for the (Ciminiello, 2006). Here we report determination of variants of MC. on the first evidence of spirolide These results represent an accumulation in Adriatic mussels. important contribution to the Analyses were carried out by liquid knowledge of the biochemistry of chromatography tandem mass toxic cyanobacteria and their toxins, spectrometry. specifically in Sao Paulo State.
PO.04-03 PO.05-34 Effects of harmful algae on rotifer Use of electrospray tandem mass feeding behaviour and spectrometry for identification of reproduction: Karenia brevis microcystins during a uses chemical defense to deter grazers cyanobacterial bloom event Session: PO.04 – Food chains Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis
1 1 1 C Pirkle, TW Snell, J Kubanek E Pinto , HV Frias , P Colepicolo , KHM Cardozo1, MA Mendes1, VM Georgia Institute of Technology, ATLANTA, Carvalho2, D Tomazela3 United States of America
1 Universidade de São Paulo, SÃO PAULO, Bloom-forming phytoplankton may Brazil 2Instituto Fleury, SAO PAULO, Brazil avoid becoming prey for 3Waters Tecnologies, SAO PAULO, Brazil zooplankton because phytoplankton cells are toxic, unpalatable, or Drastic environmental conditions nutritionally inadequate to support such as elevated temperature, zooplankton growth or reproduction. abrupt pH variation, low turbulence, Using laboratory feeding assays, we
262 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 tested the effects of three representative phytoplankton speies dinoflagellates, Karenia brevis, such as O. erythraeum, C. Prorocentrum minimum, and curvisetus and S. costatum studied Peridinium sp., on the feeding from May to July 2003 (early rainy behaviour and fitness of the season) were not clearly estuarine rotifer Brachionus established. However, three clonal plicatilis. Prorocentrum minimum cultures of bacteria, Bacillus sp., and Peridinium sp. were consumed Pseudomonas sp. and unidentified at similar rates as a control food pale yellow bacterial colony, (Rhodomonas lens), but the isolated from seawater in June 2004 consumption of P. minimum or at the concentrations higher than Peridinium sp. resulted in reduced 105 cells/ml, inhibited growth of C. rotifer reproduction. In contrast, K. curvisetus and S. costatum. The brevis cells and extracts deterred growth of a natural population of the rotifer feeding, indicating that K. dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans brevis is chemically defended was also affected by Bacillus sp. against rotifer grazing. concentrations higher than 105 cells/ml and the pale yellow bacteria and Pseudomonas sp. of the PO.13-60 concentrations higher than 104 Killing effect of heterotrophic cells/ml. bacteria on bloom-forming phytoplankton species from the coastal area of Thailand PO.05-11
Session: PO.13 - Regional events Variability of particulate and
1 1 dissolved lipophilic toxins during A Piumsomboon , P Soasii , I and after Dinophysis acuta Sivaipram1, C Songroop1, S 1 2 growth in the Galician Rias Rungsupa , K Fukami
1 Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis Chulalongkorn University, BANGKOK, Thailand 1 2 2 GM Pizarro , JM Franco , S González- Kochi University, KOCHI, Japan Gil1, B Reguera1
1 The relationship between the Instituto Español de Oceanografia, VIGO, Spain abundance of heterotrophic bacteria 2Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, and the bloom-forming species of VIGO, Spain diatoms Skeletonema costatum and Chaetoceros spp., cyanobacteria In autumn 2005, moderate numbers Oscillatoria spp. and dinoflagellates of Dinophysis acuta in the Galician Noctiluca scintillans and Ceratium Rías Baixas were found from early furca was investigated from natural September, and record samples collected from the coastal concentrations were reached the area of Bangpra, in the eastern part second week of November. Toxin of the Upper Gulf of Thailand from profiles and toxin content of January 2003 to January 2004. The lipophylic toxins (okadaiates, temporal variation in the abundance pectenotoxins) in plankton net-hauls of heterotrophic bacteria showed (40-77 µm size fraction, pumped the same trend as those of the from 3-5 m), picked Dinophysis dominating phytoplankton species, acuta cells, and seawater (adsorbed S. costatum, Chaetoceros spp. and with DIAION HP20 resins) were O. erythraeum. The effects of monitored weekly at a fixed station natural bacterial populations on in Ria de Pontevedra. A more
263 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 intense monitoring (every 2h for 24 spp. from 9 cells/ml to 22 cells/ml in h) of toxins in Dinophysis was 16 days, Prorocentrum spp. from 7 carried out during a cell cycle study cells/ml to 190 cells/ml in 51 days. in November. Dinophysis cells and The cultures maintained themselves net-hauls contained OA, DTX2, OA as follows: Gambierdiscus up to the diol-esters and PTX2; the same 48th day, Ostreopsis up to the 57th toxins plus PTX2SA and PTX1, but day and Prorocentrum up to more no diol-esters were dissolved in than 150 days. This study was seawater and adsorbed by the financed by the U.P. Natural resins. Toxins dissolved in seawater Sciences Research Institute. were detected until the end of January 2006, at least one month PO.02-01 after the disappearance of Comparative genomic analysis of Dinophysis cells. Seasonal and cell DNA fragments from a toxic cycle variability in toxin content per cyanobacterial bloom cell (up to 95 pg of okadaiates and Session: PO.02 - Genomics 38 pg of pectenotoxins) will be discussed in relation to cell size, PB Pope, BKC Patel phase of the population, and stages Griffith University, BRISBANE, Australia of the cell cycle. The origin and fate of toxins released in the seawater The variety of secondary are discussed. metabolites found in cyanobacterial blooms and the impacts they have on human health warrants large- PO.08-07 scale approaches into Preliminary cultures in vitro of understanding the ‘bigger picture’ of potentially toxic epiphytic cyanobacterial bloom population dinoflagellates from a northern structure and function. A Philippine reef metagenomic approach, which
Session: PO.08 - Toxicology enables studies on genomes of
1 2 mixed natural communities, has GN Pocsidio , LM Dimaano been utilized to overcome this 1University of the Philippines, QUEZON CITY, Philippines problem of microbe 'unculturability'. 2University of Santo Tomas, MANILA, We have prepared a bacterial Philippines artificial chromosome library (BAC) from the DNA extracted from a Studies were conducted on naturally occurring toxin-producing laboratory cultures of the epiphytic cyanobacterial bloom. The 3000 dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus sp., clone BAC library, which is the first Ostreopsis spp., and Prorocentrum report of a BAC library constructed spp. collected from depths of 1- from cyanobacterial bloom DNA, 1.5m at Lingsat Reef, La Union, had an average insert size of 30kb Philippines. The initial culture with a number of clones containing utilized the ES1 medium in inserts >50kb. From metagenomic stoppered 15-ml culture tubes. At a library 16S rDNA PCR screens and temperature of 27±20 °C, irradiance a random BAC-end sequencing 3,200 lux, salinity 23 ppt and pH survey, 10 clones were selected for 8.0, Gambierdiscus sp., starting insert sequencing completion and from 8 cells/ml, reached a density of analysis. Approximately 200 kb of 15 cells/ml in 23 days, Ostreopsis cyanobacterial bloom metagenome
264 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 has currently been sequenced and Allelopathy may also be inducible, gene-finding and annotation whereby the presence of a specific analysis has identified and competitor led to increased examined over 150 open reading allelopathy by K. brevis. frames (ORF’s). This information has provided an insight into the PO.11-04 physiology of a toxin-producing Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel, cyanobacterial bloom metagenome its haeomolytic and allelopathic and identified proteins of interest effects both ecologically and in terms of Session: PO.11 - Allelopathy potential in industrial processes. YZ Qi1, JS Liu1, WD Yang1, XC Peng1,
SH Lu1, Y Wang1, JF Chen1, TJ Jiang1, PO.11-03 1 2 3 ZH Wang , YH Gao , VR Marion Species-specific allelopathic 1Jinan University, GUANGZHOU, China interactions involving the red tide 2Xiamen University, XIAMEN, China dinoflagellate Karenia brevis 3University of Groningen, HAREN, The
Session: PO.11 - Allelopathy Netherlands
EK Prince1, T Myers1, J Naar2, J Phaeocystis globosa blooms were 1 Kubanek recorded in China since 1997. The
1Georgia Institute of Technology, physiological characteristics of this ATLANTA, United States of America species, as well as characters of its 2University of North Carolina at Wilmingt, WILMINGTON, United States of America haemolysins were described. Haemolytic substances produced Competition is one of the dominant under nutrient limitation showed an processes structuring marine allelopathic response to adverse pelagic communities. Allelopathy, a conditions. Potential allelopathic mechanism of interference effects on three harmful bloom competition by which one species algae, Prorocentrum donghaiense, inhibits another via excretion of Chattonella marina and Chattonella natural products, may allow a ovata were studied. Growth of C. phytoplankton species with poor marina and C. ovata was inhibited nutrient acquisition abilities to be a considerably when co-cultured with dominant competitor, and may also P. globosa or cultured in cell-free contribute to the formation of spent medium. Haemolytic extracts harmful algal blooms (HABs) by from P. globosa cells in the excluding non-bloom-forming senescence phase had a similar species. We have found that inhibitory effect on the three HAB allelopathy is common among Gulf species. The brine shrimp Artemia of Mexico phytoplankton species, salina was less affected by P. but that compounds other than well- globosa. The results indicate that P. known HAB neurotoxins are globosa has an allelopathic effect typically involved. Bioassay-guided on microalgae, and this may explain fractionation, followed by its superior competitive abilities. spectroscopic identification of Since addition of the haemolytic allelopathic compounds, is being toxins from P. globosa gave similar used to identify the molecular effects on the algae compared to structures of allelopathic spent media, these compounds compounds produced by the red could be involved in the allelopatic tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. action.
265 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
at all stations when water temperature increased beyond 21°C PO.13-14 (April to May). Cultured isolates Temporal and spatial distribution were submitted for HPLC analysis of Pseudo-nitzschia species of pigments to evaluate the (Bacillariophyceae) along the NE possibility of monitoring natural coast in Catalan coastal waters, populations by a chemotaxonomic NE Spain (Mediterranean Sea) approach. Session: PO.13 - Regional events
S Quijano-Scheggia, E Garcés, N PO.05-41 Sampedro, J M Fortuño, K van Emerging algal toxins in Canada Lenning, J Camp
Instituto Ciencias del Mar, BARCELONA, Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis
Spain 1 1 1 MA Quillam , CM Garnett , NI Lewis , Temporal and spatial distributions of R Yu1, W Hardstaff1, JM van de Riet2, 2 2 2 potentially toxic species of the RA Potter , WA Rourke , BG Burns genus Pseudo-nitzschia were 1National Research Council of Canada, studied in 2005 along the Catalan HALIFAX, Canada 2Canadian Food Inspection Agency, coast (NW Mediterranean). Electron HALIFAX, Canada microscopic techniques revealed the presence of Pseudo-nitzschia Prior to 1987, the only phycotoxins brasiliana, P. calliantha, P. of concern to Canada were those delicatissima, P. fraudulenta, P. responsible for PSP. In 1987, multistriata and P. pungens. The domoic acid caused a serious two species P. pungens and P. incident of ASP in Eastern Canada fraudulenta were mainly found in and in 1992, the toxin DTX1 was the northern region, with maximum implicated in a DSP event in Nova concentrations between February Scotia. In 1995, an entirely new and May (3.2·104 and 5.04·105 cells class of toxins, spirolides (SPX), L-1, respectively). Pseudo-nitzschia were identified in shellfish that delicatissima and P. calliantha were caused anomalous mouse deaths in found at the northern stations the lipophilic toxin assay. Following between February and March these incidents, a more proactive (6.08·105 to 4.56 105 cells L-1, approach was taken, based on respectively), and appeared at the comprehensive surveillance of southern locations between August shellfish and plankton for other toxin and November (7.92· 105 to classes using LC-MS. This led to 3.37·105 cells L-1, respectively). the detection of PTX2 in net tow Pseudo-nitzschia brasiliana and P. samples and PTX2sa in mussel multistriata were only occasionally tissue in Nova Scotia in 2000. More detected in the southern region, with recent discoveries include maximum concentrations between gymnodimine, DTX1 and PTX2 in August and September (2.5·105 and British Columbian samples in 2003; 4.16·106 cells L-1, respectively). The PTX2, DTX and SPX throughout sum of the identified Pseudo- Eastern Canada; and yessotoxin nitzschia species showed high (YTX) in mussels from values (up to 4.16·106 cells L-1) Newfoundland in 2004. Additionally, during most of the year, the with the implementation of solid population initiated a sharp decline phase toxin tracking (SPATT), YTX,
266 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
PTX11 and azaspiracids (AZAs) with an abundance peak during the have been detected and confirmed hot season, corresponding to the in Nova Scotia. Causative appearance of seafood poisoning organisms have been identified for incidents. Benthic dinoflagellates most of these toxins. This poster will are abundant during the hot period review these discoveries and of the year between January and demonstrate the capacity of LC-MS March. They are present on and SPATT techniques guide different types of substrate, but decision making for traditional macroalgae and especially dead monitoring programs. coral are preferred.
PO.13-91 Toliara reef-lagoon ecosystem PO.13-37 quality and state of health First record of Gymnodinium catenatum, Gambierdiscus Session: PO.13 – Regional events toxicus and Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum in Christian Ralijaona the northern part of Luanda Coast (Angola) Institut Halieutique et des Sciences
Marines Session: PO.13 – Regional events Université de TOLIARA, Madagascar
Isabel M. Rangel, Sónia Silva The Toliara region of Madagascar is concerned with ciguatera Instituto Nacional de Investigação seafood poisoning. The Toliara Pesqueira, Ilha de Luanda, P.O. Box region is a tourist development 2601, Luanda/Angola area with the Great Reef of Toliara as one of the main attractions. The Phytoplankton samples were objectives of this study is (i) a collected each month from July diagnosis of the Toliara reef-lagoon 2003 to October 2004 in four ecosystem quality and state of stations along the northern area of health, (ii) an identification of Luanda coast, with the aim of sources of pollution and other characterizing the dynamics of threats, (iii) delivery of advice for phytoplankton community. During measures to eliminate or reduce this period two peaks of pollution. A suite of microbiologic phytoplankton abundance were parameters are monitored in time found, between August and October and space, including enteric in both years. The results show that bacteria, phytoplankton, and higher phytoplankton abundance in microphytobenthos. The bacterial northern Luanda cost area occurs charge to this ecosystem is high during the transition of the winter particularly along the seaside, in (dry season) to summer (warm the sediments, and in front of season). The appearance of settlements. Open waters seems harmful algal blooms occurred less charged in bacteria. concurrently with the phytoplankton Phytoplankton shows presence of density peaks in August. The HABs indicators of environmental found in 2003 were dominated by degradation such as toxic dinoflagellates Pyrodinium dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria bahamense var compressum, and
267 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Gymnodinium catenatum. In 2004 preserved monthly water samples were also registered the occurrence from seven different stations in the of Gambierdiscus toxicus. During New River collected from 2001- this last years, in August, were 2006 were observed to determine observed the highest peak of annual abundance and seasonal densities of these species namely distribution of H. adriaticum. From 265463 cells/L of Pirodinium live samples and cells cultivated in bahamense var compressum, the laboratory, observations were 164305 cells/L of Gambierdiscus made on live material to determine toxicus and 158333 cell/L of growth characteristics, including life Gymnodinium catenatum. The cycle stages, feeding and growth occurrence of these species may be behavior. Also, detailed studies related to the environmental were conducted using both parameters such as temperature scanning and transmission electron and salinity. microscopy. SEM was used to examine external morphological changes including possible loss of PO.10-13 skeletons, while TEM was used to Biology and seasonal distribution study nutrition, possible of Hermesinum adriaticum in the endosymbiotic relationships, and New River of North Carolina internal structural changes. Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & autecology
1 2 PO.13-38 R. N. Reger , C. R. Tomas
1 Diarrhetic shellfish toxins at the UNCW, WILMINGTON, United States of Swedish West Coast 1987-2005 America 2 University of North Carolina Wilmington, Session: PO.13 - Regional events WILMINGTON, NC, United States of A.-S. Rehnstam-Holm1, B Karlson2, L.- America 3 O. Loo
The New River in southeastern 1Kristianstad University, KRISTIANSTAD, North Carolina is a brackish water Sweden 2 system having a variety of SMHI, GÖTEBORG, Sweden 3Göteborg University, GÖTEBORG, microalgae that annually form Sweden blooms. Some bloom species are considered toxic; however one rare Diarrheic shellfish toxins have microorganism that may play a occurred and been regularly significant role in the river’s ecology chemical monitored in blue mussels has been overlooked. An ebridian, (Mytilus edulis) at the Swedish west Hermesinum adriaticum is found coast from year 1987. In general frequently in the New River during there is a seasonal variation of months when water temperatures DSTs in mussels with are above ~22 °C. This unicellular concentrations low from March to organism contains an internal August and high from October to skeleton protruding from both ends December. Peaks above the limit of the cell making the cell about for consumption have in some years 50µm by 20µm. Cell populations in also occurred in late June to late the New River commonly reach July. A rapid intoxication vs. slow 40,000 cells/L and once a detoxification of mussels is population of 150,000 cells/L was common. Temporal and regional observed at French Creek. Lugols differences are large. Mussels
268 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 grown in areas exposed to the open regarding the toxicity of Portuguese sea have in general higher toxin L. polyedrum populations. Here, we values than semi-enclosed fjord investigate the potential yessotoxin systems. There is also a production by different strains considerable variation in toxin levels isolated from the west coast and between years. In 1997 mussel south coast. Toxin production was farmers experienced very low studied in the lag, exponential, levels. In autumn 1989 to spring stationary and death phase, using 1990 and in early autumn 2000 to HPLC-MS as a detection method. early 2001, high levels were Preliminary results suggest that recorded during 26 weeks in a row. none of these strains are yessotoxin In neither of these cases toxicity producers and the strains are not could be linked to unusually high or toxic in any of the examined growth low levels of Dinophysis. The Kolje phases. Intraspecific differences in Fjord region had low levels of toxins growth rates were also investigated until year 1998, despite regular and preliminary results will be recordings Dinophysis in the area. presented. Today mussels grown and harvested in this area have similar PO.06-08 toxin levels as mussels from other Time-series study of the fjords in the region. occurrence of dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments from PO.13-36 a warm temperate region An investigation into the (Cascais Bay, Portugal) ecotoxicology of different strains Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics of Lingulodinium polyedrum from SS Ribeiro, A Amorim the Portuguese coast University of Lisbon, LISBON, Portugal Session: PO.13 - Regional events
M A Reis A five-year survey was conducted
Alfred-Wegener Institute, HELGOLAND, between January 2000 and Germany November 2005 to assess the seasonal occurrence of Lingulodinium polyedrum is known dinoflagellate cysts in surface to be a common species along the sediment samples from Cascais Portuguese coast. In this region the Bay, Portugal. A total of 53 cyst first record that associates L. morphotypes were found. Results polyedrum with red-tide events indicate that the overall cyst dates back to 1944. This species is production follows a seasonal frequently associated with shellfish pattern, with maximum abundance contamination and fish mortality, of cysts with cell contents occurring and yessotoxin production has in late autumn. However, individual already been detected in L. cyst morphotypes and dominance of polyedrum from other areas. taxonomic groups present a Blooms occurred along the south variable year-to-year behaviour, and west coast in the summers of associated with major shifts on the 2004 and 2005, leading to extensive species composition of the precautionary beach closures. community, and some species However, prior to the present work, showing cyst 'blooms' at time no information was available intervals larger than 5 years. Cysts
269 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 of the toxic species Gymnodinium distance between these clades was catenatum, responsible for the main 1-2 % that may suggest a PSP events along the Portuguese separation at the species level. The coast, and the potentially toxic partial LSU rDNA phylogeny species Lingulodinium polyedrum revealed Florenciella parvula as the were recorded, but never accounted closest relative to C. aff. for significant relative abundances verruculosa/C. verruculosa. We also during the study period. Correlation amplified the ITS1- ITS2 ribosomal between cyst assemblages and DNA region by PCR. The PCR several environmental parameters products were cloned, and 5 clones were studied by correspondence from each of five Chattonella aff. analysis. Mean SST and surface verruculosa strains and C. Chl a were found to be important verruculosa from Japan were factors influencing cyst seasonality. sequenced. The ITS sequences showed intraspecific and intraclonal variation and was not related to PO.01-08 geographical origin. Genetic variation in ribosomal DNA of Chattonella aff. verruculosa, a new harmful PO.13-52 dictyochophyte forming recurrent First record of a harmful bloom of blooms in Scandinavian waters Gymnodinium catenatum along
Session: PO.01 - Genetics the Michoacán coast, México
I Riisberg, B Edvardsen Session: PO.13 - Regional events University of Oslo, OSLO, Norway Mónica Cristina Rodríguez-Palacio, The ichthyotoxic dictyochophyte Cruz Lozano Ramírez, Sergio Alvarez Hernández, Graciela de Lara Isassi initially named Chattonella aff. verruculosa, was for the first time Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, DF, Mexico recorded in Norwegian waters in 1998 and has since then formed In Lazaro Cardenas, Michoacan in recurrent blooms in the North Sea November 2005 the first record was and Skagerrak. We have isolated made of a harmful algal bloom strains from Skagerrak (2001 and caused by the naked dinoflagellate 2006) and generated ribosomal Gymnodinium catenatum Graham DNA sequences from these strains, 1943. Cochlodinium polykrikoides as well as of strains of C. Margalef 1961 was also present in verruculosa from other geographical the bloom. In situ, G. catenatum regions. The relationships among formed chains of 12-64 cells, mostly these strains and to some other 56 cells, while C. polykrikoides dictyochophytes were inferred from formed two-celled colonies only. partial LSU (D1 and D2 domains) The density of G. catenatum was rDNA phylogeny. The C. aff. 560,000 cells/liter compared to verruculosa/C. verruculosa strains 20,000 of C. polykrikoides. The diverged into two well supported former species was the dominant clades: one clade included five C. dinoflagellate. Isolates of these two aff. verruculosa strains from PSP producers are maintained as Skagerrak and the other embraced clonal cultures, not axenic, and C. verruculosa from Germany, maintained in a new medium Japan and New Zealand. The
270 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
(L1VASE), a modification of the L1 investigated species, contributing media. more than 80% of photosynthetic - carbon fixation. Affinity for HCO3 and maximum uptake rates PO.10-50 increased under higher pH. Modes Inorganic carbon acquistion in of carbon acquisition are consistent three red-tide dinoflagellates with the 13C-fractionation pattern indicating a strong species-specific Session: PO.10 – Ecophysiology and difference in leakage. Our results autecology suggest that photosynthesis in
1 1 2 marine dinoflagellates is not limited B Rost , K-U Richter , N Lundholm , PJ Hansen3 by inorganic carbon even at high pH. 1Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and
Marine Research, BREMERHAVEN, Germany PO.05-12 2Dept of Phycology, University of Alternative bioassays for the Copenhagen, COPENHAGEN, Denmark detection of cyanotoxins 3 Marine Biological Laboratory, University Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis of Copenhagen, HELSINGØR, Denmark DR Ruebhart
Carbon acquisition was Griffith University, MEADOWBROOK, investigated in marine bloom- Australia forming dinoflagellates, The principal method for detecting Prorocentrum minimum, the presence of unknown Heterocapsa triquetra, and cyanotoxins in Australia has Ceratium lineatum. Activities of traditionally been the mouse carbonic anhydrase (CA), bioassay. When specific photosynthetic O2 evolution, CO2 - cyanotoxins are suspected, and HCO3 uptake rates were instrumental methods are generally measured by membrane inlet mass used, but the identity of potential spectrometry in cells acclimated to cyanotoxins is not always known low and high pH. A second and there is still the requirement for approach used short-term 14C- a broad screening assay for use in disequilibrium incubations to the water industry. Despite the estimate the carbon source utilized widespread use and current by the cells. All species showed reliance on the mouse bioassay, negligible extracellular CA activity this test has several constraints. in cells acclimated to low pH and These constraints include: lack of only slightly higher activities when precise quantification of cyanotoxins acclimated to high pH. Half at low concentrations, insensitivity, saturation concentrations for difficulties in the interpretation of photosynthetic O2 evolution were results and slow turnaround time. low compared to RubisCO kinetics. Additionally, animal ethics Moreover, affinities for inorganic guidelines are calling for the carbon increased with increasing elimination of the use of vertebrates pH in the acclimation, indicating the in applications such as toxicity operation of an efficient CO2 testing. This means that alternative concentrating mechanism. Rates of - bioassays for the detection of HCO3 uptake were high in the cyanotoxins in water supplies need
271 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 to be developed. Thus, the Combined Research Centre for PO.07-10 Water Quality and Treatment has A red tide incubator in the provided funding for this PhD study upwelling shadow of Monterey to investigate, optimise and validate Bay, California of a range of microbial and invertebrate bioassays for Session: PO.07 – Ecology and Oceanography cyanotoxin testing. The results relating to the sensitivity and JP Ryan1, AM Fischer1, FP Chavez1, R applicability of these bioassays will Kudela2, P Bissett3, C Scholin1, J 4 be presented. Gower
1MBARI, MOSS LANDING, CA, United States of America 2University of California, SANTA CRUZ, PO.05-21 United States of America Large-scale pumping and 3Florida Environmental Research Institute, TAMPA, FL, United States of America recovery of algal toxins from sea 4 water Institute of Ocean Sciences, SIDNEY, BC, Canada Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis Red tide blooms occur in coastal Thomas Rundberget, Morten Sandvik, Chris Miles waters throughout the world. These blooms can harm ecosystem and National Veterinary Institute, OSLO, Norway human health, and create economic hardship. Due to limited There is an expanding need for understanding of red tide organisms standard specimens of algal toxins and the environmental conditions for chemical analysis and toxicity leading to blooms, detection and testing. DSP toxins and monitoring of these events is azaspiracids, which are produced challenging. In Monterey Bay, by non-cultivable algal species, can California, multi-platform remote currently only be harvested from sensing observations between contaminated shellfish or directly 2002-2005 indicate the existence of from the alga when a bloom can be a red tide 'incubator' in an upwelling identified. We have developed a shadow in a northern region of the portable pumping system to harvest bay. Relative to the rest of the bay, algae and lipophilic algal toxins wind mixing in this region is weak, directly from sea water. The stratification is strong, and automated system can filter 600- residence times are long. 1000 L of water per hour and be run Additionally, this region receives unattended for 3-4 days. The input from estuarine waters, which system has been evaluated with influences stratification, nutrient great success in Norway and Spain input, and plankton species during the 2005–2006 season with composition. Using high-resolution tens of milligrams of DTXs and airborne remote sensing from PTXs being harvested. The material PHILLS, AVIRIS and MAS, and time obtained from this system is much series of satellite observations from easier to purify than material SeaWiFS, MODIS and MERIS, we extracted from shellfish, and detail characteristics of this provides a convenient method for incubator region. We integrate isolation and purification of algal remote sensing with observations toxin standards. from moorings, ships, and
272 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 autonomous underwater vehicles, to show that the incubator region can PO.15-08 seed bay-wide red tide events when The use of SPATT. Detection of mesoscale dynamics of the Aza and comparison with toxin California Current stir the bay. profiles in shellfish in relation to algal cell counts
PO.13-73 Session: PO.15 - Monitoring
Temporal and spatial distribution 1 of the dinoflagellate genus Morten Sandvik , Thomas Rundberget1, Peter Hovgaard2, Tonje Alexandrium along the Catalan 3 4 Castberg , Lai Nguyen , Christoph coast (NW Mediterranean) 5 Miles
Session: PO.13 - Regional events 1National Veterinary Institute, OSLO,
1 1 1 Norway N Sampedro , M Vila , E Garcés , L 2 Arin1, A Reñé1, S Fraga2, M Masó1, J Sogn og Fjordane University College, 1 SOGNDAL, Norway Camp 3 The Institute of Marine Research Flødevi, 1 Institut de Ciències del Mar-CSIC, HIS, Norway BARCELONA, Spain 4Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, 2 Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO, OSLO, Norway Spain 5Agresearch Ltd, HAMILTON, New Zealand
The genus Alexandrium contains We have developed solid phase species associated with paralytic toxin tracking (SPATT) disks based shellfish toxins. These species are on the method of MacKenzie et al. morphologically similar and can be (2004). Data from spatial and time- identified by small differences in the integrated sampling of disks with thecal plates using epifluorescence subsequent extraction and MRM microscopy. Blooms and mixed LC/MS analysis for AZAs, PTX-2s, populations of different Alexandrium OA/DTXs, and YTX are presented. species (toxic and non-toxic) are Profiles of toxins in the disks and frequently observed at inshore blue mussels (M. edulis) are areas of the NW Mediterranean compared with the abundance of Sea. Until now, ten Alexandrium toxin producing algal species. species have been identified in this Toxins accumulated in the disks area, either in the water column or and, generally, their concentrations in the sediment, which corresponds followed the abundance of the algal to one third of the species described species from which they had for this genus. We present the originated. However, large temporal and spatial distribution of variations in toxin profiles were seven Alexandrium species (A. observed during mixed blooms of minutum, A. catenella, A. taylori, A. Dinophysis spp. At Flødevigen, pseudogonyaulax, A. tamutum, A. mussels and disks contained insuetum, A. peruvianum) based on substantial levels of DTX-2 samples collected during six years throughout the trial; at Sogndal, only (2000 to 2005) on surface water of trace amounts could be detected in several harbours and beaches. Cell the disks from and DTX-2 could not concentrations of the mentioned be detected in the mussels. In species are presented together with mussels, AZA-1, -2, -3 and -6 data of the relevant physical and typically occurred in ratios of ca chemical variables. 2:1:1:1, respectively. However, in extracts from the disks only AZA-1
273 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 and -2 (5:1) were detected, The CRM is useful not only as suggesting that AZA-3 and -6 may standard material for quantification be produced by in vivo of microcystins but also for biotransformation in shellfish. identification of [Dha7]microcystin SPATT disks are a convenient tool variants. The CRM No. 26 with for monitoring toxigenic algal analytical data of microcystin blooms, and should also be useful variants has been supplied around for identifying toxigenic algal the world. species and studying toxin metabolism. PO.01-04
Development of microsatellite PO.05-17 markers to study the population Microcystins in the NIES Certified genetics of Skelotonema sp. - a marine diatom Reference Materials No. 26
Session: PO.01 - Genetics Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis
1 1 1 V Saravanan T Sano , H Takagi , M Nishikawa , K Kaya2 College of Fisheries, MANGALORE, India
1National Institute for Environmental Stu, TSUKUBA, Japan Skelotonema is a marine diatom 2Tohoku University, SENDAI, Japan species that contributes significantly to phytoplankton blooms. Resting The Certified Reference Material stages are abundant in sediments. (CRM) for metal elements and Allozyme studies have shown microcystin analyses was prepared genetic differences between spring by NIES. The microcystins in the and autumn populations of CRM are mainly [Dha7]microcystin- Skeletonema. Recent studies have RR and -LR. To determine shown that phytoplankton can have microcystin content in the CRM, we extensive intraspecific variation looked up authorized standards of within a geographic location. This [Dha7]microcystin variants. variation can be measured using However, we could not obtain the genetic markers such as RAPD and standards. The microcystin content microsatellite DNA. These in the CRM was therefore techniques can be applied to within- determined according to the MMPB species analyses of Skelotonema method. In the LC-MS analysis of resting stages and planktonic cells the CRM, the results suggested the to study population differences. existence of [Dha7]microcystin-YR, Microsatellites have never been [D-Asp3, Dha7]microcystin-RR and used to discriminate between [D-Asp3, Dha7]microcystin-LR as planktonic and benthic life stages of the previously identified variants, microalgal species. In the present and some unknown microcystins as study, Skeletonema genomic DNA minor variants. The NMR and MS libraries were constructed by spectra of the minor variants were microsatellite methods, and measured for the elucidation of the sequence data of microsatellite structures. Amino acid compositions positive clones were obtained for of the variants were also analyzed. PCR primer development. We have All the data show that the minor located (CA)n and (AT)n core variants are novel microcystin sequences within the genome. variants. Primer sequences flanking these
274 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 tandem repeat regions are tamarense, Prorocentrum lima, P. developed using the analytical minimum, several toxigenic species software programs. of Dinophysis and the Pseudo- nitzschia seriata/delicatissima
complex. Temporal and spatial PO.15-21 variations in relation to Harmful algal blooms monitoring environmental parameters are plan in the Chubut coastal analyzed. waters, Patagonia, Argentina Obtained data provide bases for public health protection and Session: PO.15 - Monitoring resources management actions. AV Sastre1, NH Santinelli1, M Solís2, JL Educational activities involve 2 3 1 Esteves , ME Ferrario , P Ciccarone , L training of the main actors as well Pérez1 as public awareness and 1 Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia, communication. TRELEW, CHUBUT, Argentina 2 Centro Nacional Patagónico. CONICET, PUERTO MADRYN, CHUBUT, Argentina 3 PO.16-15 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Abundance variations in LA PLATA, Argentina dinoflagellate sedimentary cysts: The Harmful Algal Blooms the importance of time in sample Monitoring Plan design and analysis implementation along Chubut Session: PO.16 – Life cycles coastal waters (Patagonia, 1 2 3 CT Satta , S Anglès , I Bravo , G Argentina) is reported. The Ceccherelli1, E Garcés2, A Luglié1, BM provincial littoral zone involves more Padedda1, N Sechi1 than 1000 kilometers with bays and 1University of Sassari, SASSARI, Italy gulfs where culture activities and 2Institut de Ciéncies del Mar, shellfish harvesting from natural BARCELONA, Spain banks are carried out. 3Instituto Oceanografico, VIGO, Spain The plan includes five programmes: 1) Harmful algal blooms and water Counting of dinoflagellate quality monitoring, 2) Shellfish sedimentary cysts is time- toxicity control, 3) Educational and consuming; thus, preservation training activities and public methods are necessary to keep information, 4) Summary of human cysts intact until they are analysed. consumers intoxication cases in This experiment aims to establish Medical Centres, 5) temporal whether the time of cold and dark closing of shellfish fishing and storage and fixation methods affect selling. the abundance of resting cysts in This work communicates the results sediment samples. concerning the harmful algal blooms To verify whether cyst abundance and environmental marine and species composition change conditions monitoring, the activities with time, sediment samples from of education and public information, different sites (Sardinia, Italy; the evaluation of results, the Catalan coast, Spain) have been management plans and regulatory studied. Subsamples were fixed actions. with 10% formaldehyde before Toxic species observed in these being treated with SPT (Sodium coastal waters are: Alexandrium Polytungstate) at time zero (just after the sampling). The results
275 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 were compared to those from alive- fresh subsamples analysed at the PO.14-01 same time. In addition, live Potential role of clay in mitigating subsamples were kept in the dark at Chesapeake Bay algal blooms two different temperature conditions Session: PO.14 - Mitigation (at 15 ºC and 4 °C); they were analysed one and two months after KG Sellner1, EF Brownlee2, SG Sellner3 the samplings. 1Chesapeake Research Consortium, The results have provided EDGEWATER, MD, United States of information about which storage America 2 and/or fixation methods to use if Hood College, FREDERICK, MD, United States of America cysts from sediment samples have 3Morgan State University ERC, ST. to be stored for longer periods. LEONARD, MD, United States of America
Because of increasing concern for PO.05-36 algal blooms in Chesapeake Bay Determination of paralytic and proximal coastal bays, shellfish toxins in seafood laboratory studies were undertaken Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis to examine the removal of several
SJ Sayfritz1, E Lundanes2, J Aasen1, T bloom species through the addition Asp1, T Aune1 of treated kaolin clay. Prorocentrum
1Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, minimum, Chattonella subsalsa, OSLO, Norway and a small coccoid 2Chemistry Department, University of Oslo, cyanobacterium were grown in the OSLO, Norway laboratory and exposed to 0.9 g -1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) clay L . In vivo fluorescence (IVF) represents a real threat to the health was measured on 4 replicates for of shellfish consumers. The PSP each taxon (control and treated) toxins (saxitoxin group) are a group before clay additions, 2.5 h after of naturally occurring neurotoxins clay addition, and 4 d later. There that specifically block the excitation was a significant decrease in IVF in current in nerve and muscle cells by all clay treatments with largest blocking the sodium channels. This reductions in IVF noted for can lead to paralysis if a large Prorocentrum and Chattonella (99% enough dose is consumed. The and 92%, respectively) within 2.5 h HPLC-FLD method based on of the addition; there was no further Oshima, 1995, is currently in use at decline in IVF over the next four the Norwegian School of Veterinary days. For the cyanobacterium, clay Science for the analysis of PSP was not as effective, removing only toxins. However, this method has 61% and 38% of total cells over the 4 d when initial densities were 109 been shown to be susceptible to 8 -1 inference peaks from a variety of and 10 cells L , respectively. different seafood matrixes. The These results suggest that treated poster will outline an improved SPE kaolin may be an effective mitigation (solid phase extraction) based strategy for flagellates common to clean-up procedure for the complete Bay blooms whereas coccoid removal of major chromatographic cyanobacteria may persist following inference peaks. An improved clay additions. extraction technique will also be presented.
