C[Lr o nL o fo eTLoo {o roto AT'vlsrEryTEK INTERTIATIONAL WORKSHOP OT..{BIOI,OGICAL CO{TROL OF CHROMOIA.ENA 0DIRATA

The first International Workshop on Biological 6. In the light of the benefitderived from this Control of was conducted workshop, it will be more useful to during February 29 through March 4, 1988 at organize another one in the next two or Bangkok, Thailand. The workshop was hosted by three yearsto follow up current activities Dr. Banpot Napompeth and sponsored by and to review the progressmade as well as Australian Centre for International Agricultural to formulatefuture action plans. Research, National Research Council, Thailand, National Biological Control Research Center, Proceedingsof the First InternationalWork- Thailand, Tropical and Subtropical Agricultural shop for Biological Control of Chromolaena Research Program, CSRS, USDA, and odorata is in preparation.If you are interestedin Agricultural Experiment Station, Guam. receivinga copy of the proceedingsand also wish t9 adgyour nameand addressin the mailing list of The topics covered in this workshop were the C. odorata Newsletter,kindly complete and ecology and distribution, review of different return the form enclosedwith this newsletter. methods of control and history of biological control of C. odoratd, country reports and development of PAREACHAETES ESTABLISHMENT a network of scientists engaged in biological control of C. odorata and development a-data Pareuchaete s p seu^do insulata hasestablished base. 91 Guam,Saipan, Rota, Tinian andAguijan of the Mariana Islands and suppressedC. odorata There were participants from Australia, Guam, effectively. Ildiu, France (IRHO), CIBC, Philippines, Thailand, South Africa and Vietnam. Currentlywork is in progressfor introduction and establishmentof P. pseudoinsulataon the Recommendations from this workshop were: islandof Yap in theWest CarolineIslands. 1. The Secretariatbe establishedand locatedin SPREAD OF C. ODORATA Guam for the present, and to produce " Chromolae na odorata Newsletter'l C. odorata has been reported to have 2. An International Working Group on establishedon Palau (West Caroline Islands)and Biological Control of Chromolaena odorata Pohnpei(East Caroline Islands) in Micronesia. be formally establishedand seek an affilia- tion with the International Organization for ABOUT THIS NEWSLETTER Biological Conrol (IOBC). 3. Countries and organizations active or A bibliography of C. odorata is includedin planning to initiate biological conffol of C. this newsletter. A list of pestsrecorded on C. odorata programs should inform the odorata will appearin the next newsletter working group to disseminatethe informa- tion and to maximize cooperation and C. odorata newsletterwill be producedat collaboration. irregular intervals. If you wish to use this 4. To encourageexchange of natural enemies newsletterfor disseminationof information per- af C. odorata in conformity with the local taining to biological control of C. odorata to the or regional regulations, the researchers readers,kindly sendthem to: must document all relevant information pertaining to identity, origin, numbers Dr. R. Muniappan received, numbers released, locations and Agricultural ExperimentStation dates of releases together with pre-release University of Guam and post-release evaluation of the natural Mangilao,Guam 96923 enemiesconcerned. u.s.A. 5. Various donor agencies be encouraged to lgpport activities that will strengthen biological control of C. odorata.

2 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHROMOLAENA ODORATA

R. Muniappan, M. Marutani, and f. McConnell Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam Mangilao, Guam 96923 U.S.A.

