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Nematode Pests of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) in Three Local Government Areas of Rivers State in Nigeria

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Nematode Pests of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) in Three Local Government Areas of Rivers State in Nigeria Journal of Applied Science and Agriculture, 10(6) April 2015, Pages: 68-77 AENSI Journals JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE ISSN 1816-9112 Journal home page: www.aensiweb.com/JASA Nematode Pests of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Three Local Government Areas of Rivers State in Nigeria O. Aminanyanaba Asimiea, A. Adebowale Tanimola and P. Boma Bob-Manuel Department of Crop and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Many plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) have been reportedly associated with cassava Received 12 October 2014 in different geographical areas, but they vary in types and population over time and Received in revised form 26 December space due to changes in landuse patterns, farming systems, amongst others. There is the 2014 need for extensive and current investigation on PPNs of cassava in most cassava- Accepted 17 January 2015 growing areas in Nigeria to ensure their proper management. The study identified and Available online 28 February 2015 determined recent occurrence of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with cassava in three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Rivers State in Nigeria in the growing season Keywords: of 2013. Soil and root samples of cassava were collected from 27 cassava-growing Gracilacus species, Helicotylenchus farms across the three LGAs. Plant-parasitic nematodes were extracted, identified and species, Manihot esculenta, their population determined using standard procedures. Five PPN genera were found Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus associated with cassava: Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Scutellonema, species. and Gracilacus. Gracilacus spp. and Pratylenchus spp. were the predominant PPNs (P≤0.05) in the soils and roots of cassava, respectively. The significant occurrence and abundance of Gracilacus species might indicate it as one of the emerging key nematode pests of cassava in Rivers State. © 2015 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved. To Cite This Article: O. Aminanyanaba Asimiea, A. Adebowale Tanimola and P. Boma Bob-Manuel, Nematode Pests of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Three Local Government Areas of Rivers State in Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. & Agric., 10(6): 68-77, 2015 INTRODUCTION five countries (India, Cook Island, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, China [Taiwan province] and Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is of the Suriname) delivering highest yields (FAOSTAT, family Euphorbiaceae and the fourth most important 2013). Africa’s yields are the lowest in the world crop for farmers in the tropics after rice, wheat and standing at only 10 tonnes per hectare compared to sugar (Alves, 2002; FAOSTAT, 2010). World 26 tonnes per hectare in India (Ahmadu and Idisi, production of cassava was 230 million tons in 2008 2014). Pests and pathogens, such as insects, viruses, (FAO, 2008) and it is consumed by up to a billion bacteria and plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs), people globally (FAOSTAT, 2010). Nigeria is the amongst others contribute to decline in cassava yield largest producer of cassava in the world (FAOSTAT, (Coyne, 1994; Nicol et al., 2011). Plant-parasitic 2013) and the crop is very important in the diets of nematodes are responsible for over US$ 100 billion most Nigerians and Africans (Kormawa and in annual crop loses worldwide (Sasser and Akoroda, 2003; FAOSTAT, 2013). Freckman, 1987). They reduce crop yield globally by In Sub-Saharan Africa, cassava is mainly a 11% (Agrios, 2005). subsistence crop grown for food by small-scale Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) most farmers who sell the surplus. Apart from food, frequently found associated with cassava are cassava is very versatile and its derivatives like Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, Pratylenchus starch are applicable in many types of products such brachyurus, Rotylenchulus reniformis, as confectionery, sweeteners, glues, plywood, Helicotylenchus erythrinae and H. dihystera textiles, paper, biodegradable products monosodium (McSorley et al., 1983; Coyne, 1994). Evidence glutamate, and drugs. Cassava chips and pellets are indicates that, root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne used in animal feed and alcohol production (IITA, spp.) are the most important group of nematodes 2009). affecting cassava as they are found in abundance Despite being the largest producer of cassava in around the roots of cassava (McSorley et al., 1983). the world, Nigeria has not found a place among the Corresponding Author: A. Adebowale Tanimola, Department of Crop and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected] 69 A. Adebowale Tanimola et al, 2015 Journal of Applied Science and Agriculture, 10(6) April 2015, Pages: 68-77 The study of PPNs on cassava is generally