276 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
PO.13-11 clearance rates of both oysters Crassostrea ariakensis and C. were significantly reduced when virginica responses to feeding on Karlodinium, relative to ichthyotoxic Karlodinium the other prey species. These initial veneficum results suggest that the
Session: PO.13 - Regional events cosmopolitan Karlodinium
1 2 veneficum inhibits growth and would SG Sellner , EF Brownlee , KG potentially curtail oyster production Sellner3, A Place4, JE Adolf4, H 4 4 within the tidal bay and its tributaries Nonogaki , TR Bachvaroff throughout the oysters' growth 1Morgan State University ERC, ST. LEONARD, MD, United States of America periods and considering its global 2Hood College, FREDERICK, MD, United distribution, potential impact States of America throughout temperate areas should 3Chesapeake Research Consortium, be assessed. EDGEWATER, MD, United States of America 4UMD Center of Marine Biotechnology, PO.13-89 BALTIMORE, MD, United States of The present state of toxin America producing cyanobacteia species The Eastern oyster Crassostrea in the southern Lake Victoria virginica and the Asian oyster C. (Tanzania) ariakensis are native and potentially Session: PO.13 – Regional events introduced oysters, respectively, in 1Pazi M. Semili, 2Dickson K. the Chesapeake Bay and as such, 3 will be exposed to the natural Rutagemwa, Hassan J. Mjengera 1Faculty of Aquatic Sciences and phytoplankton assemblages Technology (FAST), University of dar es including harmful species Salaam, DAR ES SALAAM,Tanzania throughout their life cycles. Recent 2Lake Victoria Environmental Management work suggests that at least one of Project, MWANZA, Tanzania 3 these prey items, the ichthyotoxic Ministry of Water, Water Laboratories Unit, DAR ES SALAAM, Tanzania dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum, occurs frequently Cyanobacterial blooms have throughout the growth period for the become an increasing worldwide oysters and produces linear problem in aquatic habitats. These polyketide toxins (karlotoxins) which occurrences can be partially elicit toxicity through sterol- attributed to gradual eutrophication dependent, non-specific membrane of waterways caused by increase pores. Spat and juvenile oysters of of nutrient inputs. Certain species each species were exposed to of cyanobacteria produce toxins moderately toxic strains [18.5 ± 6.2 and, as a result, blooms create -1 ng ml ] at environmentally-relevant major threats to animal and human cell densities and growth and health, tourism, recreation, and clearance rates contrasted with aquaculture. Despite these facts, rates observed on other studies on toxic cyanobacteria phytoplankton species, including the species and their associated spring bloom former Prorocentrum environmental factors are limited in minimum and phytoplankton the tropics. Worse still, in Eastern mixtures routinely used in oyster Africa, farmers and the general hatcheries. Spat growth and public are not aware of the clearance rates and juvenile challenges posed by toxin-
277 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 producing cyanobacteria. In this akashiwo, Prymnesium parvum, paper, we present the recent status Aureococcus anophagefferens, of toxin- producing cyanobacteria in Pfiesteria piscicida and Alexandrium relation to environmental factors tamarense, with most of the linked to their dominance in Lake research focusing on K. brevis and Victoria, from 2000 to 2005. The phosphatic clays. This presentation study revealed that blooms of will summarize the major finding of cynobacteria occur frequently, and the research from small to microscopic examination of the mesoscale studies – with and blooms showed dominance of the without flow – culminating in a pilot potentially toxic genera of experiment in open waters during Microcystis, Anabaena and an actual bloom. Recent Cylidrospermopsis. Average total observations regarding the effect of abundance and biomass of phosphatic clays on the motility and phytoplankton were approximately viability K. brevis in flow will be 5 times higher than in the studies presented. The potential benefits from the 1960s and 1980s. The and disadvantages of using persistence of toxic cyanobacteria chemical flocculants such as appears to be favoured by a polyaluminum chloride and cationic multiplicity of factors of importance: polymers in combination with clays nutrient concentration (P), water will also be discussed. Finally, temperature, mixing conditions, results from impact studies on under-water light availability and select benthic organisms and food web structure. several bivalve species, will be presented. Overall, this research has demonstrated the applicability PO.14-06 of clays to treat harmful algal The use of clays to control blooms under certain conditions in harmful algal blooms in the U.S.: certain locations. However, there from laboratory to the field are also limitations to the method
Session: PO.14 - Mitigation and possible impacts that must be
1 2 considered. M. Sengco , DM Anderson , V.M. 3 4 Bricelj , RH Pierce
1Smithsonian Environmental Research Ctr, PO.06-20 EDGEWATER, MD, United States of Microscopic digital holography America 2 imaging of dinoflagellate Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, behaviour in laboratory cultures WOODS HOLE, MA, United States of America Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics 3Institute for Marine Biosciences, HALIFAX, J Sheng1, E Malkiel1, DW Pfitch1, J NS B3H 3Z1, Canada 1 2 2 2 4 Katz , J Adolf , R Belas , AR Place Mote Marine Laboratory, SARASOTA, FL, United States of America 1The Johns Hopkins University, BALTIMORE, United States of America For nearly a decade, the efficacy of 2UMBI Center of Marine Biotechnology, clay flocculation and the potential BALTIMORE, United States of America impacts of clay dispersal have been examined in the United States. To Predator-prey interactions are date, the removal ability of various fundamental to a greater clays has been tested against understanding of harmful algal Karenia brevis, Heterosigma bloom (HAB) dynamics; however, interactions between dinoflagellates
278 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 and their prey are difficult to monitor using standard microscopy. The The effects of temperature and light high magnification needed to on germination of benthic cells and distinguish between HAB and prey survival of the germinated motile species results in shallow depths of cells of Heterosigma akashiwo were field and prevents tracking the 3- examined with bottom sediments dimensional paths of multiple including the benthic cells of this swimming organisms. Microscopic organism. The motile cells digital holography overcomes this appeared in a temperature range limitation by using numerical from 5 °C to 30 °C in suspensions reconstruction to provide in-focus of mixed sediment and seawater views of all the organisms within a 3 within three weeks, but at mm depth. The accuracy in the temperatures ≦12 °C, the cell tracking procedure is sufficient to numbers were markedly low and the provide fully 3-dimensional appearance was delayed. When the trajectories from one view. The samples, incubated at each technique is applied to cultures of temperature, were incubatedat 20 toxic and nontoxic strains of °C, only few motile cells appeared. Karlodinium veneficum with and In suspensions incubated in the light without a predator, Oxyrrhis marina, or dark, despite counting motile as well as Pfiesteria piscicida with cells at six-hourly intervals, the and without its algal prey, number of motile cells germinated in Rhodomonas. Typical swimming the dark was significantly lower than behaviors include helical swimming those in the light. Subsequently, and conspecifics revolving around when the suspension incubated in each other. Karlodinium individuals the dark was exposed to light, only are observed to have swimming a few newly germinated motile cells speeds ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 were observed. These results mm/s and Pfiesteria cells 0.1-1 indicate that germination of the mm/s. We also observe a change benthic cells is independent of in the average swimming speed of temperature and light if the P. piscicida from 0.5 mm/s in sediment is suspended into isolation to 0.9 mm/s in the seawater, but the speed of the presence of its prey, Rhodomonas. germination process depends on temperature, and survival of the cells just after germination is strongly affected by temperature PO.16-06 and light.
Effects of temperature and light on benthic cell germination and PO.15-27 germinated cell survival of the Development of a simple and noxious raphidophyte sensitive monitoring method for Heterosigma akashiwo the shellfish-killing dinoflagellate Session: PO.16 – Life cycles Heterocapsa circularisquama
1 2 using real-time PCR assay Tomoyuki Shikata , S Nagasoe , T Matsubara2, Y Yamasaki2, Y Session: PO.15 - Monitoring 2 2 2 Shimasaki , Y Oshima , T Honjo 1 1 1 T Shiraishi , R Kamikawa , Y Sako , S FUKUOKA, Japan Taino2, Y Hayashi2, I Imai1 2 Graduate School, Kyushu University, 1 FUKUOKA, Japan Kyoto University, KYOTO, Japan
279 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
2Kochi Pref. Fish. Experimental Station, KOCHI, Japan Our study tested the hypothesis that harmful algae can be introduced Heterocapsa circularisquama is the into new environments by means of most noxious red tide dinoflagellate shellfish relocations, a common along the Japanese coasts, causing practice for commercially-exploited mass mortalities of both natural and bivalve molluscs. We identified cultured bivalves. It is indispensable which managed shellfish species for mitigating the negative impacts and HABs co-occur geographically to monitor this species rapidly, and established a protocol to easily, and sensitively. Real-time assess the potential of the bivalve PCR assay is a sensitive and species to be vectors for transport specific method for the detection of harmful algae. Cultured strains of and quantification of microalgae, harmful algae, Alexandrium however, procedures for real-time fundyense, Heterosigma akashiwo, PCR assay are not practical for field Prorocentrum minimum, and monitoring. In this study, we Gymnodinium mikimotoi were fed to developed a simple and sensitive bivalve molluscs for two days at a monitoring method for H. natural bloom concentration to circularisquama using real-time assess the ability of the algal cells PCR assay. Quantitative DNA to pass intact through the digestive extraction was made by boiling the tract and subsequently grow. After filter in TE (Tris-HCl and EDTA) feeding, the bivalves were kept for buffer after concentrating the cells two days in ultrafiltered seawater. on the Nuclepore filter. This assay Biodeposits were collected and made specific and quantitative observed under the microscope detection possible even with the after 24 and 48 h to evaluate the abundant presence of other algae. presence or absence of intact, Enumeration of cells in natural viable cells or temporary cysts of samples revealed identical results the algae. Subsamples of by real-time PCR assay and the biodeposits were transferred into indirect fluorescent antibody both algal culture medium and technique even at cell densities as filtered seawater and monitored low as 1 cell per liter. Hence, this microscopically for algal growth. method is a powerful and feasible Intact algal cells of the various tool for monitoring of H. harmful algae were seen in circularisquama. The work now biodeposits and generally these re- continues using this method to established growing populations. understand population dynamics.
PO.10-42 PO.01-03 Phosphatase activity in Pfiesteria Harmful algae can be transported shumwayae via relocation of bivalve shellfish Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Session: PO.01 - Genetics autecology
1 1 SE Shumway , HT Hégaret , GH HM Skelton1, MW Parrow2, JM 2 Wikfors Burkholder1
1 University of Connecticut, GROTON, 1North Carolina State University, RALEIGH, United States of America United States of America 2 NOAA-NMFS, MILFORD, CT 06460, 2University of North Carolina, United States of America CHARLOTTE, United States of America
280 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Field and laboratory mortality Phosphatases, enzymes that and bloom decay rates of hydrolyze organic phosphorus, Gymnodinium catenatum: include both alkaline and acid improving parameters in coastal varieties with pH-dependent optima. models Phytoplankton phosphatase Session: PO.13 - Regional events research has focused primarily on alkaline phosphatase expression in JH Skerratt, A Holmes, S Blackburn photosynthetic species, including CSIRO, HOBART, Australia dinoflagellates. Acid phosphatases have been less studied in algae and Phytoplankton mortality is rarely have been examined in very few addressed in ecological models yet dinoflagellates (Lingulodinium is seen by both modellers and polyedrum, Schmitter and ecologists as significant. Mortality Jurkiewicz 1981; Crypthecodinium rates of a number of micro-algal cohnii, Barlow and Triemer 1986). species present in the Huon Estuary Traditionally, phosphatase activity Tasmania, Australia were assessed has been measured using using both laboratory and field data. colourimetric or fluorometric Particular emphasis was placed on methods that cannot resolve Gymnodinium catenatum, a harmful variability within populations and dinoflagellate that forms recurrent among taxa in mixed assemblages. blooms in the estuary. Mortality Recently, the molecular probe ELF- rates are new in marine ecological 97® (Enzyme-Labelled models so we transferred Fluorescence; Molecular Probes, methodology and techniques from Inc., Eugene, OR) was developed bacterial mortality models as these for in situ fluorescence have been extensively researched measurements of both alkaline and because of food pathogens. acid phosphatases in individual Mortality rates for all microalgal cells. In this study, ELF-97® was species tested in the laboratory used to examine phosphatase were between 0.04-0.3/day and activity in the heterotrophic field data for G. catenatum blooms dinoflagellate Pfiesteria from 1989 to 2004 concurred with shumwayae. Phosphatase activity these rates of decline. The mortality also was evaluated at different pH rates will be incorporated into the values using colorimetric methods. present biogeochemical models of Active phosphatases generally were the estuary and surrounding waters. localized in dense deposits near or surrounding the food vacuole. The PO.10-12 location of enzyme activity and Growth preferences and toxicity supporting colorimetric of Chattonella aff. verruculosa measurements suggest that acid (Heterokontophyta) phosphatases predominate in P. shumwayae and have a general Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & autecology catabolic function. B Skjelbred
University of Oslo, OSLO, Norway
The heterokont flagellate under the PO.13-22 provisional name Chattonella aff. verruculosa has formed recurrent
281 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 extensive blooms in the North Sea sedimentation chamber technique is and Skagerrak since 1998. used for analyses of Lugol fixed According to phylogenetic analyses samples. We report on the C. aff. verruculosa belongs to abundance of taxa and genera Dictyochophyceae, not potentially causing shellfish toxicity. Raphidophyceae. Water samples Genera include Dinophysis, were collected from Skagerrak from Alexandrium, Lingulodinium, January to March 2006 and strains Protoceratium, Protoperidinium and of C. aff. verruculosa were isolated. Pseudo-nitzschia. Results indicate The cells were grown in IMR ½ that phytoplankton producing DST medium with salinity 25 PSU and (Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins), PST temperature 4 ºC. Twelve (Paralytic Shellfish Toxins), AZT monoclonal strains were obtained (Azaspiracidic Shellfish Toxins), using the capillary isolation method. Yessotoxins and Amnesic Shellfish The newly isolated strains and Toxins (AST) occur regularly in the seven isolated from previous whole area. Comparisons with blooms in Skagerrak or elsewhere recommendations from the Swedish were grown under different National Food Administration temperatures, salinities and light regarding regulatory limits for climates to determine the optimal abundance of harmful algae are growth conditions. Based on field made. The long-term data sets and observations and culture the seasonal distribution of the experiments, C. aff. verruculosa harmful phytoplankton species are seems to prefer cold, brackish presented. Also comparisons with water. The toxicity to various cell long-term monitoring of DST in blue lines and fish preparations was also mussels (Mytilus edulis) along the examined. Skagerrak coast is made.
PO.13-83 PO.12-10 Occurrence of phytoplankton Parasites of the genus potentially causing shellfish Blastodinium are peridinioid toxicity in the Skagerrak, the dinoflagellates Kattegat and the Sound Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogeny (Öresund) 1985-2005 1 2 2 Session: PO.13 - Regional events A Skovgaard , R Massana , E Saiz
1 A-T Skjevik1, AY al-Handal1, L Edler1, University of Copenhagen, 2 1 COPENHAGEN, Denmark M. Kuylenstierna , B Karlson 2 Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, 1SMHI, Oceanographic services, VÄSTRA BARCELONA, Spain FRÖLUNDA, Sweden 2Kristineberg Marine Research Station, Dinoflagellates of the genus i are FISKEBÄCKSKIL, Sweden parasites that spend part of their life cycle as multicellular trophonts As part of the environmental inside the gut of marine, planktonic monitoring programmes along the copepods. The individual cells in the Swedish West coast phytoplankton trophont as well as the dinospores composition and abundance has that they produce are thecate. The been monitored 1985-2005. Some plate tabulation formula of of the data sets start in 1985 while Blastodinium contortum and B. others start ca 1990. Sampling is in navicula dinospores concurs with general monthly and the Utermöhl that of the order Peridiniales. In
282 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 phylogenetic analyses based on cells.L-1 of D. acuta. On the SSU rRNA genes, Blastodinium contrary, the smaller species spp. branch with the typical, showed insignificant ingestion dinokaryote dinoflagellates. This values, probably due to weak taxonomic position of Blastodinium filtering capacities and/or to active spp. is in contrast to current rejection in the presence of other classifications in which the order more edible phytoplankton. As Blastodiniales is thought to these small copepod species represent an early evolutionary accounted for 45% of all branch of the dinokaryote lineage. mesozooplankton, we can Species currently included in speculate that, despite the high Blastodiniales are all parasites, but potential grazing pressure, the thin there is a notable morphological layer bloom of D. acuta was not diversity in this order. Molecular being top-down controlled. data does not suggest that Centropages chierchiae showed the members of Blastodiniales are highest ingestion values (max. of 10 monophyletic or even closely cells inside one individual), related and, therefore, the indicating some degree of 'active' taxonomy of the group should be re- feeding on D. acuta associated with evaluated. its omnivore-raptorial behaviour and/or with a possible immunity to the toxins. PO.04-04
Copepod grazing on a toxic
Dinophysis acuta thin-layer PO.08-23 bloom Sodium chloride induces Session: PO.04 – Food chains extracellular PSP toxin release L Sobrinho-Gonçalves, MT Moita from the cyanobacterium
INIAP-IPIMAR, LISBON, Portugal Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
Session: PO.08 - Toxicology During a subsurface Dinophysis K Soto1, A Murillo1, K Stucken1, MA acuta thin layer bloom (max. 24000 2 3 3 cells.L-1) off the NW coast of Mendez , N Lagos , C Garcia , B Krock4, A Cembella4, M Vasquez1
Portugal, we conducted a field 1 evaluation of the importance of this Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, SANTIAGO, Chile dinoflagellate in the diet of 5 2INTA-Universidad de Chile, SANTIAGO, copepod species, covering 2 depth Chile strata. The copepod community 3ICBM-Universidad de Chile, SANTIAGO, Chile reached a maximum of 17,800 4 ind.m-3, with an average of 8,000 Alfred Wegener Institut, BREMERHAVEN, -3 Germany ind. m . The average presence of D. acuta in the copepods’ digestive The filamentous cyanobacterium, -1 contents was low (0.3 cells.ind ) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and related to the local strain D9 from freshwater in Brazil dinoflagellate concentration. Only produces PSP toxins - mainly the larger copepods, Calanus saxitoxin (STX) and gonyautoxins helgolandicus and mostly (GTX2/3), and low amounts of Centropages chierchiae, showed dcSTX and dcGTX2/3. We analyzed relevant grazing, although restricted the effect of NaCl concentration on to locations with more than 9,000 growth and toxin production in strain
283 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
D9 in comparison with that reported Peridiniella catenata, Scrippsiella for strain T3. Intra- and extra- hangoei and Woloszynskia cellular toxins were determined by halophila were determined in post-column derivatization LC with filtrates (0.2µm and 2.0µm) of fluorescence detection; structures diatom cultures and aged, were confirmed by LC-MS/MS. In autoclavated seawater. The growth contrast to strain T3, which is of P. catenata and W. halophila was growth sensitive to NaCl (10mM), significantly reduced in filtrates of strain D9 grew at NaCl diatom cultures compared with aged concentrations as high as 17 mM. seawater; S. hangoei, on the other At this high salt concentration, hand, had increased growth rate in intracellular toxins levels in strain diatom filtrates. The response was D9 cells were reduced by 80% and generally greater in the 2.0µm 95% for GTX2/3 and STX, filtrate compared with the 0.2µm respectively, by 36 h, concomitant filtrate. The instantaneous primary with extracellular increase in production was, however, not GTX2/3. Decline in intracellular STX affected by the origin of the growth level was transient and returned to media. The results indicate that normal by 156 h. Extracellular toxin diatom exudates do affect the release was not associated with cell growth of the studied lysis because cell integrity dinoflagellates. This effect is not determined by chlorophyll a content due to immediate change in short and cell morphology was term primary productivity but rather maintained. These data suggest affects other growth regulating that D9 exhibits an active toxin mechanisms. release in response to high salinity. Regulation of PSP toxin synthesis PO.01-02 and release appears to be Dinoflagellate cysts from New differentially regulated by strains T3 Zealand ports and harbours, with and D9 under salt stress. emphasis on the distribution of Fondecyt 1050433; Núcleo Milenio harmful and potential invasive EMBA:PO4/007-F. species
Session: PO.01 - Genetics PO.11-13 R Stewart, FH Chang Diatom effect on dinoflagellate growth National Inst. of Water & Atmosph. Res., WELLINGTON, New Zealand Session: PO.11 - Allelopathy
K Spilling Over the period 2003-2005, 179 sediment samples, collected from Finnish Environment Institute, HELSINKI, Finland fourteen New Zealand ports and harbours, were analysed. The Diatoms release secondary samples were part of a large-scale metabolites, but little is known about baseline survey for the NZ Ministry the ecological effect of these of Agriculture & Forestry, exudates. This study was Biosecurity New Zealand. More conducted to test if diatom exudates than twenty distinct cyst types, have any effect on co-occurring representing nine dinoflagellate dinoflagellates. For this purpose genera, were identified. The growth and primary production of: number of cyst types from individual
284 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 ports and harbours varied from one digestive tract of cetaceans. to six, most belonging to the three Recently, using HPLC and LC-MS, common genera Gonyaulax, we detected DA (0.5 μg/g) in skin Protoperidinium and Scrippsiella. and blubber from a Minke whale Six species were harmful: four were stranded on the west coast of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP)- Scotland during a bloom of DA- producers, Gymnodinium producing diatoms (Pseudo- catenatum, Alexandrium tamarense, nitzschia australis and P. seriata). A. cf. catenella and A. minutum, and Little is known about how and to two potential yessotoxin/yessotoxin- what extent algal toxins affect like producers, Protoceratium marine mammals. Toxin absorption reticulatum and Lingulodinium across digestive tract membranes polyedrum. Cysts of G. catenatum will play a major role in determining were most widespread but confined the dose interacting with the mainly to the North Island ports and nervous system via the blood. harbours. They coincided Humans exposed to DA approximately with the sites of experienced nausea, vomiting, spread of G. catenatum blooms dizziness and confusion. If Minke during the 2000 North Island PSP whales are as sensitive as humans events. The possible spread of this then they may also be likely victims. species to new areas and potential invasive species from other PO.12-03 countries are discussed. Diatoms from coastal
environments of Buenos Aires
Province (Argentina). PO.13-39 Taxonomical analysis of genera Domoic acid in Minke whale that include species producing Session: PO.13 - Regional events harmful algal blooms
L Stobo, A Scott, EA Turrell Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and
Fisheries Research Services, ABERDEEN, Phylogeny
United Kingdom Inés Sunesen, EA Sar, SE Sala
Just as human consumers of Universidad Nacional de La Plata, LA seafood contaminated with algal PLATA, Argentina toxins are at risk of poisoning, other Many diatoms are involved in HAB animals in marine food webs are events. In addition to domoic acid- impacted by these toxins. producing species, the literature Documented cases of algal toxins reports cases of severe economic associated with cetacean mortalities losses to aquaculture, fisheries and are limited; yet, recent research by tourism by blooms of harmful non- scientists (USA and Canada) toxic species. In the framework of a demonstrated that North Atlantic monitoring project in Buenos Aires whales in the Bay of Fundy are coastal waters, we have detected exposed to PSP toxins. In Monterey several of these species. Bay, domoic acid (DA), the ASP Phytoplankton was collected toxin, was reported in humpback monthly at eight stations, with 30- and blue whale faeces following µm net hauls, and examined with feeding on toxic planktivorous fish; light and scanning electron demonstrating that algal toxins can microscopes. The aim of this study be ingested and pass through the
285 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 is to analyze the specific diversity of Cosmunda Pond, Champa district, Coscinodiscus, Chaetoceros, and Kurung Tank, Bilaspur district, Rhizosolenia, Thalassiosira, both in Chattisgarh State, Central Cerataulina, Cylindrotheca, India. The Cosmunda pond water Leptocylindrus and Asterionellopsis, bloom caused severe fish toll and to determine their temporal and human illness. No human deaths spatial distribution, to solve were recorded but heavy liver taxonomical/nomenclatural damage cases were reported. The problems and to detect blooms of pond is polluted by effluents from the species reported as causing nearby cotton and silk textile harmful events. industries. Kurung tank water is Seventy four taxa were determined. polluted with Jute industry effluents. Thalassiosira fryxelliae is new to Vishnoi et al. (2005) reported an science, Cerataulina dentata, abundance of M. aeruginosa in a Chaetoceros filiferus and water pond near Jodhpur, Rajastan, Rhizosolenia hyalina are new Western India, which was isolated records for Argentina. and used for recovery of textile Among the potentially noxious effluent. Studies related to the species we found Asterionellopsis hepatotoxicity were associated with glacialis, Cerataulina pelagica, Microcystis blooms in Central India Chaetoceros socialis, C. debilis, and reported by Ghosh et al. Coscinodiscus wailesii, C. (2006). Jaiswal et al. (2006) concinnus, Cylindrotheca reported on Microcystis strains and closterium, Rhizosolenia setigera, characterization of biocidal Thalassiosira curviseriata, T. mala, secondary metabolites. Kumar et T. minima and T. minuscula. Some al. (2006) surveyed several ponds of them were occasionally of Varanas, North India, and found abundant, but only Asterionellopsis heavy infestation of Microcystis in glacialis has been observed several ponds. The toxin was producing blooms that affected the idenfied by the mcyA gene tourism of the area during summer segment. months.
PO.13-49 PO.13-85 Diarrhetic shellfish toxin links to Recent reports on occurrence dinophysis populations in and toxin characterization of California coastal waters
Microcystis aeruginosa – a Session: PO.13 - Regional events freshwater toxic algal bloom from Cristy M Sutherland, Mary W Silver India University of California, Santa Cruz, Session: PO.13 - Regional events SANTA CRUZ, United States of America
M R Suseela In Monterey Bay, California,
National Botanical Research Institute, Dinophysis has recently been LUCKNOW, India implicated in the production of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) In our routine fresh water algal toxins. Our goal was to determine floristic surveys, we have come the annual Dinophysis cycle and across heavy algal water blooms of possible relationship to DSP toxins Microcystis aeruginosa in in mussels. Collecting water and
286 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 mussel samples (Mytilus 3, -6, azaspiracid (AZA) -1, -2, -3, californianus) for 16 months at the yessotoxin (YTX), 45-OHYTX, Santa Cruz Wharf in Monterey Bay, brevetoxin-B2 (BTXB2), 7-O- we measured Dinophysis palmitoylOA and 7-O- abundance in our lab and sent palmitoylDTX1. The former eleven mussels to the regulatory Food toxins were purified from Inspection Agency in Canada for contaminated shellfish, except for toxin analyses. Results indicated YTX which was obtained from that Dinophysis average abundance cultures of Protoceratium was higher (2,000 cells per Liter) in reticulatum. 7-O-PalmitoylOA and 7- summer than in other months (90 O-palmitoylDTX1 were chemically cells per Liter) and DSP toxins in prepared from OA and DTX1, mussels were higher in summer respectively. The purity of the (OA+DTX-1= 0.11 µg per gram) standard toxins was checked by 1H- than in other months (OA+DTX-1= NMR, LC-DAD, and LC-MS. All 0.04 µg per gram), though at least toxins were quantifiable in 30 min in one of the DSP toxins was a single run by monitoring negative detectable nearly year round. A ions, except for AZAs that were significant correlation between detected on positive ions. We Dinophysis fortii cell biomass, the proved the practicality of the method dominant biomass contributor, and by carrying out recovery tests using OA concentrations in mussels 90% methanol extracts prepared suggests this species is the OA from scallop and mussel source, whereas the correlation hepatopancreas spiked with the coefficient became weaker when standard toxins or extracts from the biomass of other Dinophysis naturally contaminated shellfish. species was included. Thus DSP toxins, not previously monitored on PO.13-30 the US west coast, may Species dominance and occasionally represent a potential permanence of Gymnodinium health threat to human consumers catenatum Graham blooms on of mussels, and possibly other filter the estern Mediterranean coast of feeding organisms. Morocco (1994-2004)
Session: PO.13 - Regional events
PO.05-13 LTJ Tahri Joutei
Preparation and simultaneous Institut National de Recherche Halieutiq, LC-MS analysis of fourteen CASABLANCA, Morocco shellfish toxins The chain-forming dinoflagellate Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis Gymnodinium catenatum is the M Suzuki, R Sekiguchi, M Watai, T main species associated with Yasumoto paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)
Japan Food Research Laboratories, TAMA, outbreaks in Moroccan coastal Japan waters, since 1994. The seasonal distribution of G. catenatum in the For use as calibrants in LC-MS Mediterranean coast of Morocco analysis, we prepared fourteen (35°05’N) during the period 1994- shellfish toxin standards: okadaic 2004 is described. Gymnodinium acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 catenatum is present throughout the (DTX1), pectenotoxin (PTX) -1, -2, -
287 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 year, but maximum concentrations determined by the two methods, the are detected in spring (early May) results obtained from the MMPB and autumn (November). PSP method were always higher than toxicity was detected in shellfish those from the ELISA method. after winter and autumn blooms. However, in some samples the Alexandrium minutum, also a PSP results obtained from the ELISA agent, was observed in spring and method were higher than those from summer. Dinophysis caudata, a the MMPB method. These results DSP producer, bloomed suggest that some non-microcystin occasionally in spring, and the compounds reacted with the potential ASP producer Pseudo- microcystin antibody, or the nitzschia spp. increased to bloom antibody was denatured by proportions sometimes in winter. A biosurfactants in the fractions of the high correlation between toxic and cell extracts. non-toxic species has been In the fractionation of natural established (r>0, 7); Lauderia spp. waterblooms using HPLC, the and Thalassionema nitzschioides cross-reactivity was found in non- with G. catenatum; Ceratium sp with microcystin fractionations. If the Dinophysis spp; Navicula and fractions did not contain even a Ceratium karstenii with Alexandrium trace amount of microcystin, non- spp; Coscinodiscus and microcystin compounds ought to Leptocylindrus minimus with have reacted with the antibody. To Pseudo-nitzschia spp. confirm this hypothesis, compounds in the non-microcystin fractions were isolated and purified by HPLC PO.05-16 and thin-layer chromatography. On the correlation between MMPB and ELISA methods for total microcystin concentrations PO.14-13
Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis Growth control of toxic microalgae cell by using direct H Takagi1, T Sano2, K Kaya3 current electricity, direct current 1 National Inst. for Envirometal studies, high voltage electrical discharge, TSUKUBA, Japan 2National Inst. for Environmetal Studies, ozone gas dissolution and TSUKUBA, Japan hydrogen peroxide 3 Tohoku University, SENDAI, Japan Session: PO.14 - Mitigation
Total microcystin concentrations of Shin Takano, Asami Touno, Hitoshi cultured cells and natural Ogawa waterblooms were determined by Univ. Tamagawa, Machida-shi, TOKYO, the methods of MMPB and ELISA. Japan In the case of ELISA, the cross- reactivity of the antibody and The direct current electricity is microcystin depended on the type of called DC (direct current), and has microcystin present. The cross- been used for portable apparatuses reactivity of microcystin-LR and RR like batteries, flashlights, etc. The was almost the same, whereas electric current in a solution shows those of other variants were lower electro-physical phenomena like than that of microcystin-LR. When the electrical short circuit through total microcystin concentrations of the surface. The DC high voltage natural waterblooms were discharge in water will find the
288 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 shortest route. On the other hand, from Dar Hamra (DH) and Oulad the discharge will generate radicals Ghanem (OG) showed the in water and a bleaching effect can presence of OA and DTX2. be expected. There are many ions Analyses carried out in the same such as nitric acids, phosphoric samples revealed also the presence acid, calcium, magnesium present of three main azaspiracid at the growth locality of algae, and congeners, namely AZA1, AZA2 the electric conductivity is therefore and AZA3. The discovery of the relatively good. By using ozone gas three azaspiracid congeners has and hydrogen peroxide solution as been confirmed by mass spectra references, the bleaching effect of characteristic of each toxin. the radicals on algae was Mussel samples harvested in 2004 examined. in OG and DH, showed the toxin Different varieties of algae were profile mainly composed of AZA2 exposed to the DC high voltage (75 and 100%) and AZA1 (15 to discharge pulse and to the 25%), but AZA3 was present at continuous DC. A bleaching effect trace level. In 2005, the mussel was observed that seems to be toxin profiles from the same areas caused by the radical induction in were slightly different and the water and movement of algae to relative composition was AZA2 (80 the electrode. A momentary to 100%) and AZA1 (0 to 20%), and temperature rise and temperature AZA3 at 10%. In both years AZA2 rise around the electrode, caused was three to four times higher than by the DC high voltage discharge, other congeners. causes death of all algae regardless of the variety. PO.07-03 Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in PO.09-06 the South China Sea and their First detection of azaspiracid relations to marine and coastal environments outside European coastal waters
Session: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis and Session: PO.07 - Ecology and chemical structure of toxins oceanography
Hamid Taleb1, Paulo Vale2, Rachid 1 2 2 1 1 Danling Tang , SF Wang , BP Di , J Amanhir , Asia Benhadouch , Reqia Yu1 1 Sagou 1 Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Institut National de Recherche Halieutiq, GUANGZHOU, China CASABLANCA, Morocco 2South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, 2 Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrár, GUANGZHOU, China LISBOA, Portugal HABs occur frequently in the South Outbreaks of DSP have been China Sea (SCS), causing huge recorded in summer 2004 and 2005 economic losses in recent years. at the same region of the north This study analyzed historical HAB Atlantic coast of Morocco. DSP- records for the period from 1980 to positive samples of mussels 2003, focusing on four major detected by mouse bioassay were regions of the SCS: northern, stored for further identification. southern, western and eastern Chemical analysis by HPLC/MS regions. HAB affected area spread conducted in mussels harvested and its frequency increased, with
289 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 high frequent periods in 1990-1991, and in the 90s – 37 species); 1998 and 2002; the seasonal and – Blooms of Skeletonema costatum annual variation, and the causative are frequent (15 cases) at all algal species of HAB were all seasons, which indicate high levels different among the 4 regions. Many of eutrophication. Maximal densities HABs occurred in the northern registered were 50 106 cells l-1; region, and two high frequent areas – Within the last years, there has were off the Pearl River and the been a simultaneous dominance of Manila Bay. Relatively, HABs 2-4 species of microalgae (S. occurred frequently during March- costatum, Heterocapsa triquetra May in the northern region and in and Eutreptia lanowii); July in the western region. As – There has been a development of causative species Noctiluca blooms caused by Chrysophyceae scintillans dominated in the northern (Emiliania huxleyi, Apedinella region, and Pyrodinium bahamense spinifera) and Euglenophyceae in both eastern and southern (Eutreptia lanowii, E. viridis); regions. Pyrodinium bahamense – Dinoflagellate species that did not and Noctiluca scintillans were the cause blooms earlier (Gymnodinium dominating species during 1980- simplex, Gyrodinium instriatum, 2003, but more Phaeocystis cf Scrippsiella trochoidea) started globosa and Alexandrium sp occurring in this region; blooms occurred 1991-2003. Those – The density of the invasive toxic variations are related to regional species Cochlodinium polykrikoides ocean environments, such as increased from 0,7-103 cells l-1 in reversed monsoon winds, river 2001 up to 0,16-106 cells l-1 in 2005; discharges, and upwelling, and also – Potentially toxic diatoms (Pseudo- affected by local conditions, such as nitzschia seriata, P. delicatissima) eutrophication off the Peal River and dinoflagellates (Gymnodinium and in the Manila Bay. aureolum, C. polykrikoides, Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax, A.
tamarense) are frequently PO.13-42 dominant. Dynamics of harmful algal The analysis of long-term changes blooms in the Ukrainian coastal of blooms in the Ukrainian Black Black Sea Sea has shown an increase in number of episodes from the end of Session: PO.13 - Regional events the 90s. Ludmila Terenko, Galyna Terenko
Odessa Branch of the Institute of Biology, ODESSA, Ukraine PO.12-16 Does Gambierdiscus toxicus type During the last 10 years (1995– material exist?
2005), 62 cases of microalgal Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogeny blooms have been mentioned in the 1 2 Ukrainian coastal Black Sea. PA Tester , MA Faust , MW Vandersea1, SR Kibler1, M Chinain3, Basic main features of microalgal 4 1 1 MJ Holmes , WC Holland , RW Litaker blooms in the Ukrainian Black Sea 1National Ocean Service, NOAA, are: BEAUFORT, NC, United States of America – The number of microalgal species 2 Smithsonian Institution, WASHINGTON that produce blooms has increased DC, MD, United States of America (in the 1960s – 14, in 70-80s – 24,
290 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
3Micro-Algues Tox., Inst.Louis Malarde, PAPEETE, TAHITI, French Polynesia PO.13-68 4 Trop Mar Sci Inst, Natl Univ Singapore, A toxic benthic dinoflagellate SINGAPORE, Singapore Prorocentrum faustiae Morton
Gambierdiscus species have a pan isolated from Phanri Bay, South Central Vietnam tropical distribution and some produce ciguatoxins which Session: PO.13 - Regional events concentrate in marine food webs, Ho Van The1, Nguyen N. Lam1, Steve causing ciguatera fish poisoning. 2 Morton Though Gambierdiscus cells are 1Institute of Oceanography, NHA TRANG, typically referred to as either Vietnam 2 Gambierdiscus toxicus or NOAA National Ocean Service, CHARLESTON, United States of America Gambierdiscus sp., the genus encompases a diverse multispecies Dinoflagellates were isolated from complex. This species diversity is Liagora sp. (Rhodophyta) in a tidal generally underappreciated in most area of Phanri Bay, Binhthuan ecological studies. Our research Province. The species was was undertaken to better identified as Prorocentrum faustiae. characterize the Gambierdiscus This is a new record of microalgae species both morphologically, using in Vietnam. The cells are widely SEM and calcofluor staining, and oval, 30-40 µm wide and 40-45 µm molecularly, using SSU through-D1- long. Thecal surface is rugose with D3 LSU rDNA sequences. The scattered large /and small pores molecular and morphological data except at the centre. A large support the existence of at least five nucleus and pyrenoid are positioned new species, plus five of the six at the lower part and the centre of currently described species. The the cell, respectively. Intercalary major problem was with G. toxicus, bands are horizontally striated. This which could not be resolved strain of P. faustiae produces two because type material was cytotoxic fractions, a non-polar and unavailable. Also, despite an a polar fraction. The polar excellent description of the genus compound was found to be morphology in the original paper, ichthyotoxic and the non-polar the large range in cell sizes and compound was found to be multiple collection sites for the type cytotoxic. material causes us to ask if the type G. toxicus description included multiple species. We would like to PO.13-40 open discussions on whether type Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and material exists or if a new, domoic acid in Maryland and Virginia waters molecularly well defined, type species should be established. Session: PO.13 - Regional events
Once ecological studies include AE Thessen1, HA Bowers2, DK species level identifications, the Stoecker1, DW Oldach2 differences in distribution, 1UMCES Horn Point Laboratory, abundance and toxicity of CFP CAMBRIDGE, United States of America outbreaks may be better 2University of Maryland, IHV, BALTIMORE, understood. United States of America
291 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Some species of the diatom genus CR Tomas, A. Bourdelais, T Schuster, Pseudo-nitzschia are known to J Naar produce the neurotoxin domoic acid University of North Carolina Wilmington, (DA) which is responsible for WILMINGTON, NC, United States of amnesic shellfish poisoning in America humans and domoic acid poisoning Blooms of raphidophyte flagellates in animals. Current phytoplankton were implicated with fish-killing monitoring by Maryland Department events, intoxication of bivalves and of Natural Resources identifies allelopathic effects on other Pseudo-nitzschia in water samples phytoplankton. The mode of toxicity via light microscopy as either P. is a complex one involving reactive seriata or P. pungens. From 2002 oxygen species, hemolytic toxins, to 2006 water samples were polyunsaturated fatty acids and collected throughout the neurotoxins. This last toxin Chesapeake Bay (Maryland and category was inferred from HPLC Virginia), the coastal bays, and the separation of compounds that co- Delaware coast for culture isolation, migrated with brevetoxins. Their toxin analysis and Pseudo-nitzschia actual structures and thus final enumeration and species identity remained to be defined. identification via TEM. Four species This study examined extracts of of Pseudo-nitzschia were identified Chattonella antiqua, C. marina, C. in Maryland and Virginia waters (P. subsalsa, Fibrocapsa japonica and multiseries, P. fraudulenta, P. Heterosigma akashiwo. Cultures of pungens and P. calliantha). these organisms were grown in the Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, P. laboratory to stationary phase, calliantha, and P. fraudulenta have harvested, extracted with ethyl been isolated from field samples, acetate. The dried residue was cultured in the laboratory and resuspended in absolute methanol, sequenced (see poster by H. filtered and applied to the ELISA Bowers, this meeting). Domoic acid assay specific for brevetoxins and to was found in 6 of 14 cultures and in ESI and MALDI HPLC Mass some field samples containing spectroscopy. All cultures were Pseudo-nitzschia. Pseudo-nitzschia found to contain PbTX 2, -3 and -9. was most abundant in the southern While the cellular concentrations of portion of the Chesapeake Bay from these toxins were low this evidence January to March. The data indicates that among the differing suggest that Pseudo-nitzschia in the toxic substances produced in Chesapeake Bay region is more raphidophyte blooms, neurotoxins abundant at higher salinities and cannot be excluded as a contributor during colder months. to their toxicity.