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4 Bose, P. K., Chakrabarti,P., Chakrabarti,S., Dutta, S. P. and Barua,A. K. 1974. Chemicalexamination of the leavesof Eupatoriutnodoraturn. Trans.Bose Res. Inst. 37 (l-2):25-30. Brink, I. F. and Clayton, J. N. 1984. The effect of triclopyr esteron certain invader specigs.6th National Congressof the SouthernAfrican Weed ScienceSociety. 24 pp. Abstract. Bullock, J.A. 1968. Plant patternand distributionof aphid-in colonies. [n] Misra, R. and 9.-9"p_"1 tEdl.-Proc.!rml. RecentAdvances Tropical Ecology. Varanasi, India. Paft II: 377-773. "Gonoy" Castillo, A. C., M*g, f. 4 qF Pineda,C. 1977. Introductionof Ipil-Ipil- in infestedpastures. PhilippinesJ. Industry. 32 (l-4): l-10. Castillo,A. C., Sena,E. M. andMoog, F. A. 1980. Prevalenceof Chromolaerwodorata (L.) R. M. King andH. Robinsonunder different gdrnrintensities and methods of weedcontrol. 17thPSAS Annual Conventionand Scientific Meeting, Manila. Chandra,G. 1985. Investigationson essentialoils andisolates of potentialvalue at HBTI, Kanpur. Indian Perfumer. 29(U2): 23-30. Chapman,R.- F., Pagg,W. W. andMcCaffery, A. R. 1986. Bionomicsof the variegated grasshopper(Zonocerus variegatus ) in West and Central Africa. Ann.-Rev. Entomol. 3l:479-505. Cock, M. J. W. 1984. Possibilitiesfor biological control of Chromolaena odorata. TropicalPest Management. 30 (1): 7-13. Cock, M. J. W. and Holloway, J. D. 1982. The history of, and the prospectsfor, the biological control of Chromolaena odorata (Compositae)Ey - Fareuchaetes pseudoinsulataRego Barros and allies (Lepidoptera:Arctiidae). Bull. Ent. Res. 72:193-205. Coulibaly,A. 1983. Action of Asulum on Eupatoriwnodoraturn Proc.Second Biannual _ conf., west Africa weed Sci. soc. [Ed. Deat,M. andMarnotte, p.]: 298-300. Cruttwell, R. E. 1968. Preliminary survey of potential biological control agentsof pypalglum odoratr*n in Trinidad. Proc. 9th British Weed Control Conf. pp. 836-841. Cruttwell, R. E. 1968- Progressrepoft on investigationon Siam weed, Eupatorium odorannn in Trinidad. CIBC Report. 7pp. Cruttwell, R. E. 1271._Report on survey of iht insectsassociated with Eupatorium odoratutn L. in SouthAmerica, undertaken in April-May 1971. CIBC Report. 14pp. Cruttwell, R. E. 1972. The insectsof Eupatorium odoratum L. in Trinidad and their Pltgntll_ as agentsfqt.btplogcal control. Ph. D. thesissubmitted to the University of the West Indies,Trinidad. pp.24l. Cruttwell, R. E. 1973. Insectsattacking Eupatorium odoratum in the neotropics. 3. Diclnmeris sp.noy. (Ticlntaplrc sp.rc. eupatoriella) (Lep: Gelechiidae),a leaf- roller onEupatoriumodaratwn L. (Compositae).Commonw. Inst. Biol. Control. Tech.Bull. 16: 125-134. Cruttwell, R. E. 1973. Insectsattacking Eupatorium odoraum in the neotropics. 2. Studiesof the seedwewil Apion brunneonigrurn B. B. and its potentiil use to controlE. odoratwn L. Commonw.Inst. Biol. Control.Tech. nuil. 16: Ll7-124. Cruttwell, R. E. 1977. Insectsand mites attackingEupatoriurn odoratum L. in the _ neotropics.5. Mescinia sp.nr. partula (7*lLer). 18:49-58. Cruttwell, R. E. 1977. Insectsand mites attackingEupatorium odoratum L. in the neotropics._9.. f*o_eriophyid mites,Acalitw adoratusKeifer andPhyltocoptes crumvellaeKeifer. Commonw.Inst.Biol. Control.Tech. Bull. 18:59-63. Cruttwell, R. E.1974. Insectsand mites attackingEupatorium odoratum in the neotropics. 4. An annotatedlist of the insectsana mites recordedfrom Eupatoriwn

