DOCSLIB.ORG

Research Note First Report of the Lesion Nematodes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Research Note First Report of the Lesion Nematodes ©2018 Institute of Parasitology, SAS, Košice DOI 10.1515/helm-2017-0053 HELMINTHOLOGIA, 55, 1: 88 – 94, 2018 Research Note First report of the lesion nematodes: Pratylenchus brachyurus and Pratylenchus delattrei on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants in Cape Verde Ł. FLIS1*, R. DOBOSZ2, K. RYBARCZYK-MYDŁOWSKA1, B. WASILEWSKA-NASCIMENTO3, M. KUBICZ1, G. WINISZEWSKA1 1Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland, E-mail: *lfl [email protected], [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; 2Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Węgorka 20, 60-318, Poznań, Poland, E-mail: [email protected]; 3University of Cape Verde, Palmarejo, CP 279-Praia, Republic of Cape Verde, E-mail: [email protected] Article info Summary Received July 3, 2017 Roots of Solanum lycopersicum L. were collected in growing season of year 2015, on the island of Accepted September 28, 2017 Santiago in Cape Verde. Morphological, morphometric and molecular (18S rDNA and 28S rDNA) studies revealed the presence of Pratylenchus brachyurus and P. delattrei in root systems and root zones of tomato plants. To our knowledge, this is the fi rst record of the occurrence of these nematode species in Cape Verde. Keywords: Cape Verde; new geographic record; Pratylenchus brachyurus; Pratylenchus delattrei; 18S rDNA; 28S rDNA Introduction migratory endoparasites move within host root tissues causing necrosis and creating wounds, thus providing openings for soil- Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the vegetable crops borne plant pathogens to enter and cause disease. In tropical and most widely grown on irrigated land in the Republic of Cape Verde. subtropical regions Pratylenchus spp. infect roots of several crops. Little is known about the plant-parasitic nematodes responsible for P. brachyurus has been recorded parasitising pinapple roots in Ha- pest infestations of this economically important crop in this area. waii (Godfrey, 1929), Uganda (Bafokuzara, 1982) and Brazil (Mon- So far only Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira, 1940 teiro & Lordello, 1972); citrus and forest trees in North America (Germani, 1978), Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871 (Sturhan, (Brooks & Perry, 1967; Ruehle, 1971), coffee in Brazil (Lordello et 1993) as well as some representatives of the genus Meloidogyne al., 1968), rubber in India (Mukherjee et al., 2000) and many other Göldi, 1892 (Netscher & Taylor, 1976) and Meloidogyne incognita species of economically important plants (Luc et al., 2005; Castillo (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Flis et al., 2018) have & Vovlas, 2007; De Araujo Filho et al., 2014). P. brachyurus has been identifi ed as nematodes parasitising tomato roots in Cape also been reported from a few countries in Europe, in Bulgaria on Verde. During the study of plant parasitic nematodes associated tobacco (Katalan-Gateva & Nedechlev, 1983), on several crops in with tomato cultivation in Cape Verde, representatives of lesion Russia (Ryss, 1988) and Australia (Riley & Kelly, 2002). P. delattrei nematodes Pratylenchus (Filipjev, 1936) were found. Morpho- primarily described from Madagascar (Luc, 1958) has also been metric analysis and molecular study allowed to identify the two found on several crops in Vietnam (Ryss, 1988), on sugarcane in investigated species as Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey, 1929) Sudan (Saadabi, 1988), in ornamental plants, like rose and rhapis, Filipjev et Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 and P. delattrei Luc, grown in Korea (Kim & Minagawa, 1996), in date palm in Oman 1958. Pratylenchus spp. have signifi cant economic impacts. Crop (Mani et al., 2005) and in several hosts and localities in India (Jothi damage and yield losses by these nematodes have been pre- et al., 2004). In this article we provide morphological description viously observed (Egunjobi, 1974; Talwana et al., 2016). Those and