PO.10-44 PO.15-15 Evidence for neurotoxins from Remote sensing for the detection species of the raphidophyte and monitoring of Microcystis genera Chattonella, Fibrocapsa aeruginosa in western Lake Erie and Heterosigma and Saginaw Bay, USA
Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & Session: PO.15 - Monitoring autecology MC Tomlinson1, RP Stumpf1, GL Fahnenstiel2, J Dyble2, PA Tester3
292 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
1National Ocean Service, NOAA, SILVER PO.09-10 SPRING, MD, United States of America Fatty acid esters of pectenotoxin 2 NOAA/GLERL, MUSKEGON, MI, United seco acids in Norwegian and States of America 3 Irish mussels NOAA/NCCOS, BEAUFORT, NC, United States of America Session: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis and chemical structure of toxins
The toxic cyanobacterium, 1 2 T. Torgersen , AL Wilkins , N Microcystis aeruginosa, has Rehman3, T Rundberget1, D Petersen4, become a dominant component of P Hess3, F Rise4, CO Miles1 the summer phytoplankton 1National Veterinary Institute, OSLO, population in Saginaw Bay and Norway western Lake Erie, USA. Expansive 2The University of Waikato, HAMILTON, blooms of Microcystis have caused New Zealand 3 considerable concern to the Great Marine Institute, GALWAY, Ireland 4University of Oslo, OSLO, Norway Lakes region due to the use of these waters for recreation. The Pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) from marine toxin, microcystin, has been dinoflagellates of the genus observed in both regions above the Dinophysis is rapidly hydrolyzed in -1 recommended limit of 1 µg L and many shellfish to pectenotoxin-2 poses a threat to human health. seco acid (PTX-2 SA), which Microcystis blooms have unique isomerises to 7- 7-epi-PTX-2 SA. scattering and absorption Pectenotoxin-12 (PTX-12) from the properties, due to the production of same dinoflagellates is also surface scum and the dominant believed to be hydrolyzed in accessory pigment, phycocyanin. shellfish to PTX-12 SAs, which are In an effort to better detect and in equilibrium with isomers monitor these blooms, satellite presumed to be 7-epi-PTX-12 SAs. derived products from SeaWiFS Three series of fatty acid esters of and MODIS which highlight these PTX-2 SA and 7-epi-PTX-2 SA optical properties will be compared were detected by LC-MS analysis of with in situ measurements of an extract from Irish blue mussels Microcystis and its toxin, from 2004 (Mytilus edulis). Fatty acids were and 2005. Phycocyanin has an conjugated on C-11, C-33 and C-37 absorption peak centered at 620 of the PTX-skeleton. In methanolic nm. Therefore, changes in the extracts from two samples of blue absorption spectra centered at this mussels from Norway, three series wavelength will be investigated of fatty acid esters of PTX-2 SA, using spectral curvature methods. with only minor accompanying In addition, the use of a particulate amounts of the 7-epi-analogues, backscatter ratio method will be and a series of fatty acid esters of tested for its ability to detect these PTX-12 SAs and its presumed 7- blooms. The ability to detect epi-analogues, were detected. surface scum using the MODIS The location of the fatty acid ester near-infrared band (865 nm) may be linkages were identified by LC-MSn compromised by shallow water in positive- and negative-ionization depth but looks promising in deeper modes, LC-MS analysis of the water. products of the reaction with sodium
periodate, and NMR analysis of purified samples of the most abundant derivatives. For PTX-2
293 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
SA, the 37-O-acyl esters were the induction model based on the most abundant, while the most straws as an induction medium was abundant side chain was the 16:0 studied using toxic microalgae. fatty acid.
PO.06-12 PO.14-12 A drifter study of a toxic Pseudo- Growth control of toxic nitzschia bloom from the Juan de microalgae by electrostatic Fuca Eddy in the Pacific Northwest adsorption and decentralization Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics
Session: PO.14 - Mitigation 1 2 3 CG Trick , EJ Lessard , WP Cochlan , Asami Touno, Shin Takano, Hitoshi B Hickey2, VL Trainer4, ML Wells5
Ogawa 1 Schulich School of Medicine, LONDON, Univ. Tamagawa, MACHIDA-SHI TOKYO, Canada Japan 2School of Oceanography, U. Washington, SEATTLE, United States of America Adsorption and desorption by static 3Romberg Tiburon Centre, SFSU, TIBURON, United States of America electricity happens here and there. 4 An electrostatic phenomenon in the Northwest Fisheries Science Center, SEATTLE, United States of America interface can be strong, and an 5School of Marine Sciences, U. Maine, unpleasant phenomenon caused ORONO, ME, United States of America by the static electricity in winter is accompanied with dry air. The As part of the ECOHAB-PNW influence of static electricity in program to study the community water is not like in air, i.e. not formation, domoic acid (DA) toxicity caused by the electric charge. It and transport of Pseudo-nitzschia can be observed in the interface from the coastal waters of between water and a body of an Washington State and British insulator and a semiconductor. Columbia to the shoreline, we Algae adhering to rice plants in a employed drifters to follow blooms paddy field are a well-known emitted from their putative origin, phenomenon. It is also reported the Juan de Fuca Eddy. In that straw bundles scattered in the September 2004, we followed the paddy field adsorb algae. We dynamics of a bloom of the highly thought that an electrostatic circuit toxic Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidata formed in the environment around and a small, vertically migrating the rice and wheat straws rich in flagellate. Over ten days, particulate hydrated silica could possibly DA reached more than 40 nM and cause electrostatic adsorption and dissolved DA reached up to 15 nM. migration of algae. Our analysis of temporal changes The adsorption and desorption of allowed us to evaluate nutrient algae around the straws of rice and drawdown rates and corresponding wheat was studied by changing the biomass increase, and to test electrostatic voltage and the hypotheses regarding bloom current. The electrostatic induction success: 1) Is the bloom community in the environment is possibly composition a direct result of influenced by the wind and the physical processes of eddy mixing humidity around the straws above of nutrients? 2) Is community the water surface. An electrostatic composition the result of grazing
294 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 removal of competing species? 3) Is other species. Large differences in bloom formation a result of the mode of carbon acquisition increased well-being of the were monitored among species. successful phytoplankton species While eCA activities were (measures of photosynthetic increased in P. multiseries and efficiency and potential)? We also Coscinodiscus at elevated pH, N. tested the effect of both cellular and navis-varingica showed low eCA extracellular DA production on the activities independent of pH. Half- competitive success of Pseudo- saturation concentrations (K1/2) for nitzschia (grazing reduction, photosynthetic O2 evolution were improved cell physiology). This is highest for Coscinodiscus and one of the most comprehensive lowest for P. multiseries and studies of an in situ toxigenic diatom generally decreased with inceasing - bloom to date. pH. CO2 and HCO3 were taken up
simultaneously by all species. K1/2 for inorganic carbon uptake PO.10-49 decreased with increasing pH with Regulation of inorganic carbon the exception of N. navis-varingica. acquisition in toxic diatoms The contribution of both carbon under different pH species to photosynthetic carbon Session: PO.10 – Ecophysiology and fixation differed strongly among autecology species. Whereas in Coscinodiscus HCO - uptake contributed to carbon S Trimborn1, N Lundholm2, B Rost1, PJ 3 3 net fixation by almost 100%, it was Hansen around 60% in P. multiseries. In N. 1Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and navis-varingica, it only accounted Marine Research, BREMERHAVEN, for ~ 30% indicating a strong Germany preference for CO2. Our results 2Dep. of Phycology, University of indicate strong species-specific Copenhagen, COPENHAGEN, Denmark 3 differences in carbon acquisition Marine Biological Laboratory, University among diatoms. In view of pH of Copenhagen, HELSINGØR, Denmark changes occuring especially during The effect of elevated pH on blooms as well as the ongoing inorganic carbon acquisition was acidification of the oceans, the studied in three marine diatoms, observed differences in CCM two potentially toxic species efficiency and regulation may play Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and an important role for the Nitzschia navis-varingica, and the occurrence of diatoms. non-toxic Coscinodiscus sp.. In cells acclimated to low pH (7.9) and PO.15-28 high pH (8.4 or 8.9), in vivo Use of geographic information activities of extracellular carbonic system software and approaches anhydrase (eCA), photosynthetic - to analyze long-term database O2 evolution, CO2 and HCO3 Session: PO.15 - Monitoring uptake rates were measured by membrane inlet mass spectrometry JA Tustison, JM Lewis, KA Steidinger
(MIMS). Independent of the pH in Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, the acclimation, P. multiseries ST.PETERSBURG, United States of showed highest photosynthesis America rates in comparison to the two
295 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
The historical Florida red tide database provides a cross-platform Various molecular methods were for applying and advancing GIS used to detect and discriminate technology for the monitoring and Alexandrium species in visualization of HABs. By using the environmental samples collected Temporal Analyst tool, the data are along the Scottish east coast in brought into an event which can be 2004. Plankton samples were set to replay on any temporal scale; collected by vertical plankton net a HAB bloom can then be visualized (20 µm) hauls (20-0 m) as well as and tracked over time. Tracking by Niskin bottle casts from discrete Analyst also creates animation depths. Cells filtered onto loops in either a video (.avi) file or polycarbonate membranes were as an animated .giff. The Tracking analysed using fluorescence in situ Analyst Data Clock Wizard can be hybridisation (FISH) in combination used to create a graph of concentric with solid-phase cytometry to detect rings representing months of the and enumerate Alexandrium year. The rings allow an illustration tamarense, A. ostenfeldii and A. to be created that represents certain minutum. Additionally, conventional temporal patterns in the database. and real-time quantitative PCR (RT This is helpful in understanding q-PCR) was applied to the same when a event begins and ends. field samples to detect, differentiate The data clock is able to show that and quantify the different bloom events are able to carry over Alexandrium species. For this from previous years. GIS approach, new species-specific technology is advancing rapidly to primers and MGB-probes targeting the point that seamless merging of the small- or large-ribosomal different databases can occur subunit of Alexandrium spp. were almost near real-time. This has developed and successfully applied applications for monitoring in both PCR approaches. The programs involving platforms, e.g., obtained results were compared buoys, gliders, satellites, etc. If the with Utermöhl microscopic counts intent is to have web-based data and toxin profiles generated by management and visualization, then HPLC-FD and LC-MS/MS to detect advancing GIS technology will PSP toxins and spirolides, further this approach. End products respectively. The combined data set would be maps and animations for was analyzed by multivariate time series. statistical methods to describe the vertical distribution of toxic species and their respective toxins profiles. PO.01-11 Molecular approaches for the detection and characterization of PO.13-41 Alexandrium species in natural DSP toxins in the Gulf of Finland, blooms Baltic Sea
Session: PO.01 - Genetics Session: PO.13 - Regional events
Kerstin Töbe, T Alpermann, U John, U P Uronen, P Kuuppo
Tillmann, B Krock, LK Medlin, AD Finnish Environment Institute, HELSINKI, Cembella Finland
Alfred Wegener Institute, BREMERHAVEN, Germany
296 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Dinophysis species are known to be sulfocarbamoyl toxins were toxic around the world. Their toxins recorded only at trace levels. In vitro accumulate in filter-feeding animals incubation of S. solida extracts with like mussels, and may cause PSP standards revealed a rapid diarrhetic shellfish poisoning to transformation of carbamate and N- humans. In the Baltic Sea, there are sulfocarbamoyl toxins into their only few measurements of these corresponding decarbamate toxins in the Dinophysis cells. DSP analogues. After 24 hours less than toxins (DTX and PTX) have been 5% of the carbamate or N- found in Dinophysis cells on the sulfocarbamoyl toxins tested Finnish coast in late summer and remained. autumn 2004. Spatial variability of DSP toxins is measured along a PO.08-21 coastal gradient in the Gulf of Neuroblastoma cells as a model Finland. In addition, the DSP toxicity to study toxic events triggered by is related to the occurrence of palytoxin Dinophysis acuminata, D. norvegica Session: PO.08 - Toxicology and D. rotundata and varying environmental conditions. I Valverde, J Lago, JM Vieites, AG Cabado
PO.09-05 ANFACO-CECOPESCA, VIGO, Spain
Profiles of PSP toxins in shellfish One of the most potent marine from Portugal explained by toxins related to seafood poisoning decarbamoylase activity is palytoxin, a non-TPA-type skin Session: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis and tumour promoter. The presence of chemical structure of toxins palytoxin has been detected in P Vale1, ML Artigas2, SS Gomes1, MJ several fish, crabs and sea Botelho1, SM Rodrigues1, A Amorim3 anemones, from where it can enter
1IPIMAR/INIAP, LISBON, Portugal into the food chain and cause 2University of Lisbon, PÓVOA DE STA. human fatalities. The receptor for IRIA, Portugal 3 palytoxin is the plasma membrane Instituto de Oceanografia, LISBOA, Na+/K+-ATPase, and it stimulates Portugal sodium influx and potassium efflux The presence of PSP toxins has not in every system where it has been been recorded along the tested. Altered intracellular cation Portuguese coast since 1995. A concentrations, in particular bloom of Gymnodinium catenatum increased calcium, are generally occurred at the NW coast of associated with cell death or Portugal in the autumn of 2005, and apoptosis. However, biochemical PSP profiles were determined in signalling cascades that transmit several inshore and offshore palytoxin-stimulated signals remain shellfish species by HPLC. Most of to be clarified. the species studied contained a In vitro cytotoxic effects of palytoxin complex toxin profile, typically were characterized on the BE(2)- representative of contamination by M17 human neuroblastoma cell line. G. catenatum. However, species By using microplate fluorimetric such as the clam Spisula solida techniques, we studied several contained mainly decarbamoyl cytotoxicity features, including toxins; carbamate and N- markers of cell death and apoptosis,
297 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 such as changes of mitochondrial Prorocentrum lima was isolated membrane potential, inhibition of from macroalgal sediments, cellular proliferation, DNA cultured and tested for toxicity with fragmentation, LDH leakage, triplicate using the standard brine propidium iodide uptake, and F- shrimp bioassay, each with 10 actin depolymerization. Artemia microalgal cultures (1000- Results show that palytoxin causes 500-250 cells/well) with a stationary strong F-actin disruption depending phase of 24 hours. Toxicity was on concentration and incubation found in P. lima cultures, which time. Palytoxin induces fast cell killed seventy five percent of the rounding, a fall in mitochondrial Artemia during the first 10 h of the membrane potential that is bioassay. Cultures of P. micans dependent on the concentration and were used as non-toxic microalgal the time of incubation, release of controls which did not affect the LDH from the cells, and it inhibits viability of Artemia. Further work will cell proliferation. be carried out by HPLC to determinate the production of OA by these organisms. PO.13-79 Occurrence of the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima PO.10-47 in the Caribbean coast of Costa Importance of nitrogen and Rica phosphorus availability on the Session: PO.13 - Regional events regulation of Prorocentrum lima
MV Vargas, E. Freer growth and okadaic acid production University of Costa Rica, SAN JOSÉ, Costa Rica Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & autecology
A monthly survey was carried out in 1 2 Ioanna Varkitzi , Kalliopi Pagou , Edna five localities along the Caribbean Granéli3, Ioannis Hatzianestis2, coast of Costa Rica in 2005, to Christina Pyrgaki2, Aleka Pavlidou2, determine the presence and Georgia Asimakopoulou2, Barbara distribution of P. lima. This Montesanto4, Athena Economou-Amilli4 dinoflagellate, which is known to 1Institute of Oceanography, ATHENS, produce OA, was identified growing Greece in association with macroalgae, 2Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, which typically dominates the ATHENS, Greece 3University of Kalmar, Marine Sciences Dpt, subtidal zone near areas of coral KALMAR, Sweden reef. Prorocentrum lima appeared to 4Athens University,Ecology & Systematics have a substrate preference in Dpt, ATHENS, Greece favour of Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. with more than 200 The benthic dinoflagellate cells/g D.W. This dinoflagellate was Prorocentrum lima has been present year round in all the survey associated with many diarrhetic spots, primarily in the southern shellfish poisoning (DSP) outbreaks region during March and worldwide. The major causative September. This is the first report of agent of DSP outbreaks in Greek macroalgae associated with P. lima coastal waters (E Mediterranean) is in the Caribbean of Central Dinophysis acuminata, an okadaic America. acid- (OA) producing species.
298 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
However, D. acuminata cannot be might be the use as info chemicals grown in cultures, while P. lima can, between algal cells in the interaction and therefore P. lima cultures are of algae and macrophytes. This used widely in OA-related studies. study investigates the idea that In this study, a toxic P. lima strain cyanobacterial toxins are a was grown in batch cultures under: communication tool between - - 1) N-NO3 sufficient, 2) N-NO3 different cyanobacteria. This 3- deficient, 3) P-PO4 deficient and 4) communication might be an indirect + N-NH4 sufficient conditions for 57 one, as cyanotoxins might be a days. Cell numbers, growth rates, trigger for the promotion of oxidative chlorophyll a, OA concentrations stress, generating reactive oxygen per cell and nutrient concentrations species, which are known to act as in the culture media were cell signals. The existence of determined at regular intervals. several antioxidative enzymes likes Phosphorus was exhausted in the superoxide dismutase, peroxidases - P-deficient and N-NO3 sufficient and catalases as markers for treatments after the end of the oxidative stress in Synechocystis typical exponential phase. Nitrogen sp. will be shown as well as cell decreased but was not exhausted in damage by extensive generation of any treatment. In all treatments, ROS like lipidperoxidation due to maximum OA concentrations per exposure of Synechocystis sp. to cell were observed after the end of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin- the typical exponential phase, when LR. As reactive oxygen species are growth rates decreased. However, also thought to have an important the highest OA concentration in P. role in the communication in cells, lima cells was found in the P- the main hypothesis presented deficient treatment (2 times higher here, is that the communication than any other treatment), probably between cyanobacterial species due to further limitation of growth might be mediated by ROS and the induced by the heavy deficiency of antioxidative cycle. phosphorus.
PO.13-76 PO.11-05 Space distribution of potentially Talk to me – communication harmful species on the coast of between cyanobacteria via toxins the state of São Paulo, Brazil and promotion of oxidative stress (July/04-May/06)
Session: PO.11 - Allelopathy Session: PO.13 - Regional events
Maria Vasselikaki, Stephan MC Villac, VAP Cabral, TO Pinto Pflugmacher Universidade de Taubaté, TAUBATÉ, SP, IGB, BERLIN, Germany Brazil
Cyanobacteria are now common in This study reports on the space many freshwater lakes and rivers distribution of potentially harmful throughout the world and are known species on the coast of the State of to produce a variety of different, São Paulo, Brazil (July/04-May/06), often toxic, secondary metabolites. based on a survey carried out in The ecological use of these cooperation with the State metabolites is still under discussion. Environmental Agency and One main idea on cyanotoxins mariculture farms to provide
299 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 information to protect tourism and 1The University of Texas at Austin, PORT safety for shellfish consumption. ARANSAS, TEXAS, United States of America The study of whole water and net 2Fishtrackers, Inc., CORPUS CHRISTI, samples (20-µm mesh) revealed the TEXAS, United States of America presence of Anaulus australis*, 3Food and Drug Administration, DAUPHIN Asterionellopsis glacialis*, ISLAND, ALABAMA, United States of Cerataulina pelagica, America
Coscinodiscus wailesii, Guinardia There are records of ciguatera in delicatula, Leptocylindrus minimus, the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, a Pseudo-nitzschia spp.*; Ceratium region characterized by soft muddy fusus*, C. hircus, Dinophysis bottoms considered to be poor acuminata, D. caudata, D. habitat for the CTX source rotundata, D. tripos, Gymnodinium dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus catenatum, Noctiluca scintillans, toxicus. We examined petroleum Peridinium quinquecorne, production platforms and Prorocentrum micans, Sargassum as potential substrate Trichodesmium thiebautii and for G. toxicus and report a first Dictyocha fibula (* species that 4 -1 record of this species in the NW reached 10 cells.L and/or whose Gulf of Mexico. All platforms (n=6 ) relative abundance was over 50% and some of the Sargassum (n=3) of microphytoplankton count). No examined harbored G. toxicus. blooms were visually observed Only minor toxicity (<0.15 ppb) was during this period. Anaulus australis noted in 2 of 20 great barracuda and A. glacialis, species that have (Sphyraena barracuda) examined. caused surf blooms in the area, Trans-Gulf migrations by barracuda were indeed dominant in more are common; thus, we cannot exposed beaches. Pseudo-nitzschia determine if the toxicity was spp., L. minimus, C. fusus and P. acquired locally or transported in quinquecorne were some of the migrating fish. most abundant ones in more The rapid increase in platforms protected embayments, the since 1942 has provided a novel environment where mariculture substrate for benthic dinoflagellates farms are located. Interestingly, the in an otherwise inhospitable recently introduced species to environment, and the platforms Brazilian waters, G. catenatum, was serve as intersection points for found to be more restricted to the potentially toxic fish and fishermen. surroundings of a port terminal. The use of platforms as fisheries Support: Biota-Fapesp, Cetesb, enhancement structures could have Butantan, CNPq-PIBIC. unintended consequences for
human health, particularly if PO.01-13 projected rising sea surface Petroleum production platforms temperatures over the next century as sites for the expansion of alter dinoflagellate distributions and ciguatera in the northwestern fish migration patterns.These Gulf of Mexico concerns may also extend to
Session: PO.01 - Genetics mariculture operations around rigs
1 1 2 or wind-farms, both of which would TA Villareal , S Hanson , S Qualia , also add substrate for epibenthic ELE Jester3, HR Grande3, RW Dickey3 microalgae.
300 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
PO.01-19 About 435 red tides are recorded in Distribution and diversity of the East China Sea since the toxigenic Microcystis blooms: a 1930s, which amounts to 54% of temperate-tropical comparison total red tides in China. Among them, 43 toxic HABs were recorded; Session: PO.01 - Genetics the causing species include WGA Vyverman1, I van Gremberghe1, Alexandrium tamarense, Karenia T Asmelash2, T Dejenie2, J van 1 1 mikimotoi, Heterocapsa Wichelen , K van der Gucht , L de circularisquama, Cochlodinium sp. Meester3, A Wilmotte4 and Karenia brevis. The HABs of 1 Ghent University, GENT, Belgium Karenia mikimotoi in 2005 caused 2Mekelle University, MEKELLE, Ethiopia 3Catholic University Leuven, LEUVEN, direct loss of about RMB 20 million Belgium by killing cultured fish (red drum, 4Université de Liège, LIÈGE, Belgium genuine porgy) and abalone. There are about 24 recorded blooms of Cyanobacterial blooms were Karenia sp. in the East China Sea investigated in shallow lakes and since 1980s, most of them have ponds in Belgium and microdams in detrimental influence, and the Ethiopia during respectively three bloom of Karenia sp. has a and two consecutive years. DGGE- tendency to increase in frequency profiling of 16S rDNA revealed that and to be spreading from south to the most dominant bloom-forming north. According to regular genus was Microcystis in both phytoplankton monitoring since countries. DGGE-profiling of 2002, there are 19 potentially toxic Microcystis-specific16S-23S rDNA algae: PSP-causing algae ITS revealed a significant diversity (Alexandrium catenella, within and among sites. PCR was Alexandrium tamarense); DSP- used to detect the presence of mcy- causing algae such as Dinophysis genes within blooms and revealed caudata, Dinophysis fortii, that most blooms contained Dinophysis acuminate; NSP- toxigenic strains. Phylogenetic causing algae, Karenia brevis, ASP analysis of ITS-sequences was causing algae such as Pseudo- used to relate toxigenic capacity to nitzschia multiseries, Pseudo- the genetic composition of blooms. nitzschia multistriata, Pseudo- Multivariate analyses were used to nitzschia delicatissima, and other 8 relate bloom composition to climatic toxic algae such as Heterocapsa condition, nutrient status and circularisquama, Cochlodinium sp., biological characteristics. Fibrocapsa japonica etc. A
monitoring scheme of toxic algae PO.15-02 and biotoxin is put forward.
The potentially harmful algae and HABs in the East China Sea by PO.02-04 regular red tide monitoring A proteomic approach to harmful programme algal bloom research
Session: PO.15 - Monitoring Session: PO.02 - Genomics
Jinhui Wang, R Xu, XS Cheng, XQ Da-Zhi Wang1, Hua-Sheng Hong1, Leo Huang 2 2 Lai Chan , John Hodgkiss
East China Sea Environmental Monitoring, 1Xiamen Univeristy, XIAMEN, China SHANGHAI, China
301 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
2Hong Kong University, HONG KONG, Results showed only few China differences in cyst composition
Proteomics, defined as the study of between the two surveys. The proteins expressed by the whole average cyst concentrations in April genome at the setting time and and May were 374 and 482 cysts conditions, has been applied in the per gram D.W. sediment, studying of harmful algal bloom respectively. Cysts of Alexandrium (HAB) research and has shown high occurred commonly but in low potential for identification of numbers, and the maximum species-specific proteins for species concentration during the bloom was identification; toxin biomarkers for 219 cysts per gram D.W. sediment. strain differentiation; physiological High sand content in sediments, indicator proteins to rapidly assess high sedimentary rate, huge diluted the nutritional or metabolic status of water and complicated water causative agents of HAB for currents, are thought to result in the prediction, detection, monitoring and low cyst assemblages in verification of bloom events; and cell Changjiang Estuary. The surface associated proteins to study destination of the Alexandrium cysts the interaction between formed after the bloom is discussed phytoplankton and their as. environment as well as to separate species from mixed phytoplankton PO.06-10 populations. The paper will present The interspecific competition of a review of the various techniques two HAB species: Prorocentrum we applied; namely 2-DE, 2-D donghaiense and Alexandrium DIGE, MALDI TOF MS/MS, N- tamarense terminal sequencing and Session: PO.06 - Population dynamics immunoblotting; and the results we ZL Wang, RX Li, MY Zhu have obtained in HAB studies. First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, QINGDAO, China
PO.16-02 We studied the population dynamics Distribution of dinoflagellate and interspecific competition of resting cysts in surface Prorocentrum donghaiense and sediments from Changjiang Alexandrium tamarense, two Estuary in the spring of 2004 common HAB species in East China
Session: PO.16 – Life cycles Sea, by using semi-continuous dilution experiments. Prorocentrum ZH Wang, YZ Qi, YF Yang donghaiense was the winner at low Jinan University, GUANGZHOU, China phosphate concentrations, which completely excluded Alexandrium Surface sediments were sampled in tamarense. However, at high April and May of 2004 from phosphate conditions, the southern Changjiang Estuary, competition between the two where a large- scale Prorocentrum species was different, and either donghaiense red tide accompanied caused exclusion of one species or by Alexandrium sp. occurred in coexistence. The results also show early May of 2004, in order to study that the competition results depend cyst composition and distribution on the cell densities which the two before and during the red tide.
302 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 species can reach in bi-culturing be forecasted relatively accurately. experiments.
PO.15-22 PO.07-15 Application of a Multiparameter The role of nutrients on spring Monitoring System (YSI) in and summer algal blooms in the studies of large-scale red tides East China Sea in the East China Sea
Session: PO.07 - Ecology and Session: PO.15 - Monitoring oceanography YF Wang1, DD Zhu2, MJ Zhou1, RC Yu1
Jiangtao Wang, Chuansong Zhang, 1 Xiaoyong Shi, Xiulin Wang Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO, China Ocean University of China, QINGDAO, 2Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, China HANGZHOU, China
Diatom and dinoflagellate blooms The multiparameter monitoring were investigated in the East China system (from YSI), coupled with a Sea 2002-2005. When diatom global positioning system (GPS) blooms started in spring, the and an automatic meteorological phosphate concentration decreased station, has been used in field from about 0.6 μM to 0.2 μM, which cruises to study the large-scale red suggests that phosphate might tides in the East China Sea, have been the limiting factor for the supported by the on-going diatom blooms. At the succeeding CEOHAB project. Parameters dinoflagellate bloom, the phosphate including chl.a, temperature, concentration decreased to 0-0.1 salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, μM. Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu pH, and depth were recorded with was capable of growing even at the YSI system during the cruises phosphate concentrations below 0.2 during the last five years. The μM. results suggested that there were Nitrate concentration showed a good correlations between the gradual decrease, concomitant with measured chl.a levels by the the algal bloom development. At the system and the analytical results of end of Prorocentrum donghaiense chl.a from fluorescence bloom, the average nitrate spectrometer and cell counting by concentration was about 1.5 μM in microscopy, during the red tides of the surface water. We hypothesized Prorocentrum donghaiense, Karenia that dinoflagellate blooms could not mikimotoi, Skeletonema costatum, be maintained when nitrate and Thalassiosira sp. The spatial concentrations were lower than the and temporal distribution pattern of above-mentioned level. the red tides, even the subsurface It was concluded that phosphate thin layer distribution of high concentrations are essential for concentrated microalgae, could be triggering the blooms, nitrate depicted with the system. Data on concentrations determine the chl.a, temperature, salinity and duration and scale of the bloom, depth derived from the system were and silicate concentration and Si/N used successfully to elucidate the ratios influence which species will hydrological effects of water be dominant. By determining masses and ocean currents on the nutrient concentrations, algal dynamics of large scale red tides. blooms in the East China Sea can
303 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Therefore, data from the YSI typical of that genus. The routine system could well support the ports of call for this ship, where studies on the dynamics and ballast water exchanges took place, mechanism of large scale red tides were Antwerp, Belgium, Terneuzen, in this region. Netherlands, and Uddevalla, Sweden.
PO.12-05 Do you know this dinoflagellate? PO.10-06
Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogeny Interaction effects of nutrient limitation and UV radiation on JL Wolny1, MJ Garrett2, KA Steidinger1 Nodularia spumigena - an 1 Florida Institute of Oceanography, SAINT outdoor experiment PETERSBURG, FLORIDA, United States of America Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology & 2Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Autecology
SAINT PETERSBURG, FLORIDA, United A Wulff1, M Mohlin2, V Lindberg2 States of America 1 During routine ballast water Göteborg University, GÖTEBORG, Sweden monitoring for harmful algae we 2Marine Ecology, GÖTEBORG, Sweden discovered an unusual dinoflagellate. The cyst was Nodularia spumigena is one of obtained by sediment sampling a several toxin-producing ballast tank of the cargo container cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea. It ship ‘Southern Fighter’, docked at produces the hepatoxin nodularin, a the Port of Tampa. In culture, this tumour promoter known to have dinoflagellate spends the majority of killed wild and domestic animals. its life cycle in a non-motile stage. Nodularia spumigena blooms occur The non-motile stage is twice the during late summer, a period with size of the vegetative cell. It is strong light, calm weather and smooth walled, with the exception of stable water-column stratification. the apical pore area, and gathers in Due to its ability to fix atmospheric large clusters that are visible to the nitrogen, N. spumigena does not naked eye. The vegetative cell is a depend on this macronutrient in the scrippsielloid dinoflagellate with the water. Instead it is generally following plate tabulation: Po, x, 4’, believed that growth of N. 3a, 7', 6c, 6s, 5’', 2''. The vegetative spumigena is limited by cell is characterized by a deeply phosphorus. In a mesocosm invaginated and narrow 1’ plate, experiment we will study the unique apical pore complex, and interaction effects of N and P deep sulcus. The vegetative cells limitation, and UV radiation. have been morphometrically Cultures of N. spumigena are compared to Bysmatrum, exposed to, or shielded from, Calciodinellum, Ensiculifera, natural levels of UV radiation in 5-L Pentapharsodinium, Peridiniella, aquaria with and without N- and P- Peridinium, Protoperidinium, and limiting conditions, repectively. The Scrippsiella with no definitive match, experiment will be run for ca 30 although they most resemble days (July, 2006). Variables to be Bysmatrum. We presume this analysed are related to growth and dinoflagellate is a benthic species photosynthetic activity as well as the like Bysmatrum, but it lacks the content of nodularin and UV- anterior intercalary plate pattern absorbing compounds.
304 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
PO.07-14 PO.15-07 Paralytic shellfish poisoning in Moving towards an operational the North Sea – a secular harmful algal bloom forecasting perspective system in Texas (USA)
Session: PO.07 - Ecology and Session: PO.15 - Monitoring oceanography 1 1 TT Wynne , RP Stumpf , MC T Wyatt1, F Jordan2 Tomlinson1, TA Villareal2, K Wiles3, G 3 4 4 1Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Heideman , M Byrd , D Buzan , L VIGO, Spain Campbell5 2 Collegium Budapest, BUDAPEST, 1NOAA/NOS, SILVER SPRING, United Hungary States of America 2University of Texas at Austin, PORT Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) ARANSAS, United States of America has been a recognized medical 3Texas Department of State Health Service, syndrome since the late eighteenth AUSTIN, United States of America 4 century, despite the rarity of Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, AUSTIN, United States of America diagnoses. European records from 5Texas A&M University, COLLEGE 1827 to 1967 (140 years) in which STATION, United States of America the clinical symptoms are unequivocal number only about 100 Blooms of the toxic harmful algae, cases distributed between nine Karenia brevis, have been outbreaks, mostly in the United persistent and problematic in the Kingdom (UK). Since 1968, Gulf of Mexico (USA) for decades. following a major episode in the UK A heuristic ecological model based that year, monitoring programmes on satellite imagery has been indicate that the risk of poisoning shown to be effective in identifying has been high most years, and that likely Karenia blooms in the eastern in the absence of public health Gulf of Mexico (Florida). 'New' initiatives would almost certainly blooms are identified by satellite, have led to many more cases. Thus and those blooms that meet certain on the basis of its clinical incidence criteria are identified as likely prior to 1968, and monitoring since Karenia. The method is core to the then, an abrupt ‘regime shift’ has detection component of the apparently occurred which has operational Harmful Algal Bloom probably led to increased (HAB) forecast deployed by the abundance of the toxic agent, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Alexandrium tamarense, since the Administration (NOAA), in October 1960s. Some recent studies 2004. The Texas coast commonly indicate that there may have been has false positives resulting from significant phenological trends in frequent resuspension events. The North Sea dinoflagellates, but the method was modified to clinical evidence does not compensate for these events. unambiguously support a climatic However, because of the interpretation in this case. This infrequency of Karenia HABs along paper uses network analysis, in the Texas coast, only one major which fishing plays a major role, to bloom event coincided with explore the question. available SeaWiFS imagery. This event was used to validate the methods presented by Wynne et al.