5 odoraturn L. with a key to the typesof damagefound in Tri{ri@l. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Control.Tech. Bull. 17:87-125 'sxsIscir Dalem K. W., and Soedarsan,A. 1977. The effectof buthidazol€@d'0new diphenyl ether on Chromolaenaodorata (L.) R. M. King and H."dOHinson.Menara Perkabunan.45(6): 287-289. { rltd "as; Daryono,H. 1985. Effect of ageon the compositionand developmeo$mfd6ak,Tectona grandisundergrowthflora. Bul.PenelitianHutan O. 469: 67-ffial .A" Delrome,M. 1979. Weedingof perennialoil crops. Particularca{hstQflyguft.crops and controlof harmfulweeds. Oleagineux. 34(l): 4-6. ; :II trsg .sibr, Dev, P. and Ramakrishnan,P.S. 1987. Coexistenceof clotelgoed660 @qJorium species. l. Eup at o r ium odo ratum L. versusEup ato rium :odaaryfut?BfuiSprang. andEupatoriwn adenophorwn Sprang.versus Eupatoritffi.sipArifrrn$;egel. at differentaltitudes. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.Plant Sci. 97(2XniD65hI7.6(.J) Dharmadhikari,P. R., Perera,P. A. C. R. and Hassen,T. M. F. fffirolbo*nftoduction of Ammalo insulata for the control of Eupatorium odq,iltraZ8Qfn.Eqbibmka. Commonw.Inst. Biol. Control.Tech. Bull. 18: 129-135.nsibnl .ruqnsX Diederichs,C. 1983. Influenceof light on the efficacyof vesicular.o$q$laffiUymqhiffa in tropical and subtropicalplants. 2. Effect of light [email protected] chamberconditions. Angew. Botanik. 57(l-2):45-53. :It Diederichs,C. 1983. Influenceof light on the efficacyof vesicular-a$Xsct%rtnldo:rhifi in tropical and subtropicalplants. 3. Influenceof day lengthrzeAlryiprBotanik. 57(l-2):55-67. r bns .W'.I .M ,r,' ;3 Dufour, F., Quencez,P. and Boutin, D. 1979. Techniquesde luttelchi8niqddcontre Eupatoriumodoratum en palmeraie.Oleagineux. 34 (5): 223$.r?,6siobnszq Dutta, A. C. 1972. Somecommon weeds of the tea estatesin North$StflQdidTMemo, TocklaiExpt. Sta. 29:303. .t8el .A .glsdiluo'-. Edwards,A. W. A. 1974. The Ecologyof Eupatorium odoratilmzN{.VnoDffectof moistureon growth of E. odoratum. lnt. J. Ecol. Environ. Sc,fo.;l(0:.611;ff9wJtur3 Edwards,A. W. A. L977. The ecologyof Eupatoriurn odoratwn r*sirY{nqpffectsof habitatson growth. Int. J. Ecol.Environ. Sci. 3(l-2):17-22. .I$8-d88 Edwards,A.W.A. and Stephenson,S.N. 1975. The ecologyof EtfiEtoflutfl dbsffi Part2. Physiologicalstudies of Eupatoriwnodoratum from thorireqrumnhsandold world tropics.Intl. J. Ecol.Environ. Sci. l(2): 97-1O5. iql .g ..9 .llewlturS Egberink,J. 1969. Study of someof the more troublesomeweedb.if SstNtcNeRegion and their chemicalcontrol: exploratoryinvestigation of the chemic{@rtrol of Eupatoriumodoratum 1966-1968.Final Report. egric. ReS"tPtetc[fiafltgmmnm I (Il3): 3l-32. ,neg6zs lnitnetoq Egberink,J., and Pickworth, G. 1969. Eupatoriurn odoratum,ibnlAz$Mdmppoblem. Farmingin S. A. pp. 25-29. .€TqI .!I ..fl .IlewtturJ Eouzan,J.P., Ferrara, L., Bouchite,B. and Traore-Larrizana,M. r l&7&xslMoKhaps in Glossinaconffol in the region of Yaounde. PreliminarynotnqBilpp ftjtrat Conf. Tech.Oceac. (Organ. Coord. Lutte Endem.Afr. Cent.). (2):M87I{r6U.dceT Epp, G. A. 1987. The seedbank of Eupatoriurnodoraturn alongaBT&0es$fuftddi{riluiCI a tropicalrain forestin Ghana. J. TropicalEcology. 3(2): l39dbafuzsibutZ Erasmus,D. J. 1987. Chemicalcontrol of triffid weed: The qnftmSdrttsmlution continues. 8th NationalCongress of the SouthernAfrican Wl&n S€leftdhctHy) Abstract. e .aciqotoen Erasmus,D. J. 1988 Chemicalversus mechanical control of triffidQfeetf .A dlamdroCI cost. Proceedingsof the 5th annualmeeting of the worklnglgrou{qcmoohemical control of weedinvaders. October1987. Plant Prot. Res.lfurXt.lSlopat$sgri.and WaterSupply, Rep. of S.A. SIQI.E ..fl .llewrur3 .S .eciqortoen

6 SSI&Ttqb.-YC D. J. andano van Staden,Jtaden,J. 1986.Iy6O. GerminationUermlnatron of Chromolaenaodorata (L.) K. & :(r Y$/R.){ .^1._-^_^ _ff_ _- , ? , '26(2): achenes:effect of temperature,imbibition, and light. weed Research. grfi*Etld gffi#$ffit11qano van staoen, J. ry66. 'wrrrrr€[H4t}9a;u.,*,{. '6tl'e'ifiltal yq sl19:n,J..1e86. screeningScreenrng qf^ca3{gatelre.rbicid.esof candidate herbicides in-fieldin fielc for control of Chromolaena odorata. S. efr. J. Plant Soil. 3 (2): 66-7A. Fotps$srr.}f;,"0.,J^,and"" '--{Fff"34_?trtriclopyrvan Staden, J. 1987. Chemical control of Chromolae'na odorata: and glyphosateapplied to regrowth. Apptied Plant Science.