morphometric data of P. brachyurus and P. dellatrei from Cape * – corresponding author 88 Table 1. Morphometrics of Pratylenchus spp. from tomato in Cape Verde. All measurements are in μm and in format: mean ± S.D. (range). Character/ratios Pratylenchus brachyurus Pratylenchus delattrei (Godfrey 1929) Luc 1958 n1420 L 517 ± 45 (414 – 573) 532 ± 33 (498 – 586) a 24.2 ± 1.9 (20.1 – 26.7) 26.6 ± 2.2 (22.1 – 31.3) b 6.3 ± 0.5 (5.1 – 6.9) 6.6 ± 0.5 (6.1 – 7.7) b’ 3.7 ± 0.4 (2.9 – 4.1) 4.5 ± 0.4 (4.0 – 5.3) c 20.1 ± 2.4 (15.3 – 25.5) 21.9 ± 2.1 (18.5 – 25.1) c’ 2.2 ± 0.2 (1.7 – 2.5) 2.2 ± 0.2 (1.9 – 2.8) V 86 ± 1 (84 – 88) 76 ± 1 (75 – 78) Stylet length 18.3 ± 0.4 (17.8 – 18.9) 16.4 ± 0.4 (15.4 – 16.9) Dorsal gland opening 2.2 ± 0.3 (1.6 – 2.6) 2.9 ± 0.3 (2.4 – 3.1) O 12.0 ± 1.9 (8.6 – 14.6) 17.4 ± 1.7 (14.3 – 21.3) Pharynx length 82.1 ± 1.7 (79.2 – 85.2) 80.1 ± 3.2 (73.1 – 84.2) Pharyngeal overlap 47.7 ± 7.9 (37.0 – 62.3) 39.0 ± 7.2 (29.8 – 49.0) Maximal body diameter 21.5 ± 1.9 (17.7 – 26.0) 20.2 ± 2.2 (16.8 – 23.7) Anal body diameter 12.2 ± 1.1 (15.9 – 20.9) 11.2 ± 1.2 (8.9 – 13.2) Tail length 25.9 ± 1.9 (22.0 – 28.3) 24.8 ± 2.3 (21.0 – 27.1) Tail annuli 18 ± 2 (16 – 23) 19 ± 2 (16 – 24) Phasmid to terminus 14.3 ± 1.5 (11.6 – 16.9) 10.6 ± 2.7 (6.0 – 14.9) Abbreviations are defi ned in Siddiqi (2000) Verde. Genetic characteristics of LSU (28S rDNA) and SSU (18S implemented in a phylogenetic analysis concerning relationships rDNA) from analysed populations and results of comparative study within clades IV (‘P. penetrans group’) and VI (‘P. zeae group’) of of these sequences are also supported. the genus Pratylenchus as defi ned by Subbotin et al. (2008) and Palomares-Rius et al. (2014). Initial multiple sequence alignment Material and Methods was performed using the BioEdit program (v. 7.2.5; Hall, 1999) and included publically available (GenBank) representatives of ‘P. pen- Eight tomato plants with soil surrounded root systems were har- etrans and P. zeae groups’. All available unique P. brachyurus and vested in June 2015 in the village of Achada Colaço (located at P. delattrei sequences were used. In order to root the tree two out- 15°06’35.3”N, 23°31’31.9”W). Nematodes from roots were isolated group sequences (FN433867 and JN967754) were chosen based by the modifi ed Baermann method, whereas specimens from soil on the total nematode phylogeny by Van Megen et al. (2009). The samples were extracted using the decanting and sieving method. fi nal multiple-sequence alignment contained 663 positions. Substi- Females assigned for morphological analysis were fi xed in a trieth- tution models were tested using “FindModel”, an online implemen- anolamine formalin water solution (TAF) and mounted in anhy- tation of the MODELTEST program (Posada & Crandall, 1998). drous glycerine (Seinhorst, 1959) on slides using the paraffi n-ring The General Time Reversible plus Gamma substitution model method. Morphological observations and morphometric analyses was selected. The Bayesian phylogeny was constructed with the were performed using a Leica light microscope with the Nomarski program MrBayes (v. 3.1; Ronquist & Huelsenbeck, 2003). Four differential interference contrast. Females selected for the genetic independent runs were performed with four Markov chains per run. analysis (three specimens for each species) were fi xed in a DESS The program was run for 800,000 generations with a sample fre- solution (Yoder et al., 2006). After washing in sterilized milli-Q quency of 200 generations. The sampled trees from each run were water, single nematode individuals were used for DNA extraction combined in a single 50 % majority-rule tree. Stabilisation of the according to the nematode lysis procedure, as described by Holter- likelihood and parameters was checked with the program Tracer man et al. (2006). 