305 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
(2005). Since the publication of this maximum of ca. 4 fmol/cell, then the paper the Texas coastline activity decreased with increasing experienced a major bloom in 2005. the Q. The threshold values of Q for This presentation will demonstrate inducing AP activities in both the efficacy of the algorithm using in species were much higher than the situ cell count data collected from minimum cell quota for their growth. this event. This algorithm will then The results indicate that the be used to expand NOAA’s HAB intracellular phosphorus forecast system to include Texas. concentration is fundamentally important to understand AP regulation and organic phosphorus PO.10-48 utilization of harmful algae. Intracellular phosphorus regulates alkaline phosphatase activity of Karenia mikimotoi PO.11-09 (Dinophyceae) and Skeletonema Allelopathic interactions between costatum (Bacillariophyceae) the bacillariophyte Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve and the Session: PO.10 – Ecophysiology and autecology raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada ex Hara et H Yamaguchi1, S. Ukita2, M Adachi3, M 4 Chihara Yamaguchi
1 Session: PO.11 - Allelopathy Kochi University, KOCHI, Japan 2Hiroshima University, HIROSHIMA, Japan Y Yamasaki, S Nagasoe, T Matsubara, 3 Kochi University, KOCHI, Japan T Shikata, Y Shimasaki, Y Oshima, T 4 FEIS, Fisheries Research Agency, Honjo HIROSHIMA, Japan Graduate School, Kyushu University, Alkaline phosphatase (AP) plays an FUKUOKA, Japan important role in utilization of Growth interactions between organic phosphorus by unicellular Skeletonema costatum and algae. AP activity has been Heterosigma akashiwo were recognized to be regulated by the investigated by bi-algal cultures external phosphate concentration. under axenic conditions. When In the present study, however, we these species were inoculated at clearly showed that AP activity of high cell densities, growth of both harmful algae Karenia mikimotoi species was coincidentally and Skeletonema costatum was suppressed. In other combinations directly regulated by the intracellular of inoculation density, the species phosphorus content, not by the that first reached the stationary external phosphate. Under phase seemed to be responsible for phosphorus-limited steady state a remarkable decrease of the other conditions in semi-continuous species’ density. When both culture, relationships among AP species were cultured without cell activity, external phosphate and contact, growth of S. costatum and intracellular phosphorus content (Q) H. akashiwo were both suppressed. were examined. A significant Furthermore, regardless of nutrient negative correlation was found re-enrichment, filtrates from S. between AP activity and Q of K. costatum and H. akashiwo thick mikimotoi. In the case of S. cultures mutually decreased the costatum, AP activity increased with maximum cell densities. Therefore, increasing Q and reached a
306 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 growth interactions strongly suggest reproduction at the bloom density of the involvement of allelopathic 107 cells/mL. In situ experiments substances secreted into each showed that survival of the copepod medium by both species. Finally, Calanus sinicus was inhibited growth of S. costatum and H. significantly by HAB seawater. akashiwo in the bi-algal cultures Prorocentrum donghaiense was simulated using a mathematical influenced the protozoa community model. This interaction model when added at the bloom density; indicated that, as time passes, S. PSP was detected giving a toxicity costatum and H. akashiwo steadily of 4.3 MU/L during Alexandrium approach a stable equilibrium point bloom. However, few toxic shellfish of about 3.4 105 cells/ml and 4.8 105 samples were detected near the cells/ml, respectively, when the two HAB area islands; several species coexist. simulating food chains have been set up and the results showed that PSP from Alexandrium species PO.09-09 could be transferred to fish and Laboratory and field studies on lobster. harmful effects of large-scale HABs in the East China Sea
Session: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis and PO.06-27 chemical structure of toxins Were nutrients a driving cause T Yan1, MJ Zhou1, TJ Jiang2, Yinlin for the formation and Zou3 disappearance of a Scrippsiella
1Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO, trochoidea red tide in a marine China bay of Hong Kong 2 Institute of Hydrobiology, Jina U., GUANGDONG, China Session: PO.06 – Population dynamics 3 First institute of SOA, QINGDAO, China Kedong Yin1,2, Xiu-Xian Song3, Sheng To understand the harmful effects of Liu2, Kun Jinjun2, Pei-Yuan Qian2 large-scale HABs in the East China Sea, a series of experiments and 1 Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine field investigations have been Environmental Dynamics, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese carried out since 2002. Laboratory Academy of Sciences, GUANGZHOU, experiments were conducted on the China, effect of HAB causative species, 2 Atmospheric, Marine and Coastal Prorocentrum donghaiense and Environment Program/Biology Alexandrium catenella on the Department, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HONG KONG survival, feeding and reproduction of SAR, China different organisms: juvenile perch, 3 Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and mysids, copepods, eggs and larvae Environmental Sciences, Institute of of scallop, rotifer, Moina mongolica Oceanology, QINGDAO, China and Artemia salina. It was found that A. catenella at the bloom A semi-enclosed bay in Hong Kong density of 105 cells/mL had an is one of hot spots for red tides adverse impact on all above (high biomass blooms). However, organisms. Prorocentrum concentrations of ambient nutrients donghaiense at lower density could are not high enough to support be utilized as food by small such high biomass. When a red zooplankton species, but inhibit their tide of Scrippsiella trochoidea
307 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 occurred in the bay, we do not form in some eutrophic investigated the field conditions of ponds. In these cases, leaves of the red tide and conducted nutrient trees around the ponds fall into the addition experiments on water ponds, or some macrophytes grow samples from the red tide and non- in the ponds. As a possibility, we red-tide waters to examine whether thought that water-extractable the red tide would be sustained compounds from the macrophytes with and without added nutrients or and /or the leaves affect the cell would collapse rapidly in bottles. growth of cyanobacteria. Chl a was high in the red tide In order to examine the cell growth patch, but nutrients (NO3, PO4, inhibitory activity of water SiO4, and NH4 ) were all low in the extractable compounds from the non-red-tide waters, suggesting macrophytes and the leaves, that nutrients are not a direct various plants were collected and driving cause for the formation of extracted with water. We found this high biomass red tide. During several inhibitory active the incubation, phytoplankton compounds from wood, flower biomass gradually decreased over petals and young leaves. The 9 days in the red tide water compounds were isolated and samples without nutrient additions purified from the extracts for and without N additions and identification of chemical structure steadily increased with N additions until day 7. In the non-red-tide samples, additions of all NO3, PO4, PO.16-04 and SiO4 did not produce high S. Overwintering of Heterocapsa trochoidea biomass, indicating that circularisquama (Dinophyceae) factors other than nutrients as a pellicle cyst induced by low promoted the red tide formation of temperature in the laboratory this species. Session: PO.16 – Life cycles
TakahiI Yoshida, Yuya Takahashi, PO.14-14 Kanae Ishikawa, Ming-Key Wang, Shingo Hiroishi Control of cell growth of cyanobacterial cells using extract Fukui Prefectural University, OBAMA, from water grasses and leaves of Japan evergreen trees Red tide blooms of Heterocapsa Session: PO.14 - Mitigation circularisquama Horiguchi cause
Hiroshi Yoshida, Yukie Hatta, Shin mass mortality of bivalves and Takano, Ayaka Ishiguro, Asami Touno, present a serious problem for Hitoshi Ogawa shellfish aquaculture in western
Univ. Tamagawa, MACHIDA-SHI TOKYO, Japan. Sexual reproduction has not Japan been found in H. circularisquama, and the mechanism of overwintering Growth inhibitors against of the populations blooming in cyanobacteria were identified in Japanese waters is unclear. extractions from various plants,and Dinoflagellate temporary cysts are applied to small surfaces of water non-motile and formed from such as drinking water reservoirs vegetative cells by shedding of the and recreational lakes. It is well theca (pellicle cyst). We propose known that cyanobacterial blooms that the pellicle cyst of H.
308 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 circularisquama is a temporary intervals, filtered and concentrated stage rather than a resting stage. to 50 mL. The number of Heterocapsa circularisquama grew phytoplankton species in the well at ca.17.5 °C, poorly at 15 °C unfixed samples was counted. and 12.5 °C, and it died at 10 °C. Among the species observed in this Two weeks after inoculation, the study, harmful and toxic species ratio of pellicle cyst/total cells at found were: Chattonella antiqua, C. 12.5 °C was 57.5±1.4 %, marina, C. ovara, C. verruculosa, significantly higher than at the other Heterosigma akashiwo, Karenia temperatures. After 60 days and 90 mikimotoi, Cochlodinium days of incubation at 10 °C under polykrikoides, Heterocapsa continuous darkness, viability circularisquama, Alexandrium percentage of the pellicle cyst was catenella, A. tamarense, 0.9% and 0.8 %, respectively. Thus, A.tamiyavanichii, Gymnodinium the pellicle cyst designated as catenatum and Dinophysis fortii. temporally cyst in the other dinoflagellates is not always in a PO.05-20 temporary stage in H. Preparation of toxin standards circularisquama, part of a H. for use in monitoring diarrhetic circularisquama population might shellfish toxins by LC-MS overwinter as pellicle cysts formed Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis at low temperature. A Yoshino
PO.13-25 Tropical Technology Center Ltd., URUMA- CITY, Japan Long-term variation of phytoplankton in Harimanada, In determining marine toxins in Seto Inland Sea, Japan seafood, LC-MS is the most Session: PO.13 - Regional events powerful tool with its high sensitivity,
Sadaaki Yoshimatsu specificity, and accuracy. To promote wide use of the method, Akashiwo Res. Inst. of Kagawa Pref., TAKAMATSU, Japan however, an adequate supply of standard toxins is imperative. Chattonella antiqua was Though highly or moderately responsible, in the 1970-1980s, for contaminated shellfish have been large fishery damages in unavailable for years in Japan, we Harimanada, Seto Inland Sea, succeeded in preparing DSP-toxin Japan. PSP toxicity is also a standards by taking different problem in this region. This approaches. First, we obtained research was carried out to clarify okadaic acid (OA) and the appearance of phytoplankton, dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) by including harmful and toxic species. culturing Prorocentrum lima. Long-term variations in Second, OA and DTX1 were phytoplankton a point in extracted from the black sponge, Harimanada were investigated from Halichondria okadai. Third, in order Apr. 1983 to Dec. 2005, three to five to secure DTX1, which was of low times a month during summer, and occurrence in the preceding two one to three times a month at other sources, we improved purification seasons. A litre of seawater was procedures to enable purification of collected from 8 layers at 5-m DTX1 from scallop extracts of very
309 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 low DTX3 contents. Fourth, we impact on the lake, such as dead improved reaction conditions to fish, shrimp or water plants. synthesize from OA and DTX1 This represents a successful corresponding 7-O-palmitoyl esters. example of mitigation of lake The structure and purity of the blooms. It improved the water standard toxins thus prepared were quality for the benefit of the confirmed by HPLC-DAD, 1D- and residents and ensured that the 2D-NMR, and ESI-MS. The toxin aquatic sport activities of the '10th quantity in a parent stock was national games' could proceed determined by weight. normally as scheduled.
PO.14-02 PO.05-33 A successful control of HABs by Analysis of toxins responsible for modified clay: mitigation of poisoning incidents caused by Cyanophyta blooms in Xuanwu consumption of the snail Lake in Nanjing Nassarius spp.
Session: PO.14 - Mitigation Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysis 1 1 1 ZM Yu , XX Song , XH Cao , ZH RC Yu1, AF Li1, J Li1, YF Wang1, MJ Zhang2 1 1 2 3 Zhou , T Yan , M Quilliam , B Luckas 1 Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO, 1Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO, China 2 China Centre of Environment Monitoring, 2Institute for Marine Bioscience, NRC, NANJING, China HALIFAX, Canada 3Jena University, JENA, Germany A bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa occurred in Xuanwu Lake in June, During 2002 and 2003, poisoning 2005, which had serious impact on incidents caused by the landscape, water quality and the consumption of snail Nassarius spp. living conditions of residents. It also were reported in Fujian Province posed as a threat to aquatic sport and Jiangsu Province, China. After activities of '10th national games', observation of the symptoms in the scheduled to take place in the lake. victims it was suspected that PSP Based on the theory of clay surface toxins were involved, and the modification, clays with high toxicity screening of the snail coagulation efficiency were made samples with mouse bioassay and disseminated in different ratios, method for monitoring of PSP toxins frequency and concentration, gave numbers exceeding matching the distribution 10,000MU/100g tissue (wet weight). characteristics of the blooms in However, no PSP toxins were different lake areas. The blooms detected after analysis of snail were controlled effectively. samples using high performance Monitoring showed that the average liquid chromatography (HPLC) with removal rate of Microcystis post-column derivatization. The aeruginosa was more than 96% and toxins in Nassarius spp. were finally the coagulated cells were identified as tetrodotoxin (TTX), decomposed gradually. The quality after re-analysis of the samples of lake water had significantly using HPLC coupled with a mass improved. The community structure detector. The derivatives of TTX in of phytoplankton had changed. toxic snail samples were also There was no visible negative analyzed, using HPLC coupled with
310 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 a triple quadrupole mass detector and allelospoly may be responsible (API 4000), in the mode of for that of G. lemaneiformis. In a co- precursor ion scan and product ion cultured system of G. lemaneiformis scan. Two isomers of trideoxyTTX, with Scrippsiella trochoidea the two isomers of TTX, two isomers of simultaneous nutrients assay also 11-oxoTTX, anhydroTTX and trace revealed that allelospoly might be amounts of deoxyTTX were the main reason for inhibition of S. identified from the toxic snail trochoidea under the lower initial samples. Analytical methods using ratio of G. lemaneiformis to S. select ion monitoring and select trochoidea. However, both reaction monitoring targeted on allelopathy and allelospoly could be these compounds were then responsible for the inhibition of S. developed. trochoidea at higher initial biomass ratio.
PO.11-11 Roles of macroalgae for HAB PO.09-03 mitigation Sulfotransferase activity in PSP- producing Alexandrium species Session: PO.11 - Allelopathy
SD Zhang, Y Wang, XX Song, ZM Yu Session: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis and chemical structure of toxins Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO, 1 2 SHANDONG PROVINCE, China Shugang Zhang , Leo Lai Chan , Hua- Sheng Hong1, Da-Zhi Wang1
The effects of two macroalgal 1Xiamen Univeristy, XIAMEN, China species, Ulva pertusa and Gracilaria 2Hong Kong University, HONG KONG, lemaneiformis, on the growth of China microalgae in co-cultured systems were studied. Both species, Sulfotransferase (ST) is an especially their fresh tissues, important modified enzyme related significantly impeded the growth of to toxin conversion in PSP- Heterosigma akashiwo, P. producing dinoflagellates. This donghaiense and A. tamarense. study investigated ST activity in the Ulva pertusa affected the growth of crude extracts of eight Alexandrium microalgae more than did G. strains with various toxin lemaneiformis. A positive correlation compositions. The toxin between the initial macroalgal biosynthesis pathway in biomass and their effects on Alexandrium was also examined. microalgae during co-culturing was ST activity was only detected in the observed. Nutrient assays showed crude extract of Alexandrium that when microalgal cells were tamarense CI01 (ATCI01), which dead, nitrate and phosphate were was able to convert GTX2/3 to almost exhausted in the G. C1/C2, while it was not found in lemaneiformis co-culture, but other PST-producing Alexandrium remained at enough levels in the U. strains, even the strains with similar pertusa co-culture to allow for toxin composition as ATCI01. further growth of the microalgae. Moreover, ST activity was not Therefore, allelopathy was the detected in the non-toxic A. essential factor for the inhibition of tamarense CCMP2023. These U. pertusa on the microalgae, while results indicated that ST is a the combined roles of allelopathy species/strain-specific enzyme and that different toxin biosynthesis
311 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 pathways may exist in different the shift velocities of peak positions PST-producing Alexandrium strains. were different. Thus Heterosigma This requires further study at the akashiwo was the fastes and in molecular and biochemical level. other algae the shift was between 0.1 and 0.3nm per 10mgm-3. No shift was observed in Dicrateria PO.15-03 zhanjiangensis Hu and Relationship of magnitude and Chlorococcum sp. position of the algal SICF with chlorophyll-a concentration PO.11-12 Session: PO.15 - Monitoring The role of allelopathy in diatom Dong-Zhi Zhao and dinoflagellate blooms in the
National Marine Enviroment Monitoring C, East China Sea DALIAN, China Session: PO.11 - Allelopathy
To investigate the relation of sun- Weihong Zhao1, Meimei Chen1, induced chlorophyll fluorescence Jiangtao Wang2 near 685nm with chlorophyll-a 1Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO, concentration, the reflectance China 2 spectra of red tide species such as Ocean University of China, QINGDAO, Gymnodinium sp., Heterosigma China akashiwo, Ceratium furca and other Skeletonema costatum, Karenia algae such as Nitzschia closterium, mikimotoi and Prorocentrum Dicrateria zhanjiangensis donghaiense blooms took place Hu.,Platymonas sp., Chlorococcum successively in the East China Sea sp., Platymonas helgolandica var. in the spring of 2005. Bloom water tsingtaoensis, Chlorella sp. from was collected and filtered. field samples and laboratory Skeletonema costatum, Pseudo- cultures was used. Rmaxred nitzschia pungens, Alexandrium normalized at R560 correlated well tamarense, P. donghaiense, and with chlorophyll-a concentration Prorocentrum micans were cultured (R>0.82). To different algae, the in the above filtered solutions to coefficient a of the relationship explore the role of allelopathy in the between Rmaxred/R560 and phytoplankton community chlorophyll-a presented change. succession. The results showed The regression equation that the water collected from both (Rmaxred/R560 =a (chl a) b) reveal the S. costatum bloom and the K. that the coefficient a varied between mikimotoi bloom stimulated growth 0.037 and 1.135, b varied between of the five tested species. Mixed 0.094 and 0.727. Simultaneously water from K. mikimotoi and P. this study established the donghaiense blooms stimulated relationship between the growth of all tested species except fluorescence peak position and S. costatum. The stimulatory effect chlorophyll-a concentration. All of K. mikimotoi on P. donghaiense regression coefficients were higher was most marked and intensified than 0.75 except Chlorococcum sp. with the concentration of K. with 0.57. The position of the mikimotoi. Thus the stimulus fluorescence peak shifted to infrared produced by S. costatum on K. when chlorophyll-a concentration mikimotoi and P. donghaiense may increased, but for various species, give it an advantage in later K.
312 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 mikimotoi and P. donghaiense PO.07-12 blooms. In the same way, some Numerical simulation of stimulatory substances excreted by circulation and its application in K. mikimotoi on P. donghaiense red tides in the Changjiang River may play an important role in the Estuary and adjacent sea areas succession from K. mikimotoi bloom Session: PO.07 - Ecology and to P. donghaiense bloom. oceanography
LS Zhu, XH Chen
PO.13-13 South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, The low temperature GUANGZOU, China characteristics of the East China Sea in early spring of 2005 and Based on the COHERENS, a three- its influence on HABs dimensional baroclinic model for the summer of East China Sea was Session: PO.13 - Regional events established with the sigma- Dedi Zhu1, Xianwei Bu1, Yunfeng coordinate in the vertical direction Wang2, Weiyi Xu1, Jilan Su1 and spherical coordinate in the
1Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, horizontal direction. The circulation HANGZHOU, China patterns of the Kuroshio Current, 2 Institute of Oceanography, CAS, the Taiwan Warm Current, the QINGDAO, China Tsushima Current, the Changjiang Temperature characteristics of a Diluted Water and the coastal HAB-frequent area in the East currents were successfully China Sea in early spring 2005 and simulated in this model. The its influence on a large-scale HAB calculated results are fairly are analyzed, based on survey data consistent with previous from 2002~2005 and some related observations and studies. Based on historical meteorological data. Low this baroclinic current field, we temperature characteristics were simulated the Lagranian particles obvious in the HAB- frequent area tracking to estimate possible origins during the early Spring (early April) of the regions where red tides 2005; water temperature was about frequently occurred in the 2-3 °C lower compared to the same Changjiang River Estuary and period of 2004 and it quickly rose adjacent sea areas. Does seeding from 10 °C to 17 °C during the last from cysts take place from red tide twenty days of April. Low air algae in the seabed of the Taiwan temperature in March and large Strait, the offshore area of Fujian discharge of the Yangtze river in and Zhejiang Provinces and the Winter (Jan. to Mar.) in 2005 are the northeast Taiwan Island, to the main causes for the low Changjiang River Estuary and temperature in this sea area. The adjacent sea areas. Field data are low temperature may have been an needed to confirm this. The building important factor for the occurrence of a numerical model based on the of a dinoflagellate HAB in the spring COHERENS to simulate the 2005 as opposed to the spring Lagrangian particle tracking for 2002~2004. estimating the source of the red tides is the first attempt of this kind in China.
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known from their type material collected in Hong Kong waters 130 PO.01-16 year ago. In addition, a new species Diversity in the genus has been found in material from the Skeletonema: an overview Pacific Ocean. The analysis of Session: PO.01 - Genetics strains from different areas has A Zingone, D Sarno, WHCF Kooistra revealed consistent genetic diversity
Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn, NAPLES, (LSU data) within some species Italy (e.g. S. dohrnii, S. menzelii, S. tropicum), which still retain Recently, the genus Skeletonema monophyly and separation from has undergone profound revision, closely related species. Other which has revealed four new species (S. marinoi and S. species within one of the most japonicum) are instead conspicuous marine phytoplankton homogeneous over their range. taxa, S. costatum. Morphological Despite the limited number of and molecular analyses have now strains available for each species, been extended to more than 150 geographic patterns are strains from all over the world with recognisable, which differ among the aim of a) assessing the diversity species and among genetically of the genus, b) investigating the distinct populations within morphological and molecular morphologically defined species. variability of the different species, The possible origin and ecological and c) depicting their geographic significance of cryptic diversity in ranges. This study has uncovered Skeletonema is discussed. live material of S. costatum and S. grevillei, which were previously only
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SOCIAL PROGRAMME
• Monday 4 September Reception hosted by the City of Copenhagen.
Participants must be at the main entrance to the Town Hall at 06.00 pm. It is a 10 min walk from the Conference Centre.
• Thursday 7 September ISSHA General Assembly and Auction at DGI – byen.
See elsewhere in Programme.
• Friday 8 September Mermaid Dinner Party, Langelinie Pavillionen
The congress banquet will take place at Langelinie Pavillionen situated at Langelinie, very close to the Little Mermaid.
Transportation will be by canal boats, which will take you on a picturesque and guided tour through the canals of Copenhagen. The duration of the trip is about 30 min.
The boats will leave from Hotel Marriott situated at Kalvebod Brygge (close to the Congress Venue see map) at 7:00 PM.
Should you miss the boat or prefer to get to Langelinie Pavillionen on your own:
1. Taxi: costs ca. 150 DKr. 2. Bus: line A1 from Tietgensgade to Esplanaden and about 5-10 min walking from the bus stop to Langelinie. 3. Walk: about 40 min. from the Congress Venue
The Dinner begins at 7:45 PM. There will be busses going back to the city centre (not each hotel, but close) at 11.00 pm and at midnight. For those who wish to stay longer and dance and talk there is a 15 min walk back or you can order a taxi. The party closes at 02.00 am.
For map see next page:
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Excursions (pre-booked)
Social tours on Wednesday, September 6
Tours start immediately after closing of the symposia.
The City, the Canals and the Opera House (4 h. incl. lunch bag) Copenhagen was - for Hans Christian Andersen - “Wonderful, wonderful Copenhagen, friendly old queen of the sea” and this tour is one of the best ways to see what he meant. During this charming tour of the city, you will see many of the main points of interest within the city: City Hall Square, the Carlsberg Glyptotek and Tivoli Gardens, the National Museum and the old “Latin Quarter” - so called because here you find the university and academic centre of old Copenhagen, - the Round Tower and the Old Fish Market. Here, you board our chartered, specially built canal launches and cruise through the canals and harbour. You will see Copenhagen as sailors have seen it for several centuries, passing under the incredibly low bridges to view some of the fabulous buildings that - typically for a city with maritime associations - are all close to the sea or the waterways: Christian IV’s Stock Exchange, Christiansborg Palace and Holmens Church - the Naval church in Copenhagen - and the charming old sailor’s quarter Nyhavn, Amalienborg Palace and the Little Mermaid. The Canal tour ends at the new magnificent Opera House that has been donated to the people of Denmark by the world largest shipping company Maersk.
Kings and Vikings - a step back in history (4 h. incl. lunch bag) The ingredients of this tour are the tough, redbearded warriors and traders who marauder, conquered and traded with most of maritime western Europe and their descendants, Royal or commoner. The tour takes you to Roskilde, where you will visit the Viking Ship Museum which houses the remains of 5 Viking ships salvaged from the bed of the fjord and painstakingly preserved. A short drive to the centre of Roskilde, for a visit to the twin-spied Cathedral: until the early 15th century, Roskilde was the capital of Denmark - proof of its strategic importance in the early Middle Ages - and all Danish monarchs were buried here. Although no longer the capital, Danish Kings and Queens are still laid to rest in Roskilde.
The Castles of North Sealand (4 h. incl. lunch bag) This marvellous outing takes you to North Sealand - the beautiful countryside north of Copenhagen to Fredensborg to see Fredensborg Palace which is the Spring and Autumn residence of the Queen of Denmark and the residence of the Crown Prince. The tour continues to the small town of Hillerød where you will be confronted with one of the dominant figures amongst Danish monarchs - Christian IV and his Frederiksborg Palace. Built on a small island in a lake, Frederiksborg Palace is a magnificent Renaissance palace - beautifully situated and unbelievably detailed, which today houses the Museum of Danish National History.
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Rules & Conditions for Social tours
All tours are guided in English. During transportation participants are insured according to Danish Legislation regarding Transportation Insurance, but should otherwise be covered by their personal travel and health insurance when not on the bus. All tours will start/end in front of DGI-Byen (the Venue) at the time mentioned or on the ticket. You are kindly asked to announce your presence at least 10 minutes prior to the departure time. To board the bus you have to present a valid ticket, otherwise the tour guide is authorised to refuse admittance on the tour. Cancellation of any tours must be made in writing and forwarded to DIS Congress Service at least 21 days prior to operation of tour. After this, no refund can be expected. A cancellation fee at 10% of the price applies for any cancellation. The Congress Bureau reserves the right to adjust or change the programme as necessary. A minimum advance reservation for 20 persons per tour is required in order to guarantee operation. The Congress Bureau reserves the right to cancel operation in the event of insufficient advance reservations. In the event that the Congress Bureau cancels the tour full reimbursement will be made.
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ISSHA GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND AUCTION
Proposed Agenda for the General Meeting of The Society for the Study of Harmful Algae held at the 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae
7 September 2006
Call to order Pat Tester, President
Approval of minutes of last meeting Tracy Villareal, Secretary
(Minutes will not be read but are available on the ISSHA website)
Treasurer’s report Nina Lundholm, Treasurer
Committee reports by Chairs
• Travel awards Don Anderson • Publications Jane Lewis • Finance Nina Lundholm (Topics not covered in Treasurer’s Report) • Achievement awards Barrie Dale (Review of rules - Awards will be announced at the Mermaid Banquet) • Membership Pat Tester • Elections Karen Steidinger • Ad hoc Henrik Enevoldsen/Tester/Zingone • Conference program Øjvind Moestrup
Special Orders
• Venue for 2010 meeting, presentations from candidates and ballot • Presentation of 2008 venue, Hong Kong, China.
Unfinished Business
New Business
Announcements
Adjournment
319 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Conference ISSHA Committee Chairs and Members
Committee on Statutes and Bylaws It was decided not to change the Statutes and Bylaws for now, but to do so once there was a greater need. Therefore, no Chair was appointed. For now, the Council will remain responsible for this activity and will recruit other members when enough proposed changes accumulate, to justify revising the Statutes and Bylaws.
Committee on Elections Chair: Karen Steidinger Member: Stephen Bates
Committee on Membership Chair: Pat Tester Members: Kim Hak-Gyoon, Beatriz Reguera, Gustaaf Hallegraeff and Ted Smayda
Committee on Finances Chair: the current Treasurer, Nina Lundholm Members: Don Anderson, Karen Steidinger, Henrik Enevoldsen, Yasuwo Fukuyo, Edna Granéli
Committee on Conference Program Chair: Øjvind Moestrup Members: Don Anderson, Allan Cembella, Barrie Dale, Greg Doucette, Henrik Enevoldsen, Gustaaf Hallegraeff, KC Ho, Jane Lewis, Pat Tester, Adriana Zingone, Minjiang Zhou
Committee on Achievement Awards Chair: Barrie Dale Members: Allan Cembella, Henrik Enevoldsen, Beatriz Reguera, Pat Tester and Marina Montresor
Committee on Travel Awards Chair: Don Anderson Members: Allan Cembella, Henrik Enevoldsen, Beatriz Reguera, Karen Steidinger, Yasuwo Fukuyo and Edna Granéli
Committee on Publications Chair: Jane Lewis Members: Stephen Bates, Alan Cembella, Barrie Dale, Greg Doucette, Henrik Enevoldsen, Karen Steidinger, Pat Tester, Adriana Zingone
Ad hoc Committee on Special Projects Co-chairs: Henrik Enevoldsen, Pat Tester, Adriana Zingone
Executive
President: Pat Tester [email protected]
Vice President: Gustaaf Hallegraeff [email protected]
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Vice President: Beatriz Reguera [email protected]
Secretary: Tracy Villareal [email protected]
Treasurer: Nina Lundholm [email protected]
Past President: Karen Steidinger [email protected]
Council (2004-2007)
Donald Anderson (USA) Barrie Dale (Norway) Greg Doucette (USA) Yasuwo Fukuyo (Japan) Edna Granéli (Sweden) Hai-Gyoon Kim (S. Korea) Jane Lewis (UK) Øjvind Moestrup (Denmark) Marina Montresor (Italy) Ted Smayda (USA) Adriana Zingone (Italy)
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Statutes
These Statutes apply only to the global organization of the International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae.
Article 1. The name of the Society shall be "The International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae" (ISSHA), hereafter referred to as "the Society".
Article 2. The Society shall be an international non-governmental, non-political and not-for-profit organization.
Article 3. The Society shall be affiliated to the International Council for Science (ICSU) family of organizations as a constituent part of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS), through the International Association of Biological Oceanography (IABO). The Society shall have observer status with the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO.
Aims and Objectives
Article 4. The aims of the Society shall be to advance understanding by the promotion and pursuit of all aspects of the study of harmful algae and to widely disseminate the results of this research.
Article 5. The objectives of the Society shall be to:
i. promote the study of harmful algae, including their occurrence, related oceanographic factors, ecophysiology, taxonomy and systematics, genetics, toxin chemistry, toxicology, and management and mitigation; ii. collect, evaluate and disseminate information on harmful algae; iii. promote harmful algal research, projects, programs and training, and extend these activities to foster the related subjects of harmful algal bloom management and mitigation; iv. promote public awareness of the social, economic and ecological effects caused by harmful algae; v. arrange and co-sponsor national, regional and international conferences, seminars, symposia and working group meetings; vi. co-sponsor lectures and courses, and the publication of scientific and popular articles, books and proceedings; vii. encourage the participation and training of students in the study of harmful algae; viii. support and implement research projects and programs linked to the study of harmful algae.
Membership
Article 6. The membership of the Society shall be open to anyone interested in promoting the aims and objectives of the Society.
Article 7. Membership of the Society shall comprise the following categories:
322 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
i. Honorary Members: such members will be elected by the Council, on the recommendation of the Executive Committee, in recognition of their outstanding services to the furthering of the objectives of the Society; ii. Institutional Members: such members will be from government organizations, academic and research institutions, professional societies, public and private industries, and bilateral and international organizations; iii. Individual Members: such members will be from any individuals interested in promoting the aims and objectives of the Society.
Article 8. All applications for membership, with the appropriate registration fees, should be made directly to the Treasurer of the Society. The Treasurer will acknowledge the application and supply the applicant with a copy of the Statutes and pass the applicant’s registration details to the Secretary. The payment of the annual subscription shall entitle the member to all privileges of the Society for that calendar year.
Article 9. Fully paid-up members shall have the following privileges:
i. receive all notices pertaining to the activities of the Society and to attend all Society-sponsored meetings, workshops and excursions at an appropriate reduced charge; ii. receive all literature issued by the Society, free or at a reduced rate, as the Council may from time to time determine; iii. vote in the election of the members of the Council, and on the conduct of the affairs of the Society at any meetings of the Society; iv. be eligible for service on the Council and its committees, or as Officers; v. introduce visitors at any meeting of the Society (with the exception of the General Assembly) unless the Council, by resolution, suspends this privilege for any particular reason.
Article 10. Resignation of membership shall be signified in writing to the Treasurer or by failure to pay the membership dues for two successive years.
Annual Subscription
Article 11. Annual membership subscriptions shall be payable in advance and shall be due on 31st December each year. Subscription rates shall be publicized in all relevant publications of the Society and on the ISSHA website.
Article 12. Honorary members are not liable to pay membership subscriptions.
Article 13. At the discretion of the Council, reduced subscription may be paid by the following categories of members:
i. student members in full-time education (as certified by their supervisor); ii. members retired from full-time employment.
Article 14. If any member shall be in arrears of his/her subscription for one year, the Treasurer will advise the member of the fact and, if payment is not made before the end of the subsequent period of one year, the member’s name will be removed from the list of members.
Governance
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Article 15. The governance of the Society shall be by the following bodies:
i. the General Assembly; ii. the Council; iii. the Executive Committee.
Article 16. The General Assembly:
i. shall be comprised of all members of the Society, 10% of members to constitute a quorum; ii. shall meet at least once every three years; iii. shall be chaired by the President.
Article 17.
i. Notice of the General Assembly shall be sent to each member by the Secretary at the earliest possible date (normally at least one year in advance), and the agenda of the meeting shall be sent out at least one month before the meeting, and posted on the ISSHA website. ii. At the General Assembly, members of the Society present shall consider any business brought before them by the Council, or by any member (of which notice in writing has been given to the Secretary at least two weeks before distribution of the agenda). The agenda will also include the election of the President of the Society, two Vice-Presidents, the Secretary, the Treasurer and Members of Council and approval of the triennial program and budget. iii. At the General Assembly, all members (with the exception of the President) shall have one vote each. In the case of equality of votes, the Chair may exercise a casting vote.
Article 18. The Council:
i. shall be comprised of the President, Vice-Presidents, the Secretary, the Treasurer, the immediate Past-President (ex-officio) and a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 14 Members, 60% to constitute a quorum; ii. shall meet at intervals not greater than two years, and yearly if practicable; iii. shall be chaired by the President.
Article 19.
i. The general business of the Society shall be conducted by the Council. ii. At the Council meetings, each Council member (with the exception of the Chair) shall have one vote. In the case of equality of votes, the Chair may exercise a casting vote. iii. All members of the Council, except the immediate Past-President, shall be elected by written ballot of the members, the result of the ballot being declared at the General Assembly. The Council shall have the power to appoint any member of the Society to fill vacancies arising between elections; the tenure of such co-opted members shall terminate at the next election. No one may be appointed as a co-opted member if, as a result, more than one third of the members of Council would be co-opted members. iv. The Council may set up standing or ad hoc committees for specific purposes, consisting either wholly or in part of Council members, provided that all acts and proceedings of any such committees shall be fully and promptly reported to the Council.
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v. At the request of any three members, the Secretary shall convene a meeting of the Council, stating the nature of the business to be discussed. vi. Meetings of the Council may be in person or by electronic media.
Article 20. The Executive Committee:
i. shall include the President, the two Vice-Presidents, the Secretary and the Treasurer; 60% to constitute a quorum. ii. shall be chaired by the President.
Article 21.
i. The Executive Committee shall be responsible for decisions involved in implementing the Society’s policies, between meetings of the Council. ii. At Executive Committee meetings, each member of the Executive Committee will have one vote, a majority vote deciding the issue, and ties referred to the Council for resolution. iii. Meetings of the Executive Committee may be in person or by electronic media.
Article 22. The Officers of the Society shall be elected for three years and will be eligible for re-election for one further term, after which they shall be ineligible for the same office for a period of three years. The Officers of the Society shall comprise:
i. The President, who shall chair the General Assembly, the Council and the Executive Committee. The immediate Past-President will continue to serve on Council (ex-officio) until succeeded by the next retiring President. ii. The Vice-Presidents: in the absence of the President, one of the Vice- Presidents, chosen by the Executive Committee, will chair the meetings of the General Assembly, the Council and the Executive Committee. iii. The Secretary, who shall be responsible for maintaining communications among the Executive Committee, the Council and the General Assembly. This task will also include the dissemination of information to the general scientific community, other non-governmental agencies and to the public, involving both written material and electronic communication (e.g. ISSHA web pages, electronic mailing list). The Secretary will maintain the list of Society members and keep the Society membership records. iv. The Treasurer, who shall be responsible for the financial matters of the Society. The Treasurer shall provide an annual, audited account. v. The Members of Council, who may take on specific duties as directed by the Council. vi. A member will not normally hold more than one office at one time.
Elections and Ballots
Article 23. Elections
i. Any member of the Society may nominate candidates, who shall be members of the Society, for the election as President, Vice Presidents, Secretary, Treasurer or Members of Council. ii. All such nominations, with the name of a seconder and with written consent of the nominee to act if elected, shall be forwarded to the Secretary no later than four months before the General Assembly. If no nomination is received for an
325 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
office falling vacant, it shall be the duty of Council to make such appointments. iii. Voting shall be by written ballot. For this purpose, the Secretary shall circulate ballot forms to all members of the Society three months before the General Assembly. At that meeting, the ballot forms shall be opened and the count made by scrutineers appointed by Council, and the results of the ballot shall be declared. iv. Where nominees receive the same number of votes, the matter will be resolved by a further vote of the members present at the General Assembly.
Article 24. Ballots
i. When a written vote is necessary, Individual, Honorary and Institutional Members shall each have one vote. ii. Matters of basic organization of the Society, including the election of the Council and of the Executive Committee, shall be determined by written ballot of all members.
Finances
Article 25. The revenue of the Society shall be derived from annual subscriptions paid by Members, the sale of published materials underwritten by the Society and financial donations and any other forms of assistance received to further its objectives.
Article 26. Membership contributions shall be determined by the Council and ratified by the General Assembly of the Society or by written ballot.
Article 27. The Society shall be registered in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Article 28. Annual Accounts
i. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to prepare annual accounts as prescribed by current legislation. ii. The annual accounts will be examined by an Independent Examiner, appointed by Council, who shall be an independent person who is believed by Council to have the requisite ability and practical experience to carry out competent examination of the records. iii. Copies of the annual accounts and the independent examiner’s report shall be sent to members and presented to Council annually.
Article 29. Expenses
i. Members of the Executive Committee and of the Council shall receive no payment for services. ii. Members required by the Executive Committee to attend official meetings of the Society, or of other organizations on behalf of the Society, may receive reimbursement for bona fide travelling expenses and a daily subsistence allowance.
Article 30. On an ad hoc basis, on behalf of the Society, the Executive Committee may appoint staff members as necessary to carry out the mandates and functions of the Society.
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Minutes
Article 31. The Council shall cause Minutes to be duly entered in the books for the purpose of recording: all the appointments to the Council; the names of the members present at each business meeting (General Assembly, Council, Executive Committee) of the Society; and the proceedings of these meetings. An Executive Summary of actions of committees and officers of the Society, between General Assembly sessions, shall be prepared by the Executive Committee. This summary shall be approved by majority vote at the General Assembly and be posted on the ISSHA website.
Alterations to the Statutes
Article 32. Proposed amendments to the Statues may be initiated by the Council or by a majority of the members of the Society, and shall be approved by the General Assembly, provided that two thirds of all the ballots received (by regular mail, fax or e-mail, and cast at the General Assembly) support the amendment. Any proposed amendments will be circulated to members with the agenda for that meeting. Between General Assembly sessions, amendments to the Statutes may be approved by written ballot, providing that two thirds of the ballots mailed in support the amendment.
Dissolution of the Society
Article 33. The Society may be dissolved, after one year’s notice in writing to all members, by a two-thirds majority of the vote of the General Assembly or by a majority vote by written ballot of members.
i. Such a proposal for dissolution shall be initiated by the Council. ii. On the dissolution of the Society, its assets shall be assigned to the International Union for Biological Sciences (IUBS) through the International Association of Biological Oceanography (IABO).
