Famous People

THE EMPEROR NINTOKU (see p age 23)

m he tc en ﬁres . Observing the smoke fro t ki h FA M O US PEO PLE

J A PA N

( A n c i e n t a n d M od e r n

E EPH E D WA RD S. §T N SON AND

W . A SA N O

W I T H h7 F U L L - P H G E C O L L O T Y P E

I L L US T R H T I O N S

YOKOHAMA

KEL W LY ALSH , LIMITED — A N D A T — H O N G K O N G S H A N G H A I SI N G A P O 1m

rsa H istor the s to of a t ha s Unive l y, hi ry wh man a o sh t s o is a t otto the s t cc mpli ed in hi w rld, b m hi ory — of the grea t men who have worked here CARLYLE

: M513 988 P REF A C E

TH E object of thi s book is to pre sent in a con ci s e

form s ome information about the fa mou s people of

a n T s n ormat on m t muc t n an d J pa . hi i f i igh be h ex e ded

the number of people dealt with might be much in t crea sed but thi s would defea t the object of he book .

We ha ve tried to give what w e con sider is most n the n ra r a r os t m is m t eeded by ge e l e de , wh e i e li i ed an d whos e intere st in the subject is n ot that of a

t t t i n v t specialis . Wi h hi s a m i iew we ha ve ha d o cons ider a s much wha t to leave out a s wha t to put in s o a s to ma the oo suf c nt for its ur os , ke b k ﬁ ie p p e

t out n r un nt o a r tt n wi h bei g ed da . The pe ple we h ve w i e a bout a re known to a lmost every Ja pan ese ; an d if a n educated man in thi s country were a sked to make a li st of a hundred repre s entative famou s a nd well

no n rs on s ro a n n t er c nt of the on s k w pe , p b bly i e y p e e

a n we h ve chose would be i ncluded in the li st. We

t r or t at t s com s n ar to the art believe , he ef e , h hi e e he of t n s a nd com st rn r a hi g , will be wel ed by We e e ders PREFACE who wish to know s omething of the makers of Hi story in Ja pan ; but do not wi sh to overburden their mind s

t t t a re n ot nt with n a mes an d de a ils ha so e s se ial .

The n arrative s a re a rra nged a s n early a s pos sible in

r Two or t r of t s can ar chr onological orde . h ee he e h dly be included un der the title of this book but they a re given on a ccount of thei r clos e conn ection with the

t r For ur o s f m r national life a nd hi s o y . p p s e o co pa i

on the ro r na m s in the a n s are v n in s , p pe e he di g gi e the original ideogra ph s a s well a s in their translitera

rm te d fo .

Anecdote s have been included for the rea son that they s ometimes throw more light on the character of

‘ ‘ the people referred to than a mere recital of dry

r biog a phical fa cts .

The his torica l summary that we have given is of neces s ity extremely brief ; but it may s erve a s a threa d loos ely to bin d together the narrative s that follow ; a nd to give a t lea st a connected outlin e of

the history that the per son s dealt with helped to

make .

We have dra wn our materia l ma inly from Japanes e

sources ; but we have a l so r eferred to the standa rd

works in Engli sh for the va luable a nd copious infer

mat on c t r i whi h he se p ovide .

The illustration s are most of them reproductions of PREFACE

ma sterpieces in the pos s ession of art collectors in

n to om ma our rat u a cknowl ed Japa , wh we ke g ef l g t men .

u rt t an to Mr We wis h a lso to expres s o r hea y h ks .

T o ma for co ct n s om an c ot s of o S. oy shi lle i g e e d e pe ple

Harr n f r . hi r . so o in the Meiji era ; and to M . E J i s kind help with the proofs .

15th Ma y 1911 (44th Ye ar Of Meiji) .

The Yea r of the Be a r C O NT ENTS

I ﬂ e w" ”

H ISTORICAL SUMMARY

OR FAMO S ACT S, U

ADAMS WILLIAM

AMA SHOGUN ARAI H AKUSEKI

T ears . ASCE ICS , Y , ETC A SHIKAGA TAKAUJ I ASHIKAGA YOSEIMITSU “BAKIN

B A THE SHe, BENKEI

" CHIKAMATSU

DARUMA

DATE M ASAM UNE

E N No SHOKAKU

ENDo M eRITe

ENOMOTO BUYe

G MASTE S OF FENCIN , R

OR U E GODS OF F T N , SEVEN

FORTY- SEVEN ReNrNS F UJ IWARA No KAMATARI

F UKUZAWA YUKICHI

G o- A GO MP ROR D I , E E

H AeErMANTARo YOSEHE

A AWA H om cnr H N . CONTENTS

H ANAWA HORIICHI (ANECDOTE) H IDEYOSHI (ANECDOTE)

RO OMMA D R HI SE, C N E

H ITACHIYAMA

HOKUSAI HOJ O TOKIMUNE

II NAOSUKE

I KKU

(ANECDOTE)

IKEYU

OU MA IS DO IN E, RQU (ANEC TE)

H GURO URG O - N RA IS I , S E N GE E L

ITO R 1 , P INCE ( ) (2)

APA O O RU O A J NESE R BINS N C S E,

MMU MP ROR JI , E E

INC O MPR J , E ESS

UJ UTSU FOU D R OF NEW HOO J , N E SC L

KABAYAMA ADMI AL , R KAI BARA EKKEN (ANECDOTE)

KAMAKURA GONC ORO

KANo

KANO M OTONOBU

A O HOO A R OF K N SC L, M STE S

KANO M OTONOBU (ANECDOTE) KATO KI YOMASA KATSU KAISHU CONTENTS

P AGE KENERI MONIN K IDO KOIN

K ITASHIRAKAWA R , P INCE

K O O H B DAIS I .

KODAMA RA , GENE L

KOJ IMA

KUMAGAI NAOZANE lKUSUNOKI M ASASHIC E

K USUNOKI M ASATSURA (ANECDOTE)

MAEJ IMA MITSU (ANECDOTE) MARUYAMA OKYO

M ASAMUNEAND M URAM ASA

M INAMOTO NO YORITOMO MINAMOTO NO YOSHITOMO MIURA (ANECDOTE )

OR AGA R M IN , P INCE

M OTOORI NORINAGA

M URASAHI SHIKIBU NAKAE TOJ U (ANECDOTE)

NAKAMURA SEICHOKU NASU NO YOICHI

NICHIREN . NINOMIYA SONTOKU

N INTOHU MP ROR , E E

NITTA

N 6 AND K é en OU D R y g , F N E S

OG RA N I, GENE L CONTENTS

U R AND H GA OR OCC LT A TS , PSYC IC INVESTI T S

ODA NOBUNAC A

OKURO HIKOZAEMON OKUBO TOSHIMICHI

OK MA OU U , C NT OISHI YOSHIO

O- OKA ECHIZEN

OTO- TACHIBANA

OYAMA MA SHAL , R PAINT ERS OF THE MEIJ I ERA R AI SANYO

O THE OR R NINS, F TY

A GO MA IS S I , RQU SAIC O TAKAMORI SAIGO TAKAMORI (ANECDOTE)

SAI GYO

SAKANOUE NO TAMURAMARO SAKURA SESSHU

SI—H BUSAWA BA ON N DO , R (A EC TE)

SHIZUKA

HOGU THE LAST OF THE S NS, SHOTOKU TAISHI

OC A V D A THE S EN ETT , SORORI SHINZAEMON SUGAWARA NO M ICHIZANE

SUN ODD THE G ESS,

SUSANO- O AND THE

TAMETOMO CONTENTS

A RA T NI, GENE L

TAIRA NO K IYOM ORI

TAIRA NO NORITSUNE

TENORI- TENNO

TENSHO- DAIJ IN

OGO ADMI AL T , R

TOHIWA GOZEN

TOKUGAWA IEYASU TOKUGAWA M ITSUKUNI TSUHAWARA BOKUDEN (ANECDOTE) UESUGI KENSHIN

URASHIMA TARO

WAKE NO KIYOMARO

R R FAMO S W ESTLE S, U

YAMADA NAGAMASA

YAMAGA SOHO

YAMA ATA R G , P INCE

YAMATOTAKERU NO M IKOTO

YOSHIDA SHOIN

YOSHITSUNE

E Z N MYSTICS . . LIST OF iLLUSTRATlONS

THE EMPEROR NINTOKU F R ONTI SPI ECE

e Obs ervin g the Smoke from the ki tchen ﬁ r s . THE EMPEROR JIMMU AND THE GOLDEN KITE YAMATODARERU AND THE CHIEF OF THE K UMASO THE EMPRESS JINGO WITH TAKENOUC HI AND H ER SON SHOTOKU TAISHI URASHIMA TARO

THE EMPEROR TENCHI RECEIVING THE SHOE EN NO SHOKAKU WALKING ON THE WAVES WAKENO KIYOMARO CONSULTING THE ORACLE SUGAWARA NO M ICHIZANEIN E" ILE

’ Ga z in a t the m eror s ft g E p gi .

M ASAKI H U UR S IKIB .

Wr t n her a mous oo in the tem e i i g f b k pl . STATUE OF DARUMA

C arve b Ya ma z a ChOun d y ki .

YOSHITSUNE ON H ORSERACK

A out to e s cen the l to a tta c the a ra a rm b d d hi l k T i y. SHIZURA

Da n c n e ore the ShO un a t Ha c a n K i g b f g him in a makura . NASU NO YOICHI SHOOTING AT THE FAN

’ ENDO M ORITO S FATAL

N H R THE FAMO S R E IC I EN, U P I ST

P rea c n b the wa s e in Ka ma kura hi g y y id .

THE EMPEROR GO- DAIGO

me e Ho l s s .

R MO INA A THE A AND THE S A P INCE R G IN C VE , A S SSIN LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

KUSUNOKI M ASASHIGE

Ta ki n g lea ve of hi s s on j us t b efore b ei n g kill ed i n ba ttle . NITTA YOSHISADA OFFERING HIS SWORD

a t Ina mura a sa ki n ea r Ka ma kura ( g , ) KUSUNOKI M ASATSURA RESTRAINED BY HI S MOTHER

KOJ IMA TAKANORI WRITING ON THE TREE

A D AP SHU THE FAMO S A R L N SC E BY SES , U P INTE

SWORD- SMITHS AT WORK

’ UESUGI KENSHIN BREAKING INTO THE ENEMY S CAMP KATO KIYOMASA IN KOREA

L ooki n g towa rds the moun ta in s Of home b eyon d the s ea . TEMPLE AT NIKKO

De dica te d to Tokuga wa Ieya s u .

TORUGAWA M ITSUKUNI

n he r a u n e O t m ero . Ha vi g die c f. E p L ANDSCAPE BY GYOKUSHO

A V ew of Ara shi ama a n d c err os soms nea r K OtO. i y h y bl , y

THE SOGA VENDETTA

H ANAWA OR H THE D HO AR H IIC I, BLIN SC L

Con t nu n his e x os t on un a ware t at the t ha s on e i i g p i i , h ligh g

’ T HE GIRL S FESTIVAL

Pa nte b M s s ShOin akakibara i d y i S . A SHINTO PRIEST

Pa in te b the a mous Ho usa d y f k i . T HE CARP

Fa mous pictur e by Okyo. T HE SEVEN GODS OF FORTUNE P RINCE ITO PRINCE YAMAGATA ADMIRAL GENERAL NOGI G ENERAL KODAMA C OMMANDE R HIROSE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

IMPS TEMPTING A MYSTIC

O KWANN N .

K n a a r a OHog l S M s te piece .

H ITACHI YAMA THE HAMP O , C I N PLAYING THE K OTO

DANJ URO THE AMOU OR , F S ACT

n h a Pl ayi g t e p rt Of Benkei .

6 HISTORICAL S UMMARY

t a m Dur n the v nt c ntur a dminis ra tion w s a de . i g se e h e y t h ov rnm nt w a s c ntra z a nd urt r m rov e g e e e li ed , f he i p ed in man y ways . During mos t Of the eighth century the ca pita l

t r i a the Na ra e ra and the wa s a Na a . T s s c hi lled ,

' t wo O st stor s the Ko z ki a n d the Nihon i lit . lde hi ie , j g (

Chronicle s of Ja pan were compiled a t thi s time . I n 794 the Emperor Kwa mmu moved his court to KyOtO which therea fter continued (until 186 9) to be

Im r n But a t t s t m the a c Of a r s c . pl e pe i l e ide e hi i e , a nd c ont nu n for a out ﬁ ve un r a rs the de i i g b h d ed ye , f a cto rulers Of Ja pan were member s Of the great

Fu a ra am os au t r s r marr to jiw f ily , wh e d gh e we e ied

Em rors a nd os s on s the r nc a Offi c s pe , wh e held p i ip l e

t t At t v r in t e v nt n d t t of S a . a s o h a e l , h we e , ele e h welf h c ntur s the o r u Ta ra a nd M na moto c ans ros e ie , p we f l i i l e tO s ut t s s u r mac an d su s u nt r s t di p e hi p e y , b eqe ly w e ed “ n the rei s Of power from e a ch other by turn s . Fight in t n t s r a t r va s nt on cont nua g be wee he e g e i l we i lly , — until in 1185 the T a ira fa mily w a s completely ov rt r n a nd M n am to Y rit m m h u o o o o o ca S O n . e h w , i be e g

T s w a s the most ra mat c r o Of a a n s tor hi d i pe i d J p e e his y , a nd th t rr n . e s i i g event s Of thi s time a re recorded in man c n a rra t s n r y epi ive well k own tO eve y Ja panes e .

Yoritomo sta s his ov rnm nt a t Ka ma ura e bli hed g e e k ,

- — a nd thus a nother epoch ma king e ra kn own a s the — Ka ma ura era 1192- 13 83 w u r in He k ( ) a s s he ed . d ivided the provin cial government a mon g his a llie s w ith the intention Of keepin g the real control in his own n ha d s . But before he could fully a ccomplis h this h e in a nd a s his S on s r a n s died ( we e we kli g , HISTORICAL SUMMARY 7 the nemesis of u surpation s oon overtook his hous e for the a ctual a uthority pa s sed into the han d s of the “ ” HO O am who act a s R nts for a out a j f ily , ed ege b

un r r One of the r nc a v nt Of th h d ed yea s . p i ip l e e s e HOjO period w a s the a ttempted Mongol inva s ion which w a s repuls ed by HojO Tokimuné f a ide d by a violent ' s torm which de stroyed the enemy s ﬂeet . The HOjO fa mily wa s ﬁn ally overthrown in 13 3 3 by the Emperor ;

- n d hi a thf u r GO Da igo a s f i l followe s . The A shika ga fa mily wa s the n ext to Obta in a d min istra tive con trol ; a nd the period from 13 3 6 until

i n n a s the A s a Dur n t . 1573 s k ow hika g a ge . i g par Of this e ra con s iderable progre s s w a s ma de in all the a rts ; but from 14 6 7 until a bout the middle Of the

o o n c ntur a an w a s torn nt rn n f ll wi g e y , J p by i e eci e

str a n d the o s uff r r at har s . At . ife , pe ple e ed g e d hip la st the A shika ga family weaken ed an d towa rd s the

f t t n t ntur t clos e O he Six ee h ce y heir downfall ca me . The declin e Of the Ashika ga control relea s ed the local

DaimyOs from restra int ; a n d a s the country lost . co s on t an ur ous to stru a mon he i , hey beg f i ly ggle g t m v us the countr w a s a st r t n int ' he s el es . Th y f d if i g O

t r n r F r un a con t on of ut a a c . o t at o v r di i e hy ely , h we e , thi s s tate Of things did n ot la st long ; for towar d s the

n d f the S t nt c ntur t r r at men a ar e o ix ee h e y , h ee g e ppe ed

S mu tan ous who arr st t s s nt rat on a nd i l e ly , e ed hi di i eg i

z th r Of ov rn m nt on mor centrali ed e powe g e e ce e .