Erasmlrp*P..tandvan Staden,J. 1987.Germinationof Chromolaena odorata (L.) K. & R. {Cttfpes:effect of storage,harvest tocality and the pericarp. Weed Reiearch. 2z:ltg:118. Erasmus,D{. 12!6. Triffid weed. W"g4!.Bull. Agri. andWater Supply. Pretoria. 2p. Etejere,_!.iO.1980. Viability of herbicide-treatedseeds of Eupatorium odoratum'L. WeedResearch.20(6): 361-363. Etejere,E.O. 1982. Effect of ethyldipropylthio carbamatefluorodifen and monuronon gansplation andphotospp-th_e1ic oxygen ouqput in Eupatoriumodoratum plants. WeedResearch 22(6): 313-318. Etejere,E.O.. 1983. Germinationand growthresponses of Eupatorium odoratum to herbicidesapplied at variouslevels of soil depth.Pak. J. Iiot. 15(2): 85-92. Etuk, E. C. 1973. A preliminary surveyof the *""is in teak plantationiin itt" Western ",kr_,, StateofNigeria. Obeche. 8D:37/48. T,4f.fri,g[ri,9. uld Dyebade,E.O. !984. An investigationof allelopathy^ in Siamweed, Eltpbtoriumodoraturn. (Jodhpur). l' -."' Geobios'The t I(+): 145-150. ladigE $t"ag{.$kpagni,K. _1983. prgblem_of Eupatorium odoratum in village a , $Jpqtpluntations in Ivory Coast. Proc. SecondBiannual Conf., West Afri[a WetsdSci.Soc. [Ed. M. Deatand P. Marnotte]:309-310. .E$u,EYtiJ#tppfrHengmichai,?.*: 1979. _Invasion_of Imperata cylindrtca (L.) Beauv.by " ,F*h#Ln&if speciesin Thailand.J. RangeManagement. lZ(S): 34d344. FAfnsri'oith;'NR1:cordell, G.A. and Kaas,e.J. 1990. what ii odoratin. J. pharm. ): 1107. r5t Falanruw, M.V.C. 1973. Noteworthy Micronesian plants, part I . l1(1): 77-80. Gafur, K.T., Karim, A. and Khan, M. A. A. 1983. Relationsbetween I conditions and distribu.tionof plants in the hills of the chittagong Unlyggsltyy Campus. ChittagongChittagons UniversityUniversitv Studies. part2-7part 2, 0\:33-39(l): n SiL r?li- di A 7 33-39. Gagne,y--tr|\9it. lie Cecidomliif,ae@ipteriliri*iui"d with Chromolaenaodorata (L.). K.and R. (Compositae)in the NeotropicalRegion. Brenesia. 12/13:ll3- 131. Ganguli_,.Rrt.{... and Raychaudhuri, D. N. 1980. Studieson Rhopalosiphummaidis Fitch (Aphididae: Homoptera) 9-formidablepest of Zea iays (maize) in Tripura. Scienceand Culture. 46:259-26I. Garry,B. 1963._Thechanging f.o_lunes and future of peppergrowing in Cambodia.J. TropicalGeography. 17 : 133-142. Gaullier,P. 1986. Contributionof cattle rearing to oil palm grove maintenancein Cameroon.Oleagineux. 41(6): 255-262. George,c.M.,. Joy, P.J. and Abraham,c.c. i,992. Distribution,feeding habits and patternsof Tatera indica cuvieri. J. BombayNat. Hist.lSoc. 7g(Z): 296-30r.!*yqrying George,_K.1968. Herbicidalcontrol of Eupatorirunodoratum.IndianForester. 94:817- 818.

7 Ghosh,R. 1969. The developmentof femalegametophyte and embryo in Eupatortum odorannnL. IndianJ. Scienceand Indusnry. Sect. A.Agr.Anim. Sci. 3 (1): 59- 60. Ghosh,R. B. 1974. A contributionto the embryologyof Eupatoriurn odoratum Linn. togetherwith a discussionon its interrelationship.Broteria Ser. TermiestCienc. Nat. 43 (34): LO3-117. Giriraj, C. N. and Bhat, K. V. 1970. Supply of natural enemiesof the "Siam weed" Eupatoriurnodoranttn (for Nigeria and Malaysia). Annual report. Commonw. Inst. Bio. Control. ll2pp. Graw, D., Moawad, M., and Rhem, S. 1979. Investigation on host specificity and effectivity on vesiculararbuscular mycorrhiza. Z. Acker-Pflanzenb.148(2): 85- 98. Gupta,R.K., Krishnamurti,M. and Parthasarathi,J. 1979. Synthesisof somerecently isolatedchalcones their analogsand correspondingflavonones. Agric. Biol. Chem. 43(12): 2603-2606. Hall, J. B., Kumar, R. and Enti, A. A. 1972. The obnoxiousweed Eupatorium odoratwn(Compositae) in Ghana. GhanaJ.Agn. Sci. 5: 75-78. Hamel,P. 1986. A methodof chemicalcontrol of Eupatoriurnodoratwn (L.) for oil palm replantings.Oleagineux. 41(6): 263-267. Harris,P. 1971. Currentapproaches to biologicalcontrol of weeds. TechnicalComm., Commonw.Inst. Bio. Control. 4:67-76. Holm, L. G, Plucknett,D. L., Pancho,J. V. and Herberger,P. D. L977. The World's worst weeds. Distribution and biology. University Pressof Hawaii, Honolulu. pp. 609. Hornus,Ph. 1983. Adaptationof low-volumetreatment techniques in palm plantations. Proc. SecondBiannual Conf., West Africa Weed Sci. Soc. [Ed. M. Deat and P. Marnouel:364-376. Hulugalle,N.R., Lal, R. and Opara-Nadi,O.A. 1987. Managementof plant residuefor cassava,Manilnt esculentaproduction on an acid ultisol in SoutheasternNigeria. FieldCrops Res. 16(1): 1-18. Iheagwam,E. U. 1983. Insectfauna of the Siam weed,Eupatorium odoratum L. Beitragetrop. Landwirtsch Veterinarmed. 2l (3): 321-327. Inya-Agha, S.I., Oguntimein, B.O., Sofowora,A. and Benjamin, T.V. 1987. Phytochemicaland antibacterialstudies on the essentialoil of Eupatorium odoratwn. Int. J. CrudeDrug Res. 25(1): 49-52. Isichei, A.O. and Sanford, W.W. 1976. The effects of waste gas flares on the surroundingvegetation in SoutheasternNigeria. J. Appl. Ecol. 13(1): 177-187. Ivancheva,S.V. and Kuzmanov,B.A. 1985. Flavonoidsin speciesof Asteraceae. Fitologiya. 30; 61-77. Ivens,G. W. 1975. Studiesonlmperata cylindrica (L.). Beav.Eupatoriwn odoratwn L. weedresearch project R 2552, 197l-1973. Tech. Re., Agri. Res. Council Weed ResearchOrganization . 37:26pp. Ivens, G.W. 1973. Recentexperiments on chemicalcontrol of Eupatorium odoraturn Linn. Proceedingsof the 3rd NigerianWeed Science Society Conference. pp.23- 27. j Ivens, G.W. 1974. The problemof Eupatoriumodoratum L. in Nigeria. PANS. 20 I (I):76-82. Iwu, M.M. and Chiori, C.O. 1984. Antimicrobial activity of Eupatorium odoratum extracts.Fitoterapia. 55(6): 354-356. Jayanth,K.. P. 1987.. Biological control of weedsin India. [In] Proceedingsof th-g seminar-cum-sixthworkshop of biologicalcontrol of crop pestsand weeds. All India Coord.Res. Proj. Bio. Control.Crop Pestsand Weeds. 163pp.