18S rDNA gene fragments were amplifi ed in (v. 1.6; Rambaut et al., 2014). PCR reactions with the aid of 988F and 1912R, as well as 1813F and 2646R primer combinations (Holterman et al., 2006). Amplifi - Results and Discussion cation of the partial 28S rDNA sequence was obtained using prim- ers 61F (Holterman et al., 2008) and MCB1R (Dobosz et al., 2013). Morphological and morphometric analyses of the investigated The 18S and 28S rDNA regions were sequenced by the Sanger females confi rmed their affi liation to P. brachyurus and P. delat- method on ABI 3500L genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Fos- trei. The morphology of P. brachyurus from Cape Verde (14 fe- ter City, CA, USA). The newly obtained 28S rDNA sequences were males) was characterised by: low and angular lip region with two 89 Fig. 1. Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey 1929) female from Cape Verde. a. pharyngeal region; b. anterior end; c. lateral fi eld at mid-body; d. ovary with single row of oocytes; e. vulval region; f. tail; g. tail, phasmid. (All scale bars = 10 μm) lips annuli, which is separated from body contour; long spear with (Fig. 1, Table 1). The morphology of P. delattrei from Cape Verde rounded, laterally directed knobs; lateral fi eld with four lines; a (20 females) was characterised by continuous body contour, more single row of oocytes; empty and rounded spermatheca; poste- or less truncate lip region with three annuli; medium spear, with rior vulva; undifferentiated and well developed postvulval uterine rounded and slightly anteriorly directed knobs; lateral fi eld with sac; conoid tail with rounded (to truncate), smooth or broadly an- four lines; two rows of oocytes; empty and rounded spermathe- nulated terminus.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus Hexincisus on Corn, Soybean, And
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1979 Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus hexincisus on corn, soybean, and tomato and population changes as influenced by hosts, temperature and soil type Mohammad Esmail Zirakparvar Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Zirakparvar, Mohammad Esmail, "Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus hexincisus on corn, soybean, and tomato and population changes as influenced by hosts, temperature and soil type" (1979). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 7260. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/7260 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages.
    [Show full text]
  • Nematodes in Potato Soils in New Brunswick J Kimpinski I and EM
    Canadian Plant Disease Survey 68:2,1988 147 Nematodes in potato soils in New Brunswick J Kimpinski I and EM. Smith2 Root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) were the dominant plant-parasitic nematodes in potato fields in the Grand Falls region of New Brunswick, Canada. Pratylenchus crenatus was more prevalent than P. penetrans. The northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) and clover-cyst nematode (Hetemdera trifolid were not detected in the survey. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 68:2. 147-148, 1988. Dans des champs de pommes de terre de la region de Grand Falls au Nouveau-Brunswick (Canada), les principaux nematodes parasites des vegetaux identifies Btaient des nematodes radicicoles (Pratylenchus spp.). On a signale plus de Pratylenchus crenatus que de P. penetrans. On n'a pas trouve de nematode cecidogbne du nord (Meloidogyne hapla) ou de nematode B kyste du trefle (Heterodera trifolid au cours de I'enquste. Introduction and counted, and other nematode genera were identified with a stereomicroscope at 60 X Extracted nematodes were pre- A nematode survey conducted in 1979 in the Grand Falls . served in 5% formalin and up to 100 nematodes from each region of New Brunswick indicated that root-lesion nematodes sample were selected randomly and examined at 1000 X with (Pratylenchus crenatus Loof and P. penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev a compound microscope. and Sch. Stek.) were the dominant species of plant-parasitic nematodes in potato roots and soils (4).It was also determined that population levels of the northern root-knot nematode Results (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) were very low, being detected Root-lesion nematodes were the dominant plant-parasitic in only 5% of the root and soil samples.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of the Development of Root Lesion Nematodes, Pratylenchus Spp