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ISSHA AUCTION CATALOGUE
The auction will be held immediately after the ISSHA Assembly. Sandwiches will be served and beverages can be purchased in a bar set up for the Auction.
The proceeds of the Auction will go to ISSHA Travel Awards. So far the following items have been donated: Donor Items Haruyoshi Takayama Wood carvings Aquanet Plankton-net Jellett Rapid Testing Ltd. Rapid Test for DSP+Rapid test for ASP Anon. Books & local specialities Elizabeth Fensin Handmade jewelry-- two algal necklaces (glass beads) Rut Akselmann Oil painting Nikon Microscopy Division in Denmark c/o DFA A/S Nikon digital camera D50 KC Denmark Res. Equipment Utermöhl counting chambers 2 x 10 ml, 2 x 25 ml & watersampler Hunters House (Denmark) Kunan fishing rod Biosense Laboratories AS ASP ELISA-kit Prof. G. R. Hasle Signed reprints and books (e.g. Hasle G.R. 1965. Nitzschia and Fragilariopsis species studied in the light and electron microscopes. II. The group Pseudonitzschia.) Pat Tester T-shirts and books Sheean Haley (WHOI) algal postcards Jinhui Wang Embroidery from Hunan Province, China Padmakumar, K. Indian art + Aromatic cashew alcohol Maria Faust & Pat Tester Dinoflagellate photos Karen Steidinger Nikon N60 reflex camera Edna Granéli 'Proceedings of the IVth Int. Conf. on Toxic Phytoplankton, Lund', 'Ecology of Harmful Algae' (Granéli & Turner, eds) Gbemi Akin-Oriola tie and dye men's shirts and jewelry Dept. of Phycology, Univ. of Copenhagen Br. Phycol. J., vol. 4-27 Jane Lewis 'The scallop' (eds. Ian Cox) Olympus, Denmark Olympus SP500 digital camera
An updated and complete list of items on aucion will be circulated prior to the auction.
Payment can be be made cask in DKR, Euro or USD and by major credit cards
328 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
PRACTICAL INFORMATION
Venue: www.dgi-byen.dk DGI-Byen Tietgensgade 65 DK- 1704 Copenhagen V Phone: + 45 3329 8128 Fax: + 45 3329 8080
DGI-byen is located right behind Copenhagen's Central Station and is a popular venue for cultural and corporate events and sport. 22,000 square metres in area DGI-byen offers a range of conference facilities, café, restaurant, party and banquet rooms, and three hotels, in addition to all its other facilities: The Swim Centre, The Spa, The Bowling Alley.
The Swim Centre: Open: Monday - Thursday 06.30 - 24.00, Friday 06.30 - 19.00, Saturday and Sunday 09.00 - 17.00. Come and enjoy the facilities, and for as long as you like. There is no time limit. Swim in the super-ellipse pool. Try out the climbing and diving pool, or relax in the warm spa pool.
The Spa: Open: Monday - Thursday 09.30 - 21.00, Friday 09.30 - 19.00, Saturday/Sunday 09.30 - 17.00. Spoil yourself and recharge your batteries at the DGI-byen Spa. Our spa is all about wellness, relaxation and revitalisation and treatments to imbue new energy. Take a steam bath, sauna and a dip in the cold tub, to give your body a good old scrub. Various treatments are on offer at The Spa including aromatherapy, mud packs, facials and body massage.
Bowling: Open: Monday 16.00 - 23.00, Tuesday- Thursday 14.00 - 23.00, Friday and Saturday 11.00 - 01.00, Sunday 10.00 - 20.00. Go bowling at one of ten fully automatic lanes, and slake your thirst or have a snack while you’re at it at Café Strike. To book lanes visit the Bowling Centre, or phone +45 3339 8020 or email a booking request to [email protected]. Please arrive 15 minutes before the time scheduled.
Conference Secretariat / Bureau
Before and after the Conference: During the Conference: Harmful Algae Harmful Algae c/o DIS Congress Service A/S c/o DIS / DGI Byen Herlev Ringvej 2C Tietgensgade 65 DK-2730 Herlev DK-1704 Copenhagen V Denmark Denmark Telephone: +45 4492 4492 Telephone: +45 3329 8128 Telefax: +45 4492 5050 Telefax: +45 3329 8080 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected]
Banks Normal banking hours are from 09:30 to 16:00 hrs Monday through Friday. On Thursday banking hours are extended to 18:00 hrs. Extended banking facilities are available at Copenhagen Central Railway Station 7 days/week between 07:00 and
329 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
21:00 hrs. There are automatic cash dispensers, usually located in connection with a bank branch, which accept a variety of international credit cards. The cards accepted are indicated on the dispenser.
Shops The shops are open from 09:30/10:00 to 17:30/18:00 hrs Monday through Thursday and until 20:00 hrs on Friday. On Saturdays the shops are open until 17:00 hrs and most shops are closed on Sundays.
Tips Tips are always included in the prices given in taxies and restaurants.
Electricity Electricity is supplied at 220 volts A/C, 50 Hz cycle.
Emergency Services Police - Ambulance - Fire Brigade: Dial 112
330 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
LIST OF RESTAURANTS
At http://www.aok.dk/section/english you will find a comprehensive guide to everything about Copenhagen.
DANISH Toldbodgade 2, København K Phone: 33 93 83 85 For those wishing to taste perhaps the most outstanding of Danish gourmet Cafe Sorgenfri food, the best time is at lunch when Brolæggerstræde 8, København K the unique 'smørrebrød' is served. Phone: 33 11 58 80
A world-famous lunch restaurant is Ida Cafe Charlottenborg Davidsen. Here the choice of Nyhavn 2, København K 'smørrebrød', Danish open Phone: 33 13 11 58 sandwiches, is so vast that the menu is two meters/6 feet long! Cafe & Ølhalle 1892 Rømersgade 22, kld., København k Another great restaurant for Phone: 33 33 00 47 smørrebrød is Slotskælderen hos Gitte Kik across from the Parliament, here Den Danske Kro spotting Danish MPs is a favourite Nørre Farimagsgade 13, København K sport. Phone: 33 11 15 13
Ida Davidsen Færgekroen Store Kongensgade 70 Vesterbrogade 3, Tivoli, København V Tlf. 33 91 36 55 Phone: 33 75 06 80
Restaurant Mønten Galionen Møntergade 24 Nyhavn 23, København K Tlf. 33 13 33 74 Phone: 33 32 09 99
Kanal-Kaféen Grøften Frederiksholms Kanal 18 Vesterbrogade 3, Tivoli, København V Tlf. 33 11 57 70 Phone: 33 75 06 75
Slotskælderen hos Gitte Kik Fortunstræde 4 BUDGET (see also under Tlf. 33 11 15 37 vegetarian)
Café Toldboden Looking for a nice meal without Amaliegade 41 overextending your budget? Tlf. 33 12 94 67 Copenhagen offers many possibilities.
Restaurant Domhuskælderen Christiania Nytorv 5 Tlf. 33 14 84 55 The hippie town just across the bridges on the island of Amager is Det Lille Apotek worthwhile visiting. The atmosphere is Store Kannikestræde 15, København very laid back and informal. The cafés K and restaurants go for organic food Phone: 33 12 56 06 and the service is very relaxed. French atmosphere Told & Snaps
331 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Are you looking for a quick meal Vesterbrogade 7, København V downtown or a reasonable bite to eat Phone: 33 14 90 14 with your friends? The Francophile crêperie La Galette, in an alley off Larsbjørnstræde, would be a good choice. A paper-thin buckwheat BEST OF THE BEST pancake with various fillings can be found on the menu for around DKK 65. Who else but the Copenhageners themselves should you ask, where to Thai go for the just-right-meal? Every year a survey is carried out locally and Thai Esan is a minor chain of Thai based on the answers a 'Best Of' list is restaurants primarily in the district of complied. Below you can see the Vestebro. The oriental kitchen is spicy winners: and very varied, so if that's your taste, you will find several outlets. Best Asian:
Check kitsch Yans Wok Bagerstræde 9 Restaurant Gold Prag in Gothersgade 1617 København V was chosen as a favourite budget place by the Copenhageners in a Best Design Restaurant: recent survey. Large, healthy helpings of Gullasch or pork chops are served. Langeliniepavillonen Langelinie Burger King 2100 København Ø Rådhuspladsen 55, København V Phone: 33 11 12 55 Best Classical Danish Lunch Restaurant: Restaurant Pizza Pasta Vesterbrogade 31, København V Nyhavns Færgekro Phone: 33 24 42 23 Nyhavn 5 1051 København K Burger Palace Vesterbrogade 85, København V Best New Restaurant: Phone: 33 23 26 82 Little Venice Promenaden i Tivoli Sundkrogskaj 17 Vesterbrogade 3, Tivoli, København V 2100 København Ø Phone: 33 75 07 70
Taste of China SPECIAL SETTINGS Vesterbrogade 114, København V Phone: 33 23 05 76 Enjoying dinner is not only about food, and we all know that the surroundings American Pizza & Grill Bar in which we dine are just as important. Gyldenløvesgade 13, København V If you are looking for something out of Phone: 33 12 10 13 the ordinary, Copenhagen has a varied selection of restaurants, offering McDonald's Familie-Restaurant everything from Viking parties to Banegårdspladsen 7, København V designer dreams. Phone: 33 11 81 88 Nyhavn Astor Burger
332 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Picturesque Nyhavn, where Hans today. But the location has attracted a Christian Andersen once lived, is the number of restaurants, which can be oldest part of the Copenhagen found in the basement of some of the Harbour and leads off from the square, 17th century houses. Kongens Nytorv. Today old wooden ships are moored along the quay, and Modern surroundings during the summer months the many restaurants on the southern, 'sunny Not every eating place in town is side' move tables oudoors, where you nostalgic and historic. The restaurant can enjoy your lunch while watching of the new Royal Danish Library has the changing scenery. an excellent view of the harbour. It is This used to be the sailors' red light named after our famous philosopher, district but has today become very Søren Kierkegaard. Or you may much 'in'. On a warm summer's day, choose to have your meal in the New so many people gather here to see Opera House restaurant, which also and be seen that it looks as though the overlooks the harbour. Here you are quay will sink! Most of the buildings on the top floor and look across to the date back to 1700s, which adds to the Amalienborg Palace and the Marble atmosphere. Church - quite breathtaking!
Gråbrødre Torv VEGETARIAN (those marked * are Another scenic place is the small particularly good value for the money) square off the main pedestrian street, Gråbrødre Torv, behind the church of Riz Raz * the Holy Ghost. Under the vaults of Kompagnistræde 20, København K one of Copenhagen's medieval Phone: 33 15 05 75 monasteries are several restaurants offering open sandwiches, informal Casablanca lunches as well as French gourmet Turesensgade 21, kld., København K evening meals. Phone: 33 15 72 62
Tivoli Cafe Charlottenborg Nyhavn 2, København K In this fairy tale garden in the heart of Phone: 33 13 11 58 Copenhagen, which is open from mid April to mid September and again from Den Grønne Kælder * late November to 23 December, there Pilestræde 48, København K are more than 38 restaurants. Phone: 33 93 01 40 Between them they have everything from fast food to 5-star gourmet Cascabel cuisine. After dark, thousands of lights Store Kongensgade 80-82, illuminate the garden making it the København K ideal place to take your date for Phone: 33 93 77 97 a romantic evening. Restaurant Flow Gammel Strand Gyldenløvesgade 10, København K Phone: 33 14 43 43 The name actually means 'old beach' as this was originally the Estin Madbutik Copenhagen waterfront. Until about Lille Strandstræde 13, kld., fifty years ago fishihng ships sailed up København K to the quay unloading their catch and Phone: 33 32 27 77 making this the city's open fish market. One single fish stall remains Govindas Restaurant
333 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Nørre Farimagsgade 82, København K Taste Phone: 33 33 74 44 Store Kongensgade 80-82, København K Samsara Phone: 33 93 77 97 Herluf Trolles Gade 5, kld., København K Flowfood take away Phone: 33 32 37 08 Gyldenløvesgade 10, København K Phone: 33 14 43 43 Atlas Bar * Larsbjørnsstræde 18, København K Riz Raz * Phone: 33 15 03 52 St. Kannikestræde 19, København K Phone: 33 32 33 45
334 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS (as of 21 August 2006)
Aasen, John A.B. Albinsson, Elisabeth Norwegian School of Veterinary Science CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research P.O.Box 8146 PO Box 1538, Hobart N-0033 Oslo Tasmania Norway 7001 Hobart [email protected] Australia [email protected] Abbott, Jay Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation C Algoet, Myriam 100 8th Avenue Southeast Cefas 33701 St. Petersburg Cefas, Barrack Road United States of America The Nothe, Dorset [email protected] DT4 8UB Weymouth United Kingdom Adachi, Masao [email protected] Kochi Univ. Monobe Otsu-200, Aligizaki, Katerina 783-8052 Nankoku, Kochi Pref. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Japan Department of Botany [email protected] School of Biology GR-54124 Thessaloniki Adams, Chuck Greece University of Florida [email protected] PO Box 110240 32611 Gainesville, Florida Alpermann, Tilman Jens United States of America Alfred Wegener Institute [email protected] Am Handelshafen 12 D-27570 Bremerhaven Adolf, Jason Germany UMBI Center of Marine Biotechnology [email protected] Columbus Center, Suite 236 701 E. Pratt St. Alverca, Elsa 21202 Baltimore INSA United States of America Av. Padre Cruz [email protected] P-1649-016 Lisbon Portugal Agholor, Daniel Azuka [email protected] Molokwu Oil & Gas Limited 6 Saliu Nbodo Str. Ajah Alves Dias, Elsa Maria WAN-2341 Lagos National Health Institute Nigeria Av. Padre Cruz [email protected] P-1649-016 Lisbon Portugal Ahmed, Sagir [email protected] University of Dhaka Department of Zoology Amaechina, Arinze University of Dhaka, Dhaka 119 Ademola Adetokunbo Crescent Wuse 11 1000 Dhaka ABUJA Bangladesh Nigeria [email protected] [email protected]
Aimiuwu, Frank Amajuoyi, Alex Molokwu Oil & Gas Limited IMO State Ministry of Water Resource 6 Saliu Obodo Str. Ajah IMO Water Board WAN-2341 Lagos Government Reservation Area Nigeria 9234 Owerri [email protected] Nigeria [email protected] Akin-Oriola, Gbemisola Lagos State University Amorim, Ana Department of Fisheries Fundacão da Faculdade de Ciências da P.O. Box 2977 Universidade de Lisboa - no. 503183504 Suru-Lere Instituto Oceanografia Lagos P-1749-016 Lisboa Nigeria Portugal [email protected] [email protected]
Albert, Reñé Amzil, Zouher Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49 Ifremer-Nantes E-08003 Barcelona Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu B.P. 21105 Spain F-44311 Nantes [email protected] France [email protected]
335 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Andersen, Per Ayres, Dan Orbicon, Joh. Ewaldsvej 42-44 Washington Dept. of Fish and Wildlife 8230 Åbyhøj, Denmark 48 Devonshire Road [email protected] 98563 Montesano, Washington United States of America Anderson, Don [email protected] Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Biology Department Azanza, Rhodora MS 32 University of Philippines 2543 Woods Hole Diliman, Quezon City United States of America PH-1101 Quezon City [email protected] Philippines [email protected] Angles, Silvia ICM CSIC Bachvaroff, Tsvetan Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49 UMBI E-08003 Barcelona 701 E Pratt St Spain 21202 Baltimore [email protected] United States of America [email protected] Annadotter, Heléne Ecology/Limnology Lund University Backer, Lorraine Ekologihuset Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Limnologi 4770 Buford Highway NE S-223362 Lund MS F-46 Sweden US-Georgia Chamblee [email protected] United States of America [email protected] Anton, Ann University Malaysia Sabah Bakke, Marit Locked Bag 2073 Norwegian School of Veterinary Science 88999 Kota Kinabalu P.O.Box 8148 Malaysia N-0033 Oslo [email protected] Norway [email protected] Antrobus, Rozalind U of California, Santa Cruz Balode, Maija 1156 High St Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology UCSC Daugavgrivas 8 95064 Santa Cruz, CA LV-1048 Riga United States of America Latvia [email protected] [email protected]
Arevalo, Fabiola Band-Schmidt, Christine Intecmar CICIMAR-IPN Peirao de Vilaxoan S/N Ave. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n E-36611 Vilagarcia de Arousa Apdo. Postal 592 Spain 23096 La Paz BCS [email protected] Mexico [email protected] Arin Carrau, Laura Institut de Ciències del Mar Baptista, Mafalda Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49 CIIMAR E-08003 Barcelona R. Campo Alegre 687 Spain P-4169-007 Porto [email protected] Portugal [email protected] Armbrust, Virginia University of Washington Baran, Arzu Box 357940 Thames Water Turkey 98195 Seattle,WA Pasadag Mevkii United States of America Yuvacik [email protected] 41190 IZMIT Turkey Asiwaju Dada, Oladotun [email protected] Lautech P.O.Box 9149 Barranguet, Christiane UI Post Office Ibadan Elsevier BV 200005 Ibadan, Oyo State Exhibitions Department Nigeria Radarweg 29 [email protected] NL-1043 NX Amsterdam Netherlands Auro, Maureen [email protected] Romberg Tiburon Center, SFSU 3152 Paradise Drive 94920-1205 Tiburon United States of America [email protected]
336 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Barranguet, Christiane Elsevier Botelho, Maria João Radarweg 29 INIAP-IPIMAR 1043 NX Amsterdam Av. Brasilia The Netherlands P-1449-006 Lisboa [email protected] Portugal [email protected] Bates, Stephen Fisheries & Oceans Canada Bowers, Holly P.O. Box 5030 University of Maryland 343 Université Ave. 725 W. Lombard Street E1C 9B6 Moncton, NB Room N557 Canada 21201 Baltimore [email protected] United States of America [email protected] Bauer, Marybeth NOAA Boyer, Greg 1305 East-West Highway State University of New York - ESF 20910 Silver Spring 1 Forestry Drive United States of America 13210 Syracuse [email protected] United States of America [email protected] Belas, Robert Center of Marine Biotechnology Brennan, Claire University of Maryland Biotech Inst National Diagnostics Centre 701 East Pratt Street National University of Ireland, Galway 21202 Baltimore N/A Galway United States of America Ireland [email protected] [email protected]
Bertozzini, Elena Bresnan, Eileen Università di Urbino Fisheries Research Services, Aberdeen Viale Trieste 296 375 Victoria Road I-61100 Pesaro Torry Italy AB11 9DB Aberdeen [email protected] United Kingdom [email protected] Bianco, Ilen Arpalazio Bricelj, V. Monica Via Serpieri, 3 National Research Council I-04100 Latina 1411 Oxford Street Italy NS B3H 3Z1 Halifax [email protected] Canada [email protected] Binzer, Thomas Unisense A/S Brosnahan, Michael Sales and Scientific Support Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Brendstrupgaardsvej 21F Redfield 3-32, MS 32 DK-8200 Aarhus N 266 Woods Hole Road Denmark USA-02543 Woods Hole [email protected] United States of America [email protected] Bjergskov, Thyra Danish Veterinary and Food Administration Brown, Lyndsay Mørkhøj Bygade 19 Fisheries Research Services DK-2860 Søborg FRS Marine Laboratory Denmark 375 Victoria Road, Torry [email protected] AB11 9DB Aberdeen United Kingdom Blackburn, Susan [email protected] Csiro GPO Box 1538 Brutemark, Andreas 7001 Hobart University of Kalmar Australia SE-39182 Kalmar [email protected] Sweden [email protected] Blanco, Juan Cima Bui, Hong Long Apdo 12 Institute of Oceanography E-36620 Vilanova de Arousa Department of Marine Plankton Spain Cau Da 01 [email protected] Nhatrang Vietnam Boisson, Florence [email protected] International Atomic Energy Agency 4 Quai Antoine Ier MC 98000 Monaco Monaco [email protected]
337 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
University of Westminster Busby, Phil 115 New Cavendish Street New Zealand Food Safety Authority W1W 6UW London P O Box 2835 United Kingdom NZ-60000 Wellington [email protected] New Zealand [email protected] Carvalho, WF University of Kalmar Bustillos-Guzman, Jose SE-39182 Kalmar Cibnor Sweden POB 128 [email protected] 23000 La Paz Mexico Cavaliere, Rosalia [email protected] University of New South Wales High Street, Gate 9,Science Building Cai, Yang Kensington,Upper Campus Carnegie Mellon University 2052 Sydney 4720 Forbes Ave. Australia CIC 2218 [email protected] PA 15213 Pittsburgh United States of America Cembella, Allan D. [email protected] Alfred Wegener Institute Am Handelshafen 12 Caillaud, Amandine D-27570 Bremerhaven IRTA-Centre d'Aqüicultura Germany Ctra Poble Nou s/n [email protected] E-43540 Sant Carles de la Rapita Spain Chambouvet, Aurelie [email protected] Biological Station 4 place G. Tessier Calado, António José F-29680 Roscoff University of Aveiro France Dept. of Biology, University of Aveiro [email protected] Campus de Santiago P-3810-193 Aveiro Chang, Hoe Portugal National Inst. of Water & Atmosp. Res. [email protected] P. O. Box 14-901, Kilbirnie 6003 Wellington Camp, Jordi New Zealand Institut de Ciències del Mar [email protected] Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49 E-08003 Barcelona Chin, Wei Lie Spain University Malaysia Sabah [email protected] Biotechnology Research Institute Locked bag 2073 Campbell, Alan Ross 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Nelson Marlborough District Health Board Malaysia New Zealand [email protected] [email protected] Chinain, Mireille Campbell, Lisa Institut Louis Malardé Texas A&M University BP 30 3146 TAMU 98713 Papeete-Tahiti 77843 College Station, Texas French Polynesia United States of America [email protected] [email protected] Chiu, Ellen Cañete, Elisabeth The University of Hong Kong IRTA-Centre d’Aqüicultura Rm 3N-13, Kaddrrie Biologial Science Ctra Poble Nou s/n HK- Hong Kong E-43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita Hongkong Spain [email protected] [email protected] Cho, Yuko Cao, Xihua Tohoku university Institute of Oceanology, CAS 1-1, Tsutsumidori-Amamiya 7 Nanhai Rd. Aobaku 266071 Qingdao 981-8555 Sendai China Japan [email protected] [email protected]
Carreira, Cátia Chou, Hong-Nong University of Aveiro National Taiwan University Campus de Santiago IFS, NTU P-3810-193 Aveiro 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Portugal 10617 Taipei [email protected] Taiwan [email protected] Carter, Lynn
338 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Christensen, Sarah United States of America University of Copenhagen [email protected] Institute of Biology, Dept. of Phycology Øster Farimagsgade 2D Cooper, Jane DK-1353 Copenhagen K NHS Ayrshire & Arran Denmark Boswell House [email protected] 10 Arthur Street KA7 1QJ Ayr, Scotland Christian, Bernd United Kingdom University of Jena [email protected] Dornburger Str. 25 D-07743 Jena Costa, Pedro Germany Ipimar [email protected] Av. Brasília P-1449-006 Lisboa Christoffersen, Kirsten S. Portugal University of Copenhagen [email protected] Freshwater Biological Laboratory Helsingørsgade 51 Cox, Frank DK-3400 Hillerød Washington State Dept. of Health Denmark PO Box 47824 [email protected] 98504-7824 Olympia, WA United States of America Ciminiello, Patrizia [email protected] Università di Napoli Federico II"" Via D. Montesano, 49 Coyne, Kathryn I-80131 Napoli University of Delaware Italy 700 Pilottown Rd. [email protected] 19958 Lewes United States of America Clarke, Edwin [email protected] Lagos State University Department of Fisheries Craveiro, Sandra Carla Lagos State University Dept. of Biology, University of Aveiro 2341 Lagos Campus de Santiago Nigeria P-3810-193 Aveiro [email protected] Portugal [email protected] Coats, D Wayne P.O. Box 28 Creach, Veronique 647 Contees Wharf Rd Cefas 21037 Edgewater Pakefield Road United States of America NR33 0HT Lowestoft [email protected] United Kingdom [email protected] Cochlan, William Romberg Tiburon Center, SFSU Creton, Stuart 3152 Paradise Drive Food Standards Agency 94920 Tiburon, California Room 511C, Aviation House United States of America 125 Kingsway [email protected] GBWC2B 6NH London United Kingdom Collos, Yves [email protected] CNRS Lab. Ecosystèmes Lagunaires, CC093 Cronberg, Gertrud Université Montpellier II Ecology/Limnology Lund University F-34095 Montpellier Tygelsjövägen 127 France S-218 73 Tygelsjö [email protected] Sweden [email protected] Congestri, Roberta University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’ Currie, Bronwen Via della Ricerca scientifica 1 MFMR Namibia I-00133 Rome P.O. Box 912 Italy Swakopmund [email protected] Namibia [email protected] Conmy, Robyn University of South Florida Cyronak, Tyler 140 7th Avenue South University of North Carolina Wilmington 33701 St. Petersburg Center for Marine Science United States of America 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane [email protected] 28409 Wilmington United States of America Connell, Laurie [email protected] University of Maine School of Marine Sciences 5735 Hitchner Hall USA-04469 Orono
339 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
8301 Muirkirk Road Dale, Barrie HFS-426 University of Oslo 20708 Laurel, Maryland Department of Geosciences, United States of America PB 1047 Blindern [email protected] N-0316 Oslo Norway Demir, Elif [email protected] University of Delaware 700 Pilottown Rd D'Alelio, Domenico Lewes, DE Stazione Zoologica 'Anton Dohrn' 19958 Lewes Villa Comunale United States of America I-80121 Napoli [email protected] Italy [email protected] Diallo, Anis Centre de Recherches Oceanographiques Dao, Ha De Dakar-Thiaroye National Institute of Oceanography Parc de Recherches ISRA/Hann 01 Cau Da Dakar Nha Trang Senegal Vietnam [email protected] [email protected] Diercks, Sonja Darius, Taiana Alfred Wegener Institute Institut Louis Malarde Am Handelshafen 12 B.P. 30 Papeete 27570 Bremerhaven Rue des poilus tahitiens Germany 98713 Tahiti [email protected] French Polynesia [email protected] Dimaano, Luzviminda University of Santo Tomas Daubjerg, Niels Department of Biological Sciences University of Copenhagen Espana St., Sampaloc Institute of Biology, Dept. of Phycology 1008 Manila Øster Farimagsgade 2D Philippines DK-1353 Copenhagen K [email protected] Denmark [email protected] Diogène Fadini, Jorge IRTA-Centre d'Aqüicultura Davidson, Keith Ctra. Poble Nou Scottish Association for Marine Science Km 4.5 Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory E-43540 Sant Carles de la Rapita PA37 1QA Oban Spain United Kingdom [email protected] [email protected] Dixon, Kellie De Boer, M. Karin Mote Marine Laboratory University of Groningen 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway P.O. Box 14 34210 Sarasota, FL NL-9750 AA Haren (Groningen) United States of America Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] Doan Nhu, Hai De la Iglesia González, Pablo Institute of Oceanography University of Vigo Cau Da 01 Dept.of Analitical and Food Chemistry Nhatrang Faculty Chemistry. Campus of Vigo Vietnam E-36310 Vigo (Pontevedra) [email protected] Spain [email protected] Dortch, Quay NOAA De Lara-Isassi, Graciela 1305 East West Highway Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana 20910 Silver Spring MD Av. San Rafael Atlixco No 186 United States of America Col. Vicentina [email protected] 9340 Mexico D.F. Mexico Doucette, Gregory [email protected] NOAA/National Ocean Service 219 Fort Johnson Road De Salas, Miguel 29412 Charleston University of Tasmania United States of America School of Plant Science [email protected] Private Bag 55 7001 Hobart, TAS Drain, Susan Australia Scottish Association for Marine Science [email protected] Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory Dunbeg, GBPA37 1QA Oban Deeds, Jonathan United Kingdom US Food and Drug Administration [email protected]
340 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Enevoldsen, Trine Duinker, Arne Denmark Nat. Inslt. of Nutrition and Seafood Research PO Box 2029 Nordnes Escalera Moura, Laura N-5817 Bergen Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia Norway Subida a Radiofaro 50-52 [email protected] E-36200 VIGO Spain Dyhrman, Sonya [email protected] Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Biology Dept. MS#32 Esplund, Christina 2543 Woods Hole Kalmar University United States of America Inst. for Biology and Environmental Science [email protected] SE-39182 Kalmar Sweden Eaglesham, Geoff [email protected] Queensland Health Scientific Services 39 Kessels Rd Estrada, Marta Coopers Plains Institut de Ciències del Mar, CMIMA (CSI 4108 Brisbane Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49 Australia E-08003 Barcelona [email protected] Spain [email protected] Edler, Lars Sweden Etheridge, Stacey [email protected] US Food and Drug Administration HFS-426 Edvardsen, Bente 8301 Muirkirk Road University of Oslo 20708 Laurel Department of Biology United States of America P.O. Box 1066 Blindern [email protected] N-0316 Oslo Norway Farrell, Hazel [email protected] National University of Ireland Galway Dept. Marine Microbiology Eikrem, Wenche Martin Ryan Institute, NUI Galway Norwegian Institute for Water Resaerch Galway Brekkeveien 19 Ireland N-0884 Oslo [email protected] Norway [email protected] Faust, Maria A. Smithsonian Institution Elandaloussi, Laurence Myriam U.S.A. National Herbarium IRTA-Centre d’Aqüicultura National Museum Natural History Crta. Poble Nou , Km 5,5 20660 Washington DC E-43540 Sant Carles de la Rápita United States of America Spain [email protected] [email protected] Fawcett, Alexandra Ellegaard, Marianne University of Cape Town University of Copenhagen Private Bag X3 Institute of Biology, Dept. of Phycology Rondebosch Øster Farimagsgade 2D 7701 Cape Town DK-1353 COPENHAGEN K South Africa Denmark [email protected] [email protected] Fensin, Elizabeth Ellison, Robert North Carolina Division of Water Quality YSI, Inc. 4401 Reedy Creek Road 88 Hudson St 27607 Raleigh, North Carolina US-02909 Providence, RI United States of America United States of America [email protected] [email protected] Fernández-Tejedor, Margarita Ellwood, Neil IRTA Università Roma Tre Carretera del Poblenou s/n Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche E-43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita Largo San Leonardo Murialdo 1 Spain I-00146 Rome [email protected] Italy [email protected] Figoni, Sigurd Participation in Alga Project at Enevoldsen, Henrik Oksfeldt University of Kalmar, Sweden IOC Lindby 209 UNESCO S-380 65 Dergerhamn Øster Farimagsgade 2 D Sweden DK-1353 Copenhagen K [email protected] Denmark [email protected]
341 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
ToxiSpot/DHI Water & Environment Figueroa, Rosa Isabel Agern Alle 5 Instituto Español de Oceanografía 2970 Hørsholm Cabo Estay, Canido Denmark E-36280 Vigo [email protected] Spain [email protected] Garnett, Corinne National Research Council of Canada Forbord, Arild 1411 Oxford St. Analysesenteret B3H ZJ8 Halifax Lanbruksveien 5 Canada N-7047 Trondheim [email protected] Norway [email protected] Gas, Fabienne CEA Fraga, Santiago CEA/DIEP/SBTN Valrho Instituto Español de Oceanografía Marcoule BP17171 Apdo. 1552 F-30207 Bagnols sur Ceze E-36200 Vigo France Spain [email protected] [email protected] Genovesi-Giunti, Benjamin Franco, Jose Ecosystèmes Lagunaires Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas UMR 5119 CNRS-univ. montp2 E. Cabello,6 Cc 093 Place Eugène Bataillon E-36208 Vigo F-34095 Montpellier Spain France [email protected] [email protected]
Fuentes, Soledad Gentien, Patrick University of Louisiana at Lafayette Ifremer 104 University Circle, Biology Department B.P.70 Department of Biology, ULL Pointe du Diable 70504 Lafayette F-29280 Plouzané United States of America France [email protected] [email protected]
Fuentes, Maria Giannoudi, Louisa 104 University Circle, Biology Department HCMR 70504 Lafayette 46,7 klm, Athinon-Souniou Ave United States of America P.O. Box 172 [email protected] GR-19013 Anavissos Greece Fukuyo, Yasuwo [email protected] University of Tokyo Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku Glibert, Pat 113-8657 Tokyo Horn Point Laboratory Japan Univ MD Center for Envir. Science [email protected] PO BOX 775 Cambridge MD United States of America Fux, Elie [email protected] Marine Institute Rinville Gobler, Christopher GY Oranmore Stony Brook University Ireland Marine Sciences Research Center [email protected] 11794-5000 Stony Brook United States of America Gallacher, Susan [email protected] FRS Marine Lab PO Box 101, Victoria Rd. Godhe, Anna AB119DB Aberdeen Göteborg University United Kingdom Box 461 [email protected] SE-405 30 Göteborg Sweden Gandrass, Juergen [email protected] GKSS Research Centre Max-Planck-Str. 1 Gonzalez-Gil, Sonsoles D-21502 Geesthacht Instituto Español de Oceanografía Germany Apto. 1552 [email protected] E-36200 Vigo Spain Garcés, Esther [email protected] ICM CSIC Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49 Granéli, Edna E-08003 Barcelona Denmark Spain [email protected] [email protected]
Garde, Kristine
342 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
[email protected] Greenfield, Dianne Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Hagström, Johannes Institute University of Kalmar 7700 Sandholdt Road Department of Marine Sciences 95039 Moss Landing SE-39182 Kalmar United States of America Sweden [email protected] [email protected]
Greengrove, Cheryl Hajdu, Susanna University of Washington, Tacoma Stockholm University Environmental Science Dept. of System Ecology 1900 Commerce Street SE-106 91 Stockholm 98402 Tacoma, WA Sweden [email protected] United States of America [email protected] Haley, Sheean
Gribble, Kristin Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution MS #33 Redfield 3-32, MS 32 2543 Woods Hole 2543 Woods Hole, MA United States of America [email protected] United States of America [email protected] Halim, Youssef