8 Jospeh,P.A. andT.F. Kuriakose.198^1. An integratednutrient supply sysrem for higher _ncgpTdggtion. InternationalRice ReseadhNewsletter. rcid>i 22. Joy, P.J.,-Lyla, K. R. and Abraham,C. C. 1979. Preliminaryrtu.i6r - ifr" aphidpests of E-upanriurnodoratum Linn., an importantweed in flantationsof - ferata.- proc. of the2nd A-nn!yrp.on praplalionciops, ooty. pp.'z7zi5.- Kanagaratnag,_!.,1975. Reponbf ttrecrop prbtection aivision - tilq. CeylonCocon. Q. 26:51-56. Kanagaratn1ry,.P.1976. Reportof the cropprotection division - lg75. CeylonCocon. 27:36-41. e. Khonglam,A. and Singh,A. 1?80. Altitudinaleffect on chromosomeassociations in 3 -speciesof Eupatorium. cell chromosomeNewsl. 3(2): 24-27. Khonglam, A. and !ing-\ 4._ 1980. Cytogenetic_studieion th" weed speciesof lypalqlum foundin Meghalaya,IndialProc. Indian Acad. Sci. Fl.ant Sii. Stt+): 237-242. Kinako, P.D.S. 1981. Short-termeff-ect of oil pollution on speciesnumbers and productivity-9{^?s1ryp_le terrestial ecosystem. Environtn"ritutpottution Sit. n. Ecol.Biol. 26(2): 87-92. Kng, B:M. andRobinson, H. 1970. Studies_inthe Eupatorieae (Compositae). XXpq. - T^he_gequsChromolaena. phytologia. Z0 (3): fjA_ZOt. Komolafe'D. A. 1980. Weedsandiheiriontrol inparennial plantationcrops in Nigeria. Weedsand their control in the humid and subhumid,tropics. nocl Conf. it the IITA, 1978. pp. 344-349. Kushwaha,S. P. S-,Ramakrishnan, P.S. and Tripathi, R.J. 1981. populationdynamics of Eupatoriumodoraturn in successionalenvironments followi"g riurt and burn - agncglqe. J. AppliedEcology. 18(2): 529_536. Kushwaha,S.P.S., --Rqakrishnan, F.S. ariATripati, R.S. 1983. Competitionbetween Imqelatacylirdrica andEupatorium odor'atwn at2 levlesof ;ircr'g;;, pnosprrorus, andPotassium treatment. Proc. Indian Natl. Sci.Acad. part B. fiof- S"i.'4gr.t: 50-56. Lal,L. 1988. .tubermoth, Pthorimaea operculella Zellerin Northeasternhills \:Sion and-asimple tretlgd for its controf. IndianJ. Agric. Sii. ssitj, 1g1o-I32. Irggitt, B.- 1983. lhe lnva;ive alienprantchromolaena odoraTa, *itt ,"e;i to its status and control in Natal. Mono. 2, Inst. Nat. Res,Univ. or i.latal Fi"i"r--iirUrrg, Rep.of S. A. Leplaideur,M:A.s. 1985.r,oas weed.- Agriculture Inter Tropiques. 9:12-13. Lizenburger,.S.and Ho Tong.Lip.^- 1961. lJtilizing Eup_atoriim'53:321_324.odoraturn L. to improve -_clopyields!n Cambodia. AgronomyJounial. Lyla, KR., Joy,-P.J.and Abraham.e.C.. 1985. Population_-fluctuationsof aphid pests of Chromolae rya o lo rqte,,(Eup gtgyium odoratum ) in Kerala- Agrir"fifu Research JournalofKerala. 23(l): U-el. MacDonald' I.A.W. 1983. Alien tlees, shrubsand cre_epersinvading indigenous llge-tationin the Hluhluwe-UmfoloziGame Reserve Comptex in Na61 Bothalia. 14(3 & 4):949-959. MacDonald,I.A.W. 1984. Infilterationof dreadedweed alarms experts. Custos. 13,33- 35. MacDonald,I.A.W. and Jarman,M. L. 1985. Invasivealien plantsin the terrestrial ecosystemsof Natal,South Africa. S. A. Nat. Sci. Prog.,bSfn Foundation.nei. Dev.,Pretoria, R. S. A. ReportNo. llg. Madrid,M. T. Jr. 1974- Evaluationof herbicidesfor the conrol of Chromolaenaodorata Q.) n. M. King ald E Bobinson. PhilippinesWeed SciencJ Bulletin t:25-29. Mallik, F. andPurkayastha, R.P. 1975. Notei6n somehypomycetes of EasternIndia. Bull. Bot. Soc.Bengal. 29(l): 53-55.