    Türk. entomol. derg., 2021, 45 (1): 23-31 ISSN 1010-6960 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16970/entoted.753614 E-ISSN 2536-491X Original article (Orijinal araştırma) Investigation of the development of root lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp. (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae) in three chickpea cultivars Kök lezyon nematodlarının, Pratylenchus spp. (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae) üç nohut çeşidinde gelişmesinin incelenmesi İrem AYAZ1 Ece B. KASAPOĞLU ULUDAMAR1* Tohid BEHMAND1 İbrahim Halil ELEKCİOĞLU1 Abstract In this study, penetration, population changes and reproduction rates of root lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch, 1924), Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb, 1917) and Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen, 1953 (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae), at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 d after inoculation in chickpea Bari 2, Bari 3 (Cicer reticulatum Ladiz) and Cermi [Cicer echinospermum P.H.Davis (Fabales: Fabaceae)] were assessed in a controlled environment room in 2018-2019. No juveniles were observed in the roots in the first 3 d after inoculation. Although, population density of P. thornei reached the highest in Cermi (21 d), Bari 3 (42 d) and the lowest observed on Bari 2. Pratylenchus neglectus reached the highest population density in Bari 3 and Cermi on day 28. The population density of P. neglectus was the lowest in Bari 2. Also, population density of P. penetrans reached the highest in Bari 3 cultivar within 49 d, similar to P. thornei, whereas Bari 2 and Cermi had low population densities during the entire experimental period. Keywords:
    [Show full text]
  • Description of Pratylenchus Dunensis Sp. N. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae
    Nematology, 2006, Vol. 8(1), 79-88 Description of Pratylenchus dunensis sp.n.(Nematoda: Pratylenchidae), a root-lesion nematode associated with the dune grass Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link ∗ Eduardo DE LA PEÑA 1, , Maurice MOENS 1,2, Adriaan VA N AELST 3 and Gerrit KARSSEN 4,5 1 Agricultural Research Centre, Crop Protection Department, Burg. van Gansberghelaan 96, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium 2 Gent University, Laboratory for Agrozoology, Coupure 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium 3 Wageningen University & Research Centre, Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD Wageningen, The Netherlands 4 Plant Protection Service, Nematology Section, P.O. Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands 5 Wageningen University & Research Centre, Laboratory of Nematology, Binnenhaven 5, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands Received: 4 April 2005; revised: 7 November 2005 Accepted for publication: 7 November 2005 Summary – A root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus dunensis sp. n., is described and illustrated from Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link, a grass occurring abundantly in coastal dunes of Atlantic Europe. The new species is characterised by medium sized (454-579 µm) slender, vermiform, females and males having two lip annuli (sometimes three to four; incomplete incisures only visible with scanning electron microscopy), medium to robust stylet (ca 16 µm) with robust stylet knobs slightly set off, long pharyngeal glands (ca 42 µm), lateral field with four parallel, non-equidistant, lines, the middle ridge being narrower than the outer ones, lateral field with partial areolation and lines converging posterior to the phasmid which is located between the two inner lines of the lateral field in the posterior half of the tail, round spermatheca filled with round sperm, vulva at 78% of total body length and with protruding vulval lips, posterior uterine sac relatively short (ca 19 µm), cylindrical tail (ca 33 µm) narrowing in the posterior third with smooth tail tip and with conspicuous hyaline part (ca 2 µm).