MATERIALS AND METHODS scarce in relation to those of other crops. However, nematological work on cassava has recently been Study sites and Laboratories: receiving more attention and this is justified given The survey on PPNs associated with cassava the great importance of the crop nowadays globally. was carried out using the multi-stage random Furthermore, PPNs are becoming a recognized sampling method from April to May 2013 in three greater problem on crops due to awareness and as the Local Government Areas (LGAs), Obio/Akpor, use of agricultural land become more intense Emohua and Ikwerre, of Rivers State, Nigeria. These (Caveness, 1982). Also, changes in PPNs occurrence LGAs were selected because they are some of the and density are inevitable over time and space due to major cassava producing areas in Rivers State. Three changes in landuse patterns, farming systems, communities per LGA were randomly selected and climate, amongst others. This study was carried out three farms growing cassava in monoculture per to identify and determine the recent occurrence and community were considered in the survey. In population of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) Obio/Akpor LGA, Alakahia, University Park associated with cassava in three LGAs of Rivers (University of Port Harcourt) and Rukpokwu State. communities were sampled; whereas in Emohua LGA, Egbeda, Elele/Alimini and Emohua were sampled. In Ikwerre LGA, Aluu, Omagwa and Isiokpo communities were surveyed. The LGAs surveyed are presented on a map of LGAs in Rivers State (Fig. 1). Ikwerre LGA Emohua LGA Obio/Akpor LGA Fig. 1: Map of Rivers State showing the three Local Government Areas (LGA) surveyed for plant-parasitic nematodes of cassava. Rivers State lies on latitudes range 5 20' 0''N and nematodes; Nematology Research Laboratory of 5 45' 0''N, also on longitudes range of 6 20' 0''E and International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, 7 35' 0''E. Rivers State enjoys tropical hot monsoon Ibadan (IITA), Oyo State, Nigeria for the climate due to its latitudinal position. The tropical identification of PPNs. monsoon climate is characterized by heavy rainfall from April to October ranging from 2000 mm to Collection of cassava roots and soil samples: 2500 mm with high temperature all the year round Twenty cassava stands were randomly selected and a relatively constant high humidity. per farm for collection of soil and root samples. Soil The following Laboratories were used for samples (250 ml per cassava stand) of the randomly various analyses: Research Laboratory of the selected cassava were collected per farm from the Department of Crop and Soil Science, Faculty of rhizosphere of cassava roots with hand trowel, Agriculture, University Port Harcourt, Rivers State, bulked in polythene bag and properly labeled for the for soil and root extraction of plant-parasitic purpose of identification. A total of nine soil samples 70 A. Adebowale Tanimola et al, 2015 Journal of Applied Science and Agriculture, 10(6) April 2015, Pages: 68-77 were collected per LGA and 27 samples across the small pieces of 1-2 cm. 10 g sub-sample was three LGAs. Tender roots of cassava were collected weighed out from each sample using a Mettler with knives alongside with soil at the same farm balance® and blended in a Kenwood® electric locations. The root samples collected were also blender with water enough to cover the blades. The bulked together in the same polythene bag containing mixture obtained after blending was poured into the soils of a particular farm location so as to preserve tissue paper in the sieve to facilitate extraction of the roots prior to further processing in the nematodes using the pie-pan method (Whitehead and Laboratory. Hemming, 1965) as described earlier. The set-up was left for 48 hours and the resulting suspension poured Extraction of plant-parasitic nematodes from soils into a beaker. After five hours, the suspension in the and roots of cassava: beaker was decanted to reduce the volume to about The extraction of plant-parasitic nematodes from 10 ml and poured into vials. The concentrated soil was conducted using the pie-pan method suspension of water and nematodes from the soil or [14](Whitehead and Hemming, 1965) and slightly roots were killed by heat and preserved with equal modified by Coyne et al. (2007). Sieves were used to volume of boiling 4% formaldehyde pending filter out stones and debris from soil. The bulked soil identification and counting. sample per farm was thoroughly mixed in a plastic container and 200 ml of soil was measured out using Identification of plant-parasitic nematodes: a beaker. Facial tissue was placed in a plastic sieve Plant-parasitic nematodes identification was such that the base of the sieve was covered and later carried out as described by Dropkin and Smith placed on a plastic plate. The 200 ml soil was poured (1980) at Nematology Laboratory of the International on the tissue in the sieve and water was poured to the Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, extraction plate by the side of the sieve in other to Nigeria. Aliquot of 2 ml suspension was pipette into wet the soil. The set-up was left undisturbed for 48 a Doncaster counting dish (Doncaster, 1962).The hours in the Laboratory.
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