9 Mangoendihardj-o,S. 1975._{ospects oj biologicalcontrol of weedsin Indonesia.Paper presentedat the 3rd Indonesianweed Scienceconf., Bandung. pp.33-41. _, Mangoendihar-{jo,S_. and Soerjani,IVI. 1978. Weedmanagement tlirbugh -yV.biologi8hl controlin Indonesia. Proc.Plant Protection ConferencJ, Malaf$ia. 32ZiZ.ll. Marks,M.K. Nwachuku, and'Weed A.C. 1986.Seed bank characteristics iri a grofip- -'sr$il6i'l$:"o=f trgplqal weeds.weeds Weed Res.Rec 26(3):)6(?\. 151-158.151-1{R ,'sas&6fis;" Martin,M. 1970.Ethnobotany.'sciences (Paris) (66-67): 34-43. .p Mathew,y',M., Punnoose,K. I.'andI. andPonyPotty s. N. lgi7.1977. Reporton the resurtsresults 6fI6'f1tftftflft4r weedcontrol experimenrs, the rubber plantations in SouthIndia. J. Rilbber:tlbberRes. Inst.Sri Lanka. 54:478-488. ' lISISnOnrn Mehra, P.N. and Remanandan,P. 1975. Cytological investigations'i${"Indian Compositae,Part 4 Tribes Senecioneae,Eupat6rieae, Vernoiiea6 an{hfi?dl#. Nucleus(Calcutta). 18(1-2): 6-19. ,.19 Meyer,M.W. andR.D. Brown. t985. Seasonaltrends in thechemical comp$I$i$n of tel rangeplants in southTexas, U.S.A. J. RangeManage. 38(2): 154-^157. trr Meyer, N4rw.,lrown, R.D. and Graham,M.w. 1984. Proteinand enetgycontent of white-taileddeer diets in theTexas coastal bend. J. Wildlife Management.- 48(2): 527-534. ,,... Modder, W.W.D. 1984. The attractionof Zonocerus variegatus Oithoptera, Pyrgomorphidaeto the weed Chromolaenaodorata and associatedfe^edins r"oo".l"tft]r1ib."$ff'tl"li"'i.I{S'i3,?;li":;rementsrratesyror the ar,i"al grasshopper,Zonocenus variegatns. Nigerian Field. 5l(l-2): 4t-SZ. Mogali, S.G. and Hosmani, M.M. 1982. Chemical control of Eupatorium odoratum L. regrowth. Abstractsof Papers. Annual Conf. of Indian Soc. of Weed Sci. 48. Mohan Lal, K.B. 1960. Eradiction of Lantana, Eupatorium and other pests. Indian Forester. 86(8): 482-484. Mondal, N.U. and Kar, K.R 1983. Searchingbehavior of some predaceouscoccinellid larvae.Chitagong Univ. Studies. Part tI. Sci. 7(1): 95-102. Moni, N. S. and George,M. P. 1959. Eupatorium odoratum, a common weed found in the teak plantations of Kerala state. Indian Forester. 85:728-730. Muniappan, R. 1984. Biological control of the weed, Chromolaena odorata . The SouthemForest Rangers College Magazine. 60:79-82. Muniappan, R. and Viraktamath, C. A. 1986. Insects and mites associatedwith Chromolaena odorata. Entomon. I 1(4): 285-287. Muniappan, R., Sundaramurthy,V. T. and Viraktamarh, C. A. 1988. Distribution of Chromolaenaodorata (L.) K. & R. (Asteraceae)and biology, utilization of food and defoliatio_npy Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Harros (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in India. Presented7th Internat. Symp. Biol. Control. 6f Weeds, Rome, 1988. Naezer,H. W., MeerMohr and Van Der, J.C.. 1953. Insects andEupatoriurn odoratum. Trop. Natur. Bogor. 33: 59-60. Naidu, R. 1980. Aphis citricola van der Goot - a new vector of citrus tristezavirus in India. Current Science. 49(17): 668-669. Nair, P. N. 1973. The effect of gramoxone application on Eupatorium odoratum. Indian Forester. 99:43-48. Nemoto, M. and Pongskul,V. 1985. Secondarysuccession at the shifting cultivation site in NortheastThailand. Asian-Pacific weed Sciencesociety. ^Dynamicspp.-el-l+. Nemoto, M., Pongskul,v., Hayashi,S. and Kamanoi, M. r983. of weed communities in an experimental shifting cultivation site in northeast Thailand. Weed Research,Japan. 28(2): lll-121.