Grünewald, Claudio Fuentes Oceanography dept. Planction Andino Ltda. Faculty of Science, Oceanography Dept. Chile Alexandria university [email protected] 21511 Alexandria Egypt Grzebyk, Daniel [email protected] University Montpellier 2 CC 93 Hallegraeff, Gustaaf Place Eugene Bataillon University of Tasmania F-34095 Montpellier Private Bag 55 France 7001 Hobart [email protected] Australia [email protected] Guimarães Nogueira, Isabel Cristina Ciimar Hällfors, Heidi Rua dos Bragas, 177-289 Finnish Institite of Marine Research P-4050-123 PORTO Erik Palménin aukio 1 Portugal FIN-00560 Helsinki [email protected] Finland [email protected] Gumbo, Jabulani Ray University of Pretoria Dept of Microbiology & Plant Pathology Hamano, Yonekazu 1 Pretoria Osaka Pref. Inst. of Public Health South Africa 1-3-69,Nakamichi,Higashinari-ku [email protected] 537-0025 Osaka Japan Guo, Hao [email protected] National Marine Enviroment Monitoring Ce No.42 Linghe Street Hamza, Asma Shahekou District Institut National des Sciences et Technologie 116023 Dalian Rue Madagascar, BP1035 China 3018 Sfax [email protected] Tunisia [email protected] Gutschner, Mareike Elsevier BV Handy, Sara Chemistry, Earth & Environmental Science University of Delaware Radarweg 29 700 Pilottown Rd. NL-1043 NX AMSTERDAM US-19958 Lewes Netherlands United States of America [email protected] [email protected]
Göbel, Jeanette Hansen, Gert Landesamt für Natur und Umwelt University of Copenhagen Hamburger Chaussee 25 Inst. of Biology Phycology Dept. D-24220 Flintbek Øster Farimagsgade 2D Germany DK-1353 Copenhagen K [email protected] Denmark [email protected] Hackett, Jeremiah Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Haque, Shahroz Mahean Redfield 3-32, MS 32 Bangladesh Agricultural University 2543 Woods Hole Bangladesh United States of America [email protected]
343 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Härnström, Karolina Göteborg University Ho Van, The Marine Ecology Institute of Oceanography Box 461 Department of Marine Plankton SE-405 30 Göteborg Cau Da 01, Vinh Nguyen Sweden Nhatrang [email protected] Vietnam [email protected]
Hatta, Yukie Hoagland, Porter Univ. Tamagawa Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen MS#41, Marine Policy Center 194-0041 Machida-shi Tokyo Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Japan 2543 Woods Hole [email protected] United States of America
[email protected] Haukrogh, John Aquanet Hoang, Van Thu Finnedalsvej 16 National Fisheries Quality Assurance & DK-2770 Kastrup Veterinaty Directorate Denmark 10 Nguyen Cong Hoan, Ba Dinh [email protected] Hanoi City
Hegaret, Helene Vietnam [email protected] University of Connecticut 1080 Shennecossett Road Hoffer, Simone 6340 Grpton University of Washington -Tacoma United States of America 15414 41st Ave E. [email protected] 98446 Tacoma
Heil, Cynthia United States of America [email protected] Florida Fish & Wildlife Res Inst. 100 Eighth Ave S Holland, Patrick 33701 St. Petersburg, Florida Cawthron Institute United States of America 98 Halifax St. E [email protected] 8001 Nelson
Henry, Michael New Zealand [email protected] Mote Marine Laboratory 1600 Ken Thompson Pky Holmes, Michael 34236 Sarasota, FL TMSI/ National University of Singapore United States of America TMSI, 14 Kent Ridge Road, [email protected] National University of Singapore
Hess, Philipp 119223 Singapore Marine Institute Singapore [email protected] Rinville CO. Galway Honsell, Giorgio Ireland University of Udine [email protected] Via Cotonificio 108
Higman, Wendy I-33100 Udine Cefas Italy [email protected] CEFAS, Barrack Road Weymouth, Dorset Horner, Rita DT2 0AF Weymouth University of Washington United Kingdom School of Oceanography [email protected] Box 357940
Hiller, Susann 98195-7940 Seattle, Washington FSU Jena United States of America [email protected] Dornburger Strasse 25 D-07743 Jena Hubbard, Katherine Germany University of Washington [email protected] Box 157940 University of Washington
Hitchcock, Gary School of Oceanography University of Miami 98195 Seattle, WA 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy. United States of America [email protected] 33149 Miami, FL United States of America [email protected] Ikehara, Tsuyoshi Tropical Technology Center Ltd. Ho, Kin Chung Suzaki 5-1 Open University of Hong Kong 904-2234 Uruma 30 Good Shepherd Street, Japan Homantin, Kowloon, [email protected] Hong Kong Hongkong [email protected]
344 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Imai, Ichiro Jensen, Bettina Skovgaard Kyoto University Orbicon, Natur og Vandmiljø Oiwakecho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Jens Juuls Vej 18 606-8502 Kyoto DK-8260 Viby J Japan Denmark [email protected] [email protected]
Ishiguro, Ayaka Jeong, Hae Jin Univ. Tamagawa Seoul National University 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen College of Natural Sciences 194-0041 Machida-shi Tokyo School of Earth & Env. Sciences Japan 151-747 Seoul [email protected] South-Korea [email protected] Ishikawa, Akira Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University Johansen, Kirsten 1577 Kurima-machiya Storstrøms Amt 514-8507 Tsu, Mie Parkvej 37 Japan DK-4800 Nykøbing Falster [email protected] Denmark [email protected] Ismael, Amany Oceanography Dept. Johansen, Marie Alexandria University, Faculty of Science Marine Ecology 21511 Alexandria Kristineberg 566 Egypt SE-45034 Fiskebäckskil [email protected] Sweden [email protected] Ismail, Wafa'a Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research John, Uwe P.O. Box 1638, 22017 Salmiya, Kuwait Alfred Wegener Institut 22017 Kuwait Am Handelshafen 12 Kuwait D-27570 Bremerhaven [email protected] Germany [email protected] Itakura, Shigeru Fisheries Research Agency Juhel, Guillaume 2-17-5, Maruishi, Hatsukaichi University College Cork 739-0452 Hiroshima Dept. Zoology, Ecology and Plant Science Japan Distillery Fields. North Mall. [email protected] NONE Cork Ireland Ito, Emiko [email protected] Chiba University 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuoku Jung, Ines 260-8673 CHIBA Alfred-Wegener-Institut Japan Am Handelshafen 12 [email protected] D-27570 Bremerhaven Germany Iwataki, Mitsunori [email protected] Nagasaki University 1-14 Bunkyo Jørgensen, Kevin Nagasaki Danish Institute 852-8521 Nagasaki Food & Veterinary research Japan Mørkhøj Bygade 19 [email protected] DK-2860 Søborg Denmark Jaeckisch, Nina [email protected] Alfred Wegener Institute Am Handelshafen 12 Kamikawa, Ryoma D-27570 Bremerhaven Kyoto University Germany Oiwake-cho, Kitoshirakawa [email protected] 606-8502 Kyoto Japan Jauzein, Cecile [email protected] Ecosystèmes lagunaires UMR 5119, CNRS - Univ Montp 2 Karjalainen, Miina Cc 093 Place Eugène Bataillon Finnish Institute of Marine Research F-34095 Montpellier P.O.Box 2 France FIN-00561 Helsinki [email protected] Finland [email protected] Jenkinson, Ian Agency for Consult Research Oceanogr Karlson, Bengt Lavergne SMHI, Oceanographic services F-19320 La Roche Canillac Nya Varvet 31 France SE-426 71 Västra Frölunda [email protected] Sweden [email protected]
345 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Kobiyama, Atsushi Kavanagh, Siobhan Kitasato University National Diagnostics Centre Sanriku, Ofunato, Iwate 022-0101, Japan NUI, Galway 022-0101 Ofunato NONE Galway Japan Ireland [email protected] [email protected] Kodama, Masaaki Kharrat, Riadh Kitasato University Institut Pasteur de Tunis Sanriku, Iwate 13, place Pasteur, B.P. 74 022-0101 Ofunato 1002 Tunis-Belvedere Japan Tunisia [email protected] [email protected] Kolmakov, Vladimir Kikuchi, Sachiko Institute of Biophysics of SB of RAS Tohoku university Akademgorodok, Institute of Biophysics Aoba 6-6-20 Aramaki Aoba-ku 660036 Krasnoyarsk 980-8579 Sendai Russia Japan [email protected] [email protected] Kolmakova, Olesya Kim, Daekyung Krasnoyarsk State University Nagasaki University Svobodnyi Av., 81V, 611 Faculty of Fisheries 660041 Krasnoyarsk Bunkyo-machi 1-14 Russia 852-8521 Nagasaki [email protected] Japan [email protected] Kolmakova, Anzhelika Krasnoyarsk State University Kim, Hyung Seop Institute of biophysics of SB of RAS Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Akademgorodok 1530-5, Soryong-dong 660036 Krasnoyarsk 573-882 Kunsan Russia South-Korea [email protected] [email protected] Kotaki, Yuichi Kim, Chang-Hoon Kitasato University Pukyong National University Sanriku Department of Aquaculture 022-0101 Ofunato 599-1 Daeyeon-3-dong, Nam-gu Japan 608-737 Busan [email protected] South-Korea [email protected] Kraberg, Alexandra AWI Kirkpatrick, Barbara Biologische Anstalt Helgoland Mote Marine Laboratory Kurpromenade 201 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway D-27498 Helgoland 34239 Sarasota Germany United States of America [email protected] [email protected] Kremp, Anke Kirkpatrick, Gary University of Helsinki Mote Marine Laboratory J.A. Palmenin tie 260 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway FIN-10900 Hanko 34236 Sarasota Finland United States of America [email protected] [email protected] Krock, Bernd Kleivdal, Hans Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Biosense Laboratories AS Research HIB-Thor Mohlensgate 55 Am Handelshaven 12 N-5008 Bergen D-27570 Bremerhaven Norway Germany [email protected] [email protected]
Kloepper, Sascha Kubanek, Julia Alfred-Wegener-Institute Georgia Institute of Technology Am Handelshafen 12 School of Biology D-27570 Bremerhaven 310 Ferst Drive Germany 30332-0230 Atlanta [email protected] United States of America Kluge, Ragnhild [email protected]
Norwegian University of Life Sciences Kubo, Takuya Skjærvaveien 53b Tohoku University N-2010 Strømmen Aoba 6-6-20, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Norway 9808579 Sendai [email protected] Japan
346 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006 [email protected] Canada [email protected] Kaas, Hanne ToxiSpot (and DHI Water & Environment) Legrand, Catherine Agern Alle 5 University of Kalmar DK-2970 Hørsholm Landgångsgatan 3 Denmark SE-39182 Kalmar [email protected] Sweden [email protected] Labry, Claire Ifremer Lekan, Danelle Ifremer/centre de Brest University of North Carolina Wilmington BP 70 Center for Marine Science F-29280 Plouzane 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane France 28409 Wilmington [email protected] United States of America [email protected] Lago, Jorge Anfaco-Cecopesca Leong, Sandric Col. Univ. 16 Soka University E-36310 Vigo 1-236 Tangi-Cho Spain 192-8577 Hachioji, Tokyo [email protected] Japan [email protected] Landsberg, Jan Florida Fish and Wildlife Conserv. Comm. Lewis, Nancy Irene 100 Eighth Avenue Southeast National Research Council 33701 St. Petersburg 1411 Oxfd. St United States of America B3H371 Halifax [email protected] Canada [email protected] Lankoff, Anna Swietokrzyska Academy, Institute of Biology Lewis, Jane Swietokrzyska 15 University of Westminster PL-25-410 Kielce 115 New Cavendish Street Poland London [email protected] W1W 6UW London United Kingdom Lara Artigas, Mireia [email protected] University of Lisbon Campo Grande Li, Ji P-1749-016 Lisboa Horn Point Laboratory, UMCES Portugal 2020 Horns Point Rd [email protected] 21613 Cambridge, MD United States of America Larkin, Sherry [email protected] University of Florida PO Box 110240 Licea, Sergio 32611-0240 Gainesville Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México United States of America Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia [email protected] Ciudad Universitaria 4510 México D. F. Larsen, Jacob Mexico University of Copenhagen [email protected] Intergovernemental Oceanographic Commission of Unesco Lim, Po-Teen Øster Farimagsgade 2 D School of Fisheries Sciences, DK-1353 Copenhagen K Kitasato University Denmark Sanriku, Okirai, [email protected] 022-0101 Ofunato City, Iwate Japan Larsen, Kristofer [email protected] National Veterinary Institute of Norway P.O. Box 8156 Dep. Lin, Jian-Zhi N-0033 Oslo National Taiwan University Norway 303 Room, Institute of Fisheries Science [email protected] No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei TW-106 Taipei Laurent, Dominique Taiwan IRD [email protected] Centre IRD BPA5 98848 Nouméa Lindberg, Veronica New Caledonia Göteborg University/ Marine Ecology [email protected] P.O. Box 461 SE-40530 Göteborg Lawrence, Janice Sweden University of New Brunswick [email protected] PO Bag Service 45111 E3B 6E1 Fredericton
347 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
[email protected] Lindegarth, Susanne Tjärnö/Göteborg University Lu, Songhui TMBL Jinan University SE-452 96 Strömstad Institute of Harmful Algae and Sweden Aquatic Environment [email protected] 510632 Guangzhou China Lindehoff, Elin [email protected] University of Kalmar SE-39182 Kalmar Lu, Douding Sweden Second Institute of Oceanography [email protected] P.O. Box 1027 310012 Hangzhou Lindholm, Tore J China Environmental & Marine Biology [email protected] Åbo Akademi University Akademigatan 1 Luckas, Bernd FIN-20500 Åbo University Jena Finland Dornburger Str. 25 [email protected] D-07743 Jena Germany Lion, Monica [email protected] IOC-IEO Sci. & Commun. Centre on HAB IEO - Centro Oceanografico de Vigo Luedeking, Alexander Subida a Radiofaro 50, Canido Stazione Zoologica di Napoli E-36390 Vigo Villa Comunale Spain I-80121 Naples [email protected] Italy [email protected] Litaker, Wayne National Ocean Service, NOAA Lugomela, Charles 101 Pivers Island Road Aquatic Sciences & Technology 28516 Beaufort, NC Department of Fisheries Science & United States of America Aquaculture [email protected] P.O. Box 35064 Dar es Salaam Llaveria, Gisela Tanzania Institut de Ciències del Mar [email protected] Psg. Marítim de la Barceloneta E-08003 Barcelona Lundholm, Nina Spain University of Copenhagen [email protected] Institute of Biology, Dept. of Phycology Øster Farimagsgade 2D Loader, Jared DK-1353 COPENHAGEN K AgResearch Ltd Denmark East Street [email protected] Private Bag 3123 2001 Hamilton Lundve, Bengt New Zealand University of Gothenburg [email protected] Kristineberg 566 SE-450 34 Fiskebäckskil Logares, Ramiro Sweden Lund University [email protected] Limnology Div., Ecology Dept. Solvegatan 37 Luu, Truong De SE-223 62 Lund Ministry of Science & Technology Sweden Department Natural & Social Science Nederland [email protected]
Lopez-Santacruz, Ana Maria Lyons, Sandra Ministerio de Administraciones Publicas The Martin Ryan Marine Science Institute Estacion Martima S/N National University of Ireland, Galway E-36271 Vigo University Road Spain Galway [email protected] Ireland [email protected] Lourenço, Sergio Universidade Federal Fluminense Laabir, Mohamed Caixa Potal 100644 UniversitéMontpellier 2 24001-970 Niteroi Laboratoire Ecosystems Lagunaires Brazil P.E. Bataillon Case 093 [email protected] F-34095 Montpellier France Lovko, Vince [email protected] Virginia Institute of Marine Science P.O. Box 1346 23062-1346 Gloucester Point United States of America
348 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
[email protected] Machii, Kenji National Institute of Health Sciences Marshall, Harold 1-18-1, Kamiyouga, Setagaya-ku Old Dominion University 158-8501 Tokyo Department of Biological Sciences Japan Old Dominion University [email protected] 23529-0266 Norfolk, Virginia United States of America MacIntyre, Geoff [email protected] Satlantic Inc. Richmund Terminal Pier 9 3481 North Martin, Jennifer Marginal Road Fisheries &Oceans Canada B3K5X8 Halifax 531 Brandy Cove Road Canada E5B 2L9 St. Andrews, NB [email protected] Canada [email protected] Maekawa, Mai Soka University Martins, Rosário 1-236 Tangi-Cho CIIMAR 192-8577 Hachioji, Tokyo Rua dos Bragas, 289 Japan P-4050-123 Porto [email protected] Portugal [email protected] Magnien, Robert NOAA, NCCOS, CSCOR Martins, Claudia 1305 East West Highway Food & Standards Agency 20910 Silver Spring, MD Aviation House, 125 Kingsway United States of America WC2 B6NH London [email protected] United Kingdom [email protected] Mallat, Elena Centre d'Aqüicultura-IRTA Masó, Mercedes Ctra. Poble Nou s/n Institut Ciències del Mar E-43540 St. Carles de la Ràpita Psg. Maritim Barceloneta 37-49 Spain E-08003 Barcelona [email protected] Spain [email protected] Maman, Luz Laboratorio Control Recursos Pesqueros Matsubara, Tadashi Junta de Andaluc 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Cira Punta Umbrta, Cartaya km. 12 Japan E-21450 Cartaya, Huelva 812-8581 Fukuoka Spain Japan [email protected] [email protected]
Mann, David George Matsuyama, Yukihiko Royal Botanic Garden Natl Res Inst Fish Env Inland Sea 20A Inverleith Row 2-17-5, Maruichi, Hatsukaichi EH3 5LR Edinburgh 7390452 Hiroshima United Kingdom Japan [email protected] [email protected]
Marcaillou-Le Baut, Claire Mattei, Daniela IFREMER Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rue de I'le d'yeu BP 21105 Viale Regina Elena, 299 F-44311 Nantes I-00161 Rome France Italy [email protected] [email protected]
Marin III, Roman McDonald, Sarah MBARI Stazione Zoologica 7700 Sandholdt Road Villa Comunale 95039 Moss Landing, California I-80121 Naples United States of America Italy [email protected] [email protected]
Marinho da Costa, Rauquirio McGrane, Pauhla UFPA Martin Ryan Marine Science Institute Universidade Federal do Pará National University of Ireland, Galway Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n, Aldeia. University Road, 68.600-000 Bragança NA Galway Brazil Ireland [email protected] [email protected]
Marschallek, Ines Alfred Wegener Institute Am Handelshafen 12 D-27570 Bremerhaven Germany
349 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Moestrup, Øjvind McKenzie, Cynthia University of Copenhagen Fisheries & Oceans Canada Institute of Biology, Dept. of Phycology P.O. Box 5667 Øster Farimagsgade 2D Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre DK-1353 Copenhagen K A1C 5X1 St. John's Denmark Canada [email protected] [email protected] Mohd Noor, Normawaty McKenzie, Douglas Biological Institute Integrin Advanced Biosystems Øster Farimagsgade 2D Marine Resource Centre DK-1353 Copenhagen K Barcaldine Denmark PA37 1SE Oban [email protected] United Kingdom [email protected] Mohlin, Malin Marine Ecology McMillan, Daniel Göteborg University Waters Corp Box 461 Atlas Park SE-405 30 Göteborg Simonsway Sweden M22 5PP Manchester [email protected] United Kingdom [email protected] Moita, M.Teresa IPIMAR Meave del Castillo, Maria Esther Av. Brasilia, s/n Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana P-1449-006 Lisboa Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186 Portugal Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa [email protected] 9340 Mexico DF Mexico Mongkonsangsuree, Nirucha [email protected] Chulalongkorn University Department of Marine Science Medlin, Linda 254 Phayathai Road AWI 10330 Bangkok Am Handelhafen Thailand D-275770 Bremerhaven [email protected] Germany [email protected] Monti, Marina OGS - Dept. Biological Oceanography Méndez, Silvia Via Aguste Piccard 54 National Direction of Aquatic Resources I-34010 Trieste Phytoplankton Italy Constituyente 1497 [email protected] 11200 Montevideo Uruquay Montresor, Marina [email protected] Stazione Zoologica 'Anton Dohrn' Villa Comunale Merino, David I-80121 Napoli Ministerio de Administraciones Publicas Italy Estacion Maritima S/N [email protected] E-36271 VIGO Spain Morquecho, Lourdes [email protected] Cibnor, S.C. Mar Bernejo 195 Miles, Chris Playa Palo de Sta. Rita AgResearch 23090 La Paz Private Bag 3123 Mexico East Street [email protected] 2001 Hamilton New Zealand Morton, Steve [email protected] NOAA/NOS 331 Fort Johnson Rd Miller, Peter 29412 Charleston, South Carolina University of California, Santa Cruz United States of America 1156 High Street [email protected] Ocean Sciences 95064 Santa Cruz Moschandreou, Kimon United States of America Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [email protected] Department of Botany, School of Biology GR-54124 Thessaloniki Misner, Ian Greece University of North Carolina Wilmington [email protected] Center for Marine Science 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane 28409 Wilmington United States of America [email protected]
350 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Murata, Ai Nikolaidis, Georgios Soka University Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 1-236 Tangi-cho, Department of Botany, School of Biology 192-8577 Hachioji GR-54124 Thessaloniki Japan Greece [email protected] [email protected]
Nagai, Satoshi Nincevic Gladan, Zivana Fisheries Research Agency of Japan Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries Maruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi Šet.I. Meštrovica 63 739-0452 Hiroshima CR-21000 Split Japan Croatia [email protected] [email protected]
Naka, Hiroyuki Nwaoribe, Lucky Tropical Technology Center Lrd. IMO State Ministry of Water Resource 5-1 Suzaki IMO State Water Board Headquarters 904-2234 Uruma City Okinawa Government Reservation Area Japan 9234 Owerri [email protected] Nigeria [email protected] Nascimento, Silvia Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense Oda, Tatsuya Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000 Nagasaki University 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes Faculty of Fisheries Brazil Bunkyo-machi 1-14 [email protected] 852-8521 Nagasaki Japan Navarro, Jorge [email protected] Universidad Austral de Chile Campus Isla Teja Ogawa, Hitoshi 567 Valdivia Univ. Tamagawa Chile 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen [email protected] 194-0041 Machida-shi Tokyo Japan Nguyen, Lien [email protected] Øster Farimagsgade 2D DK-1353 Copenhagen Ohshima, Yasukatsu Denmark Tohoku Universitet [email protected] Tsutsumidori-Amamiya 1-1 Aoba-ku JP-9818555 Sendai Nguyen, Anh Dung Japan National Fisheries Quality Assurance & [email protected] Veterinary Directorate 10 Nguyen Cong Hoan, Ba Dinh Okorie, Basila Chidimma Hanoi City IMO State Ministry of Water Resource Vietnam IMO State Water Board Headquarters [email protected] Government Reservation Area 9234 Owerri Nguyen Ngoc, Lam Nigeria Institute of Oceanography [email protected] Cau Da 01 Nhatrang Okuani, Mathew Charles Vietnam IMO State Ministry of Water Resource [email protected] IMO State Water Board Headquarters Government Reservation Area Nguyen Ngoc, Tuong Giang 9234 Owerri Institute of Oceanography Nigeria Department of Marine Plankton [email protected] Cau Da 01 Nhatrang Olrik, Kirsten Vietnam Laboratory of Environmental Biology [email protected] Baunebjergvej 5 DK-3050 Humlebæk Nguyen Thi, Mai Anh Denmark Institute of Oceanography [email protected] Department of Marine Plankton Cau Da 01, Vinh Nguyen Orellana-Cepeda, Elisabeth Nhatrang Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Vietnam 4492 Camino de la Plaza, PMB 1378 [email protected] 92173-3003 San Ysidro United States of America Ní Rathaille, Aoife [email protected] Martin Ryan Institute National University of Ireland-Galway Galway Ireland [email protected]
351 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Orive, Emma Pécseli, Maria University Basque Country County of North Jutland Barrio Sarriena Niels Bohrs Vej 30 E-48080 Bilbao DK-9220 Aalborg Øst Spain Denmark [email protected] [email protected]
Orlova, Tatiana Peña-Manjarrez, Jose Luis Institute of Marine Biology FEB RAS Centro de Estudios Tecnologicos del Mar Palchevskogo St. 17 Km. 6.5 Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 690041 Vladivostok 22860 Ensenada, B. C. Russia Mexico [email protected] [email protected]
Padilla, Larry Penna, Antonella The Marine Science Institute University of Urbino University of the Philippines, Diliman Viale Trieste 296 1101 Quezon City I-61100 Pesaro Philippines Italy [email protected] [email protected]
Padmakumar, K. Percy, Linda University of Kerala University of Westminster India 115 New Cavendish St [email protected] W1W 6UW London United Kingdom Pagou, Kalliopi [email protected] Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 Km Athninon-Souniou Av. Peuthert, Anja GR-19013 Anavissos, Attiki IGB Greece Müggelseedamm 301 [email protected] D-12587 Berlin Germany Pan, Gang [email protected] Res. Cent. Eco-environ. Sci., CAS 18 Shuangqing Road Pflugmacher, Stephan 100085 Beijing IGB China Müggelseedamm 301 [email protected] D-12587 Berlin Germany Park, Myung G. [email protected] Chonnam National University 300 Yongbong-Dong, Bukgu Pierce, Richard 500-757 Gwangju Mote Marine Laboratory South-Korea 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway [email protected] 34236 Sarasota United States of America Park, Jong-Gyu [email protected] Kunsan Univ. Miryong-dong Pigozzi, Silvia Kunsan Centro Ricerche Marine 573-701 Jeollabuk-Do Via A. Vespucci 2 South-Korea I-47042 Cesenatico, FC [email protected] Italy [email protected] Parrow, Matthew University of North Carolina Charlotte Pinto, Ernani Department of Biology Universidade de São Paulo 9201 University City Blvd. Lineu Prestes 580 28223 Charlotte Bloco 13B United States of America 5508900 São Paulo [email protected] Brazil [email protected] Pauillac, Serge Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie Pitcher, Grant 9 - 11 av. Paul Doumer Marine and Coastal Management BP61 Private Bag X2 98845 Nouméa Rogge Bay New Caledonia 8012 Cape Town [email protected] South Africa [email protected] Pazos, Yolanda Intecmar Piumsomboon, Ajcharaporn Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n Department of Marine Science Vilagarcía de Arousa Faculty of Science E-36611 Pontevedra Chulalongkorn University Spain 10330 Bangkok [email protected] Thailand [email protected]
352 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
219 Fort Johnson Road Pizarro, Gemita 29412 Charleston Instituto Español de Oceanografía United States of America Subida Radiofaro 50-52 Cabo Estay [email protected] Aptdo 1552 E-36200 Vigo Reger, Robert Spain University of North Carolina Wilmington [email protected] Center for Marine Science 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane Place, Allen 28409 Wilmington University of Maryland Biotechnology Ins United States of America Columbus Center, Suite 236 [email protected] 701 East Pratt Street 21202 Baltimore, Maryland Reguera, Beatriz United States of America Instituto Español de Oceanografía [email protected] Subida a Radiofaro 50-52 Cabo Estay, Canido Poli, Mark E-36200 Vigo Integrated Toxicology Division Spain Usamriid, US Army [email protected] 1425 Porter Street 21702-5011 Fort Detrick Rehnstam-Holm, Ann-Sofi United States of America Kristianstad University [email protected] Elmetorpsvagen 15 SE-28891 Kristianstad Pope, Phil Sweden Griffith University [email protected] Kessels Rd, Nathan 4111 Brisbane Reis, Mariana Alves Australia Fundacão da Faculdade de Ciências [email protected] De Lisboa - No Contribuinte 503183504 Campo Grande Poulton, Nicole P-1749-016 Lisboa Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences Portugal 180 McKown Point Road [email protected] P.O. Box 475 4575 West Boothbay Harbor, ME Rengefors, Karin United States of America Lund University [email protected] Ecology Building Lund University Qi, Yuzao SE-22362 Lund Jinan University Sweden Institute of Hydrobiology [email protected] 510632 Guangzhou China Rhodes, Lesley Louise [email protected] Cawthron 98 Halifax St. East, Private Bag 2 Quijano, Sonia 7001 Nelson Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49 New Zealand E-08003 Barcelona [email protected] Spain [email protected] Ribeiro Santos, Sofia Oceanography Institute Raine, Robin Faculty of Science Martin Ryan Institute Campo Gr National University of Ireland P-1749-016 Lisbon IE-0000 GALWAY Portugal Ireland [email protected] [email protected] Riisberg, Ingvild Rajan, Anbiah University of Oslo Environment Agency Blindernveien 31 Marine Environment Research Center N-0371 Oslo PO Box 45553 Norway 4553 Abu Dhabi [email protected] United Arab Emirates [email protected] Roberts, Alexandra University of New South Wales Ralijaona, Christian 75/57 Ralph St, Alexandria, NSW University of Toliara 2015 Sydney Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Australia Marines [email protected] BP 141, 601 Toliara Robertson, Alison Madagascar NRC, National Research Council of Canada [email protected] 1411 Oxford St. B3H ZJ8 Halifax Ramsdell, John Canada NOAA-National Ocean Service [email protected]
353 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Sampedro Roig, Nagore Rodríguez-Palacio, Mónica Cristina Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49 Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana E-08003 Barcelona Av. San Rafael Atlixo No 186 Spain Col. Vicentina, Del Iztapalapa [email protected] C. P. 0934 D. F. Mexico Sandvik, Morten [email protected] National Vetrinary Institute Ullevålsveien 68 Root, Hannah N-0033 Oslo University of New South Wales Norway Biological Sciences Building [email protected] University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052 Sydney Sangiorgi, Vera Charlotta Australia Arpa Lazio [email protected] Via Evemero 23 int 7 scala D I-00124 Roma Roughan, Brian Italy New Zealand Food Safety Authority [email protected] P.O.Box 517 SH 1 Grovetown Sano, Tomoharu 7240 Blenheim National Institute for Environmental Studies New Zealand 16-2 Onogawa [email protected] 305-8506 Tsukuba Japan Ruebhart, David [email protected] Griffith University Logan Campus Saravanan, Vasudevan University Drive College of Fisheries 4131 Meadowbrook Department of Fishery Microbiology Australia PB 527 [email protected] 575002 Mangalore India Rundberget, Thomas [email protected] National Veterinary Institute Ullevaalsveien 68 Sarno, Diana N-0454 Oslo Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Norway Villa Comunale [email protected] I-80121 Napoli Italy Ryan, John [email protected] MBARI 7700 Sandholdt Road Satta, CT 95039 Moss Landing, CA University of Sassari United States of America Via Muroni, 25 [email protected] I-07100 Sassari Italy Sagir, Ahmed [email protected] University of Dhaka Department of Zology Sayfritz, Stephen 1000 Dhaka Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Bangladesh Ullevaalveien 72 [email protected] N-0033 Oslo Norway Sakamoto, Setsuko [email protected] Maruishi, Hatsukaichi 739-0452 Hiroshima Schwalger, Berit Japan GKSS research centre (KOC) [email protected] GKSS (KOC) Max-Planck-Str. 1 Salman, Nadir Abed D-21502 Geesthacht Dept. Fisheries & Marine Resources Germany Basrah University, [email protected] None Garmat Ali Basrah Schäfer, Sandra Iraq GKSS Research Centre [email protected] Max-Planck-Straße 1 D-21502 Geesthacht Samdal, Ingunn Germany National Veterinary Institute in Oslo [email protected] P.O.Box 8156 Dep. N-0033 OSLO Seifert, Marc Norway The University of Queensland [email protected] C/o 21 Blackthorn Street 4077 Inala Samodien, Fatima Australia Marine & Coastal Management [email protected] South Africa [email protected]
354 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Sekiguchi, Reiji Siemer, Berit Lumbye Japan Food Research Laboratories Danish Veterinary & Food Administration 6-11-10, Nagayama Klostermarken 16 206-0025 Tama-Shi DK-8800 Viborg Japan Denmark [email protected] [email protected]
Selander, Erik Silke, Joe Kristineberg Marine Research Station Marine Institute SE-450 34 Fiskebäckskil Renville Oranmore Co.Galway Sweden Ireland [email protected] [email protected]
Sellner, Kevin Skjelbred, Birger Chesapeake Research Consortium University of Oslo 645 Contees Wharf Road P. O. Box 1066 Blindern 21037 Edgewater 316 Oslo United States of America Norway [email protected] [email protected]
Semili, Pazi Skovgaard, Alf Aquatic Sciences & Technology University of Copenhagen Department of Fisheries Science & Øster Farimagsgade 2D Aquaculture DK-1353 Copenhagen P.O. Box 35064 Denmark [email protected] Dar es Salaam Tanzania Smale, Helen [email protected] New Zealand Aquaculture Council
Sengco, Mario PO Box 86 Smithsonian Environmental Research Ctr Blenheim PO BOX 28 7315 Marlborough 647 Contees Wharf Road New Zealand [email protected] 21037 Edgewater, MD United States of America Smayda, Ted [email protected] Graduate School Oceanography
Setälä, Outi University of Rhode Island Finnish Environment Institute 2881 Kingston, RI PL 140 United States of America [email protected] Mechelininkatu 34a FIN-00251 Helsinki Soares de Menezes Rangel, Isabel Maria Finland Instituto de Investigacão Marinha [email protected] IIM Dpto. de Oceanografia
Sheng, Jian Iiha de Luanda 3400 N. Charles Street CP 2601 MD 21218 Baltimore Luanda United States of America Angola [email protected] [email protected]
Shikata, Tomoyuki Sørensen, Helene Munk 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Aarhus County 812-8581 Fukuoka Lyseng Alle 1 Japan DK-8270 Højbjerg [email protected] Denmark [email protected] Shinjo, Fukiko Tropical Technology Center Ltd Sopanen, Sanna 5-1 Suzaki Finnish Environment Institute Uruma P. O. BOX 140 904-2234 Okinawa Mechelininkatu 34 a Japan FIN-00251 Helsinki [email protected] Finland [email protected] Shiraishi, Tomotaka Kyoto University Spilling, Kristian Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyoku Finnish Environment Institute 606-8502 Kyoto PO Box 140 Japan FIN-00251 Helsinki [email protected] Finland [email protected] Shumway, Sandra University of Connecticut 1080 Shennecossett Road 6340 Groton United States of America [email protected]
355 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Sporon-Fiedler, Charlotte Takagi, Hiroo Danish Veterinary and Food Administration National Institute for Envirometal Studies Mørkhøj Bygade 19 16-2 Onogawa DK-2860 Mørkhøj 305-8506 Tsukuba Denmark Japan [email protected] [email protected]
Steidinger, Karen Takano, Shin Florida Institute of Oceanography, USF Univ. Tamagawa 830 First St. So. 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen 33701 St. Petersburg FL 194-0041 Machida-shi Tokyo United States of America Japan [email protected] [email protected]
Stumpf, Richard Takayama, Haruyoshi NOAA National Ocean Service Hatami 5-20-13, Ondo-cho, Kure 1305 East-West Highway 737-1207 Hiroshima N/SCI1, rm 9115 Japan [email protected] 20910 Silver Spring, MD United States of America Tang, DanLing [email protected] Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sunda, William South China Sea Institute of Oceanology National Ocean Service, NOAA 164 West Xingang Road, 101 Pivers Island Road 510301 Guangzhou 28516 Beaufort, NC China [email protected] United States of America [email protected] Taylor, Frank J. R.