    [Show full text]
  • Research/Investigación Aggressiveness Of
    RESEARCH/INVESTIGACIÓN AGGRESSIVENESS OF PRATYLENCHUS BRACHYURUS TO SUGARCANE, COMPARED WITH KEY NEMATODE P. ZEAE Bruno Flávio Figueiredo Barbosa1*, Jaime Maia dos Santos¹, José Carlos Barbosa¹, Pedro Luiz Martins Soares1, Anderson Robert Ruas², Rafael Bernal de Carvalho¹ ¹Jaboticabal Unit, UNESP São Paulo State University, Department of Plant Protection, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil. ²São Luiz College, Jaboticabal, SP, 14870-370, Brazil. The work is part of the doctorate thesis in Agronomy (Crop Production) of the first author. Author for correspondence: [email protected] ABSTRACT Barbosa, B. F. F., J. M. dos Santos, J. C. Barbosa, P. L. M. Soares, A. R. Ruas, R. B. de Carvalho. 2013. Aggressiveness of Pratylenchus brachyurus to the sugarcane, compared with key nematode P. zeae. Nematropica 43:119-130. Pratylenchus zeae, Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita are considered key species of nematodes in sugarcane in Brazil, but P. brachyurus is also frequently found. This study was conducted to determine the aggressiveness of P. brachyurus compared with P. zeae to sugarcane. Plants were grown in pots (100 L) in an open area with initial inoculation of 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000 and 100,000/plant for P. brachyurus and P. zeae. The nematode inocula were from in vitro, carrot-cylinder cultures. Sampling was performed every 60 days until 300 days after inoculation. At harvest, we evaluated the population dynamics of the nematodes and plant growth characteristics. The population for the initial levels of 10 and 100,000 specimens/plant, for P. brachyurus and P. zeae at 300 days after inoculation were similar. This fact shows that, upon detection of nematodes in a certain place during the planting of sugarcane, the ratoon on this area should be treated so as to control populations of P.
    [Show full text]
  • Nematodes and Agriculture in Continental Argentina
    Fundam. appl. NemalOl., 1997.20 (6), 521-539 Forum article NEMATODES AND AGRICULTURE IN CONTINENTAL ARGENTINA. AN OVERVIEW Marcelo E. DOUCET and Marîa M.A. DE DOUCET Laboratorio de Nematologia, Centra de Zoologia Aplicada, Fant/tad de Cien.cias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Casilla df Correo 122, 5000 C6rdoba, Argentina. Acceplecl for publication 5 November 1996. Summary - In Argentina, soil nematodes constitute a diverse group of invertebrates. This widely distributed group incJudes more than twO hundred currently valid species, among which the plant-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes are the most remarkable. The former includes species that cause damages to certain crops (mainly MeloicU:igyne spp, Nacobbus aberrans, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, and Xiphinema index), the latter inc1udes various species of the Mermithidae family, and also the genera Steinernema and Helerorhabditis. There are few full-time nematologists in the country, and they work on taxonomy, distribution, host-parasite relationships, control, and different aspects of the biology of the major species. Due tO the importance of these organisms and the scarcity of information existing in Argentina about them, nematology can be considered a promising field for basic and applied research. Résumé - Les nématodes et l'agriculture en Argentine. Un aperçu général - Les nématodes du sol représentent en Argentine un groupe très diversifiè. Ayant une vaste répartition géographique, il comprend actuellement plus de deux cents espèces, celles parasitant les plantes et les insectes étant considèrées comme les plus importantes. Les espèces du genre Me/oi­ dogyne, ainsi que Nacobbus aberrans, Dùylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchulus semipenetrans et Xiphinema index représentent un réel danger pour certaines cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analysis of Nematodes of the Genus Pratylenchus Using Nuclear 26S Rdna
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of February 1997 Phylogenetic Analysis of Nematodes of the Genus Pratylenchus Using Nuclear 26S rDNA Luma Al-Banna University of Jordan, [email protected] Valerie M. Williamson University of California, Davis, [email protected] Scott Lyell Gardner University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Al-Banna, Luma; Williamson, Valerie M.; and Gardner, Scott Lyell, "Phylogenetic Analysis of Nematodes of the Genus Pratylenchus Using Nuclear 26S rDNA" (1997). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 52. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/52 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (ISSN: 1055-7903), vol. 7, no. 1 (February 1997): 94-102. Article no. FY960381. Copyright 1997, Academic Press. Used by permission. Phylogenetic Analysis of Nematodes of the Genus Pratylenchus Using Nuclear 26S rDNA Luma Al-Banna*, Valerie Williamson*, and Scott Lyell Gardner1 *Department of Nematology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95676-8668 1H. W. Manter Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, University of Nebraska State Museum, W-529 Nebraska Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0514; [email protected] Fax: (402) 472-8949.