T s t r r Oda No un a a TaikO H oshi he e h ee we e b g , idey ,

n To u a a I a su and a ll t r r orn in the a d k g w ey , h ee we e b

c or Of c n tra z at on comm nc sa me de a de . The w k e li i e ed

Nobuna a wa s com t H os who by g ple ed by idey hi , 8 HISTORICAL SUMMAR Y

And brought the whole Of Ja pan un der his s wa y .

th w w a r ar for I a su the r a t t hus e ay s p ep ed ey , g e

r an z r a nd a m n strator who oun the To u o g i e d i i , f ded k

a a S o un at c a st for a out two un r g w h g e , whi h l ed b h d ed a n d ﬁfty year s (until Tokugawa Ieya su e stab lis hed his capital a t Yedo in 1590 a n d Obta in ed the t t of ShO un in 16 Amon the man m an s i le g 0 3 . g y e

w c h e s cur the s u r mac Of his ou s by hi h e ed p e y h e , n ot the lea st effective w a s the mandate which com pelled the Da imyos tO re s ide in Yedo every a lterna te

ar a n d tO av t r v s a nd a m s t r a s y e , le e hei wi e f ilie he e

osta s a ll the t m Dur n the a c u To u a a h ge i e . i g pe ef l k g w

era the n at ona u tur ma r a t a van c , i l c l e de g e d e , a nd many fa mou s men of letter s a nd ma sters

of the v r u rt In t m v r a o s a s a ar . o a s i ppe ed i e , h we e , the Yedo court came to degenera te through luxury a n d ff m na c the r a t Sout rn a nd W st rn e e i y , g e he e e c an s an tO a s s rt t r s tr n t an d a t Of l beg e hei e g h , ide

n ra scont nt t in r ur r t ge e l di e s e . The p e s s e f om We s ern

Po rs t the a rr va Of Commo r P rr n d hi we , wi h i l do e e y a s

B ac S s an d the a tt tu of the ShO unate l k hip , i de g

at t s t m av the n a m tus t o n ra hi i e , g e ﬁ l i pe a ge e l

u r s n Of t s o r u n An t a st th p i i g he e p we f l cla s . d a l e

s u r mac of the ShO un ate c a s a n d K the p e y g e ed ; eiki ,

a st Of the ShO un s r n his r nt th l g , esig ed powe i o e

an s Of the Em r h d pe or.

T us the u a r o n the r n n Em ror h fe d l pe i d e ded , eig i g pe

a s sum u contro a nd in 186 8 the r s nt M “ed f ll l , ( ) p e e eiji lit . n t n o rnm nt er n In 8 ( e ligh e ed g ve e a bega . 1 6 9

the n am Of Y o wa s c an t T lit E t rn e ed h ged o okyo ( . as e C t api al) an d thi s beca me the s eat Of the Imperial HISTORICAL SUMMARY 9

r m t t m n r t r esidence . F o his i e o wa ds here foll owed in rapid succe s sion a ll kin ds of ra dica l change s a nd

m But the r nc a v nt w holesale refor s . p i ip l e e s Of the

r nt era n n ot r r cor a s t r p ese eed be he e e ded , hey a e s ufﬁ ciently well known .

TENSHO- B AIJ I N , TH E S U N GOD D ESS

The s acred myth Of TenShO i “ a u or t a s lit d iji , Ama er u ( . Hea ven

o t o Sh uld be men i ned here, a s it is clos ely connected with na tiona l ma tters such a s the a ncestry as cribed to

or immu the or n e Emper J , igi Of the mirror

the jewel which for m two Of the thr ee

r as r s a a the r t T e u e Of J p n, i es Of ShintO the ,

or s a nd the a Ka um t igin Of mu ic d nce ( g ) , wi h ma ny

a ra miﬁca tions in the soci l life . The Shr ines a t Ya ma da — I s e Province a n d es pe—cia lly the in ner s anctua ry ca ted to the Sun Goddess ar e the mos t a ncient a nd

a s t o o t the a honoured Of the m ny Shrine hr ugh u l nd . And it is here that ma tters of nationa l moment a re reverently reported

r t It the so o . wa s t by Emperor in per n , by depu y for his pur pose that Admiral TOgO proceeded to Is e Ba y with his whole t ﬂeet a t the clos e of the grea wa r .

o n to the a t a a s t o o in the Acc rdi g ncien J p ne e my h l gy, begin ning there were three deities who c a me into existence without

a t a crea tion and a fte rwa rds dis a ppe red . Af er certain number

n a t o s t a a a a a - no - a a lit Of divi e gener i n , here ppe red in T k m h r ( . Pla in Of High Hea ven the tWO na med Iza na mi a nd

a a t ) o t t the o a t of a a Iz n gi , believed be c nnec ed wi h f rm ion J p n ,

f o a nd s ubs equently myria ds o min r gods . According to the

it wa s the t a a t a t th legend , from lef eye Of Iz n gi h e Sun

o ss the of wa s o . o the t G dde , ruler heaven , b rn And fr m righ

t o s ot Sus a n O- O the rul th eye came her impe u u br her , er Of e ’ a to how ot s V o n a s e rth . The s ry Of her br her i le ce c u ed her to

a a a nd the s she wa s a t a st hide in c ve , mean by which l induced tO emerge and lighten the world ; a nd how her unrul y brother

' wa s s a nd a to u o t the ta s hi ubdued b nished Iz m , wi h de il Of s —“ s s t a s the o s t t o a a ub equen c reer form lde na i nal legend Of J p n . ' SU SANO - O A N D TH E D RAGON MW

It is remarkable that a s acred na rra tive closely res embling

to t e a n d th the Englis h na tiona l S ry Of S . G orge e Dra gon a lso

on t a t t o a u - forms e Of he ncien na i n l legends Of Japan . S s anO O

no M ikoto t the o o , bro her Of Sun G ddess, being expelled fr m

his t s et out on a o t r heaven by fa her, l ng ear hly pilg image .

da ca to the o o a n One y when he me river Hi in Izum , he f und

a nd o a t t a t t s s . Old man w m n wi h heir d ugh er, in deep dis re

\V the a s t the man to hen he asked c u e Of heir weeping, Old ld

t t t ha d o t s t s a a him ha hey l s even daugh er lre dy , and were

th la on t a bout to lose e s t remaining e . Every year an eigh hea ded dra gon ha d devoured on e Of their children ; a nd they

knew Of n o way tO s a ve the last beloved daughter . Then

O - w t t Sus a n O s ore ha he would res cue her . — He had eight tubs of wine prepa red on e for each hea d

’ t th At a t t and then la id in wa i for e dra gon s a ppearance . l s he

a t ﬁn the a cre ure came , and ding wine pl ced for him , drank t t deeply until a t las he beca me intoxica ed and slept . Then — Sus a nO - O fell upon him with his s word a nd Slew him cutting hi to the t of the t s t s body in pieces . And in ail grea erpen he foun d a sword which he drew

t s o for h . Thu having c nquer ed the a nima l mons ter and pos s ess ed hims elf Of the sword

o a t Of p wer, he bec me uni ed

t the V a n d t wi h irgin , hey

t a t t t dwel h ppily oge her , wi h the old man a s master Of

t o heir h us e . This sword is regarded a s on e of the Sa cred

a s s Of Tre ure Ja pa n .

J I M M U T E N NO

immu the ﬁrs t o a a or to a a s J , Emper r Of J p n , acc ding J p ne e h s to s wa s the ﬁ t ra t o ro TenshO- a the i rian , Of f h gene i n f m d ijiu , 0 . m a a 6 6 C . ro a nd a r n in . Sun Goddess ; bec me rule Of J p B , f which time da tes the beginn ing Of the Ja pa nes e Empir e . The Imperia l Fa mily ha d been living for s evera l genera tions

th a of K ii shii a nd it wa s ro r t at immu and i n e isl nd y , f m he e h J his elder brother Itsus e sta rted for the ma in isla nd on their

But a a t t t o d e t o t . s r r n an xpedi ion Of c nques ibe , wi h hei w me c rn t t t ro r ss wa s o a nd hildren, jou eyed wi h hem , heir p g e Sl w ;

t met t At a t a t a a s a nd s . s r m ny del y difﬁcul ie were wi h l , f e a o t s a s t r a a n a ne w O sa a b u even ye r , hey e ched N iw ( k ) where

a t o their c onflicts with the n ives c mmenced .

the ﬁrs t a tt r Itsus e wa s a n a r o ot In b le , P ince killed by r w Sh by a chief named Na ga s un é Long Sha nks who ra is ed a n

th a B ut immu a n i a o army to Oppose e inv ders . J d h s w rri rs ﬁna lly conquered a nd journeyed on a nd ma ny curious legends tell of the hea venly a id a nd mira culous events tha t a ttended t t t heir triumphan progress . One Of hes e legends tells Of a golden kite emitting brillia nt ra ys tha t a lighted on the bow

i mu an d r t s o t th i th of m r e . s s e J , g ea ly di c nce ed enemy Thi f origin Of the fa mous Order Of the Golden Kiteﬁ which high decoration is given to s oldiers a nd s a ilors for dis tinguished

v a lour .

t n the o nt to s t o immu TennO Af er bri ging c u ry in ubjec i n , J — then a bout Sixty- two years Old esta blished his s eat Of govern

t a t a s a a in a ato ro r for s t - ﬁve men K hiw r Y m P vince, whe e even y

a s o t n tO l the o ntr a nd to s tr t n the ye r he c n i ued ru e c u y, eng“he fo a t o of th to th K i und i n e empire . According e oj ik ( Record Of An cient Ma tters he died a t the age Of one hundred a nd

t t - hir y s even .

See a csimi e on n v f l fro t co er . YAMATOTAKERU N O MIKOTO

Ya ma tota ker u s on the o s Prince , Of Emper r Keiko, is aid t to ha ve lived abou eighte en hundred years ago . He wa s noted for his bra very and ability a s a milita ry lea der ; and

some well - known epical narratives a r e told Of his national

t wa a t t : t t t o s . s s expl i He very l rge in S a ure in fac , radi ion say

wa a o t ten t that he s b u fee high . In thos e da ys there were two powerful tribes in Japan

a d ot t t a which h n been en irely s ubdued by he Jap nes e . One wa s ca lled the Kuma so which occupied the greater part of

K shﬁ the ot t the E20 the yﬁ ; while her ribe, called , lived in

th o t t t northern part Of e c un ry . The direc des cendan s Of t s t a re the s t e s o a out t t hi ribe pre en Ain Of H kk ido, ab wen y

t s two t s for thousa nd Of whom s ill s urvive . The e ribe many centuries ga ve n O s ma ll amount Of trouble to the rulers Of

u t the co n ry . When Prince Ya ma tota keru a t the head Of an army went

tO s t the Ka ma so wa s but s . ubjuga e , he a mere boy ; by mean Of a certain s trata gem he s ucceeded in over coming the enemy by pers onally Sla ying their chief ; and thus a voided the heavy

to Slaughter Of a general appea l arms . He als o did great s ervice in subjugating

the EZO tribe ; and went through all kinds .

tO the t l Of hardship . On his way back capi a

o the t t fr m expedi ion , he caugh a kind of

a t Nobono the , fever, and died in province I t t s e when he s . Of , l was only hir y year Old

5 555 5 5 555 5 5 5 5 1 7

YAM ATODAKERU AND THE CH IEF OF THE K UMASO

PR I N C ESS TAC H I B A NA

OtO- a the Ya ma tota keru ha s Princess Tachib na , wife Of , a lways been honoured a s a model Of wifel v devotion and self

o a n sacrifice . She acc mp ied her husba nd on his expedition a ga ins t the E20 a a a a nd a b rb ri ns , br vely shared his ha rdships and perils . One day when they were cros sing the Bay Of Yedo tO Ka zusa in a be a t t t o a nd a s , a violen s orm ar se, the a t a t a it wa s a r bo was r her heavily l den , in d nge Of being

t s the s s a t a t s o thi Overwhelmed . Seeing hi , prince fe red h me ng ha d the od a r a nd to s a ﬁ rs l made sea g ng y, decided cri ce he e f to a t a tO l t ot ppease his wra h . She urged her hus b nd e n hing h th t Of the ta t t to t e ﬁ s s . inder ful lmen k en ru ed him And hen , t o out the t ts to te n the t s a t hr wing hick ma ligh boa , She e ed her

t t t th a a on a a . ns ta e s e a self hem and drif ed w y I n ly bec me c lm ,

the t his o a a t r ss and prince con inued v y ge in s fe y . The p ince wa s s a a but o wa s a s a o a nd never een g in ; her c mb w hed sh re , th t i i e people buil a shrine n which t wa s preserved .

the wa a o his s ss ul t o a a to On y b ck fr m ucce f expedi i n , Y m t a keru returned by wa y of the Us ui pa ss oppos ite to Mount

a s a t his ot Fuji . And he g zed Over he s ea where dev “ed wife ha d a ﬁ for r in his s orro a s cri ced herself him, he c ied w, Azum wa " I A t it is s a the o ntr . nd us ya (Oh my wife ) h , id , c u y

t Of tO nor h this pa ss ca me be known a s Azuma .

a t a s to o t wa s t a t H a s hiri L s year, ne m numen erec ed

to a the a w the oa t t t a nd to ono r mizu m rk pl ce here b S ar ed , h u the o the t t of t mem ry Of gen le princess . The pic ure her sea ed on the t r t drif ing ma ts is a fa vourite one in Ja panes e a . TH E E M PR ESS J I NGO

“Sr

s in O the t The Empre s J g , wife Of Emperor Chuai , lived abou

o wa s t seventeen hundred years ago . From childho d She no ed

a te a nd s a t a nd n a . for her wis dom oble ch r c r , al o for her be u y In the s e days Korea wa s divided into three independent

t t s a s a t on e t . The s a e , which were alw y qu rreling wi h ano her ruler Of one Of the three Sta tes a sked the Emperor Chuai for a ss ista nce ; but the Emperor died while on the point Of

t a t emba rking for Korea wi h a l rge army . Thereupon he in O to ta s et out a t the Empress J g decided ke his place , and

ft t a n a tt s uc a o s . s hea d Of her w rri r A er ﬁgh ing m y b le , She

the t t s ceeded in s ubduing sou hern half Of Korea, and hi became a dependency Of Ja pan .

t tO a a s on the a t r Shortly a fter her re urn J p n , a Of l e Empero wa s born to her ; and he afterwards beca me the famous

Empe ror Ojin . The Empres s JingO had a n excellent adviser named Takeno

who is s to a uchi , aid h ve lived for three hundr ed and ‘ H is t eight yea rs . pic ure may be s een on the present

- ba nk notes in Japan . In Ja pa nese a r t one ma y Often ﬁnd the picture Of a bea uti ful woman - warrior a ccom pa nied by a venerable white - haired ma n holding

a his a a b by in rms . Thes e a r e the s a t me hree . The Korean dependency continued for many hundreds Of yea rs ; but wa s a t last given up in the reign Of the Emperor n i Te j .