Sunesen, Inés Canada [email protected] Universidad Nacional de La Plata Paseo del Bosque s/n Terenko, Galyna 1900 La Plata Odessa Branch of the Institute of Argentina Biology of the Southern Seas of NAS [email protected] Pushkinskaya 37
Suseela, Mekhala 65011 Odessa National Botanical Research Institute Ukraine [email protected] Rana pratap marg Lucknow Tester, Patricia 226 001 Lucknow National Ocean Service, NOAA India 101 Pivers Island Road [email protected] 28516 Beaufort, NC
Sutherland, Cristy United States of America [email protected] University of California, Santa Cruz 1156 High Street Thessen, Anne 95064 Santa Cruz UMCES Horn Point Laboratory United States of America POB 775 [email protected] 21613 Cambridge
Suzuki, Megumi United States of America [email protected] Japan Food Research Laboratories 6-11-10, Nagayama Tillmann, Urban 206-0025 Tama-Shi Alfred Wegener Institute Japan Am Handelshafen 12 [email protected] D-27570 Bremerhaven
Swan, Sarah Germany [email protected] Scottish Association for Marine Science Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory Tomas, Carmelo GBPA37 1QA Oban University of North Carolina Wilmington United Kingdom Center for Marine Science [email protected] 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane
Sørensen, Annie 28409 Wilmington Laboratory of Environmental Biology United States of America [email protected] Baunebjergvej 5 DK-3050 Humlebæk Tomlinson, Michelle Denmark National Ocean Service, NOAA [email protected] 1305 East-West Hwy, Sta 9257
Tahri Joutei, Lalla 20190 Silver Spring, MD Institut National de Recherche Halleutique United States of America [email protected] 2 Rue de Tiznit 21000 Casablanca Morocco [email protected]
356 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Torgersen, Trine United States of America National Veterinary Institute [email protected] P.O. Box 8156 Dep N-0033 Oslo Vargas, Maribell Norway University of Costa Rica, CIEMic, [email protected] San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José 2060 San José Touno, Asami Costa Rica Univ. Tamagawa [email protected] 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen 194-0041 Machida-shi Tokyo Varkitzi, Ioanna Japan Institute - Hellenic Centre for [email protected] Marine Research PO Box 712 Touzet, Nicolas GR-19013 Athens National University of Ireland Galway Greece Marine Microbiology [email protected] University Road Galway Vasquez, M Ireland Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile [email protected] Alameda 340 6513492 Santiago Trainer, Vera Chile NOAA Fisheries [email protected] 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. NOAA/NMFS/ECD Vassilakakai, Maria 98112 Seattle, Washington IGB United States of America Müggelseedamm 301 [email protected] D-12587 Berlin Germany Trick, Charles [email protected] Schulich School of Medicine Room 402, North Campus Building Velo, Lourdes Univ. Western Ontario Instituto Español de Oceanografía N6A5B7 London Aptdo 1552 Canada E-36200 Vigo [email protected] Spain [email protected] Tubaro, Aurelia University of Trieste Villac, Maria Célia DMRN - Universidade de Taubaté Via Valerio 6 Pça. Marcelino Monteiro, 63 I-34127 Trieste 12030-010 Taubaté, SP Italy Brazil [email protected] [email protected]
Turrell, Elizabeth Villareal, Tracy Fisheries Research Services The University of Texas 375 Victoria Road Marine Science Institute Aberdeen 78373-5015 Port Aransas, Texas AB11 9DB Aberdeen United States of America [email protected] United Kingdom [email protected] Vyverman, Wim
Tustison, Jacob Ghent University 100 8th Ave SE Krijgslaan 281 S8 33702 St.Petersburg B-9000 Gent United States of America Belgium [email protected] [email protected]
Töbe, Kerstin Wall, David Alfred Wegener Institute 5127 Tarnbrook Drive Am Handelshafen 12 US-7708423 Houston D-27570 Bremerhaven United States of America [email protected] Germany [email protected] Wang, Zhaohui
Uronen, Pauliina Jinan University Finnish Environment Institute Institute of Hydrobiology P.O. Box 140 510632 Guangzhou FIN-00251 Helsinki China [email protected] Finland [email protected] Wang, Jiangtao
Van Dolah, Frances Ocean University of China NOAA 5 Yushan Road Marine Biotoxins Program 266003 Qingdao 219 Fort Johnson Rd. China [email protected] 29412 Charleston, SC
357 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Wang, Yunfeng Spain Institute of Oceanology, CAS [email protected] 7, Nanhai Road 266071 Qingdao Wynne, Timothy China NOAA/NOS [email protected] N/SCI1, Room 9120 20910 Silver Spring Wang, Junhui United States of America China [email protected] [email protected] Yamaguchi, Haruo Wang, Da-Zhi Kochi University Xiamen University Monobe-Otsu Environmental Science Research Center Nankoku 361005 Xiamen 783-8502 Kochi China Japan [email protected] [email protected]
Wang, Jinhui Yamagushi, Kenichi East China Sea Environmental Monitoring Nagasaki University Dongtang Road 630 Faculty of Fisheries 200137 Shanghai Bunkyo-machi 1-14 China 852-8521 Nagasaki [email protected] Japan [email protected] Wasmund, Norbert Baltic Sea Research Institute Yamasaki, Yasuhiro Sestr. 15 Kyushu University D-18119 Warnemünde Graduate School Germany 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku [email protected] 812-8581 Fukuoka Japan Watanabe, Ryuichi [email protected] Tohoku University Tsutsumidori-amamiyamachi1-1 Yan, Tian 981-8555 Sendai Institute of Oceanology, CAS Japan 7 Nanhai Road [email protected] 266071 Qingdao China Wells, Mark [email protected] University of Maine School of Marine Science Yasumoto, Takeshi Libby Hall Okinawa Create, JST 4469 Orono 12-75 Suzaki United States of America OHBC TTC core Lab. [email protected] 904-2234 Uruma-city
Japan Whereat, Edward [email protected]
University of Delaware, CMS Yih, Wonho 700 Pilottown Road Kunsan National University 19958 Lewes, Delaware San 68, Miryong-dong United States of America 573-701 Kunsan [email protected] South-Korea Wiegand, Claudia [email protected]
Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology Yin, Kedong Müggelseedamm 301 AMCE/Biology Dept D-12587 Berlin Hong Kong Univ of Sci & Tech Germany CLEA WATE Kowloon [email protected] Hongkong Wolny, Jennifer [email protected]
Florida Institute of Oceanography Yoshida, Hiroshi 100 8th Avenue SE Univ. Tamagawa 33701 Saint Petersburg, Florida 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen United States of America 194-0041 Machida-shi Tokyo [email protected] Japan Wulff, Angela [email protected]
Göteborg University Yoshida, Takashi P.O. Box 461 Fukui Prefectural University SE-40530 Göteborg 1-1 Gakuen, Obama, Fukui Sweden 917-0003 Obama [email protected] Japan Wyatt, Timothy [email protected]
Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas Eduardo Cabello 6 E-36208 Vigo
358 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
116023 Dalian Yoshida, Mitsuhiro China Fukui Prefectural University [email protected] 1-1 Gakuencho 917-0003 Obama Zhao, Weihong Japan Institute of Oceanology, CAS [email protected] 7 Naihai Road 266071 Qingdao Yoshimatsu, Sadaaki China Akashiwo Res. Inst. of Kagawa Pref. [email protected] 75-5 Yashima Higashimachi 761-0111 Takamatsu Zhou, Mingjiang Japan Institute of Oceanology, CAS [email protected] 7 Nanhai Road 266071 Qingdao Yoshino, Atsushi China Tropical Technology Center Ltd. [email protected] 12-75 Suzaki OHBC TTC core Lab. Zimmermann, Leigh 904-2234 Uruma-city NOAA Japan 2307 Boardwalk Ave. [email protected] 28403 WIlmington United States of America Yu, Rencheng [email protected] Institute of Oceanology, CAS 7, Nanhai Road Zingone, Adriana 266071 Qingdao Stazione Zoologica 'A. Dohrn' China Villa Comunale [email protected] I-80121 Naples Italy Yu, Zhiming [email protected] Institute of Oceanology, CAS 7 Nanhai Rd. Zou, Jingzhong 266071 Qingdao Institute of Oceanology, CAS China 7, Nanhai Road [email protected] 266071 Qingdao China Zhao, Dong-zhi [email protected]
National Marine Enviroment Monitoring Center No.42 Linghe Street Shahekou District
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360 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
AUTHOR INDEX
Aasen, J: PO.05-36 Al-Yamani, F. PO.07-02
Aasen, J: PO.05-37 Al Abdessalaam, Thabit Z.: PO.13-24
Aasen, JAB: PO.05-35 Albertano, P: PO.13-21
Abbott, JP: O.03-01 Albertano, P: PO.13-26
Abbott, JP: PO.04-12 Albertano, P: PO.06-06
Abbott, JP: O.21-02 Albinsson, M.: PO.13-27
Abbott, JP: PO.13-80 Aligizaki, K.: PO.13-06, PO.13-07
Abdallah, Aly M. A.: PO.08-18 Allis, O: O.12-01
Abraham, A: PO.05-27 Almandoz, G.: PO.13-17
Acosta-Chamorro, V: PO.15-34 Almroth, E: O.20-05
Acosta, CP: PO.05-03, PO.08-25, Alonso-Rodríguez, R: PO.08-04 PO.08-26 Alpermann, T: PO.01-11, O.11-03 Adachi, M: PO.10-48 Alrivie, D: PO.01-22 Adachi, Masao: PO.15-09 Álvarez-Hernández S: PO.13-78 Adams, CM: PO.03-02 Alverca, E.: PO.02-07 Adams, CM: PO.03-03 Amanhir, Rachid: PO.09-06 Adolf, J.E.: O.14-04 Amato, A: O.13-03 Adolf, JE: PO.13-11 Amato, A: PO.01-14 Adolf, JE: O.01-06 Amorim, A: PO.13-33 Aguilera Belmonte, A. PO.13-57 Amorim, A: PO.06-08 Ahmed, Sagir Md: PO.05-23 Amorim, A: PO.12-11 Akers, R: O.03-03 Amzil, Zouher: PO.05-05 Akin-Oriola, G.: PO.11-02 Anbiah, Rajan: PO.13-24 Akin-Oriola, G.: PO.13-70 Andersen, P: O.20-05 Akselman, R: PO.15-26 Anderson, DM: O.11-03 Al-Handal, A Y: PO.13-44, PO.13-83 Anderson, DM: PO.14-06 Al-Rifaie, K. PO.07-02 Anderson, DM: O.17-02
361 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Atwood, K: PO.13-80 Anderson, DM: O.08-06 Aune, T: PO.05-36 Anderson, DM.: O.13-04 Auro, M: PO.10-35 Andree, Kb: PO.01-15 Autio, RM: O.14-03 Anglès, S: PO.10-28 Avalos-Borja, M: PO.07-11 Anglès, S: PO.16-15 Ayres, Dl: O.03-02 Angles, S.: PO.16-01 Azanza, RV PO.13-55 Anishchenko, Ov: PO.04-01 Azanza, RV: PO.14-07 Annadotter, H: O.15-02 Azanza, RV: O.20-03 Annadotter, Helene: PO.03-09 Bachvaroff, TR: PO.13-11 Anton, A: O.20-02 Bachvaroff, TR: O.14-04 Anton, A: PO.01-09 Bachvaroff, TR: O.01-06 Antrobus, RJ: PO.13-47 Bachvaroff, TR: O.11-04 Ardelean, A: PO.12-11 Backer, LC: PO.05-27 Arevalo, F: PO.05-40 Backer, LC: O.03-03 Arin, L: PO.07-13 Baden, DG: PO.05-27 Arin, L: PO.13-71 Baden, DG: O.03-03 Arin, L: PO.13-73 Baden, DG: O.10-03 Armbrust, E. V.: PO.01-10 Baeza, J A: PO.15-29 Armbrust, Virginia: Pl.07-01 Bakke, Marit: O.06-04 Armstrong, PA: O.05-04 Balode, Maija: PO.13-65 Armstrong, PA: PO.06-11 Band-Schmidt, C.: PO.08-27 Arnqvist, A: O.08-03 Band-Schmidt, C: PO.08-04 Artigas, Ml: PO.13-33 Band-Schmidt, C: PO.13-75 Asai, J: PO.15-12 Baptista, MS: PO.10-16 Asimakopoulou, Georgia: PO.10-47 Barbarino, E.: PO.13-59 Asmelash, T: PO.01-19 Barda, Leva: PO.13-65 Asp, T: PO.05-36 Barón-Campis, SA: PO.15-34
362 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Bianco, I: PO.13-21 Bateman, K: PO.06-15 Bianco, I: PO.13-26 Bates, SS: PO.10-39 Biggs, B.J.F: PO.13-15 Batoréu, C: O.12-03 Bire, R: PO.05-14 Bauer, M: O.03-02 Bire, R.: O.07-02 Bean, JA: O.03-03 Blackburn, S: PO.13-22 Bechemin, C: O.18-03 Blackburn, S: PO.13-27 Belas, M. Robert: PO.06-01 Blackburn, S: PO.10-32 Ben Hassen, M.: PO.13-28 Blackburn, S: O.05-04 Ben Hassen, Malika: PO.13-50 Blackburn, S: PO.06-11 Ben Khedhir, S.: PO.13-28 Blanco, J: PO.05-03, PO.08-25, Benhadouch, Asia: PO.09-06 PO.08-26
Benoit, E: O.22-01 Blanco, J: PO.13-46
Beran, A: PO.10-46 Blanco, J: PO.05-40
Bérard, Jean Bapt: PO.05-07 Blasco, D: PO.07-13
Berdalet, E: PO.10-28 Blasco, D: PO.07-16
Berden Zrimec, M: PO.10-46 Blasco, D: PO.13-71
Bergkvist, J: O.08-03 Blauw, A: PO.07-13
Bernard, S: O.21-02 Blay, P: PO.05-39
Bernard, S.: PO.07-17 Blum, PC: PO.05-27
Berrebi, P: PO.01-22 Boisson, FM: PO.04-09
Berry, Dl: O.02-05 Bolch, CJ: O.05-04
Bertozzini, Elena: PO.15-06, PO.15-05 Bolch, CJ: PO.06-11
Beszteri, S: PO.02-06 Bolch, CJS: O.16-04
Beuzenberg, V.: PO.09-02 Borchert, Jerry: PO.13-82
Beuzenberg, Veronica: PO.09-11 Borja, V.: PO.16-16
Bialczyk, J: PO.08-03 Boschetti, L: PO.13-63
Bianchi, L: PO.13-63 Botana, LM: 27
363 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Botelho, M.J.: PO.05-31 Briggs, LR: O.10-01 Botelho, MJ: PO.13-33 Brotas, Vanda: O.14-02 Bothwell, M.: PO.13-15 Brown, H: PO.13-80 Bourdelais, A: PO.05-27 Brown, LM: PO.13-62 Bourdelais, A.: PO.10-44 Brownlee, EF: PO.14-01 Bourdelais, AJ: O.10-03 Brownlee, EF: PO.13-11 Boutonnier, X: PO.15-20 Brutemark, A: PO.10-11 Bouvier, T: O.09-01 Bu, Xianwei: PO.13-13 Bowers, H: PO.01-24 Burchardt, L: PO.15-04 Bowers, HA: PO.01-01 Burchardt, L: PO.13-16 Bowers, HA: PO.13-40 Burkholder, J.M.: O.18-02 Boyer, G. L.: PO.15-18 Burkholder, J.M PO.08-20 Boyer, Gl: O.02-05 Burkholder, J.M PO.10-41 Bravo, I: PO.05-15, PO.10-33 Burkholder, J.M PO.10-42 Bravo, I: PO.05-29 Burkholder, J.M PO.01-24 Bravo, I: PO.06-16 Burns, BG: PO.05-41 Bravo, I: O.15-04 Burridge, LE: PO.04-06 Bravo, I: PO.16-15 Burridge, LE: PO.04-06 Bresnan, E: PO.15-14 Bustillos-Guzmán, J: PO.08-04 Bresnan, E: PO.06-15 Bustillos-Guzmán, J: PO.13-75 Bresnan, E: PO.13-62 Bustillos-Guzman, J: PO.08-27 Bresnan, E.: PO.13-66 Bustillos, J: PO.13-81 Brett Neilan, BN: O.01-03 Butron, A: PO.10-08 Bricelj, M: PO.04-11 Buzan, D: PO.15-07 Bricelj, V. Monica: PO.04-07 Bužancic, M: PO.13-32 Bricelj, V. Monica: PO.04-08 Byrd, M: PO.15-07 Bricelj, V.M.: PO.14-06 Cabado, AG: PO.08-21 Briggs, LR: O.06-03
364 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Cabado, AG: PO.05-42 Cangini, M: PO.13-63 Cabanas, JM: PO.06-09 Cao, XH: PO.14-02 Cabral, Vap: PO.13-76 Cao, Xihua: PO.14-10 Cai, Y: PO.15-20 Capling, J: O.10-02 Caillaud, A: PO.13-46 Cardozo, KHM: PO.05-34 Caillaud, A: PO.05-29 Carlson, Dan: PO.13-10 Caillaud, A: PO.15-17 Carmichael, WW: PO.08-03 Caillaud, A: PO.07-16 Carreira, CC: PO.16-14 Caillaud, A: O.09-04 Carter, L: PO.10-34 Caillaud, A: PO.08-14 Carter, L: PO.01-20 Calado, AJ PO.15-24 Carvalho, VM: PO.05-34 Calado, AJ: PO.16-14 Carvalho, WF: PO.10-09 Calbet, A: PO.13-71 Cary, S.C.: PO.13-15 Camp, J: PO.13-14 Cary, S.C PO.06-17 Camp, J: PO.07-13 Castberg, Tonje: PO.15-08 Camp, J: PO.01-15 Cataletto, B: PO.01-07 Camp, J: PO.13-71 Cavaliere, R: O.11-01 Camp, J: PO.13-73 Cavaliere Rosalia, RC: O.01-03 Campa, A: PO.08-16 Ceccherelli, G: PO.16-15 Campbell, C: O.07-06 Cembella, A: PO.05-45 Campbell, L: PO.15-07 Cembella, A: PO.02-02 Campbell, L: PO.07-10 Cembella, A: Pl.04-01 Cañete, E: PO.13-46 Cembella, A: PO.07-16 Cañete, E: PO.05-29 Cembella, A: PO.08-23 Cañete, E: PO.15-17 Cembella, A.: PO.05-22 Cañete, E: PO.08-14 Cembella, AD: PO.02-03 Cañete, E: PO.07-16 Cembella, AD: PO.02-06 Cañete, E: O.09-04
365 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Cembella, AD: PO.01-11 Chen, Zhi-Lan: PO.14-09 Cembella, AD: O.11-03 Cheng, XS: PO.15-02 Cembella, AD: O.15-03 Cheng, YS: PO.05-27 Cembella, AD: O.21-02 Cheung, IS: PO.13-47 Cembella, AD: O.09-04 Chiantella, Claude: PO.05-05 Cepeda-Morales, J: PO.10-45 Chin, Wl: PO.01-09 Ceredi, A: PO.13-26 Chinain, M: PO.12-06 Ceredi, A: PO.13-63 Chinain, M: PO.03-05 Cerejo, M: PO.06-09 Chinain, M: PO.13-58 Chafik, Abdelghan: PO.13-18 Chinain, M: PO.12-16 Chambouvet, A: PO.07-07 Chiu, Ellen: O.01-04 Chan, L: O.01-04 Cho, Y: PO.09-04 Chan, Leo Lai: PO.02-04 Chou, HN: PO.02-08 Chan, Leo Lai: PO.10-23 Christensen, S: O.15-02 Chan, Leo Lai: PO.09-03 Christian, B: PO.08-02 Chan, Leo Lai: PO.10-24 Christoffersen, Kirsten S: PO.05-46 Chang, BD: PO.04-06 Christou, E.D.: PO.04-10 Chang, FH: PO.01-02, O.10-03 Chu, K.: PO.03-01 Chang, KG: PO.10-14 Chung, S: PO.15-20 Chapelle, A: PO.10-17 Chuprov, SM: PO.04-01 Chapelle, Annie: PO.06-27 Churro, CI: PO.16-14 Cheely, CS: O.03-01 Ciccarone, P: PO.15-21 Chen, H: PO.14-03 Ciminiello, P: O.07-03 Chen, JF: PO.11-04 Clarke, EO: PO.13-70 Chen, Jinfeng: PO.01-26 Clément Díaz, A: PO.13-57 Chen, Meimei: PO.11-12 Cloete, TE: PO.14-05 Chen, XH: PO.07-12 Coats, D. Wayne: O.13-04 Chen, Y: PO.05-39
366 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Cochlan, WP: PO.06-12 Cox, F. H.: PO.13-82 Cochlan, WP: O.08-02 Coyne, Kathryn J: PO.12-15 Cochlan, WP: PO.10-35 Coyne, KJ: PO.06-17 Cochlan, WP: O.08-01 Craft, C: PO.05-38 Cohen, A: PO.01-24 Crain, S: PO.05-38 Colepicolo, P: PO.05-34 Crassous, MP: PO.10-17 Colepicolo, P: PO.08-16 Craveiro, SC: PO.15-24 Collos, Y: PO.10-05 Cronberg, G: O.15-02 Collos, Y: PO.11-08 Cruchet, P: PO.12-06 Collos, Y: PO.10-31 Cruchet, P: PO.03-05 Collos, Y: PO.01-22 Cruz Lozano Ramirez, Cl: PO.13-52 Congestri, R: PO.13-21 Cuadrado, A: PO.02-07 Congestri, R: PO.13-26 Cullen, J: O.19-02 Conmy, RN: PO.06-21 Culloty, SC: O.12-01, PO.08-28 Conrad, S.: PO.03-01 Cyronak, TI: PO.10-29 Conrad, SM: PO.15-31 Czymmek, Kirk: PO.12-15 Contreras, AM: PO.04-02 D'alelio, D: O.17-04 Cook, S: O.21-01 D'alelio, D: PO.16-10 Cooney, J: O.06-03 D'alelio, D: O.13-03 Cooney, Jannie M.: PO.09-11 Daekyung, Kim: PO.05-04 Corbin, Tom: PO.13-10 Dale, Barrie: Pl.05-01 Correa, J: PO.05-40 Dalpra, D: O.03-03 Costa, Pedro: O.14-02 Dammak-Zouari, Hela: PO.13-50 Costisdis, A: PO.13-80 Dao, Viet Ha: PO.13-23 Coutinho, L.C.: PO.13-59 Darius, H T: PO.03-05 Couture, D: O.08-06 Darius, T: PO.12-06 Couture, D.: PO.03-01 Darius, T: PO.13-58 Cox, A: PO.16-07
367 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Daugbjerg, N: O.15-02 Dickey, R: PO.05-27 Daugbjerg, N: PO.12-13 Dickey, R. W.: PO.01-13 Daugbjerg, N: PO.12-09 Dickey, RW: PO.10-40 Davenport, J: O.12-01, PO.08-28 Diener, M: PO.05-19 Davidson, K: O.07-06 Diercks, S: O.16-02 Davidson, K.: PO.06-27 Dimaano, LM: PO.08-07 Davies-Vollum, KS: PO.16-07 Diogène, J: PO.15-17 Davis, TW: O.02-05 Diogène, J: PO.08-14 De Boer, M. K.: PO.10-30 Diogène, J: PO.07-16 De Fremicourt, I: PO.13-58 Diogène, J: PO.01-15 De La Cruz-Orozco, ME: PO.10-45 Diogène, J: O.09-04 De La Iglesia, Pablo: PO.05-43 Diogène, J: PO.13-46 De Meester, L: PO.01-19 Diogène, J: PO.05-29 De Salas, MF: O.16-04 Distefano, P.: PO.03-01 Dea, So: PO.13-80 Dixon, LK: PO.06-21 Deeds, J.: PO.03-01 Doan-Nhu, Hai: PO.10-38 Deeds, J: O.03-01 Doblin, MA: O.05-04 Deeds, J: PO.15-31 Doblin, MA: PO.06-17 Degner, R: PO.03-02 Dortch, Q: PO.13-84 Degner, Rl: PO.03-03 Doucette, G: PO.15-16 Dejenie, T: PO.01-19 Doucette, GJ.: O.19-01 Delgado, M: PO.15-17 Doucette, GJ.: O.16-01 Dell'aversano, C: O.07-03 Doucette, GJ: PO.04-09 Dell’aversano, C: PO.13-48 Doucette, GJ: PO.13-84 Demir, E: PO.06-17 Doval, M: PO.13-53 Demir, E: PO.12-15 Drinovec, L: PO.10-46 Di, BP: PO.07-03, PO.13-08 Du, Wei: PO.07-06 Dias, E: O.12-03
368 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Du Randt, A.: PO.07-17 Esplund, C: PO.15-33 Duinker, Arne: PO.08-19 Esteves, JL: PO.15-21 Dyble, J: PO.15-15 Estrada, M: PO.07-13 Dyhrman, ST: O.17-01 Etheridge, SM: O.03-01 Dyhrman, ST: O.04-04 Etheridge, SM: PO.15-31 Dziemiela, Kristy: PO.13-10 Etheridge, Stacey M.: PO.03-01 Eaglesham, GK: PO.05-18 Evans, Km: O.11-03 Economou-Amilli, Athena: PO.10-47 Evans, Km: Pl.06-01 Edler, L: PO.13-44 Fahnenstiel, GL: PO.15-15 Edler, L: PO.13-83 Faltin, Erin: PO.13-10 Edvardsen, B: PO.01-08 Fattorusso, E: O.07-03 Edvardsen, B: PO.12-07 Fauquier, D: PO.13-80 Edvardsen, B: PO.12-14 Faust, MA: PO.12-16 Egerton, TA: PO.15-04 Faust, MA: PO.06-02 Eikrem, W: PO.12-14 Fawcett, A: O.21-02 Eilola, K: O.20-05 Fawcett, AL: PO.07-17 Elandaloussi, LM: PO.07-16 Feki, Wafa: PO.13-50 Elandaloussi, LM: PO.01-15 Feldman, J: O.16-01 Elliott, CT: O.16-01 Feldman, J: PO.15-16 Ellwanger, M.: PO.03-01 Fensin, EE: PO.07-18 Ellwood, NTW: PO.06-06 Fernand, L: PO.07-05 English, Dave: PO.13-10 Fernand, L: O.18-03 Ennaffah, Btissam: PO.13-18 Fernández-Tejedor, M: PO.07-16 Erard, E: PO.10-17 Fernández-Tejedor, M: PO.01-15 Erichsen, A Chr: PO.06-24 Fernandez-Villamarín, A: PO.06-16 Erler, K: PO.08-04 Fernández-Villamarín, A: O.15-04 Escalera Moura, L: PO.06-09 Fernández, F: PO.08-10 Espina, RMM: O.20-01
369 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Fernández, L: PO.13-45 Fraga, S: PO.13-73 Fernández, M: PO.13-46 Franca, S: PO.02-07 Fernández, M: PO.05-29 Francesco Pomati, FP: O.01-03 Fernández, M: PO.15-17 Franco, J: PO.07-16 Fernández, M: PO.08-14 Franco, JM: PO.05-11 Fernández, R: PO.13-45 Franco, JM: PO.05-15 Ferrario, ME: PO.13-17 Franco, JM: PO.05-29 Ferrario, ME: PO.15-21 Franco, JM: PO.08-14 Ferreyra, GA: PO.13-17 Franco, JM: O.15-04 Fiandrino, A: PO.16-12 Franzén, J: PO.13-19 Figueroa, R: PO.05-15 Freer, E.: PO.13-79 Figueroa, RI: O.02-02 Freitag, M: PO.02-06 Figueroa, RI: PO.10-33 Frias, HV: PO.05-34 Figueroa, RI: PO.06-16 Friberg-Jensen, U.: PO.05-46 Figueroa, RI: O.15-04 Frost, BW: PO.16-07 Fleming, LE: PO.05-27 Fu, X: PO.15-20 Fleming, LE: O.03-03 Fuentes, M S: PO.15-29 Flewelling, L: O.21-01 Fuentes Grünewald, Claudio G: Flewelling, LJ: PO.13-72 PO.13-57
Flewelling, LJ: PO.13-80 Fukami, K: PO.13-60
Flewelling, LJ: PO.04-12 Fukuyo, Y: PO.10-02
Flewelling, LJ: O.21-02 Fukuyo, Y.: PO.13-55
Forino, M: O.07-03 Fukuyo, Y.: PO.16-16
Forsyth, CJ: O.10-01 Fukuyo, Yasuwo: PO.13-23
Fortuño, JM: PO.13-14 Funari, E: PO.03-07
Fraga, S: PO.05-15 Funiciello, R: PO.06-06
Fraga, S: PO.06-16 Furey, A: O.12-01
Fraga, S: O.15-04 Furio, EF: PO.10-02
370 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Garcés, E: PO.10-41 Furio, EF: O.13-02 Garcés, E: PO.16-15 Furio, F: PO.16-16 Garcés, E.: O.15-01 Furones, D: PO.15-17 Garcia, C: PO.08-23 Fux, E: PO.05-14 Garde, KG: O.19-04 Fux, E.E.: O.07-02 Garibay, SS: O.20-01 G Ao, Yahui: PO.07-06 Garnett, C: O.10-02 Gago-Martinez, A: PO.05-43 Garnett, CM: PO.08-17 Gall, M: O.10-03 Garnett, CM: O.19-02 Galli, O: PO.06-04 Garnett, CM: PO.05-41 Galluzzi, Luca: PO.15-06, PO.15-05 Garrett, M: O.21-01 Gao, S: PO.14-03 Garrett, Matt: PO.13-10 Gao, Yahui: PO.06-05 Garrett, MJ: PO.12-05 Gao, Yahui: PO.01-26 Garrido, Susana: O.14-02 Gao, YH: PO.11-04 Gawel, JE: PO.16-07 Gao, YH: PO.01-18 Gaxiola-Castro, G: PO.10-45 Gao, Yonghui: PO.14-10 Genovesi-Giunti, B: PO.16-12 Gárate-Lizárraga, I: PO.08-04 Genovesi-Giunti, B: PO.01-22 Garate-Lizarraga, Ismael: PO.08-27 Gentien, P: O.18-03 Gárate-Lizárraga, Ismael: PO.13-75 Gentien, Patrick: O.09-03 Garcé, E: PO.10-33 Gerdts, G: PO.08-02 Garcés, E: PO.10-05, PO.15-05 Giacobbe, Maria Gra: PO.15-06 Garcés, E: PO.16-01 Gieseker, C: O.03-01 Garcés, E: PO.13-14 Gilbert, H: PO.15-18 Garcés, E: PO.10-28 Gladyshev, MI: PO.04-01 Garcés, E: PO.07-13 Glibert, P.M.: O.18-02 Garcés, E: PO.01-15 Glibert, PM: PO.10-25 Garcés, E: PO.13-73 Glöckner, G: PO.02-02
371 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Greenfield, D: PO.15-16 Glöckner, G: PO.02-03 Greenfield, Dianne I.: O.19-01 Glöckner, G: PO.02-06 Greengrove, CL: PO.16-07 Gobler, CJ: O.02-05, PO.06-07 Gregg, MD: PO.14-04 Gobler, CJ: PO.06-17 Gribble, Kristin E: O.13-04 Godhe, A: PO.01-27 Grillo, C: O.07-03 Gol'din, Evgeny B.: PO.08-05 Grzebyk, D: PO.10-31 Gomes, SS: PO.13-33 Grzebyk, D: PO.01-22 González-Chan, RB: PO.15-34 Gu, JD: O.01-04 Gonzalez-Gil, S: PO.10-37 Guadayol, Ò: PO.10-28 González-Gil, S: PO.05-11 Guillén, J: PO.13-71 González-Gil, S: O.18-03 Guillou, L: PO.07-07 Goupil, Amélie: PO.05-07 Guimarães Nogueira, IC: PO.08-11, Graciela De Lara-Isassi, GDL: PO.13- PO.06-22 78 Guimard, Solene: PO.05-05 Graciela De Lara Isassi, GDL: PO.13- 52 Gumbo, JR: PO.14-05
Gradilla-Martínez, I: PO.07-11 Guo, Hao: PO.13-43
Gramaccioni, L: PO.03-07 Gutiérrez-Estrada, JC: O.05-02
Granados-Machuca, C: PO.07-11 Göbel, J: PO.01-21
Grande, H.R.: PO.01-13 Göbel, Jeanette: PO.07-06
Granéli, E: O.06-02 Hackett, JD: O.17-02
Granéli, E: PO.10-11, PO.10-09 Hagström, JA.: O.06-02
Granéli, E: PO.15-33 Hajdu, S: PO.10-10
Granéli, E: Pl.03-01 Haley, ST: O.17-01
Granéli, E: PO.10-47 Haley, ST: O.04-04
Granéli, W: PO.10-11 Halim, Y: PO.12-01
Granholm, A: PO.13-80 Hall, S: O.03-01
Greenfield, D: O.16-01 Hall, S: PO.15-31
372 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Hall, S.: PO.03-01 Haubois, Ag: PO.04-11 Hallegraeff, GM: PO.14-04, PO.08-13 Hawkes, Allan D.: PO.09-11 Hallegraeff, GM: O.05-04 Hayashi, Y: PO.15-27 Hallegraeff, GM: PO.10-32 Haywood, A: O.21-01 Hallegraeff, GM: PO.01-24 He, R: O.08-06 Hamann, MT: O.01-06 Hegaret, Ht: PO.05-09 Hällfors, HA: PO.10-10 Hégaret, Ht: PO.01-03 Hamano, Y: PO.05-24 Heideman, G: PO.15-07 Hamza, Asma: PO.13-28, PO.13-29 Heil, C: PO.15-20, PO.13-80 Hamza, Asma: PO.13-50 Heil, C. A.: O.21-01 Han, Xiaotian: PO.01-18 Heil, Ca: O.19-06 Handy, SM: PO.06-17 Heil, Cynthia A: PO.13-10 Hanne Kaas, H: O.19-04 Henry, M: O.03-03 Hansen: PO.10-49, PO.10-50 Henry, Michael S: PO.05-27 Hanson, S.: PO.01-13 Herfindal, L: PO.08-15 Hansson, L: O.02-02 Hernandez-Sandoval, Francisco: Hansson, M: PO.15-30 PO.08-27
Haque, Shahroz M: O.10-04 Hernandez Becerril, Du: PO.15-34
Hardison, Dr: O.18-04 Hess, P: PO.05-14
Hardstaff, W: PO.05-38 Hess, P: Pl.01-01
Hardstaff, W: PO.05-41 Hess, P: PO.09-10
Hardstaff, Wr: PO.05-37 Hess, P.: O.07-02
Härnström, K: PO.16-08 Hetland, Rd: PO.07-10
Hatanaka, E: PO.08-16 Hickey, B: PO.06-12
Hatta, Y: PO.14-11 Hickey, Bm: O.08-02
Hatta, Y: PO.14-14 Hickey, Bm: O.08-01
Hattori, M: PO.16-11 Hickey, M.: PO.03-01
Hatzianestis, Ioannis: PO.10-47 Higman, W: PO.06-15
373 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Horsberg, TE.: O.06-04 Hiller, S: PO.05-45 Hovgaard, P: PO.08-19 Hiller, S: PO.01-12 Hovgaard, Peter: PO.15-08 Hinzmann, Mf: PO.15-24 Howarth, RW.: O.18-02 Hiramatsu, K: PO.09-04 Huang, Bangqin: PO.10-24 Hiroishi, Shingo: PO.16-04 Huang, XQ: PO.15-02 Hirose, MY PO.10-02 Huang, Xu Guang: PO.10-23 Ho-Van, The: PO.13-68 Hubbard, KA.: PO.01-10 Ho, KC: O.08-05 Hubert, J: PO.16-07 Ho, Kinchung: PO.01-26 Hulston, D: O.10-03 Hoagland, Porter: Pl.02-01 Hutchins, DA: PO.06-17 Hodgkiss, John: PO.02-04 Hutchins, DA: PO.12-15 Hoffer, S: PO.16-07 Huyen, NTM: PO.10-02 Hofmann, Eileen E.: PO.04-08 Hwang, CH: PO.16-13 Holland, PT: O.06-03 Ibarra, D: PO.07-16 Holland, PT: O.07-05 Imai, I: PO.16-11 Holland, WC: PO.12-16 Imai, I: PO.14-08 Holmes, A: PO.13-22 Imai, I: PO.15-27 Holmes, AK: PO.10-32 Ishiguro, A: PO.14-16 Holmes, MJ: PO.12-16 Ishiguro, A: PO.14-14 Hong, Hua-Sheng: PO.02-04 Ishikawa, A: PO.16-11 Hong, Hua-Sheng: PO.10-23 Ishikawa, Kanae: PO.16-04 Hong, Hua-Sheng: PO.09-03 Ishimaru, T: PO.09-04 Hong, Hua-Sheng: PO.10-24 Ismael, AA: PO.12-01 Honjo, T: PO.11-06, PO.16-06 Ismail, WA: PO.07-02 Honjo, T: PO.11-09, PO.11-10 Itakura, S: PO.15-11, O.11-02 Honsell, G: PO.13-48 Itakura, Shigeru: O.13-01 Horner, RA: PO.16-07 Ito, Emiko: PO.08-01
374 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
John, U: O.11-03 Ivanova, EA: PO.04-01 John, U: O.15-03 Ivanova, EA: PO.15-01 John, U: PO.10-34 Ivanova, EA: PO.13-56 John, U: O.09-04 Iwataki, Mitsunori: PO.01-23 John, U.: O.17-04 Jaeckisch, N: PO.02-02 John, Uwe: PO.02-05 Jaeckisch, N: O.09-04 Jones, W: PO.15-16 Jaén, D: PO.13-45 Jordan, F: PO.07-14 James, KF: O.12-01 Jordan, P: O.12-03 Jauzein, C.: PO.10-05 Juhel, Guillaume: O.12-01, PO.08-28 Jeannin, C: PO.11-08 Jung, I: PO.02-03 Jenkinson, IR: O.04-01 Kalachova, GS: PO.13-56 Jensen, D: O.06-03 Kamikawa, R: PO.15-27 Jensen, Dwayne J.: PO.09-11 Kamikawa, Ryoma: PO.15-12 Jensen, S: O.16-01 Kang, NS: O.02-04 Jensen, S: PO.15-16 Kang, YG: O.02-03 Jensen, S: O.19-01 Kang, YG: PO.10-18 Jeon, YJ: O.11-01 Kankaanpää, Harri T: O.12-02 Jeong, HJ: O.02-04 Kantu, C: O.09-04 Jester, ELE.: PO.01-13 Karjalainen, Mr: PO.08-08 Jiang, TJ: PO.11-04 Karlson, B: PO.13-38 Jiang, TJ: PO.09-09 Karlson, B: PO.13-44 Johansen, M: PO.15-19 Karlson, B.: PO.15-30, O.20-05, John, U: PO.02-02 PO.13-83
John, U: Pl.04-01 Katarzyna Izydorczyk, KI: O.19-04
John, U: PO.02-03 Katayama, T: PO.10-02
John, U: PO.02-06 Kavanagh, SM: PO.01-06
John, U: PO.01-11 Kawabata, K: O.03-01
375 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Kawami, Hisae: PO.01-23 Kirkpatrick, B: PO.05-27 Kawasaki, M: PO.05-26 Kirkpatrick, B.: O.03-03 Kawatsu, K: PO.05-24 Kirkpatrick, GJ: O.19-05 Kaya, K: PO.05-16 Kleivdal, H: O.07-06 Kaya, K: PO.05-17 Klinck, John M.: PO.04-08 Kaya, K: PO.14-14 Kloepper, S: O.15-03 Kaya, Kunimitsu: PO.05-01 Kobiyama, A: PO.09-01, PO.10-03 Keafer, BA: O.08-06 Kobiyama, A: PO.01-17 Kellmann, R: O.11-01 Kodama, M: PO.10-02 Kellmann Ralf, RK: O.01-03 Kodama, Massaki: PO.13-23 Kerbrat, AS: PO.13-58 Kodama, Masaaki: PO.09-08 Kharrat, Riadh: PO.05-28 Koike, K: PO.09-01, PO.10-03 Kibler, SR: PO.12-16 Koike, K: PO.01-17 Kikuchi, Sachiko: PO.05-02 Kokocinski, M: PO.13-16 Kilroy, C.: PO.13-15 Kolmakov, VI: PO.04-01 Kim, CH: PO.05-32 Kolmakova, OV: PO.15-01 Kim, CH: PO.16-13 Kolmakova, AA: PO.13-56 Kim, HS: PO.10-14 Konopko, E: PO.15-18 Kim, HS: O.02-03 Kooistra, W.: O.17-04 Kim, HS: PO.10-18 Kooistra, WHCF: PO.01-14 Kim, KY: PO.16-13 Kooistra, WHCF: PO.01-16 Kim, S: O.02-03 Kotaki, Yuichi: PO.10-02 Kim, S: PO.10-18 Kotaki, Yuichi: O.04-02 Kim, TH: O.02-04 Koukaras, K: PO.13-07 Kim, YS: PO.05-32 Kraberg, A: PO.12-11 King, K: PO.04-09 Kraeuter, John N.: PO.04-08 King, KL: O.16-01 Kravchuk, ES: PO.04-01 Kirchhoff, S: O.19-02
