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Plant Protection in Tropical Root and Tuber Crops Plant Protection in Tropical Root and Tuber Crops P. Parvatha Reddy Plant Protection in Tropical Root and Tuber Crops P. Parvatha Reddy Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Bangalore , Karnataka , India ISBN 978-81-322-2388-7 ISBN 978-81-322-2389-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2389-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015942675 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer India 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd. is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Pref ace In the year 2012, the major root and tuber (R&T) crops occupied about 53 million hectares, producing 797 million metric tons worldwide, 42 % of which was from Asia and 6.45 % from India. Tropical R&T crops consist of both dicots like cassava/tapioca ( Manihot esculenta ) and sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ) and monocots like yams ( Dioscorea spp.) and edible aroids like taro ( Colocasia esculenta ), tannia ( Xanthosoma sagittifolium ), and elephant foot yam ( Amorphophallus spp.). This group of crops provides a substantial part of the world’s food supply (contributes about 6 % of the world’s dietary calories). On a global basis, approximately 45 % of root and tuber crop production is consumed as food, with the remainder used as ani- mal feed or for industrial processing for products such as starch, distilled spirits, and a range of minor products. India produced a record of 252 million tons of food grains during 2011– 2012. Nevertheless, about 217 million of our people (17.50 % of total popula- tion) remained chronically undernourished in 2012. India pledged to reduce the undernourished population from 26.90 % in 1990–1992 by half in 2015 under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which is unlikely to be realized in spite of satisfactory overall economic growth. Many of the poorest farmers and most undernourished households in India depend on R&T crops as a contributing if not principal source of food and nutrition. These farm households value R&T crops because they produce large quantities of dietary energy and have stable yields under conditions in which other crops may fail. According to FAO, “nutrition-sensitive” growth in a country can be ensured by supporting increased dietary diversity. In that context, tropical R&T crops (source of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and essential amino acids such as lysine) become important for ensuring food and nutritional security of the country. The pre- and postharvest losses of R&T crops due to pests and diseases are very high. Some of the important pests and diseases in R&T crops include cassava mosaic virus, sweet potato weevil, yam anthracnose and dry rot nematode, taro leaf blight, and elephant foot yam collar rot. These pests are carried through infected planting material from one season to the next season and lead to loss in yield and quality. Hence, crop protection in R&T crops has a major role to play in fulfi lling the MDGs identifi ed by the United Nations. The information on integrated pest management in tropical R&T crops is very much scattered, and there is no book at present which comprehensively deals with the above aspects. The present book deals with insect/mite/ v vi Preface vertebrate pests and fungal/bacterial/viral/mycoplasma/nematode diseases of R&T crops. The book is divided into 15 chapters such as Tuber Crops: An Overview, Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams, Taro, Elephant Foot Yam, Chinese Potato, Yam Bean, Achira, Winged Bean, Enset, Tannia, Arrowroot, Crepe Ginger, and The Way Forward. For each crop pest, information on the distribution, symptoms/damage, host range, biology, survival and spread, and management methods (regulatory, physical, cultural, chemical, biological, host resistance, and integrated) is provided. The book is extensively illustrated with excellent quality photographs enhancing the quality of publication. The book is written in lucid-style, easy-to-understand language along with adoptable recommendations involving eco-friendly control measures. This book can serve as a useful reference to policy makers, research and extension workers, practicing farmers, and students. The material can also be used for teaching postgraduate courses. Suggestions to improve the contents of the book are most welcome (e-mail: [email protected]). The publishers, Springer, New Delhi, India, deserve commendation for their professional contribution. Bangalore, India P. Parvatha Reddy January 30, 2015 Contents 1 Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: An Overview .......................... 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 1 1.1.1 World Scenario ....................................................... 1 1.1.2 Indian Scenario ....................................................... 4 1.2 Area, Production, and Productivity of Tuber Crops ............. 5 1.3 SWOT Analysis for Tuber Crops ......................................... 7 1.3.1 Strengths ................................................................. 7 1.3.2 Weaknesses ............................................................. 7 1.3.3 Opportunities .......................................................... 8 1.3.4 Threats .................................................................... 9 1.4 Gap Areas Identifi ed ............................................................. 9 1.5 Thrust Areas ......................................................................... 9 1.5.1 Crop Improvement ................................................. 9 1.5.2 Crop Production ..................................................... 12 1.5.3 Crop Protection ...................................................... 12 1.5.4 Crop Utilization ...................................................... 13 1.5.5 Extension and Social Sciences ............................... 13 1.6 Future Outlook ..................................................................... 14 References ....................................................................................... 15 2 Cassava, Manihot esculenta .......................................................... 17 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 17 2.2 Insect and Mite Pests ............................................................ 20 2.2.1 Tobacco Whitefl y, Bemisia tabaci .......................... 20 2.2.2 Spiraling Whitefl y, Aleurodicus dispersus ............. 22 2.2.3 Stem Mussel Scale, Aonidomytilus albus (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) ............................. 25 2.2.4 White Peach Scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona ............................................................... 27 2.2.5 Black Scale, Parasaissetia nigra ............................ 28 2.2.6 Root Scale, Stictococcus vayssierrei ...................... 29 2.2.7 Mealybugs, Phenacoccus marginatus, P. manihoti, P. herreni ............................................ 29 2.2.8 Striped Mealybug, Ferrisia virgata ........................ 32 2.2.9 Hornworm, Erinnyis ello ........................................ 33 2.2.10 Thrips, Frankliniella williamsi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) ...................................... 35 vii viii Contents 2.2.11 Aphids, Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) ......................................... 35 2.2.12 Variegated Grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus ..... 36 2.2.13 Shoot Fly, Siblua pendula ...................................... 38 2.2.14 Fruit Flies, Anastrepha manihoti, A. pickeli ........... 39 2.2.15 Leaf-Cutting Ants, Atta sp., Acromyrmex sp. ....... 39 2.2.16 Lacewing Bugs, Croythaica cyathicollis (Hemiptera: Tingidae) ............................................ 40 2.2.17 Cutworms ............................................................... 41 2.2.18 White Grubs, Leucopholis coneophora .................. 41 2.2.19 Lace Bug, Vatiga manihotae .................................. 42 2.2.20 Termites, Odontotermes obesus ............................. 42 2.2.21 Gall Midge, Latrophobia brasiliensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) ....................................... 43 2.2.22 Cinch Bugs, Blissus sp. .......................................... 44 2.2.23 Storage Pests .......................................................... 44 2.2.24 Red Spider Mite, Tetranychus spp. ........................ 46 2.2.25 Green Spider Mite, Mononychellus tanajoa .......... 47 2.2.26 White Spot Spider Mite, Oligonychus (Homonychus) peruvianus...................................... 49
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