TH E E M P EROR NINTOKU

th J in O ha d two s o e o O i n s on e ss s . The Emp r r j , Of Empre g , n The younger one na med Wa ka ira tsuko wa s the fa vour ite Of the Old Emperor a nd wa s a ppointe d heir t6 the throne ; but

t Wa ka ira ts uko s st t at his when he Emperor died, in i ed h elder

ot Osa sa i o the s ss o . ot br her g Sh uld be ucce r The elder br her,

o ta i t t t s wa s a s t the ll of t h wever, main ned ha hi gain wi heir

a t a nd t s for t a s a o t to r the f her ; hu , hree ye r , e ch c n inued u ge

o the t u t a t a st Wa ka ira tsuko l crown up n o her, n il l ki led him t th t s in o t a t his ot s to e on . elf, rder h br her migh ucceed hr e

a sa i t a e a nd the a t Os g hen bec me Emp ror, reigned during gre er

he t nt pa rt Of t four h ce ury .

is o a s the o Nintoku a nd wa s He kn wn Emper r , in every

a n a o a t t a t t way exempl ry ruler . The pe ple h ime were living

a t t t o nt o r wa s o in gre pover y, and heir benev le S ve eign m ved with pity for them when he sa w from his tower how s eldom th o o o t r tt a ll t e s m ke r s e fr m heir kitchen ﬁr es . He emi ed a xes ‘ for three yea rs a nd did wha t he c ould to relieve his poorer

ts ll s s a s a nd . ubjec , denying him elf luxurie living very Simply But a fte r three years of this he had the s a tis fa ction Of s eeing the s o s o a u tta m ke ri e fr m m ny cheerf l co ge ﬁres . ” ow a r N e s a to the s s . we indeed rich , he id Empre

a nnot a the o of our ous a re SO We c even rep ir ro f h e , we ”

oo r d . p r, She eplie “” NO s a the o our , id Emper r, riches cons ist in the comfort a nd ” a ss our o h ppine Of bel ved s ubjects .

u his o r n the D ring l ng eig , Em peror Nintoku ca rried out a ll kinds Of pra ctica l public works for the

t of the o a nd wa s beneﬁ pe ple , a

n a t to a ll be ef c or . SH OTOK U TAI S H I

It ur the the Kimm i A D was d ing reign Of Emperor e (in . . t It t 552) l tha Buddhis m ﬁr s t came to Ja pan . ca me hrough

o a a nd a a a t K re ; gr du lly gaining inﬂuence , ﬁrs t in the Imperial Court and a mong the

ss s a t s t—to a s the upper cla e , la w rd end Of — the s ixth century in Spite Of s ome Obsta

s the on t cle , new religi riumphed . Now the ﬁrs t great na me clos ely con n ected with the development Of Buddhis m

wa t t ShOtOk D a s A . in J pan ha Of u Tais hi ( . 571 nephew and heir of the Empres s

It s Of t s t ma n t t wa s Suiko. is aid hi ruly remarkable ha he a ble to Spea k a s s oon a s he wa s born ; a nd that he pos s ess ed an extraordina ry faculty Of a ttendin g tO s everal things a t the

t it a t t a the a s s ame time . In fac , is s id ha he could he r ppeal

tO o a t s . of ten people once , and give each a pr per an wer He

a t r Of t a t a wa s rega rded a s the va a a grea Indi n e cher . T he prince used the whole inﬂuence of the government in

a o r t a t . t s f v u Of Buddhism , and buil m ny emples One Of he e

th s t a H er ﬁ i a t — t t e famou emple c lled y j Nara s ill s ands , and is cons idered the bes t exa mple Of the a rt and a rchitecture Of

a s w t o a t s on the tha t day . He l o ro e s me v luable commen arie

s a o s a nd t to the cred bo ks Of Buddhi m , rendered grea service

propa ganda in ma ny Other ways .

s a st t ta t it wa s He was al o mo enligh ened s esman , and owing — tO his ada pta tion Of Chines e methods Of government known — a s the La ws Of ShOtOku- Taishi that the Japanes e govern

t o s a - o men began t a sume well orga nized form . Th ugh he

a s the t o a s to the never cended hr ne , he was principal dvi er

’ o t for a o t t t a t the a e g vernmen b u hir y yea rs . He died g Of t ﬁf y . 2 5

SHOTOKU TAISH I

URASHIMA TA R O

M W

All Japanese children know about Ura s hima Ta rO - the Rip

o t t t t V a n Winkle Of Japan . Ab u four een hundred and hir y — — y ears ago SO the story goes when ﬁshing in his boat one t t t summer day , he caugh a or oise

But the ﬁs her - on his line . boy knew that the tortoise wa s s acred

t o the o Of the SO Drag n God Sea , he murmured a prayer a n d gently s et

it free . Soon after this a bea utiful maiden rose out“Of the sea a nd . entered the th t t o t . e he h o s e . b a I am daugh er Of Drag n King , said And I ha ve come to thank you for your kindness to the

’ ” to t ou to m a t tortois e ; a nd a lso invi e y y f her s home . SO together they w ent to the wonderla nd and Ta rO became

- - Fo t the s on in l a w Of the Dragon King . r hree yea rs he lived there in perfect ha ppiness ; but a t last the desire to s ee his

a ts t s o a his to p ren again became very S rong , he sked bride t t let him go ba ck for a short time . Reluc a n ly She a t la st

tO t s a nd n t a box w agreed hi ; whe he lef , she g ve him a hich i a tO . t she m de him promise never Open For if he Opened , he

never could return tO her again .

SO w t a w but w a a t a he en ay ; hen he re ched his n ive vill ge , he

ot t hi fOund that a ll wa s cha nged . N even a race Of s old home

no on " — t o t a t remained . And w der for since he lef home n h

o a nd . summer day, four hundred years had c me gone Full Of

ss a a to the a a nd a t a s t sadne , he w ndered b ck be ch l in despair he opened the box " Insta ntly a s tra nge white vapour escaped

’ a nd t w t it t a s a e s o th a nd drif ed awa y . And i h wen l o T r y u

s t t : t a t o t a a n Old ma n a nd reng h for in h m men he bec me Old , ;

a w on t t s nk do n lifeles s he s and bes ide he sea . DAR U M A — “s f M M

Da ruma n ot s but a is a o s was a Japane e, his n me h u ehold word in Japa n ; a nd his picture is probably the mos t com

n a s to his s s i mo ly dra wn . Even a y odd limble ﬁgure s t familiar to every child in he la nd .

H is a wa s Bodhida r ma t a t to a real n me , con r c ed Dh rma , and

a to a the s on a the he is s id h ve been Of an Indi n king . In Sixth century he went to China and beca me a teacher Of

Dh d /za s s t t ta t to the y , a y em Of mys ic medi ion , Chinese Em

ror a Da ruma t pe Bu . In Chin found many earnes disciples who s tudied his s ystem and ga ve it the name of Zen- mt which was afterwards introduced into Japa n by priests who went to

- t a t t Zen 77a ] . s China for s udy In Japan pre en , commonly

Zen t t is the st known as , hough much degenera ed , probably be

Of form Buddhism remaining . Da ruma is usually depicted as a rather grotes que ﬁgure with

out s is s u leg , as he p posed tO have lost them when sitting in motion less contempla tion for a period of no less than t nine years . Ano her story ha s it that on e night i n the midst of his medita tion he w a s t overpowered wi h Sleep , and when he awoke he c ut off his eyelids and threw them on the t . n s the t t ground Thereupo , say legend , hey urned direc ly

t t tea - t t t th e s . in o iny plan s , aking roo in oil

TENCHI- T E N N O

o A D 6 6 2 t 6 1 o . . O 7 wa s The Emper r Teuchi , who reigned fr m , one Of the most enlightened a dminis tra tors tha t Japa n ha s h AS a orm ma n too a t the o t ow a d . y g he k a le ding par in ver hr

Of the powerful Se ga clan . This Old clan ha d become SO inﬂuentia l a t court tha t its

a n a I ruka to le der, med , began harbour secret des igns on the throne its elf ; and

Tenchi t a a no Oe wa s on e , hen Prince N k ,

a of t O of the ﬁrs t to become aw re his . S t o s t a ka tomi no a a t aking c un el wi h N K m ari ,

t the a id t o a s ts ut and wi h Of o her l y li , he p ‘ 2 a n effective stop tO these a mbitious designs .

to the s s the Se a t Prior uppre sion Of g clan , here had been no strong centra l government in Japa n ; the Imperial Hous e t th wa s Simply the s tronges clan . Thus e Emperor had no

t o t o o the t It wa s the direc c n r l ver coun ry as a whole . in r o of t t a t t t Of t a nd the t ef rm his unsa isf c ory S a e hings , in cen ral iz a tion Of the o t t a t t g vernmen , h Teuchi rendered such grea

At t t a t to the service . his ime he was heir app ren his uncle ,

o KOtOku o t t o — Emper r , in wh se reign his grea ref rm known a s the Ta ikwa o — t the Ta ikwa e r a the ref rm culmina ed , and (

t the nen d or a B t th wa t s s a . u e s he ﬁr Of g , era n me ) beg n prince

t t t t t o a o he o . o a re l p wer behind hr ne In imp r nce , his reforma i n ma o to t t of the 186 8 a s it y be c mpared ha Meiji era in ,

a t th fOIm a ti f i pr c ica lly la id e d on o the Imper a l rule in Japan .

- The Emperor Teh chi died in a t the age Of forty s ix .

‘ p a v 9 0 9 <3c t a s g e; i 0 6 Q 4 ﬂ a w. Q FUJ IWA R A N O K A M ATA RI

t the the a s i wa a SO Kama ari , founder Of f mou Fuj r family,

t t the a o s a a wa s the closely connec ed wi h Imperi l H u e in J p n ,

t a the o tOOk a n t rt righ h nd Of Emper r Teuchi , and ac ive pa in the at o s the ns of KOtOku Sa im O a nd gre ref rm during reig , y ,

’ Ten chi t t t . He was undoubtedly one Of Ja pa n s grea tes S a es men . H is connection with the Emperor Teuchi bega n when they

t a t s a w the a Of the a were bo h young men . Kam ari d nger cl n systems ; a nd for s ome yea rs ha d been pla nning the introduction

a ta o t t of fund men l ref rms in he method Of governmen . He a lso saw the neces s ity Of ﬁnding some prince of the Imperia l line to co- t t a t t s t s a o opera e wi h him ; and f er e ing ever l, his ch ice ﬁ nally fell on the young prince who a fterwa rds beca me Ten chi

n o t o a w nO. He f und an opening for intimate rela i ns in

da the ur s . n ot c iou way One y whe playing fo ball, prince

t Off s o a nd ma t a acciden ally kicked his h e , Ka ari , who h ppened to on e the t a t o it be Of par y, nce picked up and kneeling ,

s t ff it tO the his t a s t re pec fully O ered prince , who in urn l o knel

t it two w s a and respec fully received . These a fter ard bec me very closely connected in the a ffairs of State ; and the wis e

' advi ce Of Ka matari wa s soug ht on t all important occas ions . Shor ly

t 6 6 9 the before his dea h in , Em per or Teuchi conferred on him the “ ” a t t O- Orni rank Of Gre Minis er ( ), and gra nted him the fa mily na me

t ﬁve Of Fujiwa ra . And for abou

— - t hundred yea rs until the 12th century the des cenda nts of his

grea t family were the dcf a clo rulers Of Ja pan .

‘ P ““ G ‘ / f i 0 b m O a f eﬁgj

E N NO SHOKAKU ' Q

ShOka ku n o G a the the En no , or En i (En Yogi) , magicia n

o the S/zu cn o or Y ama buslzis wa who f unded g Sch ol, , s

o the a a to A D . 6 4 b rn in province Of Y m in . 3 ; and from his early yea rs wa s rema rkable for

a t a Singul r abili y . He had lways a s trong bent towards mys ticism ; and a t the Of t t - two t his age hir y , he lef home and went to the s ummit of

o t ts o M un Ka uragi , where he l dged for t t s hir y year in a cave . He is s to a a a o s a nd tO aid h ve g ined m gical p wer , have employed

t ts tO do his elemen al Spiri will .

H is s uppos ed sorcery a t las t came tO be grea tly feared , a nd the a tt o t to the o M ommu m er being rep r ed Emper r , he wa s a s t a nd nﬁ a n o a o t rre ed co ned in encl s ed pl ce , b und wi h

a H is to ' ch ins . cap rs thought they ha d thus effectively s eemed

but tO the a a t o ShOka ku s n him ; m zemen Of everyb dy, udde ly s a a nd his a a t s pr ng up , breaking ch ins s if hey were cobweb ,

ta t his o th the levi ed b dy high up in e air and escaped . Then

t t s it oss to tu his au hori ie , ﬁnding imp ible cap re him , seized

t s te a lze r a s t t a t s t aged mo her in d and held a hos age , un il la , hOka ku —to s his ot — S ave m her pe a cefully ga ve himself up . He wa s banished to a n island in Izu Province where he remained f r o s s . t o wa s t s a s ome year And al h ugh he af erward rele ed , he a s s a t t a a nd to t bec me di isﬁed wi h J pan , decided u ilize his t o s a the o t occul p wer in le ving c un ry . He put his mother in a

o - a tub r 0 11 on e a os s o b wl Sh ped , and car yn her h nd , cr ed ver to a a on the a Chin by w lking w ves .

t s t the s a Of ShOka ku the A few cen urie af er di appe rance — , tea chings Of thi—s s chool were revived by pries ts notably o ZO O Of the o a nd Tenda i t s t Seih and y Shing n Buddhis ec s , in whos e es oteric orders certain Of this occult knowledge was to s believed be pre erved . ET ASC ETI CS , YOG I S , C. Q

The highest gra de Of a s cetics that Japanes e a nd Chines e ' t a t tells of the cn h s o r a s r di ion were S mn (1111A ) . T e e ide g ph be ing composed of A or f f (ma n ) a n d HI (mounta in) mea n ” t o ta s a to a w t on li erally m un in men . They are id h ve d el o t s a nd to a os s s a t s o a nd high m un ain , h ve p se ed gre wi d m ’ a t It is a t a t t s knowledge Of n ure s secrets . s id h in ime Of a t the a t o s a o n ional emergency, ncien Emper r Of Chin w uld ' t t t th o s enmn a . e consul hese Magi La er, however , w rd c me to mean a ny kind Of wonder - worker or yogi (ca lled gyéj a in Japa n ) and a t present ordina ry conjurers s ometimes apply to t s s t t t ha t s a a hem elve his erm . Asce icis m s be en prac i ed in J p n

o t t s not a t a s it s t a . fr m ancien ime , and few r ce Of ill rem in the o s t s is a na n é a nd s sts One Of c mmone form c lled gy , con i Of o s a s t t s s s t u t s s t vari u u eri ie uch as anding nder wa erfall , fa ing a ts Of a t of t a is s t t and fe endur nce . The repe ition man r ill qui e common ; a nd various kinds Of charms a r e extens ively us ed . The most nota“ble as cetics Of the feudal period were the s s l t the lan en Ya ma bu hi ( it . moun ain dwellers Of S g (jgi ﬁ ) school founded by En D e ShOka ku (s ee pa ge Members Of this mys terious order were much feared a t one time on a ccount t o t B t to s a nd Of heir ccul arts . u a s thes e degenerated in orcery o a t t t t the a s . necr m ncy, hey fell in o di repu e In fac , in e rly t Of the s t era s t s par pre en Meiji , uch prac ice the Re were forbidden by law . Before s tora tion o the Ya ma buslzis a nd , h wever, other pra ctis ers Of occult a rts belonged to

a a t the /tu ea - shd regul r organiza ion ( S g ) , Of which the nomina l hea d wa s a member Of on e the K u é or o t o s Of g , C ur n ble familie ik d K OtO Tsuchim a o . in y , named N a nd KObO a s the o s ichiren D i hi , fam u ts to oss ss a pries , were believed p e magic l ow s a nd s o s o a a re a t o t “p er , ome curi u phen men rel ed in c nnec ion t t wi h hem . Further informa tion on this s ubject is given in xOccult r ts on 212 A , page .

KOBO DAI S H I

K ka i KObO s the o s t un ﬁ , or Dai hi , fam u pries who fo ded the Shin on s t s wa s one the a t st t s g ec Of Buddhi m , Of gre e hinker

t wa s o a o n tha ever a ppea red in Ja pa n . He b rn in S nuki Pr vi ce D 7 4 A . . 7 in , and from childhood wa s rema rk a fo i a a t At ble r h s s g ci y . the a ge Of ﬁfte en he went to KyOtO to s tudy the Chines e cla ss ics a nd in a few years coul d rea d a nd write this difﬁcult

a ua a s it l ng ge if were his n ati ve tongue . At the a ge Of twenty he beca me a Buddhist pries t ; and by the t wa s t t —one a SO a s ime he hir y , he bec me dvanced in wi dom that he wa s s elected by the Emperor tO go tO China for f t t a ur her s udy . For China a t tha t time wa s more adv nced in culture and civiliza tion than a ny Other country in the world ;

a t a t a t o t the and m ny grea pries ts appe red in h c un ry , where

a o s Of m t a s a t w s cred b ok Buddhis had been r n l ed, and ere

s t deeply udied .