10 t'@ttrang Gich. 1975.,Allelopathic.effe ct of Chromolaenaodorata Q,.)R. M. King and- Robinson.M. s. Thesis.Univ. phil. at Los Banos,coil"gl, i;g";; N[i!'mata, s+ pfl M. 1983+'^Ecologicalstudies of weed vegeiationin thEfii-""i"v"r of Eastern .. N:pal. .[In] !tru9t9r9,3$_dynamicsof vegeiationin eaii"* r.iipii'Bo' Nu-utu, _'_ M.l. Chiba,Japan* 19-34.- Nwokolo, E. 1987. L€dfmealsof cassava,Manihot esculenta Cranzand-Nut.. Siam weed, $;,fl: flyPlrli:rf odoratum L. as nutrientsources in poultry ai"ti Rep. Ini. ntrIw 36(4): 819_926. Odeyemi, o..1981...,Birgasl.pf Eupatoriumodoratum - an alternativecheap energy ir sotrrcefor Ni'f,eria._-Global ImpactsrcfApptied_Mic.obi;i;ty-icrau eJ ivj. oii, - Internationalconf. [Ed.Emejuaiwe, S.o. ei'ut]r 245-252. @IHve, D. 0:3'{965. nu}atoriii'odoratum (S;tii weed)- Bulletin Nigerian Forest Depr. ct$g*;P.-vt.pu'e;utaren, ,Gp. and Utulu, S.N. 1986. Effects of variousinter-row 'c- r'f,,.s1&snrins'regrmglg^g size of weededrilgs :(!)88 o^n4r_ "_*tv growth, flowering and li4Ed$'ieldrof'ttrbrBilpJ;.-]. Nigerianinlt. iorbl padr f,"r"-"rr. 6(24): 334. 322- Omci-q;.s,.9, A^T1ts4r.1'chemibalcontrol of_Eupatoriumodoratum L.in Nigeria. proc. _-*^\.4th Nigeriaotsr€edScience Groups Meetine. oo. OO. 9],19:9',!. o. A. 1977. The effect.of.slashing"on'ihe- performance of Eupatorium relucza$6$Fatum:Ll[, (siam weed) in Nigef;a. pto". n ^tqg6lsg'i' ztrr Nigirian weea Science ^tt C&tfer&l€e. pp.I O-iV'. ol6todd;'OII'I9?4,' Chromos^omenumbers in NigerianCompositae. Bot. J. Linn Soc. 88(a):_329-33,&," olunugdpB:$t:La ebutnruo$rt.to. 1980. weed problemsand conrrolpractices in field ?r '-flW99@Jfl*ry-if.^Fqgeria. Proc.Conf. Int. Inst. Trop. Asri., tg7l. pp. 138- rii l.rlg$,.2,{$b ntrOstUi) .nlN':rriu gjr oritsejafor,-J.. J. 199F.^Yggdhosts of Fusariumorysporum f . sp.elaeidis. Oleagineu4. 4l (tt1t4ary..zlneqmi Pancho, J-andPluck-n_ett, D. r97r. chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King and H. Hbinson -p te?q.q.€&nox-ishs j. ,rv [g+t weedin ttrernitippi;;;.- nni*ur science. Sp)r t43rryq.noanidc.srri . ,s Bl Pauw€ls,'L. and BrEy6fl?erl978litwo ruderalspecies new for the the flora of Zaire croton hirtu,qlPxgc^o1d.Eup(orligceae aid E.upatoriumodoratum new record, Comp&fitl€.'nu.ryrrma.sot.Natl. teit. i8A1;; $3-436. Pickworth, Gi'1976'yef*ffio weed. An afidresi-to'ih, l,owei Tugela farmer's soil cons€i\rahon,utnarnittee;Natal Region, D"fi Agri. and water sup., cedara, Republicof.S,-Fd .r-,,. Puckdeedi4at;'P.Yffir A supplemgntqyhost list of plantdiseases in Thailand.Tech. Bulletin7. Departmentof Agriculture,Bangkok.'4p. Pullaiah, T. 1982. Studiesin the ehbryologyor 6o-poiitae. 2. The Eupatorieaetribe. IndianJ. Bot. 5(2): 183-lgg. P. and Quencez, de Vernou,P. 1983. Chemicalcontrol of Eupatorium'secona odoratum in p-l-antationso-tgil^pqlTt and rubberin Ivory 99u!t, Proc. tiiannual Conf., west Africa wd€Qlsci.^sq".tEd. M. Deatind p. Marnottel: 301-305. Quencez,P. andDufoffi"tr." 1982.dhemical weed iont ot in paiin piuniudnr. II. usual herbicidal u{iy:. in_g19di91tsfor oil palm culture ind tr"at-"nt ;;"i,;iil: Oleagineux. 37 (3): iOz-rij.- Rai, S. N...1976.10 Eupalortum and weedicides. Indian Forester. loz:449_454. RajanAsari, P. A.:and Nair, M. R. c. K. rg7z. on th.;;;;oft u#":ii prrts using deterrents.Agri. Res.J. Kerala.l0 (2): 133_135.