376 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Kravchuk, ES: PO.15-01 Labry, C.: PO.06-27 Kremp, A: PO.12-04 Lacaze, J-P: PO.15-14, O.07-04 Kremp, A: PO.13-19 Lago, J: PO.08-21 Kremp, A: PO.07-09 Lago, J: PO.05-42 Kristiansen, SI: O.07-06 Lagos, N: PO.08-23 Krock, B: PO.05-45 Lam, Nguyen N.: PO.13-68, PO.13-87 Krock, B: PO.05-10 Landsberg, J: O.21-01, PO.13-80 Krock, B: Pl.04-01 Landsberg, JH O.03-01 Krock, B: PO.02-03 Landsberg, JH: PO.13-72 Krock, B: PO.01-11 Landsberg, JH: PO.04-12 Krock, B: O.09-04 Landsberg, JH: O.21-02 Krock, B: PO.08-23 Lane, MF: PO.15-04 Krock, B.: PO.05-22 Langlois, GW: PO.15-23 Krueger, T: PO.01-12 Lankoff, A: PO.08-03 Krupatkina, D: O.14-04 Lanni, L: PO.13-26 Kubanek, J: O.09-02 Larkin, S: PO.03-02 Kubanek, J: PO.11-03 Larkin, Sl: PO.03-03 Kubanek, J: PO.04-03 Larsen, Jacob: PO.13-87 Kubo, Takuya: PO.05-01 Larsson, U: PO.10-10 Kudela, RM: PO.15-23 Lartigue, J: PO.10-40 Kudela, RM: O.21-02 Lasserre, B: PO.01-22 Kujbida, P: PO.08-16 Laurent, D: PO.13-58 Kumar-Roin, S: O.22-01 Laurent, D: O.22-01 Kuosa, H: PO.10-10 Lawrence, JE: O.08-04 Kuuppo, P: PO.13-41 Lawton, LA: PO.11-02 Kuylenstierna, M: O.20-05, PO.13-83 Laza, A: PO.13-20 Kaas, H: PO.06-24 Le Gal, Dominique: PO.05-06 Labry, C: PO.10-17
377 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Le Grand, J: PO.10-17 Lewis, NI: O.19-02 Leaw, CP: PO.10-03 Lewis, NI: PO.05-37 Leblanc, P: PO.05-38 Lewis, NI: PO.05-41 Lee, SQ: PO.16-13 Li, Af: PO.05-33 Lee, Y: PO.16-13 Li, J: PO.10-25 Lefebvre, K: PO.13-47 Li, J: PO.05-33 Leflaive, J: PO.11-14 Li, Rx: PO.06-10 Léger, C: PO.10-39 Li, Yang: PO.06-05 Leggiadro, CT: PO.08-17 Li, Yang: PO.01-26 Legrand, C: PO.13-27 Li, Ying: PO.10-04 Legrand, C.: O.09-01 Lian, CL: O.11-02 Legresley, MM: O.20-04 Liang, Junrong: PO.06-05 Legresley, MM: PO.04-06 Liang, Junrong: PO.01-26 Lekan, DK: PO.06-13 Licea-Duran, S: PO.13-81 Lemkau, KL: PO.05-27 Lidie, KB: O.17-03 Leong, SCY: PO.10-19 Lim, PT: PO.09-01, PO.10-03 Leong, SCY: PO.10-20 Lin, C: PO.02-09 Leong, SCY: PO.10-21 Lin, Lin: PO.10-24 Lessard, EJ: PO.06-12 Lindahl, O: PO.08-12 Lessard, EJ: O.08-02 Lindberg, V: PO.10-01 Lessard, EJ: O.08-01 Lindberg, V: PO.10-06 Levin, Ed: O.06-01 Lindberg, V: PO.10-15 Lewis, J: PO.10-34 Lindegarth, Susanne: PO.13-35 Lewis, J: PO.06-15 Lindehoff, E: O.02-01 Lewis, JM: PO.01-20 Lindén, E: PO.08-08 Lewis, JM: PO.15-28 Lindholm, TJ: PO.13-19 Lewis, N: PO.05-38 Lion, M: PO.15-26 Lewis, NI: PO.08-17
378 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Lisowska, H: PO.08-03 Lu, S: PO.10-25
Litaker, R. Wayne: PO.12-12 Lu, SH: PO.10-04
Litaker, RW: PO.12-16 Lu, SH: PO.11-04
Litaker RW, MW Vandersea, SR Kible: Lu, Songhui: PO.07-04 PO.06-02 Lucchetti, D: PO.13-26 Liu, Jie-Sheng: PO.14-09 Luckas, B: PO.08-02 Liu, Jie-Sheng: PO.14-09 Luckas, B: PO.08-04 Liu, JS: PO.11-04 Luckas, B: PO.05-45 Llaveria, G: PO.10-28 Luckas, B: PO.05-19, PO.01-12 Loader, J: O.06-03 Luckas, B: PO.05-33 Loader, Jared: PO.09-11 Luckas, B: PO.05-23 Lobo-Da-Cunha, A: PO.08-11 Luedeking, A.: O.17-04 Logares, RE: PO.12-04 Luglié, A: PO.16-15 Lohrenz, SE: O.19-05 Lundanes, E: PO.05-36 Lona, Bob: PO.13-82 Lundholm: PO.10-49, PO.10-50 Loo, LO.: PO.13-38 Lundholm, N: PO.10-02 López-Cortés, DJ: PO.13-75 Lundholm, N: PO.16-14 Lorgeoux, B: PO.10-17 Lundholm, Nina: O.04-02 Lourenço, S.O.: PO.13-59 Lundve, B: PO.13-35 Lovko, VJ: O.04-03, PO.08-22 Lundve, Bengt: PO.08-12 Lozano-Ramírez C., Clr: PO.13-78 Lunven, M: O.18-03 Lu, D PO.10-25 Lv, Songhui: O.20-06 Lu, D: PO.01-21 Lüdeking, A: O.13-03 Lu, DD: PO.07-04 Lyons, M: PO.04-06 Lu, DD: PO.01-18 Lyons, SJ: PO.07-05 Lu, Douding: PO.06-05 Laabir, M: PO.16-12 Lu, Douding: PO.07-06 Laabir, M: PO.10-31 Lu, Douding: O.20-06 Laabir, M: PO.01-22
379 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Marin, R: PO.15-09 Laabir, Mohamed: PO.11-08 Marin LII, R: O.16-01 Macario, A: PO.12-11 Marin LII, R: PO.15-16 Macfadyen, A: O.08-02 Marinho Da Costa, R: PO.08-10 Machii, K: PO.05-26 Mariño, C: PO.05-03, PO.08-25, Mackenzie, L: PO.09-02 PO.08-26
Mackinnon, S: PO.05-38 Marion, VR: PO.11-04
Macquarrie, Scott P.: PO.04-07 Marquez, I: PO.13-45
Madariaga, I: PO.10-08 Marschallek, I.: PO.05-22
Maekawa, M: PO.10-19 Marshall, HG.: PO.15-04
Maekawa, M: PO.10-20 Marshall, HG: PO.13-16
Magnani, F: PO.13-63 Martín, H: PO.05-03, PO.08-25, PO.08-26 Magnani, Mauro: PO.15-06, PO.15-05 Martin, JL.: O.20-04 Magno, GS: O.07-03 Martin, JL: O.20-04 Makarewicz, J: PO.15-18 Martin, JL: PO.04-06 Mallat, E: PO.13-46 Martinez-Gaxiola, MD: PO.10-45 Mallat, E: PO.05-29 Martínez, B: PO.13-81 Mallat, E: PO.15-17 Martins, MR: PO.08-15 Mallat, E: PO.08-14 Maso, M: PO.10-05 Mallat, E: PO.07-16 Maso, M: PO.13-86 Mallin, MA: PO.01-24 Masó, M: PO.13-73 Mamán, Luz: PO.13-45 Massana, R: PO.12-10 Maneiro, I.: PO.04-10 Masseret, E: PO.11-08 Mann, DG: Pl.06-01 Masseret, E: PO.10-31 Marasovic, I: PO.13-32 Masseret, E: PO.01-22 Marcaillou, Claire: PO.05-06 Massion, B.: O.19-01 Marcaillou, Claire: PO.05-07 Massion, E: PO.15-16 Marin, R. LII: O.19-01 Massion, G: O.16-01
380 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Mikulski, T: PO.15-16 Matsubara, T: PO.11-06, PO.16-06 Milandri, A: PO.13-63 Matsubara, T: PO.11-09, PO.11-10 Miles, Chris: PO.05-21 Matsuoka, K.: PO.16-16 Miles, C: PO.15-08 Matsuoka, Kazumi: PO.01-23 Miles, C: PO.09-11 Matsuyama, Y: PO.15-11, O.11-02 Miles, CO: O.06-03 Matsuyama, Yukihiko: PO.13-88 Miles, CO: O.10-01 Mattei, D: PO.03-07 Miles, CO: PO.09-10 Mcdonald, SM: PO.16-10 Miller, PE: PO.15-23 Mcdonald, SM: PO.01-14 Minnhagen, S: PO.10-09 Mcgillicuddy, JR, DJ: O.08-06 Miyahara, T: PO.15-12 Mcglone, MS: PO.14-07 Moestrup, Ø: O.15-02 Mckenzie, CH: PO.06-19 Moestrup, Ø: PO.08-14 Mcmillan, D: PO.05-14 Moestrup, Ø: PO.12-13 Mcnabb, P: O.07-05 Moestrup, Ø: PO.16-14 Meave Del Castillo, E: PO.13-54 Moestrup, Ø: PO.12-09 Medlin, L: PO.10-34 Mohammad-Noor, N: PO.08-14 Medlin, LK: O.16-02 Mohammad-Noor, N: PO.12-09 Medlin, LK: PO.01-11 Mohlin, M: PO.10-01 Melchiorre, N: O.07-03 Mohlin, M: PO.10-06 Melia, G: PO.01-24 Mohlin, M: PO.10-15 Mendes, MA: PO.05-34 Moita, MT: PO.04-04 Mendez, MA: PO.08-23 Moita, MT: PO.06-14 Méndez, SM: PO.06-04 Moita, MT: PO.13-53 Metfies, K: O.16-02 Moita, T: PO.06-09 Mihali, TK: O.11-01 Moita, T: PO.12-11 Mikulski, C: PO.04-09 Moline, MA: O.19-05 Mikulski, CM: O.16-01 Mondeguer, Florence: PO.05-06
381 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Morton, Steve: PO.13-68 Mondeguer, Florence: PO.05-07 Morton, Steve: PO.15-32 Mongkonsangsuree, N: PO.13-64 Moschandreou, K: PO.13-07 Mónica Cristina Rodríguez P, Mc: PO.13-52 Moschandreou, K: PO.12-02
Monroe, EA: O.17-03 Mosello, R: PO.06-06
Montanari, S: PO.13-63 Mountfort, DO.: PO.09-02
Montero, P: PO.13-53 Muhlstein, HI.: PO.10-27
Montesanto, Barbara: PO.10-47 Mulderij, G.: PO.05-46
Monti, M: PO.01-07 Munday, R: O.06-03
Monti, M: PO.10-46 Muñetón-Gómez, MS: PO.13-75
Montresor, M: PO.16-10 Murasko, Sue: PO.13-10
Montresor, M: O.13-03 Murata, Ai: PO.10-21
Montresor, M.: O.17-04 Murata, K: PO.15-12
Mooney, BD: PO.08-13 Murillo, A: PO.08-23
Morales-Blake, A: PO.15-34 Mustaffa, S: O.20-02
Morales-Zamorano, La: PO.07-11 Myers, T: O.09-02
Moreno Díaz De La Espina, S: PO.02- Myers, T: PO.11-03 07 Myung, G: PO.10-14 Morey, JS: O.17-03 Myung, G: O.02-03 Morgan, K: PO.03-02 Nagai, S: O.13-01 Morgan, KL: PO.03-03 Nagai, S: O.11-03 Morono, A: PO.10-33 Nagai, S: PO.01-22 Moroño, A: PO.06-09 Nagai, Satoshi: PO.15-11, O.11-02 Moroño, A: PO.13-53 Nagasoe, S: PO.11-06, PO.16-06 Moroño, A: PO.05-40 Nagasoe, S: PO.11-09, PO.11-10 Morquecho, L: PO.08-04 Nakaji, K: O.01-05 Morquecho, L.: PO.08-27 Naoki, H: PO.10-02 Morris, S: PO.06-15 Nascimento, SM: PO.13-12
382 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Nonogaki, H: PO.13-11 Naustvoll, L-J: O.20-05 Nordin, L: O.20-02 Naustvoll, L-J: PO.12-14 Norton, K: O.08-06 Navarrete, A: PO.13-81 Nualla, AN: O.20-01 Navarro, JM: PO.04-02 Nuzzi, R: PO.06-07 Neaud-Masson, Nadine: PO.05-05 Naar, J: O.09-02 Neely, Merrie: PO.13-10 Naar, J: PO.11-03 Neilan, BA: O.11-01 Naar, J: PO.05-27 Neilan, BA: O.01-01 Naar, J: PO.13-72 Neilan, BA: O.01-02 Naar, J: PO.10-44 Nelson, H: O.16-03 O'brien, NM: O.12-01 Neville, J: PO.16-07 O'halloran, J: O.12-01, PO.08-28 Nézan, Elizabeth: PO.05-06 O'riordan, RM: O.12-01, PO.08-28 Nguyen-Ngoc, Tuong Gia: PO.10-38 Oberansli, F: PO.04-09 Nguyen, L: PO.08-12 Ocaña, MA: PO.13-45 Nguyen, LAI: PO.15-08 Oda, Tatsuya: PO.05-04 Nguyen, LTT: PO.12-13 Oelmueller, R: PO.01-12 Nguyen, Mai Anh T: PO.10-38 Ogata, T: PO.09-01, PO.10-03 Nguyen, NTM: PO.09-01 Ogata, T: PO.01-17 Nguyen, ST: O.10-01 Ogawa, H: PO.14-11 Ní Rathaille, A: O.18-01 Ogawa, H: PO.14-16 Nichols, PD: PO.08-13 Ogawa, H: PO.14-12 Nikolaidis, G: PO.13-06, PO.13-07 Ogawa, H: PO.14-13 Nikolaidis, G: PO.12-02 Ogawa, H: PO.14-14 Nincevic Gladan, Ž: PO.13-32 Ogawa, H: PO.14-15 Nishikawa, M: PO.05-17 Ogawa, M: PO.09-04 Noble, JRN: O.20-01 Ohyama, K: PO.15-12 Noel, JL: PO.15-29 Okamoto, H: PO.14-08
383 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Pagou, Kalliopi: PO.10-47 Oldach, D: PO.01-24 Palanques, A: PO.16-01 Oldach, DW: PO.01-01 Palma, S: PO.06-14 Oldach, DW: PO.13-40 Pan, G: PO.14-03 Olin, Miika: O.12-02 Park, JG: PO.12-08 Oliveira, PB: PO.06-14 Park, JY: O.02-04 Omura, T: PO.09-04 Park, MG: O.02-03 Orchard, ED: O.17-01 Park, MG: PO.10-18 Orchard, ED: O.04-04 Parlange-Lamshing, D: PO.07-11 Orellana-Cepeda, E: PO.07-11 Parrow, MW: PO.10-41 Orive, E: PO.13-20 Parrow, MW: PO.10-42 Orive, E: PO.10-08 Parrow, MW: PO.01-24 Orlova, Tatiana: PO.13-61 Parsons, ML: PO.13-84 Ortiz-Lira, H: PO.15-34 Pastoureaud, A: PO.11-08 Osborn, SE: PO.05-27 Pastoureaud, A: PO.16-12 Oshima, Y: PO.11-06, PO.16-06 Pastoureaud, A: PO.10-31 Oshima, Y: PO.11-09, PO.11-10 Pate, SE: PO.08-20 Oshima, Y: PO.05-25 Patel, BKC: PO.02-01 Oshima, Y: O.01-05 Patterson, DJ: PO.12-11 Oshima, Y: PO.09-04 Pauillac, S: O.22-01 Ou, Linjian: PO.10-24 Pauillac, S: PO.13-58 Ou, MS: PO.07-04 Pavia, H: O.08-03 Owsianny, P: PO.13-16 Pavlidou, Aleka: PO.10-47 Padedda, BM: PO.16-15 Paz, B: PO.05-15 Padilla, LV: PO.14-07 Paz, B: PO.05-29 Padmakumar, K: PO.13-67 Paz, B: PO.07-16 Page, FH: O.20-04 Pazos, Y: PO.06-09 Pagou, K.: PO.04-10 Pazos, Y: PO.13-53
384 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Pierce, RH: PO.14-06 Pazos, Y: PO.05-40 Pigalarga, Alessandr: PO.15-06 Pazos, Y: PO.10-33 Pigg, R: O.21-01 Peña-Manjarrez, JL: PO.10-45 Pigozzi, S: PO.13-63 Peng, JE: O.01-06 Pilskaln, CH: O.08-06 Peng, XC: PO.11-04 Pinto, E: PO.05-34 Penna, A: O.15-04 Pinto, E: PO.08-16 Penna, A.: PO.15-05 Pinto, TO: PO.13-76 Penna, Antonella: PO.15-06 Pirkle, C: PO.04-03 Peperzak, L: PO.10-30 Pitcher, GC.: PO.07-17 Peralta, J P: O.20-01 Pitcher, GC: O.21-02 Percy, L: PO.06-15 Piumsomboon, A: PO.13-60 Percy, L: PO.01-20 Piumsomboon, A: PO.13-64 Pereira, LCC: PO.08-10 Pizarro, G: PO.05-15 Pereira, P: O.12-03 Pizarro, G: PO.05-11 Pérez, L: PO.15-21 Place, A: PO.13-11 Perini, Federico: PO.15-06 Place, AR: O.14-04 Pernet, Fabrice: PO.04-07 Place, AR: O.01-06 Petersen, D: PO.09-10 Plakas, S: PO.05-27 Petrik, K: O.21-01 Pocsidio, GN: PO.08-07 Pettengill, F.: PO.03-01 Pompei, M: PO.13-63 Peuthert, Anja: PO.08-06 Pope, PB: PO.02-01 Pflugmacher, Stephan: O.12-02 Portune, KJ: PO.06-17 Pflugmacher, Stephan: PO.08-06 Postel, JR: PO.16-07 Pflugmacher, Stephan: PO.11-05 Potter, RA: PO.05-41 Phapavasit, N: PO.13-64 Poulton, NJ: O.16-03 Pierce, R: O.03-03 Powell, Eric N.: PO.04-08 Pierce, RH: PO.05-27 Preston, C: PO.15-16
385 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Quilliam, M: PO.05-37 Preston, CM: PO.15-09 Quilliam, M: PO.05-39 Prince, EK: O.09-02 Rafuse, CM: PO.08-17 Prince, EK: PO.11-03 Rafuse, CM: O.19-02 Prioli, Silvia: PO.15-06 Raine, R: PO.07-05 Probert, I: PO.12-11 Raine, R: O.05-01 Probyn, TA.: PO.07-17 Raine, R: O.18-01 Purina, Ingrida: PO.13-65 Raine, R: PO.06-27 Pyrgaki, Christina: PO.10-47 Raine, R: O.18-03 Pålsson, C: O.02-02 Raine, R.: Pl.08-01 Qi, Yuzao: PO.07-06 Ramilo, I: PO.06-16, PO.10-33 Qi, YuZao: PO.06-05 Ramilo, I: O.15-04 Qi, YZ: PO.10-04 Ramírez, C: PO.13-81 Qi, YZ: PO.07-04 Ramos, MF: PO.08-15 Qi, YZ: PO.11-04 Ramsdell, JS: O.06-01 Qi, YZ: PO.16-02 Rangel, S: PO.13-57 Qi, YZ: PO.01-18 Rasmussen, P: O.07-05 Qualia, S.: PO.01-13 Ravizza, P: PO.13-21 Quijano-Scheggia, S: PO.13-14 Reeves, K: PO.05-38 Quijano, S: PO.01-15 Reeves, KL: O.10-02 Quillam, M: PO.05-41 Reeves, KL: PO.05-39 Quilliam, M: PO.05-33 Reger, RN.: PO.10-13 Quilliam, M: PO.05-38 Reguera, B: PO.05-11 Quilliam, M: PO.04-11 Reguera, B: O.18-03 Quilliam, M: PO.05-35 Reguera, B: PO.10-37 Quilliam, M: PO.08-17 Reguera, B: PO.15-26 Quilliam, M: O.19-02 Reguera Ramirez, B: PO.06-09 Quilliam, M: O.10-02 Rehman, N: PO.09-10
386 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Roberts, A.A: O.01-02 Rehnstam-Holm, A.-S.: PO.13-38 Robertson, A: O.10-02 Reich, A: PO.05-27 Robertson, A: PO.05-39 Reich, A: O.03-03 Rocap, G.: PO.01-10 Reimschuessel, R: O.03-01 Rodrigues, SM: PO.13-33 Reis, M A: PO.13-36 Rodríguez-Palacio M. C, MCR: PO.13- Relox, JR: PO.10-02 78
Ren, J: PO.12-08 Rodriguez, A.: PO.16-16
Reñe, A: PO.13-71 Rodríguez, R: PO.13-81
Reñé, A: PO.16-01 Rodríguez S., R: PO.13-54
Reñé, A: PO.13-73 Rodríguez Velasco, ML: 27
Rengefors, K: PO.12-04 Rohrlack, T.: PO.05-46
Rengefors, K: O.02-02 Roman, B: O.16-01
Revel, T: PO.12-06 Roman, B: PO.15-16
Revel, T: PO.03-05 Roman, B.: O.19-01
Reyes-Salinas, A: PO.08-04 Romero, ML: PO.10-02
Rhodes, LL: O.06-03 Rommel, S: PO.13-80
Rial, P: PO.06-16 Root, HR: O.01-01
Ribeiro, SS: PO.06-08 Rosa, RUI: O.14-02
Ribera D’alcalà, M: O.13-03 Rost: PO.10-49, PO.10-50
Riccardi, E: PO.13-63 Rourke, WA: PO.05-41
Richardson, B: O.21-01 Royer, Florence: PO.05-05
Richter, : PO.10-50 Rubini, S: PO.13-63
Rick, J J: PO.15-29 Ruebhart, DR: PO.05-12
Riisberg, I: PO.01-08 Ruiz-Villareal, M: PO.06-09
Riobo, P: PO.05-15 Rundberget, T: PO.15-19
Riobo, P: PO.07-16 Rundberget, T: O.10-01
Rise, F: PO.09-10 Rundberget, T: PO.09-10
387 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Rundberget, Thomas: PO.05-21 Sar, Ea: PO.12-03 Rundberget, Thomas: PO.15-08 Saravanan, V: PO.01-04 Rungsupa, S: PO.13-60 Sarno, D: PO.16-10 Ryan, JC: O.17-03 Sarno, D: O.13-03 Sagou, Reqia: PO.09-06 Sarno, D: PO.01-14 Saiz, E: PO.12-10 Sarno, D: PO.01-16 Sakamoto, Setsuko: O.13-02 Sastre, AV: PO.15-21 Sako, Y: PO.15-12 Sato, S: PO.09-01 Sako, Y: PO.15-27 Sato, Shigeru: PO.09-08 Sala, Se: PO.12-03 Satta, CT: PO.16-15 Samdal, Ia: O.10-01 Sauviat, M-P: O.22-01 Sampayo, Maria Ant: O.14-02 Sayfritz, SJ: PO.05-36 Sampedro, N: PO.13-14 Scardala, S: PO.03-07 Sampedro, N: PO.10-28 Schloss, IR: PO.13-17 Sampedro, N: PO.07-13 Schlüter, LS: O.19-04 Sampedro, N: O.15-04 Schofield, OM: O.19-05 Sampedro, N: PO.13-71 Scholin, C: PO.15-16 Sampedro, N: PO.13-73 Scholin, CA.: O.19-01 Sandvik, M: PO.08-12 Scholin, CA: O.16-01 Sandvik, M: O.10-01 Scholin, CA: PO.15-09 Sandvik, Morten: PO.05-21 Schuster, T: PO.10-44 Sandvik, Morten: PO.15-08 Scott, A: PO.15-14, PO.13-39 Sangiorgi, V: PO.13-26 Scott, PS: O.21-02 Sangiorgi, Vc: PO.13-21 Sebastian, L: PO.04-12 Sano, T: PO.05-16 Sechi, N: PO.16-15 Sano, T: PO.05-17 Segura, M: PO.13-71 Sano, Tomoharu: PO.05-01 Seifert, M: O.12-04 Santinelli, NN: PO.15-21
388 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Seifert, M: PO.05-18 Shin, MS: PO.10-31
Seitzinger, S.: O.18-02 Shiraishi, T: PO.15-27
Sekiguchi, R: PO.05-13 Shumway, SE: PO.05-09
Sekiguchi, R: O.07-01 Shumway, SE: PO.01-03
Selander, E: PO.13-35 Shumway, SE: PO.08-20
Selander, E: O.08-03 Sibat, Manoella: PO.05-05
Sellner, KG: PO.14-01 Sieracki, CK: O.16-03
Sellner, KG: PO.13-11 Silva, A: PO.06-14
Sellner, SG: PO.14-01 Silva, MJ: O.12-03
Sellner, SG: PO.13-11 Silver, MW: PO.13-49
Selwood, AI: O.07-05 Silver, MW: PO.13-47
Sengco, M.: PO.14-06 Silver, MW: PO.15-23
Seoane, S: PO.13-20 Sivaipram, I: PO.13-60
Sequeira, Marina: O.14-02 Skejic, S: PO.13-32
Sergio Alvarez Hernández, SA: Skelton, HM: PO.10-42 PO.13-52 Skerratt, JH: PO.13-22 Setälä, OS: O.14-03 Skjelbred, B: PO.10-12 Shaw, GR: PO.05-18 Skjevik, A-T: PO.13-44 Sheng, J: PO.06-20 Skjevik, A-T: PO.13-83 Shi, X: PO.10-25 Skovgaard, A: PO.12-10 Shi, Xiaoyong: PO.07-15 Skærven, K: PO.08-15 Shi, Xiaoyong: O.20-06 Smayda, TJ: O.02-06 Shigeru, Sato: PO.13-23 Smith, K: O.07-05 Shikata, T: PO.11-06 Snell, TW: PO.04-03 Shikata, T: PO.11-09, PO.11-10 Soasii, P: PO.13-60 Shikata, Tomoyuki: PO.16-06 Sobrinho-Gonçalves, L: PO.04-04 Shimasaki, Y: PO.11-06, PO.16-06 Solís, M: PO.15-21 Shimasaki, Y: PO.11-09, PO.11-10 Song, JV: O.02-04
389 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Song, XX: PO.14-02 Stumpf, RP: PO.15-20
Song, XX: PO.11-11 Stumpf, RP: PO.15-07
Songroop, C: PO.13-60 Stumpf, RP: PO.15-15
Songroop, C: PO.13-64 Stumpf, RP: O.19-03
Sopanen, SK.: O.14-03 Stæhr, P: PO.06-24
Sorenson, K: PO.16-07 Su, Jilan: PO.13-13
Sosa, S: PO.13-48 Subba Rao, Dv: PO.07-02
Soto, K: PO.08-23 Sugino, N: PO.14-08
Sousa Gomes, Susana: PO.05-30 Sunda, WG: O.18-04
Spaulding, SA.: PO.13-15 Sunesen, Inés: PO.12-03
Spilling, K: PO.11-13 Susann, Hiller: PO.05-23
Spilling, K: PO.07-09 Suseela, MR: PO.13-85
Squire, Phillip: PO.15-25 Sutherland, CM: PO.13-47
Stahl, S: PO.04-12 Sutherland, CM: PO.13-49
Stanek, D: PO.13-80 Suzuki, M: PO.05-13
Steidinger, KA: PO.12-05 Suzuki, M: O.07-01
Steidinger, KA: O.21-01 Suzuki, T: O.07-01
Steidinger, KA: PO.15-28 Svardal, A: PO.08-19
Steidinger, KA: O.19-06 Taguchi, S: PO.10-19
Stewart, R: PO.01-02 Taguchi, S: PO.10-20
Stobo, L: PO.15-14, PO.13-39, O.07- Taguchi, S: PO.10-21 04 Tahri Joutei, L: PO.13-30 Stoecker, D: PO.01-01 Taino, S: PO.15-27 Stoecker, DK: PO.13-40 Takagi, H: PO.05-16 Stone, E: O.21-01 Takagi, H: PO.05-17 Strake, Solvita: PO.13-65 Takahashi, N: O.07-01 Strojsova, A: O.04-04 Takahashi, Yuya: PO.16-04 Stucken, K: PO.08-23
390 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Takano, A: PO.14-12, PO.14-16 Throndsen, J: PO.12-14 Takano, S: PO.14-13 Thu, PT: PO.10-02 Takano, S: PO.14-14 Thuoc, CV: PO.09-01 Takata, Y: PO.09-01 Thuoc, CV: PO.10-02 Takata, Y: PO.10-02 Tian, B: PO.14-03 Takata, Yoshinobu: PO.09-08 Tiedeken, JA: O.06-01 Taleb, Hamid: PO.09-06 Tillmann, U: PO.02-03 Tamberlich, F: PO.10-46 Tillmann, U: PO.02-06 Tamminen, T: PO.07-09 Tillmann, U: PO.01-11 Tang, Danling: PO.07-03, PO.13-08 Tillmann, U: O.11-03 Tartaglione, L: O.07-03 Tillmann, U: O.15-03 Tartaglione, L: PO.13-48 Tillmann, U: Pl.04-01 Tchou Fouc, M: PO.03-05 Tilmann, U: O.09-04 Ten-Hage, L: PO.11-14 Tomas, CR.: PO.10-13 Teoh, PL: O.20-02 Tomas, CR: PO.10-29 Teoh, PL: PO.01-09 Tomas, CR: PO.10-44 Terenko, Galyna: PO.13-42 Tomas, CR: PO.10-44 Terenko, Ludmila: PO.13-42 Tomasz Jurczak, Tj: O.19-04 Tester, PA: PO.06-02 Tomazela, D: PO.05-34 Tester, PA: PO.15-15 Tomlinson, MC: PO.15-07 Tester, PA: PO.12-16 Tomlinson, MC: PO.15-15 Tester, PA: PO.12-12 Tomlinson`, MC: O.19-03 Thanh, TD: PO.10-02 Tomlison, M: PO.15-20 Thessen, A: PO.01-01 Torgersen, T.: PO.09-10 Thessen, A: PO.13-40 Torgersen, TL: PO.08-12 Thomas, K: PO.05-39 Touchette, BW: PO.07-18 Thompson, PA: O.05-04 Touna: PO.14-11 Thompson, PA: PO.06-11
391 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Touno, A: PO.14-12, PO.14-13 Usup, G: PO.10-03
Touno, A: PO.14-14 Valdez-Marquez, M: PO.07-11
Touzet, N: O.05-01 Vale, P: PO.13-33
Touzet, N: O.18-01 Vale, P: PO.09-05
Trainer, VL: O.08-02 Vale, P: PO.06-22
Trainer, VL: PO.06-12 Vale, Paulo: PO.09-06
Trainer, VL PO.10-35 Valverde, I: PO.08-21
Trainer, VL: O.08-01 Van De Riet, JM: PO.05-41
Trick, CG: PO.06-12 Van Der Gucht, K: PO.01-19
Trick, CG: O.08-02 Van Deventer, M: PO.13-80
Trick, CG: O.08-01 Van Dolah, FM: O.17-03
Trimborn: PO.10-49 Van Gremberghe, I: PO.01-19
Triñanes, J: PO.13-53 Van Lenning, K: PO.16-01
Truby, E: O.21-01 Van Lenning, K: PO.13-14
Truby, Earnest: PO.13-10 Van Lenning, K: PO.13-71
Tsuchiya, T: PO.14-08 Van Rijssel, M: PO.10-30
Tu, PT: PO.09-01 Van Wichelen, J: PO.01-19
Tubaro, A: PO.13-48 Vandersea, MW: PO.12-16
Turrell, E.: PO.13-66 Vaquer, A: PO.11-08
Turrell, EA: PO.15-14, PO.13-39, Vaquer, A: PO.16-12 O.07-04 Vaquer, A: PO.10-31 Tustison, JA: PO.15-28 Vaquer, A: PO.01-22 Tustison, JA: O.19-06 Vargas, MY: PO.13-79 Töbe, Kerstin: PO.01-11 Vargas M., M: PO.13-54 Ukita, S.: PO.10-48 Vargo, G: PO.13-80 Ung, A: PO.12-06 Varkitzi, I: PO.04-10 Ung, A: PO.03-05 Varkitzi, Ioanna: PO.10-47 Uronen, P: PO.13-41 Vasconcelos, MT: PO.10-16
392 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Vasconcelos, VM: PO.08-11, PO.06- Villareal, TA.: PO.01-13 22 Villareal, TA.: PO.10-27 Vasconcelos, VM: PO.08-15 Villareal, TA: PO.15-07 Vasquez, M: PO.08-23 Vogel, H: PO.02-02 Vasquez, M: PO.08-23 Vogelbein, WK: O.04-03, PO.08-22 Vasselikaki, Maria: PO.11-05 Vrieling, EG: PO.10-30 Vaulot, D: PO.12-11 Vuerich, F: PO.13-48 Velo, L: O.05-02 Vyverman, WGA: PO.01-19 Velo, L: O.18-03 Walter, J: PO.05-38 Velo, L: PO.10-37 Wang, Da-Zhi: PO.02-04 Venail, R: PO.01-15 Wang, Da-Zhi: PO.10-23 Vernel-Pauillac, F: O.22-01 Wang, Da-Zhi: PO.09-03 Viaggiu, E: PO.06-06 Wang, Da-Zhi: PO.10-24 Vidal, T: PO.06-14 Wang, Jiangtao: PO.11-12 Vieglais, C.C.: PO.13-15 Wang, Jiangtao: PO.07-15 Vieites, JM: PO.08-21 Wang, Jinhui: PO.15-02 Vieites, JM: PO.05-42 Wang, Ming-Key: PO.16-04 Vigilant, VL: PO.13-47 Wang, Peng: PO.01-26 Viitasalo, M: PO.08-08 Wang, SF: PO.07-03, PO.13-08 Viitasalo, S: PO.08-08 Wang, Xiulin: PO.07-15 Vila, M: PO.10-05 Wang, Y: PO.11-04 Vila, M: PO.07-13 Wang, Y: PO.11-11 Vila, M: PO.13-73 Wang, YF: PO.07-04 Vilarinho, MG: PO.06-14 Wang, YF: PO.05-33 Vilarinho, MG: PO.13-53 Wang, YF: PO.15-22 Villac, MC: PO.13-76 Wang, Yunfeng: PO.13-13 Villar González, A: 27 Wang, Yunfeng: O.20-06 Villareal, TA: PO.10-40
393 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Wang, ZH: PO.11-04 Wulff, A: PO.10-01 Wang, ZH: PO.16-02 Wulff, A: PO.10-06 Wang, ZL: PO.06-10 Wulff, A: PO.10-15 Watai, M: PO.05-13 Wurch, LL: O.17-01 Watai, M: O.07-01 Wyatt, T: PO.07-14 Watanabe, R: O.01-05 Wyatt, T: O.04-01 Webb, V: O.10-03 Wynne, T: PO.15-20 Wells, ML: PO.06-12 Wynne, TL: PO.15-07 Wells, ML: O.08-02 Xia, Ping: PO.07-06 Wells, ML: O.08-01 Xie, Wenling: PO.06-05 Wetsteyn, LPMJ: PO.10-30 Xu, J: O.10-01 Whittaker, D.: PO.03-01 Xu, R: PO.15-02 Wickramasinghe, W: PO.05-18 Xu, Weiyi: PO.13-13 Wiegand, C: O.14-01 Yamaguchi, H: PO.10-48 Wikfors, GH: PO.05-09 Yamaguchi, Kenichi: PO.05-04 Wikfors, GH: PO.01-03 Yamaguchi, M: O.13-01 Wild-Allen, K: O.05-04 Yamaguchi, M: PO.10-48, O.13-02 Wiles, K: PO.15-07 Yamaguchi, S: O.11-02 Wilhelm, SW: O.02-05 Yamamoto, M: O.07-01 Wilkins, AL: PO.09-10 Yamasaki, Y: PO.11-06, PO.16-06 Wilkins, Alistair: PO.09-11 Yamasaki, Y: PO.11-09, PO.11-10 Wilmotte, A: PO.01-19 Yan, T: PO.09-09 Wiltshire, KH: PO.12-11 Yan, T: PO.05-33 Wolny, J: O.21-01 Yang, WD: PO.11-04 Wolny, JL: PO.12-05 Yang, Wei-Dong: PO.14-09 Wolny, JL: O.21-02 Yang, YF: PO.16-02 Wong, O: PO.12-06 Yasumoto, T: PO.10-02 Wood, SA: O.07-05
394 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Yasumoto, T: PO.05-13 Yu, ZM: PO.01-18 Yasumoto, T: O.07-01 Yuan, X: PO.14-03 Yasumoto, T: PO.05-43 Zaottini, E: PO.13-26 Yi, Xiao Lei: PO.13-43 Zekrri, I: PO.13-29 Yih, W: PO.10-14 Zepeda-Esquivel, MA: PO.15-34 Yih, W: O.02-03 Zervoudaki, S.: PO.04-10 Yih, W: PO.10-18 Zhang, C: PO.10-25 Yih, WH: O.02-04 Zhang, Chuansong: PO.07-15 Yoo, YD: O.02-04 Zhang, Chuansong: O.20-06 Yoshida, H: PO.14-14 Zhang, CS: PO.07-04 Yoshida, M: PO.09-01 Zhang, M: PO.14-03 Yoshida, Mitsuhiro: O.05-03 Zhang, SD: PO.11-11 Yoshida, T: PO.15-12 Zhang, Shugang: PO.09-03 Yoshida, Takashi: PO.16-04 Zhang, TU: PO.10-24 Yoshimatsu, S: PO.15-12 Zhang, ZH: PO.14-02 Yoshimatsu, Sadaaki: PO.13-25 Zhao, Dong-Zhi: PO.15-03 Yoshinaga, I: PO.14-08 Zhao, Weihong: PO.11-12 Yoshino, A: PO.05-20 Zheng, GM: PO.13-08 Yoshinobu, Takata: PO.13-23 Zhou, Mingjiang: O.20-06 Youenou, A: PO.10-17 Zhou, MJ: PO.09-09 Young, J: PO.12-11 Zhou, MJ: PO.05-33 Yu, J: PO.07-03 Zhou, MJ: PO.15-22 Yu, R: PO.05-41 Zhou, Y: PO.05-27 Yu, RC: PO.05-33 Zhu, DD: PO.07-04 Yu, RC: PO.15-22 Zhu, DD: PO.15-22 Yu, Zhiming: PO.14-10 Zhu, Dedi: PO.13-13 Yu, ZM: PO.14-02 Zhu, Dedi: O.20-06 Yu, ZM: PO.11-11
395 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
Zhu, LS: PO.07-12 Zou, JZ: PO.01-18 Zhu, Mingyuan: O.20-06 Zou, Yinlin: PO.09-09 Zhu, MY: PO.06-10 Zrimec, A: PO.10-46 Zingone, A: PO.16-10 Zuyev, IV: PO.04-01 Zingone, A: O.13-03
Zingone, A: O.15-03
Zingone, A: PO.01-14
Zingone, A: PO.01-16
Zou, H: PO.14-03
Zou, Jingzhong: PO.07-06
Zou, Jingzhong: PO.06-05
396 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
NOTES
397 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
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398 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
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399 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
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400 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
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401 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
The Proceedings of the Conference will be published under the auspices of the International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae (ISSHA) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC of UNESCO).
The ISSHA Conference Organizing Committee and the Local Organizing Committee will organize the peer-review process and will as publisher register the Proceedings with an ISBN number.
It is the aim that this will ensure a future series of proceedings which combines the high quality of a peer-reviewed journal with the advantages of the low cost proceedings published for years by IOC. The Organizing Committee plans for the Proceedings to be published no later than 12 months after the Conference.
1. Submission of manuscripts is welcome during the Conference, but must be no later than 15 October 2006. Only manuscripts that are full papers of abstracts submitted to the Conference before 1 May 2006 will be accepted.
2. Manuscripts are submitted electronically to [email protected] or on a CD- rom (see address under Contact).
3. Name files as follows: jensen.doc , jensenfig1.tiff (here 'Jensen' is name of first author).
4. The manuscript must not exceed 3 A4 printed pages including abstract, illustrations and references (one printed page represents ca. 600 words). The abstract should not exceed 200 words.
5. Figures (halftones and drawings) should fit a column (8.5 mm) or full-text width (17.5 mm) and must be submitted as tiff-files (300 dpi resolution). Do not embed any figures in the MSWord document.
6. All manuscripts will be reviewed by 2 persons.
7. Please use the format presented in the MSWord template provided at http://www.bi.ku.dk/hab/proceedings.asp
402 MAIN SPONSORS Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO
The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS)
The European Commission
The United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Sponsored Coastal Ocean Research
The Carlsberg Foundation
University of Copenhagen
Directorate for Food, Fisheries and Agri Business, Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries
Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Ministry of Family and Consumer Affairs
Sponsors
Scandinavian Airlines Satlantic Danish Shellfish Center
Elsevier Fluid Imaging Technologies Marbef
Fjord’s Mussels City of Copenhagen Heinz Waltz GmbH
ISSHA Travel Award Sponsors
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Danida) Mediterranean Action Plan/UNEP Prof. Takeshi Yasumoto United States National Science Foundation