It wa s one Of the a t t Of t s t under gre es he e pries s , named

Ke ikwa t a t KObO t two s a , h s udied ; and in year he was ble tO a s t SO t a t w m er even the mos t es oteric tea chings . h hen he

t r tO a a 80 6 n o s t the w o re u ned J p n in , prie in h le land could

a r t a nd wa s t a t t o o t comp e wi h him, he re ed wi h pr f und respec

the o is t t the os o of even by Emper r . He credi ed wi h p sessi n

a ca rs a t w t m gi l powe s uch s wri ing in running a er, and making

a t his body ppea r a s if bla zing with ligh .

KO a Pro In 816 s ta s t on M t. , he e bli hed a emple y in Kii

a nd t os t the t t a t 83 5 vince , lived here m Of ime un il his de h in ,

a t th - e a ge Of s ixty two. WAK E NO KIYOMARO Q

Wake no Kiyoma ro will always be remembered a s a fea rless patriot who res cued the Imperial House from a very s erious For the the s K ke 7 danger . during reign Of Empre s O n ( 4 9 759) he thwa rted the des igns Of a powerful and ambition pries t na med DOkyO who actually a imed to enthrone hims elf as t t o t a s o . Emperor, wi h emp ral as well Spiri ual p wer The Empress KOken was an a rdent believer in Buddhism ; but unfortunately s he came under the inﬂuence Of this evil t a t o t t a s s s . prie , and gr n ed alm every hing he ked for He dwelt in the Imperial hous e and acquired the title Of Great

' o the Em ire a n d H O- O- a t t tO Chancell r Of p , even i le given t But DOk wa n ot s a t t re ired Emperors . yO s isﬁed wi h being the mos t powerful s ubject : his ins a tiable ambition aimed s t a t ast o tO the his ill higher, and l he made kn wn Empress

- long cherished s cheme . Then the Empres s in her perplexity decided to consult the a s t t a TVa ke god Hachim n , and de pa ched a cour Ofﬁcial n med no Kiyoma ro tO the Us a Shrine in Buz en Province for this pur DOk O w a s t o s . f r s po e y prepared o hi m ve, however , and s ecretly approached Kiyoma ro with the Offer to ma ke him t a t Of the t a adminis r or Empire , if he brough back a favour ble t At t Ki oma ro t repor . las y re urned ’ on e with the oracle s reply . Only Of the Imperial line can become Em

r s s pero . Such a lawle and self s eeking man a s DOkyO should be a t once r emove c DOkyO wa s furious when this a a nd Ki oma ro wa s a s to ote answer c me , y b ni hed a rem But the ss s t t a s the province . when Empre died hor ly af erw rd the a t downfa ll Of the cra fty priest s oon foll owed . While f i hful t a a s sso the Kiyoma r o wa s s ummoned to cour g in by her ucce r, o Kwa mmu a t O f the t Emper r , and m de Minis er Home Depar t men .

SAKANOETAMURAMA'RO

758 wa th Ta mur a ma ro o . . s e ﬁrs t the a t , b rn in A D , Of gre

a a t wa rrior s ta te s men Of J p n . He became dis inguished during the ca mpa igns a gains t the a borigina l barba ria ns called Ez o (or Aino) who Still held about a fourth

the o t s t o r e Of c un ry , and ubb rnly s is ted the a dva nce Of the civilizing

t s Ta inva ders . In he e campaigns mur a ma ro showed grea t milita ry ta t wa s a the len , and ﬁn lly given

wa a t s upreme comma nd . He s ppoin

t - a Sei- i- ta i- slzo un ed Grea Barbarian Subduing Gener l ( g ) , being

t to o t t t 802 the ﬁrs h ld his i le . By he ha d s ubdued the upris ing

the a a s on his r t r wa s a s t Of b rb rian , and e u n he m de Mini er Of

s t a o or a t the r a o t 810 Ju ice and C uncill Impe i l C ur . And in ,

t wa s a Of war a out wa s ut when here d nger civil bre king , he p a t the the a o s a nd his a wa s s tO head Of Imperi l f rce , r nk rai ed

t o to t a t . s s h Of Chief Councillor Thu by Sheer meri , he r e be th t t the e highes s ubjec in Empire . He beca me a model for warriors Of later da ys a nd the ShO

un who t oul o tO ors a t his to a nd g s came af er him w d g w hip mb, invoke the aid Of his Spirit before s etting out on their military

t Ta mur a ma ro wa s a ma n t en erpris es . a ﬁne ﬁgure Of , wi h

’ ”

s o s a n d a the o o o . a eye like a falc n , a be rd c l ur Of g ld Br ve a nd a s t wa r wa s a a nd ﬁerce a lion in ime Of , he mild kindly

t a t ot t a t the s t a a to knigh her imes . A m nly gen leman Of be Y m t ype .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O S U G AWARA NOMICHIZANE Q

There is ha rdly a town or V illa ge in Japan where the ShintO

- s a or Tenma n - t n s a ﬁ n o . hrine c lled Tenjin am , g , is fou d Tenjin is the pa tron s a int of men of lette rs and Students a nd formerly the twenty- ﬁfth day of ea ch month wa s kept a s a holiday sacred

- a to Tenjin s am .

Now is s a n o o a a to a a ra , Tenjin imply h n r ry n me given Sug w

M ichiz a n who a o t a t ous a s a o u no é . S , lived b u h nd year g The

wa s a n a r t a t o gawara Old family, and le ning and li er ure f rmed its heredita ry profes s ion ; but it wa s M ichiz a né who ma de the

a o th to a a a s a f mily fa m us in e his ry Of J p n . Even boy he s o ta nt o os t o h wed wonderful le , and c mp ed an excellen p em in O Chines e when nly s even years Old . He wa s a ppointed tea cher of the young prince who a fter

th da 8 8 a nd wa rds became e Emperor U (A . D . 8 under his wis e tutela ge this young Emperor . beca me an exemplary

In t t s n is o s to s to the r . uler fac , hi reig c n idered by his rian be

But th F a a t t o a e of a . e g lden g Jap n ujiw r family, ha for cen turies ha d t o the ou t a t st o to con r lled c r , la c mpelled Uda a a t r of his o s on a o t o for a t bdic e in favou y ung D ig , h ugh ime M ichiz a n é remained a s a councillor and Uda ij in ( Minis ter of t At t the . a Righ ) l s , o Tokihira a h wever, , he d of the a a a Fujiw r f mily, beca me envious Of Mi ’ chiz ané s n a nd i fluence, by fals e cha rges had him ba nished a s a n ex to K fi shfi e ile y , wh re he s pent lonely a nd s orrowful da ys until his dea th two yea rs

a t r a t the a t - H is one ons o t o wa s l e ( in ge Of ﬁf y nine . c la i n the os s s s i o of a o t to the o p e n r be presen ed him by Emper r, a t r a nd s which he reg rded wi h reve ence , cheri hed in loving o of the ro a mem ry y l giver .

' HACHIMANTARDYOSHIIE

W N W

H a chima nta rd Yoshiie of the Minamoto cla n wa s a contem

ora r a the o o n t a oun man p y Of Willi m C nquer r . Whe qui e y g he went with his fa ther Yoriyoshi a t the hea d Of a la rge army to s ubjuga te a very powerful rebel chi ef ta n in ts ro a i Mu u P vince , n med Abe n o Yoritoki F o . r n ine yea rs ﬁerce

a a r o t n t the w rf e c n i ued, ill rebels were a t a st s l ubdued . This is genera ll y

’ to s to a s T he a r in a s wa r to referred in hi ry e rlie n e ye r , distinguish it from a nother ca mpa ign ca lled The la ter three

’ ” yea rs wa r in which Yoshiie wa s enga ged twenty- four yea rs l t a er . The northern ha lf Of Ja pa n wa s a t this time occupied by hos tile ba rba ria ns but owing ma inly to the efforts of the Mi

t a a a t n a oto a r r s u t . I wa s m cl n , hey we e g du lly ubj g ed here e s pecia lly tha t the wis dom a nd generos ity of Yoshiie were of

a t For o n t s o wi t gre s ervice . he g ver ed he e wild pe ple h s uch dignity a nd kindn ess tha t a t la st they ca me to look upon him

t o a n t wi h l ve d res pec . It wa s chieﬂy owing to the inﬂuence a nd popula rity of Yos hi

ie t t his sc ant Yoritomo wa s a to sta lis a ow r , ha de end ble e b h p e f ul feuda l government a t Ka ma kura a hundred a nd ﬁfty yea rs l a t er . IVIURASAKI S H I K I BU ‘

La ke Biwa in the province Of Omi is the la rges t lake

a a n d is a t two s in Jap n , bou hundred mile in circum

In its o o t s ference . neighb urho d here are many place of historic interes t ; but among them the Old temple

t t to call ed Isli iya ma dem s tands ﬁrs . Visi ors Lake

s n ot to s ee t s a t t Biwa hould fail hi ncien emple ,

it o t t the o s o for was in a ro m here, ha fam u n vel ca lled Genj i ﬁl onoga ta ri wa s written by Mura

a s ki Shikibu . She wa s the Widow of Fuj i wara Nobutaka

f a n d one the t a high Of icer, became Of cour

- in ladies of the Empres s JOtOmon . In order to relieve the tedium of her royal mistres s who a t that time wa s conﬁn

to t a o ss M u ed her bed wi h l ng illne , r a s a ki t to t s t a nd t Shikibu re ired hi lonely emple , here wrote the

a s s t t t a s a f mou ory ha has become a cl sic in J pan . In a Style of

r a t a n d t ha m the t t g e delicacy li erary c r , S ory ells Of the a dven tures Of a young nobleman named Genji ; and throws much l t on the t of t t t It i igh cour life ha ime . s all the more remark able when we con—s ider that this s tory wa s written about a t o s a rs a o the N m st h u nd yea g before or an Conque .

‘ Part Of the book ha s been transla ted into Englis h by Baron

Su e ma tsu but n tu a is t t a s t y a r lly much los in r n la ion . The beauty Of the work ca n be fully ' a pprecia ted only when it is r a i the e d n original . 49

— M URASAKI Sl IIKIDU

Wr t n her amous ook in the te m i i g f b ple .

KA M A KU R A GO NGORO

Ka ma km'a GongorO wa s a wa rrior in the s ervice Of Ha chi ma n ta rO Yoshiie a nd fought under him a ga ins t the army of the

ow ra n a n orthern rebel Kiy a o Takehir . He is remembered chieﬂy for a n incident whi ch well illus t a t the t a nd t e a t a rr o s of a t a r es charac er emp r men Of w i r th d y. I t h a ppened tha t once when ﬁghting a t the hea d of his com

wa ot t a n o h t r a s in t e r . s t des , he sh wi h arr w igh eye In pi e Of t n or for a o t t the o Go O r a s . his , h wever, g neve m men lef r nk He

t off the s a t a nd t the a rro - a s t promp ly broke h f , wi h w he d ill r a the s t s a o a to the ont s t em ining in ocke , pr ng ﬁercely f rw rd c e

t two- wi h his long handed Sword .

the a tt wa s t to out the a - When b le over, he ried pull rrow head

th his s but it s s his wi own hand , ﬁnding impos ible , he a ked c o a a Ta m t u u o it out for But the mr de Miur e s g t pull him . a o - a wa s oot s o t a t St a to it out rr w he d r ed ﬁrmly h , in r ining pull , Miura actually put his foot on Gongo

to rOs a . s f ce Thi , however, proved be

too for the Gon orO much ﬁery g . He

t s t a a the t a nd hru w y foo , jumping

a his to a t up, ch llenged friend comb , saying tha t he coul d endure pa in but n ot rudenes s and that it wa s be yond e ndura nce to be trodden on the fa ce Miura humbly a s ked his

s a nd s a t t t r a t forgivenes , kneeling be ide him , las wi h g e d fﬁ t out th - a i cul y pulled e arrow he d . TAMETOMO

Every child in Japa n knows a bout the valiant Ta metomo and his da s ; H is t s s s t his t bow hi ring deed ma chle kill wi h grea , s

- a s t n t . o o a Hercule n re g h, and li n like c ur ge, made him rema rk able even a mong the many grea t wa r

r o s of the st o s a oto i r illu ri u Min m clan . He wa s more tha n s even feet in

t his t o r heigh , and lef arm being f u

s t a the t inche longer h n righ , he could t h th tt t a a n . O man t e a t i bend e bow be er h n y her in l nd . I s

' s aid that the arr ows us ed by him were SO thick and long tha t they looked like s pea rs .

AS a wa s l a nd a a his t r child he wi ful unm n geable , and fa he Genera l Ta meyos hi s ent him a wa y to Kyiishﬁ when he wa s

' l But a Ta metomo on y thirte en yea rs Old . s he grew up cha l

a nd o t the t e lenged conquered every pr vincial lord un il , by im

wa t ha d the o of K us h s ﬁ s . he eigh een , he wh le y under his way

wa s t t - on e a s the H O en wa r When he wen y ye r Old, g civil broke out (in and with his fa ther a nd Six brothers he

S o t the o te a nd t t the or upp r ed Emper r Su ku, fough agains Emper

— n h th M a n GO Shira kawa a d t e whole Of e Taira clan . y stories a h re t of is o ts a t t s t . o s old expl i hi ime The dd , however , were

O r a a st and a t st wa s t r ve whelmingly g in him , la he aken prisone

‘ an d banis hed to the island of O shima

Off th t of But e coas Izu Province . even here in exile his growing power a t length beca me a menace to the

One o t a t wa s s t to s . g vernmen , and powerful ﬂee en ubdue him

. account s ays that he committed Iza rakir i a t this time an d died

a t the a ge of thirty- two but another tra dition s ays that he es

caped to Loochuwhere he ﬁnally ma de himself the king .

