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Scutellonema Bradys As a Pathogen of Yam in Benin

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Scutellonema Bradys As a Pathogen of Yam in Benin University of Pretoria etd – Baimey, H K (2006) Scutellonema bradys as a pathogen of yam in Benin By Hugues Kossi Baimey Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science (Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology) University of Pretoria Pretoria December 2005 Promotor : Prof. N. Labuschagne Co-Promotors : Dr. D. Coyne Prof. A. H. Mc Donald University of Pretoria etd – Baimey, H K (2006) DECLARATION I, the undersigned, declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and that it has not previously, in its entirety or part, submitted for a degree to any other university. ……………………………………………….. Hugues Kossi Baimey ii University of Pretoria etd – Baimey, H K (2006) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my promotors Prof. Nico Labuschagne, Dr. Danny Coyne, Prof. Alex Mc Donald and Dr. Robert Asiedu for their valuable scientific advice, support and encouragement throughout my research and the production of the current thesis. Thanks and appreciation are also extended to the following people and institutions: - Prof. Dirk De Waele and Dr. Driekie Fourie for their valuable contribution and advice on the research proposal. - The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) for providing funding and for housing me for the current study and the University of Pretoria where the academic studies were undertaken. - Dr. Tamo Manuele, Mrs. Bisy Soboyejo, Dr. Braima James, Dr. Peter Neuenschwander,. Dr Chris Okafor and Mr. Emmanuel Oyewole for their assistance in administrative affairs. - Dr. Appolinaire Adandandon for scientific advice and moral support whenever the going got tough. May God bless his parents, wife and children. - Drs. W. Msikita, A. Onzo, D. Gnanvossou, M. Toko, O. Coulibaly, F. Hountondji and Komlan- Assogba Françoise for their advice and encouragement. - The Nematology Staff ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Potchefstroom, South Africa for the short training course at the Institute. - The Staff (especially Lindie E.) and Students of the Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria and of the nematology laboratory at IITA Ibadan for providing a good working atmosphere and support. - The Food Technology laboratory at IITA Ibadan Station, Nigeria for assisting with the chemical analysis of yam tubers. - Mr. Sam Korie for support with statistical analyses. - All the lates of my family; may their souls rest in peace. - My parents: Michel Baimey, Louis Baimey, Adjohouenou Djitrinou, Adininfo Hantchégnon and other members of my family. May the current thesis be the fruits of your love, loyal and permanent support. - Christelle Chokki, Sero Marietou, Baimey Dirk De Coomans, Baimey Ange-Marie, Baimey McDonald Sedjro, Baimey Dannico Kerry for their love, patience, permanent support, sacrifices and courage. May the current thesis be the results of our joined efforts. - Dossou Noe for assisting me with the management of the experiments at the farm, in the greenhouse and in the laboratory. iii University of Pretoria etd – Baimey, H K (2006) - My colleagues and friends: R. Bocco, H. Dossounon, M. Adandé, A. Tchabi, R. Kocou, O. Pio, L. Lawoin, S. Boueyi, J. Toffa, C. Agboton, I. Godonou, C. Atcha, S. Loumedjinon, B. Datinon, D. G. Rurema, A. Avocanh, for moral support and encouragement. iv University of Pretoria etd – Baimey, H K (2006) CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................................................IX LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................XI CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 1 1.1. The host: Dioscorea species ................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1. Origin and distribution of yam............................................................................................... 1 1.1.2. Yam production, composition, use and consumption. .......................................................... 1 1.1.3. Botanical characteristics of yam........................................................................................... 4 1.1.4. Growth requirements............................................................................................................ 4 1.1.5. Constraints in yam production.............................................................................................. 6 1.2. The yam nematode, Scutellonema bradys (Steiner and LeHew) Andrassy. ................................. 9 1.2.1. Classification ........................................................................................................................ 9 1.2.2. Biology and life history of S. bradys ..................................................................................... 9 1.2.3. Survival and dissemination of S. bradys............................................................................. 10 1.2.4. Importance of S. bradys in yam production ........................................................................ 10 1.2.5. Diagnosis............................................................................................................................ 12 1.2.6. Other crops susceptible to S. bradys.................................................................................. 12 1.2.7. Nematode disease management options ........................................................................... 13 1.3. Objectives of the current study .............................................................................................. 16 1.4. References.......................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 2 - SURVEY OF SCUTELLONEMA BRADYS INCIDENCE ON MARKETABLE YAM (DIOSCOREA SPP.) IN BENIN............................................................................................................ 24 Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 24 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………........25 2.2. Materials and methods......................................................................................................... 25 2.2.1. Survey area and data recorded from tuber samples.......................................................... 25 2.2.2. Assessment of nematode damage .................................................................................... 26 2.2.3. Assessment of S. bradys population densities .................................................................. 26 2.2.4. Data analyses.................................................................................................................... 26 2.3. Results............................................................................................................................... 27 2.3.1. Assessment of S. bradys damage..................................................................................... 27 v University of Pretoria etd – Baimey, H K (2006) 2.3.2. Assessment of S. bradys population density..................................................................... 27 2.4. Discussion.......................................................................................................................... 28 2.5. References......................................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 3 – PATHOGENICITY OF SCUTELLONEMA BRADYS POPULATIONS AND EFFECTS OF INOCULATION METHODS AND INOCULUM DENSITY ON YAM (DIOSCOREA SPP.)………...39 3.1. ASSESSMENT OF INOCULATION METHODS IN EVALUATING RESPONSE OF YAM (DIOSCOREA SPP.) CULTIVARS TO INFECTION BY SCUTELLONEMA BRADYS..................................................................................... 39 Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 39 3.1.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................ 40 3.1.2. Materials and methods ...................................................................................................... 40 3.1.3. Results .............................................................................................................................. 43 3.1.4. Discussion......................................................................................................................... 44 3.1.5. References........................................................................................................................ 46 3.2. EFFECT OF INOCULUM DENSITY OF SCUTELLONEMA BRADYS ON SOME PLANT GROWTH PARAMETERS AND TUBER YIELD OF YAM (DIOSCOREA ROTUNDATA AND D. CAYENENSIS).................................................. 53 Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 53 3.2.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................ 53 3.2.2. Materials and methods .....................................................................................................
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