    [Show full text]
  • "Structure, Function and Evolution of the Nematode Genome"
    Structure, Function and Advanced article Evolution of The Article Contents . Introduction Nematode Genome . Main Text Online posting date: 15th February 2013 Christian Ro¨delsperger, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany Adrian Streit, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany Ralf J Sommer, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany In the past few years, an increasing number of draft gen- numerous variations. In some instances, multiple alter- ome sequences of multiple free-living and parasitic native forms for particular developmental stages exist, nematodes have been published. Although nematode most notably dauer juveniles, an alternative third juvenile genomes vary in size within an order of magnitude, com- stage capable of surviving long periods of starvation and other adverse conditions. Some or all stages can be para- pared with mammalian genomes, they are all very small. sitic (Anderson, 2000; Community; Eckert et al., 2005; Nevertheless, nematodes possess only marginally fewer Riddle et al., 1997). The minimal generation times and the genes than mammals do. Nematode genomes are very life expectancies vary greatly among nematodes and range compact and therefore form a highly attractive system for from a few days to several years. comparative studies of genome structure and evolution. Among the nematodes, numerous parasites of plants and Strikingly, approximately one-third of the genes in every animals, including man are of great medical and economic sequenced nematode genome has no recognisable importance (Lee, 2002). From phylogenetic analyses, it can homologues outside their genus. One observes high rates be concluded that parasitic life styles evolved at least seven of gene losses and gains, among them numerous examples times independently within the nematodes (four times with of gene acquisition by horizontal gene transfer.
    [Show full text]
  • Theory Manual Course No. Pl. Path
    NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Theory Manual INTRODUCTORY PLANT NEMATOLOGY Course No. Pl. Path 2.2 (V Dean’s) nd 2 Semester B.Sc. (Hons.) Agri. PROF.R.R.PATEL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Dr.D.M.PATHAK, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR Dr.R.R.WAGHUNDE, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY BHARUCH 392012 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION What are the nematodes? Nematodes are belongs to animal kingdom, they are triploblastic, unsegmented, bilateral symmetrical, pseudocoelomateandhaving well developed reproductive, nervous, excretoryand digestive system where as the circulatory and respiratory systems are absent but govern by the pseudocoelomic fluid. Plant Nematology: Nematology is a science deals with the study of morphology, taxonomy, classification, biology, symptomatology and management of {plant pathogenic} nematode (PPN). The word nematode is made up of two Greek words, Nema means thread like and eidos means form. The words Nematodes is derived from Greek words ‘Nema+oides’ meaning „Thread + form‟(thread like organism ) therefore, they also called threadworms. They are also known as roundworms because nematode body tubular is shape. The movement (serpentine) of nematodes like eel (marine fish), so also called them eelworm in U.K. and Nema in U.S.A. Roundworms by Zoologist Nematodes are a diverse group of organisms, which are found in many different environments. Approximately 50% of known nematode species are marine, 25% are free-living species found in soil or freshwater, 15% are parasites of animals, and 10% of known nematode species are parasites of plants (see figure at left). The study of nematodes has traditionally been viewed as three separate disciplines: (1) Helminthology dealing with the study of nematodes and other worms parasitic in vertebrates (mainly those of importance to human and veterinary medicine).