TA I R A N O KIYO M ORI

1118 of the a a a wa s a A. D Kiyomori ( . chief T ir cl n ,

- i the s of c ra fty a nd ambitious wa rrior sta tes ma n . Wh le chief the riva l Minamoto cla n were engaged in s ubjuga tin g rebels in the ea stern provinces the a nces tors of Kiyo

o who a m ri , rem ined in

K OtO t o a t y , o k dvan age of the Situa tion gra dua lly to esta blis h their a seen

th a a da ncy over e riv l cl n . And this policy wa s con t n o o But i ned by Kiy m ri . his gra s ping a fter s elﬁs h power in this way led to bitter a nd de adly conﬂict ; for the Mina moto men deeply re

t his t a nd t s to s o c a s . en ed ac ion , ried cru h him by f r e Of rm

to do so o a nd t ou o o wa s They were unable , h wever, h gh Kiy m ri

no s a t ta a his s wa s ont a by mean a gre mili ry le der, ide c inu lly

to t a t t ou s the os t nﬂ nt a vic rious, un il las he f nd him elf m i ue i l

a a wa th t to a um th t t rs o . s e rs a rr or ss e e pe n in J p n He ﬁ w i , . i le of Daj éda ij in (prime minis te r) which until then ha d been Strict l te to the a s th a y limi d he d of e Fujiwara f mily .

o wa s of a t a nd V o t t r a nd Kiy mori a man rbi rary i len na u e ,

l a ruthles s y crushed ll whom he s uspected of acting a ga ins t him . Even emperors and princes were trea ted by him with the s cant ies t ceremony ; and in consequence of his frequent a buse of

wa t a t a i i o s . H s r o o s p wer he bo h h ed and fe red ec rd, h wever, not ba d for oo s to the a t t a wholly , he did g d ervice m ri ime r de by es tablishing the port of Fukuwa ra nea r KObe a nd a lso it is

sa t the o s t a t a nd a a s ort cut to id , by excava ing Ond r i , m king h

r f the o a a s t t s a . Ku e , now one principal n v l a ion in J pan KENREI M O N I N

Few women have ever experienced such a ris e a nd fall of

t a s a a or Ken rei a s is ra for une T ir no Tokuko, Monin, She gene l

th a t of of the l a . e y c lled She was d ugh er Kiyomori , chief

t t a t a a nd t a wa s s s . Tair clan, and brough up wi h gre c re enderne She grew up a very highly cul tured and accomplished la dy a nd

a a a oo on wa s wa s made the wife Of the Emperor T k kur . S n a s

o to a nd she wa s a one the a st o n b rn her , prob bly of h ppie w me in the land . ‘ r l his a ss n ot t t s h ppine did las long, however, for misfor une

s t s a the overtook her in quick s uccess ion . Fir her hu b nd Em

eror a t the a e of t t - on e the s on the p died g wen y ; and , child

An toku s to the t o t s Emperor , ucceeded hr ne when only hree year

t s t the t of t r Ki omo old . The nex mi for une was dea h her fa he y

t For Yor itom a t t t . o ri , which happened a mos cri ical ime and

s the M n t t other member of i amo o clan had risen in revol , and the dea th of Kiyomori left thew -Ta ira cla n leaderless and una ble to t own SO t a t a t a s t t o to hold heir , h l hey were c mpelled ﬂee

- i t But mis ~ from KyOtO with the child Emperor a nd h s mo her .

t t to t a nd a t s a ts t for une con inued follow hem , f er everal defe hey were a t last utterly des troyed in the great

s ea - ﬁght a t Da nnoura (in

At t s t s t t t hi ime , eeing ha her condi ion

wa s t s s Kenrei t to qui e hopele , Monin ried drown herself with her s on ; but She a lone

to wa s wa s res cued a nd ta ken to KyO . She now the only member of the Ta ira family

in the a nd s ca n living world, her loneline s t be ima gined . She became a Buddhis nun ,

t - a s t her a nd died a t the a ge of ﬁf y s even . M ny pilgrims vi i

t a t ara a t a a o t s s o K Oto . omb Oh , quie vill ge b u even mile fr m y M I N A MOTO N O YOSHITOMO

h D 1123 t t Y itomo A . of he Minamoto no os ( . fa her f o ot s Y r itomo Yoshits une wa s a am us br her o and , himself

a t ta a a nd a n ta t t the gre mili ry le der , played impor n par in early sta ges of the long and bloody s trife

w th to bet een the Taira and e Minamo clans . In the civil war of the Hogen era (in 1156 t nt ) he ﬁrs became promine , when

t o of the a wi h Kiy mori , chief Tair clan , h e s upported the Emperor G O - Shira kawa

t the - te the a agains Ex Emperor Su ku, riv l

t o t claima nt t o the throne . In his c nﬂic he wa s obliged to ﬁght against his own

n th father and brothers who were o e oppos ing Side . And

t t o s the ot wa s a t a hough vic ori u , Minam o clan gre ly we kened by t t the heavy loss es i sus ained . The cra fty and ambitious Kiyomori wa s quick to turn this Mina moto dis a dva nta ge to his own a ccount ; and es tablishing

s o Yos hitomo s o t to the of his a cendancy ver , ugh grasp reins

hi own a t t t t l s s . s a power in h nd In re en men of his r fu ness, Yoshitomo a t la s t rallied the Minamoto followers with the

o t of th B ut wa a t bjec putting down e Taira clan . fate s gains

t Yos hitomo a nd f w ff d a . e him , and he su ere a crushing defe a o f t t cut t t o the a nd his gallan re ainers heir way hr ugh enemy, es caped to Owari Province ; but were ﬁna lly killed by trea chery

on t ow o t his t s s heir n Side . M s Of family were aken pri oner

t s a t o but Yoritomo t and ru hle sly sl ugh ered by Kiy mori , hen t o t a nd Yoshits une a . nly hir een , , a mere b by , were spared

t t u t it wa s t two who s And by a S riking rn of fa e hese , year

t t a nd o t w t ta fees la er, by heir Skill energy ver hre heir heredi ry , a nd a ﬁnally res tored the fortunes of the Mina moto cl n . TOK IWA GOZE N

o o ot of the o s Yoshitsun e wa s t a T kiwa G zen , m her fam u , lef

to o n t . s a os o wid w whe qui e young Her hu band , Gener l Y him of the a oto a wa s t a ll his o o Min m cl n , Slain wi h men by Kiy m ri a nd his followers of the Taira clan ; a nd Tokiwa Gozen a n d her children were left defenceles s . And s eeing tha t it wa s ’ Kiyomori s evident intention to exterminate all of the Mina moto

t a t o l a a s on too thr clan h he c uld y h nd , She k her ee children

s t t she n ot and hid her elf in a quie coun ry place , where could be found . But the relentless Kiyomori conceived a cruel plan to‘

t o ot to dis cover her whereabou s . He rdered her m her be

t o t a t to ow to t e brough bef re, him , and hre ened kill her by Sl r ur ’ - n ot t a s . if She did reveal her daugh er s hiding pl ce . When new of t s s o a o a t t hi omeh w re ched T kiw Gozen , her errible anxie y

the t o t he ma y be ima gined . Una ble to endure h ugh of r

’ ot s s ff t t s et out for m her u ering, She ook her hree children and

’ ta And a t t t Ki omori s the capi l . when las She en ered y pre

s a a a a for . ence, She m de an gonized ppe l mercy ’ Kiyomor i s ha rd hea rt wa s touched by

a he wa s t her ppeal , and ﬁlled wi h admira

t a n d t tion of her ﬁlial pie y rare beau y . He promis ed to s pare the life of her mother a nd her children ; but on on e condition that She should become his wife " For

h of o s a o n t e s ake her loved ne , Tokiw G ze a t last cons ented to this ; but she never let

her s on Yoshitsune forget the duty to his .

a t da H ow the dea d father dema nded by the stern code Of th y.

o t l t s o t a nd s to the young warri r la er fulﬁ led hi bliga ion , re red

fortunes of the Mina moto clan is another story . M I N AM OTO YORITDMO

N W

a oto o i A D 1147- 1199 wa s th ﬁ t of the Y r tomo . e Min m ( . ) rs

r a t ShO uns the o of the eovrn ment g e g , and f under feudal g which continued up to the dawn of the pre sent Meiji Era . He wa s the third s on of

Yoshitomo of the , Chief

oto a Minam cl n . When he wa s a o t t t s old b u hir een year , his father a nd many of his

t s a tt rela ive were killed in b le , when the Mina moto wa s de

a t the a a a fe ed by T ir cl n . On

oun t of his t ho Yoritomo wa s s but acc you h , wever , pared ; he was banished to Izu Province where he lived a very s olitary

t to a oo life un il he grew up m nh d .

the s s of the a t of the Meanwhile , gro abuse power on p r Ta ira family caused deep resentment among the nobles a nd

t o K to a t M ochihito mili ary men f yO . And last Prince rose

t the s t a to Yoritomo agains Taira clan, and en a mess ge urging

to Yor itomo to the a him raise an army . gladly responded c ll

to t th e tu t his . arms, and his was rning poin in life Within a few years he wa s able practically to annihilate

the a a nd a t t I n a Taira cl n ; las becamethe chief war lord Jap n .

ta t a a a nd a s He es blished a new governmen in Kam kur , sumed

the t t of ShO un o t s t the ShO un i le g . Fr m hi ime word g came

to os s ss n t a it s p e a new mea ing, for henceforw rd igniﬁed in

t the a t fac c ual ruler of Japan . AM A S H OGU N

W N W

—ko w of the ShO un Yor itomo a Masa , ife g , was a rem rkable

t of H O O Tokima s a a o woman . She was a daugh er j , p werful

C t of t t - old hief ain Izu Province , and when wen y one years s t Yoritomo who wa s t a n t t ecre ly married , hen exile in ha

But t t of t o o . pr vince her fa her , knowing no hing his, pr mised

to a a n o K a n eta ka the o of o her hand T ir , govern r Izu Pr vince,

t a a a - ko wa s t of t who lived in a cas le ne r by . When M s old his

t t Fo o th on . r n e e by her fa her, She was in a grea dilemma

to s wa s s to on the hand , leave her hu band impo sible her ; and ot to to ma the the of her , refuse rry governor would cause ruin

’ At t to t b t her fa mily . las she agreed her fa her s proposal ; u on the of the to evening wedding , She managed escape from ’ — the s o a s a n out- of the governor house , and c nce led her elf in wa w o to Yoritomo y place kno n nly . During his whole life Yoritomo loved a nd respected his

t who two s two a t s . fai hful wife , bore him ons and d ugh er

Yoritomo 1199 a a a t the When died in , She Sh ved her he d f er custom of that age ; but She held ﬁ rmly the reins of govern ment for the s a ke of her young s ons who succeeded Yor itomo hO t a s S uns . g In fac , all through her life She wa s the rea l power behind the t governmen , and wa s therefore called

i — un lit the hO u u t os An a ShOg ( . Nun S g n And d ring h e

the o t o o a for d to years c un ry enj yed unbr ken pe ce , none ared o the t a t a a 1225 a t ppose governmen K m kura . She died in , the a e of t - g Six y s even .

YOSHITSUNE .

The warfa re between the Taira and the Minamoto clans in Ja pa n ma y be compared to the TVa r s of the Ros es carried on t a a s t be ween York and L nc er in England . For about fifty a s t s a t s ye r he e gre Japanese clan , t t s wi h varying for une , doggedly t th ca rried on the s rife . Among e many heroes of the Mina moto clan none s tands out more prominently t a the a t s t t o h n g llan , raigh f rward a n d s o Yoshitsun hand me hero e. He fought many fierce battles both on land and s ea ; but his g reates t achievement wa s the s ea - fight a t a a a o os tt t D nnour ne r Shim n eki , when he u erly des royed the a t t to t s o t t enemy , f er driving hem hi place fr m heir S ronghold s wa s the t a tt in KyOto . Thi firs naval b le ever fought in it t o t Japan ; and o k place abou seven hundred years ago .

Yos hitsune ma a the TO O of t t da y be c lled Admiral g ha y. ’ The latter part of Yoshitsun é s short and brilliant career

H is t . wa s unfortuna tely tragica l . elder bro her Yor itomo wa s ’

t of Yos hits uné s o t a nd t to . ﬁlled wi h envy p pulari y , de ermined t wa s a Yor itomo or . not kill him Whe her he re lly killed by ,

is t a ques ion tha t his torians . n to A are u able decide . t

a ll t t t t . even s , his ory says ha wa s t t w t he killed , oge her i h his w wife and children , hen

wa s t t - one he hir y years old . On the ot her hand , however , some pe ople believe tha t he to ok to the s ea with ma ny faith s a a t of t ful follower , and ﬁn lly became a gre king Nor hern

t t t Yo hitsun wa s a . s s e s A i In fac , ome even believe ha none other th a n the terrible warrior Genghi s Khan " SH IZU KA MW

At t a a t the t of the s t Hachiman emple in Kamakur , foo one

t s l a to the t t r is a s a s ep e ding emple , he e mall squ re building

of ta painted red . This is a kind s ge where s acred mus ic a nd dances a re performed .

t s a o Yoritomo wa s ShO un Abou seven hundred year g , when g , this building wa s us ed for a performance tha t is frequently

t a s t a t Y hi t une o ot r . os s men ioned in J pane e li er ure , y unger br he of Yoritomo a a t a Shiz ka a s , had be u iful and clever girl n med u

i wa s s lf a t t h s wife ; and She very ki ul in d ncing and o her a r s . When Yoshits uné wa s obliged to leave Ka makura for the

o t a t r r the s a s u of his ot Shiz uka n r h , f e incu ring di ple re br her,

o a a Yoritomo a nd hi W as a - ko r a . s em ined al ne in K makur ife M ,

a a of a s a st to h ving he rd her fame a d ncer, reque ed her give a performa nce on this stage a t Ha chiman temple ; a nd of cours e Shiz uka wa s relucta ntly compelled to Obey the r eques t

un s of D a im Os a nd ot no s r of the ShOg . Hundred y her ble we e

to ee the a Shiz uka a the a a ls o invite d s perform nce . f ced udi

At the a a s s o s a . s ence fe rle ly , and began her fam u d nce me

s a two s s ha d o os s s time She ng ong which She c mp ed, expre ing her yea rning after the loved husba nd from whom She had been

a a t Sep r ed .

Yoritomo ot t r a t t s g ex remely ang y hi , s aying tha t it wa s outrageous to ma ke

s o s a o t a t tor Yoshitsune a nd ng b u rai like ,

to t H is a s - ko Sing hem in public . wife M a ,

o s a t s t Shiz uka h wever, deeply ymp hi ed wi h , a n d ﬁna lly a ppea s ed the anger of Yori

to o t a s om a t ts m . Af erw rd s e be u iful gif were pres ented to Shiz uka by Yoritomo

a - ko and M s a . This famous historica l epis ode forms the s ubject of ma ny

J a a s t s a nd a a p ne e pic ure dr m s . 6 5

Da b f t e n

B E N K E I

N W

B the s - t a nd a o t o M us a shi O Benkei, emi my hical f v uri e her

r wa s a a t st who ca a o f Ja pa nes e child en , gig n ic prie be me

hit un e H is t o ts a re fa ithful r eta iner of Yos s . hrilling expl i tireles sly told in s tory a nd in s ong ; a nd if

o s s a re n ot t u the tales of his pr we all r e , they a re a t lea st well invente d .

t a nd the s on of a s t Though a pries prie , Benkei ha d little ta ste for s uch a mild

At a n a r a e his s r t ca reer . e ly g wild pi i broke out ; a nd a fter running a muck in his

o s te a nd s tt the o s in a n m na ry, e ing m nk

s a t s a of a dven uproar, he llied for h in e rch

t to e o t a o a nd s or ture . He de ermined b c me a migh y w rri r ; w e t u t t t t so a o o a o s s or s . ha by per n l c nques , he w ld cap ure h u and w d For this purpose he took his Sta nd nightly on the GOjO Bridge

K OtO a a a who to in y , and ch llenged every S mur i happened

t wa it i t a nd o s . s s sa o pas by And in hi y, id, he f ugh c nquered

a nd t - a nd t a a t r nine hundred nine y nine men , ook w y hei

o s w rds .

But one t t the oo t met hi s nigh while wai ing in m nligh , he

a s t It wa s the a t Yoshitsune who a t d the m er . gall n ccep e

a t t a n a th ra t s d e V to . a ch llenge hi ime , g ined ic ry The d m ic

t of t t fﬁ it to ale heir encounter is too long o record here . Su ce

s a t a t n a t n Yoshitsune o to y h Be kei , being fairly be e by , v wed devote himself ever a fter to the s ervice of this bra ve youn g t t . o a s o a nd t the VOW knigh And righ l y lly he did , kep he

or s w e .

GOGGGGGGOGGGOGGGG TA I R A NO NORITSUNE

The men of the Taira cla n were on the whole very effemi

a t W t wa t n e and eak bo h in body and mind . This s no doub

’ due to the courtier s life that they had lived for many yea rs

K Oto the t f t t t f in y . In las years o heir pros peri y his ef eminacy

a the t s o had re ched climax, and hey were warrior in name nly . Even when in c a mp they ma de elabora te toilets ; a nd s pent

' of the t in t It wa s t o much ime dancing and dissipa ion . heref re no wonder tha t they could not res ist the onslaught of Yoshi

ts une a nd his veteran wa rriors from the eastern provinces .

' s o t s a nd ta o There were me excep ion , however , no ble am ng

t s wa s a Nor itsun é ma n t a nd he e Tair no , a of grea bravery

s u th o a t . e tt f kill in archery D ring ba le Yashim , when ﬁgh ing

a t the a of o o s o t s he d his f ll wer , he alm s ucceeded in killing

Yoshitsune t hi But the t ul t s of wi h s own hands . fai hf re ainer

’ Yoshitsune s t t o t , eeing heir mas er s danger, c vered him wi h

t o s t s sa his t o s a t heir b die and hu ved life , h ugh ever l of hem fell th t pierced by e errible shafts of Noritsun é .

a a t the a tt a o Ag in, b le of D nn ura,

’ when Yoshits un é s ship happened to

Noritsuné pass nearby, jumped on

t s l t board , ben on a per ona encoun er

with his enemy but the light- footed

Yeshits uné als o did s ome jumping

a n d thus evaded the sudden on

Sla u ht t Noritsun e t o t . the s o g Then , di app in ed , af er laying ab u

‘ ‘ ' t no lon er tOok two of him with his sword till he could ﬁgh g ,

’ t his n t he enemy s s trong men in grasp, and hurli g himself in o

the s ea s t t the t . , peri hed wi h hem in wa er

NAS U N O YOIC H I

Nas u no Yoichi ma y be called the Will iam Tell of Japan ; and although he lived a bout seven hundred years ago his , wonderful feat of archery is still remembered ; and the story of his Skill with the bow is one tha t a ll Ja panese children have been told .

