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I. Geography of

A. Greece is mountainous. Numerous valleys are isolated from each other. This contributed to the development of city-states. B. Seas - The Aegean, Mediterranean, and Ionian Seas surround Greece. 1. A long seacoast is dotted by bays and inlets that provided many harbors. Ancient Greeks became seafarers. II. Early Civilization in Greece A. Mycenaean- Flourished between 1600 B.C. and 1100 B.C. This was the first city-state. 1. Warriors - Remains of wall murals that display war and hunting scenes suggest that the Mycenaeans were a warrior people 2. Trade Network – developed trade in the eastern Med., in Syria and Egypt and and Southern

View from the acropolis B. Mycenaean civilization collapsed for unknown reasons. Greece entered a dark age between 1100 B.C. and 750 B.C. • Cities were abandoned • Writing stopped; the writing system was lost • Populations declined

a) - Wrote the epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey, that recount the Trojan War and the story of Achilles.

What is a “Dark Age”?

How is it different from a “”? B. City-states - By 750 B.C., the city-state ( in Greek, the ) became the focus of Greek life. The development of the polis • Greeks colonized the Mediterranean and Black Sea • They formed new poleis Greek Colonies Political Organization

• At first, the polis was ruled by a – a strong ruler • were popular at first

Later, Greek city-states adopted two different types of rule: 1. Democracy – rule by the demos, the people 2. Oligarchy – rule by the few, the wealthy The Greek polis

Made up of • citizens with full political rights (adult males) • citizens with limited political rights • Noncitizens (laborers, slaves, aliens)

Military organization: (foot soldiers) formed a (shielded rectangular formation) The Phalanx

1. The Acropolis – fortified area at top of hill in the polis. • place of refuge during attack • religious center

The Acropolis in

View in Google Earth 2. - Below the acropolis was an agora, an open marketplace. Review. Explain/define the following. • Polis • Agora • Acropolis • • Phalanx • Tyrant • Democracy • Oligarchy • The Iliad and the Odyssey

C.

Sparta began to conquer its neighbors. It turned the captured warriors into helots (slaves). 1. Spartan men spent their childhood learning military discipline. They served in the army from age 20-60! (The Eng. word spartan means highly disciplined. Spartan broth: pork boiled with blood, salt, vinegar) 2. Spartan women • lived at home while husbands in barracks • had more freedom than other Greek women • expected to remain fit to bear and raise healthy children 3. Spartan government was an oligarchy, headed by two kings.

The Spartan council of elders III. The Persian War Persia was an empire located in Asia. A. In 490 B.C., the Persians landed at Marathon, only 26 miles from Athens. The Greeks defeated them. Persian Empire 500 B.C.

B. Persian leader Xerxes invaded Greece in 480 B.C. The Greek city-states united defeated them at Thermopylae.

Thermopylae C. Athens led a defensive alliance known as the . It rivaled the Spartan alliance. IV. Athens A. Age of Pericles led Athens, 461- 429 B.C.

The Golden Age of Athens: • Art • Architecture (Athens rebuilt after Persian destroyed) • Philosophy • Education (The Academy)

1. Direct

Democracy - The Athenian assembly met at the pnyx All adult male citizens voted on all issues in Athens.

(Our country is an indirect democracy. What’s the difference?)

B. Athenian women:

• were considered property • received no education • needed a companion in public C. Most Athenian citizens owned slaves. D. The Peloponnesian War

• Sparta and Athens struggled for control of Greece. • A plague weakened Athens • Sparta defeated Athens after 25 years of war in 405 B.C. • Athens never regained its former glory E. Greek Philosophy 1. Philosophy is an organized system of thought. The word means “love of wisdom.” a) • Main insight: knowledge is present in the individual • Examination of the self (not the world) is required • Teaching method was called the Socratic Method. b) • Student of Socrates • Idealism: the world of our senses is not real; the real world is the world of Forms • Proposed an ideal state with a philosopher-king (not a democracy) c)

• Interested in observing and classifying things • System became the basis of science • Most influential thinker in Western thought

Review. Explain/define the following. • Polis • Direct democracy • Agora • Indirect democracy • Acropolis • Philosophy • Hoplite • Socrates • Phalanx • Plato • Tyrant • Aristotle • Democracy • Oligarchy • Spartan military discipline

• Persian War: Marathon, Thermopylae • Peloponnesian War V. The Hellenistic Age A. The Macedonians • In 338 B.C., Phillip II of conquered the Greek city-states • Under his son , the Greeks invaded Persia

C. Alexander – First, he captured Syria, Palestine, and Egypt; next he conquered Persia. When he died, his empire was divided.

F. Hellenistic Civilization – • Greeks call their country Hellas, and they were known as Hellenes • Alexander spread Hellenic culture and (e.g.: Christian writings) • Greek culture overlaid Persian, Egyptian, and Indian culture to form Hellenistic civilization • Alexander’s successors adopted the Near Eastern idea of divine kingship ; king ruled Egypt (compare: divine kingship with Chinese idea) Hellenistic Cultural Diffusion The Hellenistic kingdoms 1. New cities were centers of culture a. (Egypt) • Home to poets, scholars, scientists • Library had 500,000 scrolls b. Pergamum: cultural center of Asia Minor

Baths, theaters, and temples were built in cities 2. Mathematics of Syracuse discovered the mathematical constant pi. developed geometry 3. Hellenistic art

• Thousands of sculptures were erected in towns and cities • Art became more realistic Philosophy

• Epicureanism: Pursuit of pleasure is the only good • Stoicism: Happiness results from living in harmony with the will of God • Stoics try bear with whatever life brings What did Homer recount from this era? What cultures does the What part of the world term Hellenistic were the Persians encompass? based in?

Why were the Greeks able to develop a Why was Alexander the Why were the Greeks commercial network? Great successful? able to defeat the

Persians? 700 B.C.-

Why did different city- Sparta had a 440 B.C.-Age states develop? tightly

of Pericles in

controlled Athens society

1500 B.C.- 479 B.C.- 323 B.C.- Mycenae Persian army Alexander the flourishe What dominated was defeated What type of Great is at the Spartan society? governmental system d dominated the Age of height of his Pericles? power

What was the difference in terms of gender in Sparta? How were women viewed in Ancient Athens?