11 RamachandraRao, Y. 1920. Lantanainsects in India. Memoirs,Dept. of Agri. in India, EntomologySeries, Calcutta. 5: 239-314- Ramani,N- andfriq, M. A. 1983. Oribatid mites (Acari) associatedwith Eupatorium odoratwn. IhdianJ. Acar. 8:95-99. (Asteraceae)in Rao, R. n. ana Rao, M. K. V. 1981. The_genusTupatorium Linn- North-EastIndia. Proc.Indian natn.sci. Acad. 846 (4) :587-592. Robertson,- --- -;.i A. D. and Humphreys,L. R. 1976. Effects of frequencyof heavy grazing of phosphorussupply on an Arundinaria ciliata Associationoversown with Srylosantheihumilis.-thai J. Agr. Sci.9.- pp. 181-188' Russo,V.M. 1985. Gaf spotdisease oi Chromolienaodorata causedby Septoriasp. in Guam.PlantDisease. 69(12): 1101 Sahu,f.[. fq3a. Studieson the irichomesof someEupatorium species.J. Econ. Taxon.Bot. 5(5): 1175-1180. Saif,--'- S.R. iggf . The'influenceof soil aerationon the efficiency of-vesiculararbuscular -ycorrhizae 1. Effect of soil_oxygen.onthe growth and mineral uptake.of Eipatoriun odoratwn inoculatedwitF' Gtomus mncroca4pus. New Phytol. 88(a): 649-660. Saif,-- ' S.n.-nonmycorrhizal 1983. Soil temperaturesoil oxygen-odoratum and gro-w-th of mycorrhizal and plants^ofEupatorium and developmentof Glomus macrocarpzs.Angew. Bol 57Q-0: 143-156' Saif,-* ' S.R.- 1983.'The infiuenceof soil aerationon the efficiency of vesJculararbuscular ln Eupatorium -y"oottizas. Z.Effect of soil oxy_ge:r9n qrowlh andmineraloPtqe odoratum, Sorghumbicolor and-GuiroEaaby_-ssinica inoculated with vesicular arbuscularmycSrrhizalfungi. New Phytol. 95(3), 405-418' Sait S.R. 1984. The influenceolsoil aerationon the efficiency of vesiculararbuscular myConhizas.3. Soil carbondioxide and growth.and mineral.uptake in mycorrhizal urid nonrnycorrhizalplants of EupatorQry g!.9ratum,Guizotia abyssinica and Sorghwnbicolor. New Phytol.-96(3):- 429-436. i Saijise,R. k. ura Loles, J. S. 1972. Chromolaenaodorata imperils grassland.Pasture Newsletter.1(4): 1-2. 1974. The biology.of Sajise," ' F. r., Futis,R. K., Norcio, N.V., and LaF,s,_J.S. Chro^olaena odorata (L.) R. M. King and H. RobinsonI. flowering-behavior pult"rn of growth,and nitrate metabolism. PhilippinesWeed Science Bulletin. 1: 17-24. Salgado,M. L. M. 1972.Tephrosia purpurea (Pilalfor the controlof Eupatorium andas a grcenmanure on coconutestates. Ceylon Cocon. Plrs. Rev. 6:160-174- Salgado,firfi.Vt. 1963. New menaceon coconutestates: Eupatoriutn odoraturn spreads into thecoconut estates. ceylon cocon.Plrs. Rev. 3(3): 69-70^. Sankaran,f'. 1'913.Biological control of weedsin India. A review of introductionsand currentinvestigatiois of naturalenemies. !ryglpt"tented at the 2nd Int. Symp.on Biol. controlof Weeds,Rome, 1971. pp. 82-88. Sankaran,T. and Sugathan,G. 1974.. Host-^siecifitytests and field trials with Ammalo i,nsulatatWttll (Lep.,Arctiidae) in India. Report,Commonw. Inst. Bio. Control. 1lPP' Saxena-KLb.- 'Eupatoritilnand Ramakrishnan, P.S. 1981. Growth strate.gJand allocatio-npattern of odoratum and.Imperatacylindricg Pt different fe_rtility_levelsof the soii. proc.Indian Natl. Sci.Aiad. PartB. Biol. Sci. 47(6): 861-866. Saxena,'inK.G. andRamakrishnan, P.S. 1983. Growth andpatterns ofresource allocation Eupatoriurnodorattun L. in the secondarysucceisional environment following slash'andburn agriculture(Jhum). WeedResearch. 2a Q):127-134.

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