’ When Yos hits rmé attacked the a rmy Of the Ta ira cla n a t

as a the s st Y him , enemy re i ed s t o nl a t ﬁrst a nd r e s a a tta s t ubb r y ep lled ever l ck , wi h heavy

o a ca s ua lties on both s ides . T w rds evening both a rmies were

t a nd it wa s a s the ﬁ t very ired, during a p u e in gh ing tha t this

t o u the s o t t inciden cc rred . In p r ive Spir i which men s ometimes

o t of a a the a a s t Sh w even in ime deadly w rf re, T ir ide s en out

o t t a nd t a it a b a wi h a young beau iful m iden in . And na iled to a pole s e t up in the bow of the boat wa s a sca rlet fan with

the t a golden s un in the centre . When boa drew near to the

a the ot a o s d the be ch where Minam o w rri r were range , maiden beckoned to them and cha llenged their bes t marksman to

a t the f n Shoot with a bow and arrow a .

of s t t t wa s s Yoichi , a lad even een and small of s a ure , cho en

th tt t his ors wa to th a e . e s e for a emp He drove h e for rd in ,

o the oa t a nd Stopped s everal hundred yards fr m b . Very care

t t t tO s s r s t fully he ook aim , knowing ha mi would b ing di credi on his s ide a nd on himself ; and Ethen with bow bent to the

t t t t t to the a u mos he le ﬂy . The arrow ﬂew s raigh m rk and

t For m t struck the fan jus t one inch above the rive . a mo en the fa n tt the t nt the sea s t ﬂu ered in air, and hen fell i o , amid thunders of generous applause from the watching armies on

ot b h sides . KU M AGAI NAOZANE

Few more calm and lovely spots may be fou nd in Japan t a the s of a a the a o s t h n shore Sum and M iko, f m u wa ering

a B ut t t places ne r KObe . abou s even hundred years ago his pea ceful neighbourhood wa s the scene of a ﬁerce and bloody battle in which the Mina moto defea ted and ﬁnally crushed the ’ Ta ira cla n ( in Most of the Taira fugitives took to boa ts and attempted to es cape ; but the victorious Mina moto men were hotly in

t o t t t t s f . t o orm pur ui hem Jus hen , a richly a ired and n ble y g w of the a Ats umor i wa s s a st arrior Taira cl n , named , een h en ing towards a boa t ; but an Old warrior n a med Kumagai Na oz a n é rushed between him a nd the s ea and challenged him

omi a t te th to combat . The y g man once accep d e cha llenge ;

and very s oon a ﬁerce duel commenced .

t a t a a t t Af er hard s ruggle Kumag i ﬁn lly riumphed, and wi h

his o o t the wa s on the t pp nen down on beach, poin of dealing a dea th blow with his da gger when under the helmet he caught

’ t old sight of his enemy s you hful and ha nds ome fa ce . The

w wa s a s ha d s on of t the arrior much moved, he a abou same age a s this noble youth ; and out of

s t a t t t to ympa hy as a f her, he hough s pare the young man and l et him

B ut s t t the s es ca pe . eeing ha s oldier of his s ide were s wa rming on the

E l f e t t a t t wa s A b ach , bo h knew h here no hope ; s o Atsumori begged to be

to t s t o a a s put . dea h le Kumagai Sh uld merely be br nded a

t to l t And t s the old o e s . c ward, if he ried him e cape hu wa rrior ha d to pe rform the cruel tas k ; but he wa s s o touched

a t a t t t the wa r wa s s a he r ha when over, he h ved his head and t th t t spen e res of his life a s a pries . 73

’ ENDO MORITOS FA TAL DEED (se e p a ge

P a inte b U a ta ( le kkO ( d y g ) .

E N DO M OR ITO

M N ”

The tr ue story of EndO M oritO forms a roma ntic tra gedy t he w not t d like of hich on e does Of en ﬁn even in ﬁction .

When he wa s a young knight in the s ervice of the Ex - Emperor

o t a a t Toba , he fell in l ve wi h be u iful girl named Kes a whom he ha ppened to meet ; but on m a king enquiries he found that she wa s a lready the wife of a court ofﬁcia l named Wata

TVa ta u o t a n abe r . S grea w s his

t t r t t s s infa ua ion , howeve , ha regardle

of t t to t her s a nd every hing , he de ermined ake her from hu band

his own w t to the make her ife . He ried all mea ns induce

t of s to a s t a t she mo her Ke a h ve her divorced , and wore h if

d id n ot s o ot do he would kill b h of them .

w the s a t t of EndO the t a t a t Kno ing de per e na ure , mo her l s

i n a to t t to a despair appe led her daughter . Kesa knew ha le ve the husband she loved wa s out of the question but thinking to

s t t s t o the ave her mo her, she decided upon a errible olu i n of

’ EndO to ot a nd o . s dilemma She called her m her house , t ld him she woul d c“ontrive tha t night to ha ve her hus ba nd “wa sh t the t a t she . s his long hair En er house e l hily , said , and

ou the a of the s t I sha ll when y feel damp h ir sleeper, rike and ” b r ef ec. Secretly a t midnight EndO entered the room ; and groping a a the wet in the d rkness his ha nd a t length gr s ped long hair . \V t t r us t of his t a d a t w a nd i h one h dagger he deal e h blo , ﬂed t th t B ut it wa s a not a t t in o e nigh . Kes and her husb nd ha he ha d t mis akenly s la in . The overwhelming grief a nd repentance of E ndO s hook i Af t s h m to the very depths of his being . erward he be came the t a nd s e t the t of his famous pries Mongaku, p n res life in w try ing to help the weak and the oppressed . He a s grea tly t e te m b Yor itomo the rs t he ShO uns . s e ed v , ﬁ of g SAIGYO

Sa i O the o t- s t t hi mdre d gy , p e prie , lived abou seven years a o is o s to one of the t t g . He c n idered be bes wri ers of

fa azka or t s of ﬁve his o t . , Shor poem lines ; and p e ical works

t to o Ya ma a - Ska a n ha ve been collec ed in a b ok called g . The t ker wa s the favorite vehicle of poetry ; and the

s o t 5 7 5 7 7 s s line c nsis of , , , , , yllable ,

3 1 o s f making syllables in all . The p em o

Sa i O t o gy are remarkable for heir mel dy,

t t s s heir dep h of meaning, and genuinene

o f feeling .

wa s 1118 wa s o He born in , and riginally

a warrior in the service of the Ex - Emperor

But Toba . he soon became deeply in teres ted in Buddhis m which wa s very ﬂourishing in thos e

a t the a e of t t - t r s e a nd days ; and g wen y h ee he hav d his head , leaving his wife and children became a priest . Then began

o t for ft his wandering life which c n inued ﬁ y years, during which he composed innumerable poems prompted by wha t he s a w a nd felt . Hi s utter indifference to wealth and wor dly things is ﬁtly

- n w s hown by the following well known fact . O ce hen visitin g

a a wa s t t the ShO un Yoritomo who Ka m kur , he en er ained by g ,

And Sa i O a i O s t . in held S gy in high e eem when gy was leav g , Yoritomo presented him with a beautiful piece of carving

u Sa i O e t ts t o s . B t a ca d ne in ilver when gy g ou ide, he relieved hims elf of what he cons idered merely a burden by giving the

o n t c a t to s ome children wh were playi g in t he s tree .

TH E SOGA VE N D ETTA

W M

In the moral c ode of Japan loya lty and ﬁlial piety ha ve a w a t o t I . n t t t o l ays been given gre imp r ance fac , hese w virtues are very closely related : for if a child is not loya l a nd obedient to the hea d and heart of

n ot to his household , he is likely

to the of th t t be loyal head e S a e .

the it wa s con In feudal days , s ide re d the t of r to du y a Samu ai , a venge the murder of his parent or his lord . This wa s called ka ta ki uchi w a s rd a s a n o t t os s . , and rega ed bliga ion in h e day The

ﬁrst and most notable example of ka ta ki- uchi tha t is recorded

e 1193 a t Da ud ukets une happ ned in . A gre imyO named K O S had ruthlessly killed the father of two brothers na med J11rd

Ge } t t t and n . And hese two bovs determined o avenge heir

’ t a t fa her s cruel de h . They waite d more than te n years for a n opportunity ; and a t t it Yoritomo m D a im a nd ta n las came . and any yOs re i ers w o ut l nmtin t the a t s M . i Se ere g near Fuj and g bro her , hearing t a t KudO Sukets une wa s of the t t t h a member par y , decided ha the t w t the ime had come . They escaped notice by mixing i h

t w t a t t the t t t re ainers and hen nigh c me , hey en ered en of heir ’ t But i f t to s te a . n a her s enemy, and called him a rn ccoun taking the life of Suke ts une they also s a criﬁced their own : for

J ﬁ rO t a nd G orO the orm er wa s ta was killed immedia ely, y g ken

r ut to t or itomo t prisone and p dea h b y Y . This ragedy has

the s t of a t formed ubjec many dr mas and s ories , and is very w well kno n to all Japanese . N I C H I R E N

wa s t s n Nichiren a grea religiou reformer, and founded a ew

th H —sl z wa s ect of Buddhis m called e okké n . He s by nature .

t a nd a t a nd his t very vehemen comb ive, life in many respec s t t f t t res embled ha o Mar in Lu her .

wa s o 1222 a t a a He b rn in Aik wa , a sm ll seaside village in

Awa a t the of t t Province ; and age welve, became an acoly e

o t t the O- do s t in a neighb uring Buddhis emple of J ec , and s t so a t a t the a e of t t o t t udied h rd h , by g wen y, he far u s ripped the a e t of B st o t But h he d pri s in knowledge uddhi d c rine . e gradually beca me dissatisﬁed with the teachings he had

a a nd t to s the t a t t t le rned , de ermined eek rue f i h in o her sec s ,

- for there were more than ten great sects existing in Japan a t t t t ha ime .

st t to t the t of Fir he wen Kamakura, and s udied eachings

. t t t to to M t the Zen d/z dna s K O . ( y ) ec , and hen wen y , Nara ,

KO a t t s s t t s y and o her cen re of Buddhism , and pen welve year t But in s udy and discussion . in his opinion none of these sects were conforming to the true teachings of Buddha ; so a t

t wa s t t - two las , when he hir y years old , he founded a new s ect of his own called the H t t t t hi okké sec . And from his ime un il s

t 1282 e t his t dea h , in , he d vo ed all ime

to the t o of his and energy propaga i n belief . He wa s so vehement a nd a ggress ive tha t

wa s t the t t the he wice exiled by au hori ies , and once was on

o t of B t the H t a . u okké s p in being behe ded before he died , ec ha d s pread throughout the country and even now it is one of the t f t t mos in luen ial s ec s in Japan . 81

TH E EMP ROR GO—DA E IGO se ( e page 84 ) H ome e ss l .

H OJ O TOKIMUNE MW

the sto of a a the a H O O In hi ry J p n , n me of j

Tokimuné will long be remembered a s tha t of a

a t t a t to hi t p rio who did gre s ervice s coun ry.

t s ix a s a o a t a os Abou hundred ye r g , in Chin here r e a dangerous enemy to Ja pan ca lled Kubla i Kh an

whose conques ts had extended even to Chosen

h wa s a o t a d whic a very we k c un ry . H ving inva ed

os a a t a to a the Ch en, Kubl i Kh n nex beg n pl n

s wa s a inva s ion of Japan . Thi very critica l time

’ t t o a a to t t of the war t in this corm ry s his ory, c mp r ble ha be ween

a nd s to t t of the a tte t a s o of Greece Per ia , or ha mp ed inv i n

the a t t a o s a a the England by Sp nish wi h heir f m u Arm d , in t reign of Queen Elizabe h . At this time HOjO Tokimuné wa s the chief a dministra tor u nder the ShOgun ; and when Kubla i Kha n s ent messengers to

Ja pan making unrea s onable de

a s on t t Tokimun é m nd his coun ry , t met them with a s ern refusal .

At t a a leng h , Kubl i Khan prep red

t t a nd t t a a grea ﬂee , sen abou hundred thous a nd men to inva de Ja pa n (in But the ships met the t a s t a t the a a nd same fa e h of Invincible Armad ,

t o a t ut to t a t the s a a . o Similar h of Ru sian B l ic Squ dr n In f c , of the t ost s t to the s of K ﬁ shii o t the grea h en hore y , nly hree of

to t of th a men remained ell the tale e dis s ter . TH E EM P ER O H GO- DAIGO

W M

After Yor itomo laid the founda tion of feudal government

a the K Oto a a t in Kam kura, Emperor in y bec me mere puppe ; and for the s ix hundred and eighty - two yea rs during which the s s t t the the feudal y em con inued , Emperor remained Simply

o t t n minal ruler of he coun ry .

But o t ﬁve s t a s tt t ab u hundred and even y ye r ago, an a emp to recover the actual ruling power wa s made by the Emperor — At t t h id f GO Daigo. ﬁrs for une favoured him ; and with t e a o

M a s a s hi é tt Yoshis a da a n d t Kusunoki g , Ni a , many o her loyal

C t s to t H O O Ta ka toki the hief ain , he was able des roy j and t t governmen repres en ed by him .

It wa s o t t s s o tt s nly a ransien succe s, however, and on ma er

a w t a the t wa s n ot e t bec me ors e han before . Perh ps ime y

t At t the the the . ripe for ending of feudal sys em all even s , majority of the feudal lords rose in revolt against the Emperor

t the a t Ta ka u l and his new governmen . And cr f y Ashikaga j ,

the t r to f t Go- t one of chief of revol ers , in o der of se Daigo , ook th t f the e royal princes and made him Emperor, wi h himsel power behind the throne . Thus there existed two Emperors a t the s t a nd t t y ame ime , for abou ﬁf y ears each s truggled for supremacy . The latter part of the Emperor — ’ G O Da igo s life wa s very unhappy .

wa s to K Oto He compelled leave y , t and died in retreat a t Yoshino in the province of Ya ma o.

t of o t the t of t Every year housa nds pe ple visi omb his Emperor ,

w t o to s ee the h s o w a re hen hey g Yos ino cherry blo s ms , hich

undoubtedly the best in all Japan .

PR I N C E M OR I NAGA

In Kamakura there sta nds a be a utiful ShintO shrine called

- — O tO s to the o . no Miva , acred her ic soul of Prince Morinaga

wa s In 130 8 a nd wa s the t s on the r Go He born , hird of Empero

hi t wa s Daigo . In s you h he much

o a nd t t his t l ved rus ed by fa her , and wa s allowed to take part in the Em

’ pe ror s attempt to overthrow the H OjO

t r t regen in Kamakura . Du ing his conﬂict Prince Morinaga s howed

a a nd t much br very in elligence , and

t t it wa a n d M a s a s hi é s . s did grea ervice In fac , he Kusunoki g

t And w who bore the brunt of the strife in its ea rly s ages . hen a t la s t the H OjO family wa s virtually exterminated (in

ne w o t s t K Oto and a g vernmen e ablished in y , Prince Morinaga

the t t of h un wa s a the was given i le S Og . This a reviv l of origi

Of the w ShO un t t - in nal meaning ord g , ha is, simply commander c hief .

the t w the t t Ta ka u i In mean ime , ho ever , craf y and ambi ious j

u to . had beg n harbour rebellious projects agains t the new

t i to e ShO un governmen ; for he keenly des red b come g himself, a nd regarded Morinaga as the principle Obstacle in the pa th of t At . t bv t t t to his ambi ion las , a das ardly in rigue , he con rived E have Prince Morinaga accused of treachery to the mpe ron.