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Pratylenchus Zeae on the Growth and Yield of Upland Rice
    The effect of Pratylenchus zeae on the growth and yield of upland rice Richard A. PLOWRIGHT",Danilo MATUS**, Tin AUNG**and Twng-Wah MEW** * CAB International Institute of Parasitology, 395 a, Hatfield Road, St. Albans, Hertfordshire, AL4 OXU, UK and ** International Rice Research Institute, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. SUMMARY The root lesion nematode Pratylenchus zeae is widely distributed on upland rice but its economic importance has not been assessed. In a field trial, following a five month clean fallow, the ofcontrol P. zeae using carbofuran, increased the yieldof cv. Upl Ri-5 whilst the yield of cv. Kinandang Patong was unaffected. Pre-sowing soil population densities (Pi) of P. zeae were low (0-1 11 nematodes/lOOml soil) and there were no obvious symptoms of infectionduring early vegetativegrowth although the plant height of Upl Ri-5 was slightly reduced. At harvest the yield of treated plants was increased byO/O 13-29of that of untreated plants having a mean infection of 1 350 nematodedg root(P < 0.05). In the glasshouse the rate of growth and tilleringof cv. IR36 was significantly reduced with a highPi (630-3 O00 nematodesllO0 cm3 soil). Infected root systems were stunted and mean root fresh weight was reduced by 40-60%. Although infection reducedthe no. of spikeletslplant, these plants had a higher harvest index and consequently grain yield was unaffected. The relationship between yield and the population density of P. zeae at different crop growth stages, in the field indicates low tolerance and a high relative minimum yield of 65O/o. RESUMÉ Influence de Pratylenchus zeae sur la croissance et la récolte du riz de plateau Pratylenchus zeae est très répandusur le riz de plateau mais son importance n'a jamais été évaluée.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigations on the Early Stages of Interactions Between the Nematodes Meloidogyne Javanica and Pratylenchus Thornei and Two of Their Plant Hosts
    Investigations on the early stages of interactions between the nematodes Meloidogyne javanica and Pratylenchus thornei and two of their plant hosts SOSAMMA PAZHAVARICAL Doctor of Philosophy August 2009 University of Western Sydney “O LORD, How great are your works!” Psalm 92:5 Dedicated to My father the late P. V. Easow, who passed away in 1976 when I was still in high school; y brother the late P. Vergis, who passed away in early 2009 and y loving other Maria a Easow, who is, always, y ain source of inspiration . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was one which was almost never written but for the grace of God. I wish to express my gratitude to the many who directly and indirectly contributed towards the completion of this thesis from the beginning, eight years ago. First and foremost I would like to thank the University of Western Sydney for the Post Graduate Award Scholarship, and the Australian National University for the additional funding to enable me to realise my research dreams at the UWS Hawkesbury and ANU Canberra. I express my deep appreciation for the understanding and support of my supervisory panel, especially my Principal Supervisor Associate Professor Robert Spooner-Hart, without whose infinite patience, dedication, lateral thinking and valuable time which he spent editing, this thesis would never have been realised. My heartfelt thank you goes to Associate Professor Tan Nair for his valuable guidance during the initial stages of my candidature, and his advice in all academic matters up until recent retirement. I would like to thank Professor Dr. Geoff Wasteneys for his kindness and support in providing all laboratory facilities for my cytoskeletal research at the Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity, Phylogeny, Characterization and Diagnostics of Root-Knot and Lesion Nematodes
    Diversity, phylogeny, characterization and diagnostics of root-knot and lesion nematodes Toon Janssen Promotors: Prof. Dr. Wim Bert Prof. Dr. Gerrit Karssen Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of doctor in Sciences, Biology Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het bekomen van de graad van doctor in de Wetenschappen, Biologie 1 Table of contents Acknowledgements Chapter 1: general introduction 1 Organisms under study: plant-parasitic nematodes .................................................... 11 1.1 Pratylenchus: root-lesion nematodes ..................................................................................... 13 1.2 Meloidogyne: root-knot nematodes ....................................................................................... 15 2 Economic importance ..................................................................................................... 17 3 Identification of plant-parasitic nematodes .................................................................. 19 4 Variability in reproduction strategies and genome evolution ..................................... 22 5 Aims .................................................................................................................................. 24 6 Outline of this study ........................................................................................................ 25 Chapter 2: Mitochondrial coding genome analysis of tropical root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne) supports haplotype based diagnostics and reveals evidence of recent reticulate evolution. 1 Abstract
    [Show full text]