. Se the prince wa s arrested and sent to Kama kura where he wa s

in n a nd t imprisoned a dungeo , af erwards cruelly murdered by

’ an assassin sent b y Ashikaga (in Even now the ca ve w wa s a n d ma t here he imprisoned killed y be seen , jus behind t he tO- - shrine called O no Miva .

o v t o ws f o d £ 0 0 4 ﬁ o a ﬁ f a ve Q AS H I KAGA TAKAUJi

s Ta ka u i the ﬁ t of the A a ShO un s wa s A hikaga j , rs shikag g ,

o 130 6 wa s t s t f H a chi b rn in . He a direc de cendan o ma ntarO

Yoshiie the ous the ot for , fam chief of Minam o clan , and genera tions his ances tors were grea t Da imyOs in the province of Shi

O uke Ta ka u i wa a s o of his m ts . s oo a j alw y very pr ud g d line ge , and his grea t ambition wa s to become a milita ry lea der like YO

r itomo .

A11 opportunity for him to a dvance his hidden project a t last

w 13 3 1 the GO - t the came , hen in Emperor Daigo rose agains

H O O t a t Ta ka u i nt j feudal governmen Kamakura . j was appoi ed ’ of H O O S but a t the t t t commander j army las momen , ins ead of

t t the t f to ﬁgh ing agains Emperor, he sen a message of ering

t a ct t the a n d the submi . This grea ly pleased Emperor, when

t t Ta ka u i ot the t war prizes were dis ribu ed , j g by far bes . But Ta ka uji wa s always for himself so a few years later (in

t t t t te s oge her wi h a large band of discon en d feudal chief , he rose in revolt against the Emperor ; and

the tt t t the in ba les ha followed , forces of Ta ka uji were so completely victorious that the Emperor and court were obliged to ﬂee

from KyOto to the mounta ins of Yoshino . Meanwhile the crafty Ta ka uj i put a n ew Emperor named KOmyO TennO on the

t t the t t e Go hrone , agains legi ima e Emp ror ( Daigo) and strife between these two rival

t t v t cour s las ed for o er ﬁf y years .

Ta ka u i ShO un 13 38 13 58 a t the j became g in ; and died in ,

- e n t t age of ﬁfty thre . The a ion has never forgiven his reacher

o - ous conduct towards the Em peror G Daigo .

KUSUNOKI MASASHIGE

One of the fa mous places in KObe is the la rge shrine known

a s N a nk - s ha t of t a t o d t of t é , buil in honour h emb imen loyal y

M a s a s hi é At th t t s o s s . e and heroi m , Ku unoki g ime when hi her

a s ix s a o t wa s tt t lived , ne ry hundred year g , here bi er s rife going on in the Imperial Household ; and this continued fo t a ﬁft r more h n y years .

the two Go— the l e iti Of rival Emperors, Daigo was g mate on e but his s ide wa s los ing ground year a fter year until a t las t it retained only a few provinces in the

d f t it wa s t the neighbourhoo o Kyo o . And only hrough heroic efforts of M a s a s higé and a few other loyal chief tains that the Emperor was able for many years to hold the t to t ta the s t hrone , and wi hs nd on laugh of his t t formidable an agonis s .

At t w the a t s M a s a s hi é las , ho ever, even d un les g found

a t t Ta ka u i the himself in a desper e condi ion . j , com

- in - the to tt ot t mander chief of enemy, came a ack Ky o wi h an army of half a million men ; while M a s a s higé could muster barely eight hundred to ﬁght against this mighty

t to t to th . e a d hos He decided , however, ﬁgh end n to die a s

to he had lived in loyal service his Sovereign . Just before the

tt s on t old ba le , he called his , hen only eleven years , and after instructing him to devote his life to the ca use of the Emperor ,

a a g ve him a golden dagger and b de him farewell . In the ba ttle t a t on the a s of the a to a a h followed , b nk Min g w , a river near

Kobe his a to - , followers were ﬁn lly reduced only s eventy three

. t t wa s M a s a s hi é t men Then , seeing ha all over , g re ired to a ’ a s s - b o f rmer hou e near y, and falling up n his sword he died (in 13 3 0; NITTA YOSHISADA

Nitta Yoshis a da wa s a grea t chieftain whose name will always be a ssocia ted with tha t of Kus unoki M a s a shigé ; a s thes e two devote d men were the principal s upporters of the Emperor Go

tt wa of t uk Daigo. Ni a s a Daimyo Ka s e Province and wa s a

s t of t Yos hiie — t the de cendan Minamo o no , being hus of same

t a ka u i hi t s a s s T s o . ock A hikaga j , rival and pponen At first he was the commander of an army s ent by H GJo a t the G o- but t t s t gains Emperor Daigo ins ead of figh ing, he en a messa ge to Prince Morinaga offerin g to go over to the Em ’ t f t t e ror s . r p side And his of er being accep ed , he quickly re u n e d to his province a n d raised an army to fight against the Hojo t fa mily a Kamakura . T “t t s tt t s but i h hi force he a acked Kamakura from hree side the Hojo army res is ted with s uch desperate valour that one of

’ t tt to Nitta s armies suffered a grea t defea . Then Ni a decided ta ke his whole force round a s teep promontory jutting out into the s e a ; and the s tory goes that he ﬂung his sword into the water and prayed the

Sea - G od to withdraw the waves that his

t s t men migh pas s . A few hour la er Kama ‘ l ft wa s u to s s the t of k u red ced a he , and fa e

the H OjO fa mily was sealed . t e n A shikaga Ta kauji rose in revolt two years later (in Nitta and Kusu noki and other patriots supported the Em pe ror Go - Daigo and fought many desperate battles against the r 3 t w t t - t e . 13 8 eb ls In he died ﬁgh ing bravely, hen hir y eigh years old .

‘ KUSUNOKI MASATSURA

M a s a ts ura s on M a s a shi é l Kusunoki , of g , was on y eleven

rs w the s t t t e t yea old , hen new came ha his fa h r had died ﬁgh ing

’ O nd th o in a ﬁerce battle a t Minatogawa near K be . A e b y s gr ief was s o grea t tha t he actua lly pre pared to commit ha mkir i with the golden da gger that his father had given

him when partin g . But for ttma tely he wa s stopped

t his t in ime by mo her .

What a weak - minded cow

ou " she u a t ou t t ard y are cried . Yo r f her gave y ha dagger to o a st the t t Ta ka u i —n ot to defend y ur Emperor gain rai or j , kill

” ’ o s l to n o o M a s a tsura a t s a w the t of y ur e f purp se . once jus ice

’ his t a mo her s rebuke , and humbly begged her p rdon .

w to d t the s the Eur When he gre manhoo , he en ered ervice of

e ror Go- - o a nd t bra vel v s on Go . p Murakami , of Daig , fough very

t o s o t s b d ha d r t Al h ugh mewha lender and weak in o y, he g ea military ta lent and ga ined many remarkable victories against

t t the t o o ds . A s s overwhelming d la , however, enemy en ver sixty - eight thousa nd men a gainst his force of barely thr ee t to g t to housand . Nevertheless M a s a ts ura resolved ﬁ h the

t o a t dea h . He bade farewell to the Emper r Yoshino and wrote a famous poe m on the wall of a temple still standing n ear h — t e tomb of the Emperor Go Daigo . In the des pera te battle that followed a t Shijo Na wa te (in

a s a tsura a t a t w o t t - th M fell f er brave ﬁgh , hen nly wen y ree

- w t t i o Na a te . years old . A beau iful shr ne called Shij Jinja s ill

n lova lis t sta nds as a monument to this heroic you g . KUSUNOKl MASATSURA (ANECDOTE)

M a s a ts ura wa s not t w but ex ce only a grea arrior , also an p tion all - —a o bus bi y reﬁned and noble minded man , m del in every

- t hi t w a y . The following well known inciden s in s ca reer hrow

t At n G a ka much ligh on his character . Uriuno ear s he fought

t a Tokiu i a t a a Ta ka u i a nd wi h Y mana j , a gener l sen by Ashik g j ,

t t th ot o . e h t t gained a comple e vic ry In chase ha followed, many of the enemy fell into the river and the generous Mas a ts ura immediately ordered his followers to rescue the drowning

t t t u . o M a s a s ra men Ab u ﬁve hundred lives were hus saved , and gave them food and clothes and treated them s o kindly tha t

t t w t a re many of hem became his devo ed follo ers . Indeed , hey

to w t a t the tt of o a wa te said have died i h him ba le Shij N .

In the court of the Emperor Go- Daigo there wa s a clever and

t o Na i i wa s beau iful maid f honour named Ben no j . This girl

’ once kidnapped by a band of r ufﬁa n s sent by on e of Ta ka uji s

o n a w But the t M a s a ts ur a s K6 M ro o . general named no gallan ,

t the s o on the a the o t mee ing c undrels ro d , rescued lady and esc r

’

t M t . s to the t a . s ed her afely Emperor s , cour Yo hino The Emperor wa s s o pleased with Masa

’ ts ura s exploit that he told him to But take the maiden as his wife .

a M a s a ts ura politely declined . Perh ps

s o t t t a t w n ot he had me presen imen h he ould die soon , and did

to w A the t o s he a . s wish leave her idow for girl , al h ugh did

n ot ar she s a t the t of M a s a ts ura m ry him , haved her head dea h ,

t h t unn r and spen t e res of her life in a n e v .

KOJ I M A TA KA NOR I

Q —F SA WW

n the t a t w t a nd Ka a Takanori devo ed loy lis , i h Kusunoki

N tt t the of the G o- a a s t i a , fough for cause Emperor D igo ag in

the o the oo a nd t a t the s a . H j , la er gains A hik ga When Emper r

G o- Daigo wa s taken prisoner by the Hojo(in and was being convey e d to the of a s island Oki an exile , Kojima then a chieftain in Bingo — Province determined to res cue his t t unfortuna e Sovereign . Wi h a pick ed body of men he has tened to head t off but the a of t s a ta hem enemy he ring hi , ev ded him by king

f t o t a nd a dif eren r u e . Kojima then decided to follow a lone ; d u a t t too the t the isg ising himself as a farmer , las over k rain of

a t a nd t O or tl mit t to roy l cap ive , sough for an pp y secre ly com

munica te w t B ut to th t t w t t t i h him . owing e s ric a ch ha was

t ha d to the on e t kep , he no chance approach Emperor, so nigh

he stealthily entered the enclosure of the ho use where Go- Da igo

w a s s t the he t leeping , and removing a por ion of bark , wro e on a cherry tre e two lines of a Chinese poem expressing deathles s

d t t w o- it t wa s . G evo ion Nex morning hen Daigo read , his hear t g rea ly cheered by this token of loyalt y .

the Go- the In following year , when Daigo escaped from

the t of o wa s one of the island and landed on coas H ki , Kojima

t who to t t t the t ﬁrs rallied his suppor ; and la er , wi h fai hful

tt t s tt s a t the Ni a , he dis ingui hed himself in many ba le gains

w a a t s t tt a nd over helming Ashik ga forces . And when la Ni a

us a a ll to K unoki were sl in , and hope had be abandoned , Kojima shaved his hea d a nd entered retirement in some place that is

ow unkn n . ASH I KAGA YOSHIMITSU

A t the t the A o shikaga Yoshimi su , hird of shikaga Sh guns , wa a a ka u i i s grandson of T j . When he succeeded h s father Yo shimor i a s Shogun (in he wa s only eleven years old but he had an excellent guardian named Hosokawa Yor iyuki who

ts t of . s s m t helped him in every way Yo himi u, in pi e any faul s

his a t wa s ma n of o t a n d in ch rac er, a uncomm n abili y, during his adminis tration the Ashikaga Shog unate reached the summit f o its power and inﬂuence . H is chief merit wa s the s ettlement of the lon g discord in the t S t t . s Imperial dynas ies The ou hern Dynas y, de cended from the G o- a t t t Emperor D igo, had by his ime grea ly declined in power ; but still claimed its legitimacy aga inst the Northern

n t o t Dynasty supporte d by the Shogu a e . Y shimi su determin ed to of t s t s to the s o t make an end hi , and sen armie crush upp r ers

t o t A nd t wa s a o the r . s of Sou hern C u when—hi cc mplished, he the t o Go a to o to induced Sou hern Emper r, Kamey ma, hand ver

the Emperor Go- Komatsu of the Northern

a st the t a s —the Dyn y, hree Sacred Tre ures

of the r of insignia ruling Empe or Japan . — This ha ppe ned just ﬁfty s even years a fter the es cape from KyGtoof the Emperor G o

Daigo . Yos himitsu did ' good service a s a patron of foreign commerce but his luxurious temperament g ra dually got the better of

t 1393 o of his s on Yoshimochi him . He re ired in , in fav ur , and

nt hi a t 1408 a n u il s de h in , he lived epicurean life in his gor geons palace called Kinka kuji (lit: golden whi ch t t t t s on e of the s o . s ill s and , and is principal igh s of Ky o

MOTONOBU AND OTHER MASTERS OF THE KAN O SCHOOL MW

oo s of t t a t a a r a a Of the many s ch l pain ing h have ppe ed in J p n,

" the a the most important wa s undoubtedl y K no s chool . The

of t s s oo a o a s o a o t o founder hi ch l, K n M an bu, lived b u f ur hund

a nd fi t s a o firs t a red f y year g , and bec me famous by ma king pictures for the Sho gun Yoshima s a who wa s a great pa tron H is son M otonobu wa s s t of fine a rts . ill

tt a nd ss u a re o s be er, and he Se h c n idered the two grea tes t ma sters of the Ashi ka ga

t for t the R a nd a e . g In fac , a ime family almost monopolized the artistic world of

Japa n .

ft of the Yetoku The ﬁ h family, named , wa s s pecially patronized by Nobun a ga

os his a s o a nd Hidey hi and gr nd n, named

n u s the o o t a s a t of a nt n . Ta y , erved T kugawa Sh guna e m s er p i i g Tanyu s tudied a ssiduously the masterpieces of Ja pan es e a nd

n s a t n o a t a st of hi s own t a t Chi e e p in ing, and ﬁ ally rigin ed yle h

os t a ll ta s t wa s ta nl s urpassed alm in e and elegance . He cer i y

t st a t of the o a e 16 74 a t the grea e p in er T kugawa g . He died in

- the age of s eventy thr ee .

’ Ta n u s two ot s Na onobu a nd Ya s un obu a nd his a o t y br her , d p

s on M a s unobu a s s t a t sts a ed were l o di inguished r i , and e ch

f his own s o o . o t r o o rs o founded a ch ol Am ng hei f ll we , h wever,

no s r a t t a e t the r sent era pecially g e pain er pp ared un il p e Meiji , when Kano H oga i a nd Ha shimoto Gaho a dded grea t lus tr e to

ot of t t the o s oo . s m te Kan ch l B h he e as rs died quite recen ly . KA N O MOTONOBU (ANECDOTE)

a o M otonobu the t t st wa s o K n , grea ar i , very much of a B he

. s s to mian One day, in his penniles wandering , he came a t I kkoku- i a t a O s to emple named j Sakai ne r saka, and a ked be to t t t allowed s ay here for a ime . The head s t o t to t but s prie c nsen ed his, a ked him in t to t t t two or t r re urn pain a pic ure . Af er h ee s s to the t year , omeone complained head pries tha t the artist was idling away his time doing At t But the old st . no hing . prie only smiled last one night s ome of the young priests ’ peeped through the Shoj i into the artist s room . They found h—im dancing nearly naked before a lamp flinging his arms o t t a ab u , and wa ching his moving sh dow on a th screen . They went a nd told e head priest that the artist had gone mad ; but the old s man only miled again . s t the t s t d t t A few day la er , ar i announce ha his t t - s o t t pic ure was comple ed, hey all wen to o t - e his ro m . There were wenty fiv cranes painted on a s creen and the s ense of life - like movement that he had given them filled every on e t t t wi h wonder and admira ion . Nex day the artis t left the temple and continued his a t wanderings . About three weeks later a place in the Hakoue mountains about two the t hundred miles from emple , he came upon a tree very like the on e he had painted with the on the s But t t cranes creen . his ree had an extra branch that the artist cons idered an im t provemen . So he tramped all the way back to the temple ; and while the priests were a t a s t t o pr yer , he silen ly en ered his old ro m , and added another branch to the t pic ure . Then again he dis a p a pe red .

S ESSH U — “ sf W V

Sesshu wa s the grea tes t lands ca pe pa inter that has ever a p

wa s o n the b of the ﬁ t t p ea red in Japa n . He b r in eginning f een h

t r a nd n t o t r a t t c en u y , whe qui e y ung he en e ed Buddhis emple t a nd beca me a pries .

a t o t a s old t When bou f r y ye r , he wen to China for further s tudy of the a rt he 7 s o much loved ; but in the whole of C hina he could n ot ﬁnd a ma s ter tha t s a tisﬁed I

wa s o r a t a s him . He , h wever, g e ly ple ed

t the s of a a nd a in wi h cenery Chin , m de

t His a s a numerable s ke ches . l nd c pe

t s t n a nd s r s s a ll pic ure are qui e u ique , u pa others in their pur e ta s te a nd rich va rie

t a s a s in t s et y, well heir imple y con

H is t summa te workma nship . pic ures

at the the o were gre ly admired by Chinese . Even Emper r

of a him to a on the heard his fame, and sked paint a la nds c pe

of oo the a Aft s wall a r m in pal ce . er a stay of ﬁve year in

t for n a s China , he re urned home (in and lived ma y ye r in

a Buddhist temple ca lled Unkoku- ji in Yama guchi Province ;

a nd a t a ds i the o of 1506 a t n a . f erw r pr vince Iw mi He died in ,

the of t - age eigh y s even .

t o ss u wa s s a a t a t the Al h ugh Se h uch gre p in er , he lived life

o f a s t to the a nd a r not for o or prie end , c ed hing w rldly fame

o ta t a o f m ne ry ga in . When he Shogun Yoshima s f ered him a

os t on a s o ﬁ a a t r t a but high p i i f ci l p in e , he h nked him declined,

a nd o n a o a s o who a the of rec mme ded K n M an bu, bec me founder the inﬂuentia l Ka no School (s ee pa ge FO U N D E RS O F NO A N D KYOGE/V

The a s N6 o a t t the K a ur a or cl s ic drama called rigin ed wi h g ,

s a a nd o to its se t o the s a acred d nce, devel ped pre n f rm in A hikag

th t of the Sh6 un o t era e s s . , under pa ronage g Y himi u The

' a - a mi a nd hi o — foun ders were named Kw n s s n Sei a mi . The s ucces s ive Sh6 gun s of the As hikaga family were a ll enthusiastic

a t o s of N6 a nd it to s s s on p r n , came be con idered indi pen able

t e o o s the o ceremonial a nd fes iv ccas i n . In course f ha lf a

tur or s o ﬁve ff t s oo s of N 6 a cen y , di eren ch l ppeared, each having

its own s pecia lty .

r two of t s N6 a s a of the Ove hundred he e dram rem in, which

ost nota a re : Ta ka sa o the a of a a H a or omo m ble g ( n me pl ce) , g R ’ Robe of Yu a a s a M a tsulca z c ( The g/ (a l dy n me), The Wind in the Pine “ Ya ma uba The H a d ”: o Ki e t n c . e tc ( The Tree in a , . These compos itions were written ma inly by Bud dhis t priests whos e names are n ot recorded ; a nd — are very s imple in construction only two or thr ee th t pers ons a ppearing on e s age .

7 o s of 6 t s t Perf rmer were held in grea e eem, and s uch famous men a s Hideyoshi and Ieya su often

r the . took pa rt in thes e plays . Du ing Tokugawa

Da im 6 a N6 s t his s era, every y had age in re idence ;

but a t s t owin t o o t a nd so a st r a s la , g p li ical ci l di u b nce ,

. it came to be. neglected until about twenty yea rs

o a a too a At t ne ca n a . s o g , when reviv l k pl ce pre en ~ See N 6 performa nces frequently in T6 ky6 a nd in

ma ny other large cities .

K é en is a of s o the N The y g kind farce, u ually acc mpanying 6

a t - o n o t t a r e thr pl ys a s a mir h prov ki g c n ras . There ee well

o s c oo s of K 6 en a a . kn wn h l y g c lled Okura, Izumi, and S gi

MASAMUNEAND MURAMASA

The a rt of sword making in Japan reached its highes t excel

i a a o a o th lence a bout s x hundred ye rs g . And m ng e many ex

t - t s of the a s M a s a muné nd M ura ma s a per sword smi h feud l day , a were considered to be the grea test ma sters of

h a t t e r .

About their persona l career nothing

t o th is deﬁni ely known, bey nd e fact t t M a s a mun é ha lived in Kamakura ,

M ura ma s a w and in Ku ana .

B ut the s words they made s till rema in a nd in their s ha rpness a nd tempering they a re far s uperior to a nything tha t is ma de t a t the pres en day . No doubt it was the manner of their making that a ccounts for t For the the of s o wa s o his . in old days making w rds d ne by craftsmen who toiled a t the forge with other motives a nd idea ls t t the w to- it t a t s o han hose of orkmen of day, and may be h me thing of thems elves wa s wrought into the ﬁbre of their ma tchl es s

Fo n ot of wa blades . r merely skill eye and hand s c ons idered

u b t ls t t a nd a t needf l u a o s erling charac er m nly wor h . And s o it ca me about that such work was regarded almos t in the light o f a religious ceremony ; and the s mith would purify himself t be fore approaching his honoured ask . t t t t . a No wonder ha such swords were grea ly valued In fac , Samurai would sometimes give all his fortune for a single s word and families even to - da y still hold as priceless heirlooms t un b heir M a s a m é lades . IKKYU

Ikk ﬁ the s s t wa s a of wit y , famou prie , man remarkable , and

a t s a re to of hi t a a nd very m ny s orie ld s quain s yings doings .

the of the s a a o t r n He lived in middle A hikag era, b u fou hu dred

t a r a o wa h - a t ﬁ s s son t e o C c o s . and f y ye g , and a of Emper r K m u When quite young he was s ent to a great Buddhist temple of the Zen s t a Da itoku i s t sta s the s s ec c lled j , which ill nd in uburb

t o th t of t t of K Oto . a r n e s y L e he became head pries hi emple , and hi s s kill in a rgument wa s cons idered to be without pa ra llel

o s ts of the Zen s t who st even am ng prie ec , are usually very rong controvers ialists .

da wa s t the t ma n One y when he ravelling in coun ry , a young whose fa ther ha d just died a sked Ikkyuto perform the ceremony

a ind6 is s os to u the the c lled (Elia) , which upp ed g ide soul of

th ot o I kk wa s s o t the o dea d to e her w rld . yﬁ h wn in o r om

the coﬂi n wa s a a nd t t the where open pl ced , hen he old young

a t the d on th The man to bring a h mmer and s rike bo y e head . w youn g ma n did a s he a s directe d .

t s Ikk u t the S rike harder , aid y each ime

ou s t t a t t s t s o y ng man ruck , un il las he ruck

a t t t a the a h rd ha he ac u lly made a hole in he d .

t s " Well , wha hall I do now enquired the a s tonished y oung

man . What did yo ur father s a y " I kk u asked y .

s t s the ma n s a He aid no hing, aid young . How could he y ” is a nything " He dead .

’ ou a r e s t s t t is a t a t s a ll th is o t If y a i ﬁed ha he de d , h ere ab u

Ikk u t do a t it r . ou , eplied y Nei her y nor I can ny hing more ” for him .

TS U KAWA RA BOKUD E N (ANECDOTE) Q

uka wa ra Bokuden the t wa s o ss a Ts , grea fencer, nce cro ing L ke

- t t t s of Biwa in a ferry boa wi h s everal o her pas engers . One t wa s a n s ll a a nd o o s oo r hes e unu ua y l rge fer ci u l king Samu ai ,

a t his ro s s a a who ta lked very big bou p we s fencer . He

n a l t on Bokuden t o see ﬁ l y urned and remarked pa r nizingly, I

’ o a s o s os w so t a o t y u re a Samur i , I upp e you kno me hing b u ” a t s o ou o to " Bokuden fencing . Wh ch ol do y bel ng mildly ’ ‘ r a a tt but o to the a eplied, I ve le rned li le I bel ng free h nd

’ ’ te tsur d o t to oo mu ka . us e o s ch l ( y ) I d n need my s w rd . I overcome my opponents with my ha nds only “ ” You s the a a do, eh , neered big Samur i , well, I never he rd of s oo but s os tr a t of it t your ch l, upp e we y bou righ here "

’ ” tt t t Bokuden o n t to We d be er ﬁgh over here , replied , p i ing

a . s t the of the t s mall i le in middle lake . The all Samura i a to t s a nd a to the t greed hi , g ve an order boa man ; and when the t t s of the s t t t boa came wi hin a few yard i le , he impa ien ly

sprang ashore . Then Bokuden picked up

t s os a long boa pole, and everyone upp ed he

wa to - t But s going pole jump af er him .

t of t s off ins ead his he calmly hoved , and left the big fellow stranded on the islet

s o . o h re Come back , you coward, c me back yelled the furious Samura i whenhe

s a w what was done . ” t Not a t the s . all, replied ma er calmly

a s ou I told you I belonged to the free hand s chool . And y

s ee it is t n s to s o . , qui e un ece sary for me use my w rd

O DA NOBUNAGA

Oda Nobun a ga will always be remembered a s the ﬁr s t of the grea t trio tha t a ppea red a bout three hundred a n d ﬁfty

a o a o tt a yea rs g and res cued Jap n fr m u er an rchy . The Sh6 guns of the As hika ga fa mily had long s ince lost control

the o o s a nd t o s s to of pr vincial l rd , were qui e p werle check

n o t It wa s obun a a o their la wles s a d bl ody conﬂic s . N g wh ﬁr st partially succeeded in bringing them under s ubjection

the wa thus prepa ring y for Taik6 Hideyoshi . And Hideyoshi in turn made it pos sible for Tokugawa Ieya su to es tablis h peace tha t lasted pra ctically till the da wn of the pres ent Meiji

era . At ﬁrs t Oda Nobuna g a was only a petty lord in the pro

of a n d o t t a te s o vince Owari , was c n inually hre ned by uch p wer

a 6 Ima a wa a nd t I ma o s s s . ful l rd Takeda, Hoj , g many o her

a a wa s the s t of t s to o t t a t g w ﬁr he e open h s ili ies ag ins him , when with about twenty thousand followers he broke into Owa ri Province (in a nd attacked the castle a t Kiyosu where Nobun a ga w a s s taying supported by only three thou

ut Nobun a a t n s . B and men g , aki g

a a ta of t t st dv n ge a erriﬁc hunder orm , made a s ortie from the ca stle with his followers ; a nd ta king the enemy

s t s t unaware , inﬂic ed a cru hing defea in which Ima ga wa himself wa s

kill ed .

’ t obun a a s s a a r From this ime N g power increa ed ye r by ye ,

t a t o t t t s of t wa s a s t of un il, f er ab u wen y year ﬁgh ing, he m er a t t - t o s a nd the os t o a r bou twen y eigh pr vince , m p werful le de

But n ot to the o s a t o of in Ja pan . he did live see — c n umm i n his a t o t for a t the a e of t wa s a s sa ssi gre pr jec , g for y nine he

M t uhide 1582 n a ted i s . by Akechi , in H I D EYOSH I MW

a o os to the Alexander , C esar, Nap leon and Hidey hi belong

t f t ss ff same ype o conqueror . Their exploi s and s ucce di ered according to the age a nd the country in which they were born but as mil itary men they were per ha ps equally rema rkable . Hideyoshi wa s the son of a poor farmer nea r Nagoya ; a nd through sheer merit he beca me chief lord

a a a As a nd milit ry leader in J p n .

the s t in ca e of Napoleon , af er making himself mas ter of the s itua

t a t to n ot but o ion home , he aimed conquer only Korea als

d a a the a China a n India . He organized a l rge rmy for inv sion

of but as wa s t a t old wa s Korea (in he hen r her , he

to the n ot able lead army himself .

tt o This invading army won many ba les , and dr ve back th the t t a to e o a . Chinese army ha c me help K re ns Finally,

to the t the however, owing dea h of Hideyoshi (in army was compelled to return to Japan without accomplishing any t hing .

t o a In charac er Hidey shi was generous , and rem rkably

a - At t t t of th t bro d minded . ﬁrs he was very oleran e Jes ui s

who a to t t but t s c me spread Chris iani y in Japan , af erward he

s t o th on t of t o t t rongly opp sed em accoun heir p li ical in rigues .

o t 3 15 a t the of s t t He died ab u years ago , age ix y, and lef

o e n H id i w n s o e or . s on as , named y The , however, much inferior to his father ; a nd Ieyasu soon gra sped the reins of

o t the of H ide or i a nd the p wer lef in feeble hands y , became

s t of the t Sh6 1u1 ﬁr grea Tokugawa g s . HIDEYOSHI (AN ECDOTE)

M W

Many s tories are told about the quick wit a nd resource s os a nd t s one is a t fulnes of Hidey hi , hi ypical example . When ’ the news of Oda Nobun a ga s a s s a ss ina tion by Akechi M itsuhide os a t s t t for 6 to to a reached Hidey hi, he once ar ed Ky de l with th t a t w e to . a s s o a r to e t t t t r i r In fac , he e ge g here ha he ur on a of his a t o t o h ried in dvance rmy, and wi h u even a b dy guard near him .

the a t the t o s t s o In me n ime craf y Akechi, f re eeing hi m ve , s ent a body of swords men to ass as sinate him while on his

t l . a ishmom a t s way And when Hideyoshi arrived N y , hey ru h

out r t t tt B ut ed f om heir hiding pla ce o a ack him . Hideyo s hi s ma n t o t o of , being a very mall and wi h u any kn wledge

s t no a t s t sword manship, na urally had chance wh ever again t r uﬂi a n t his s to o hese s . So he quickly urned hor e in a narr w path between the r iceﬁelds lea ding to a s mall Buddhist temple

ot s t the t s nl and when he g ome dis ance along pa h , he udde y

t t his s t s his s s a dismoun ed , and urning hor e oward pur uer , g ve the animal a sharp prod from behind that sent him galloping wildly forward and scattered the s wordsmen into the deep mud h i d of t e r ceﬁel . While the pursuers were ﬂounder

the s ing in mud, Hideyo hi arrived a t the temple ; a nd ﬁnding the priests

111 t tub s t a big common ba h , he ha ily

t t who wa s t old hem he , and s ripping

off ot s t the t his cl he , jumped in o ba h

wt t t a ' t s the s s s s s along i h hem . Af er few minu e muddy a a in

m but s t u of ts t ca e along ; eeing only a ba h f ll pries , hey hurried

t the on m it the t . o pursu of fugi ive And when , half an h ur la er,

- s t a t s t s a s anxious body guard arrived, hey were gre ly a oni hed well as amus ed to ﬁnd their chief dressed in the robes of a st t a hot t t his t prie , and refreshed wi h nice ba h af er fa iguing j ourney .

KATO KIYOMASA

Ka t6 Ki oma s a wa s a o s of os a nd t y c u in Hidey hi , bo h were

o the sa ll a n a r a b rn in me vi ge e Nagoy . Ka t6 wa s a ma n of

immens e s ize and grea t bra very ; a n d in mos t of the ba ttles fought by Hideyoshi he a cted a s a

o - u a nd s a t s s a b dy g ard, ever l ime ved H ’ ideyos hi s life . When Hideyoshi s ent a large force to

a a Ka t6 wa s a inv de Kore , made comm nder

o the t o i hi of one f w arm es . He led s a rmy along the eastern s ea - coa st ; and

t s s s tt s af er many ucce ful ba le , succeeded in ta king the capi ta l t two s s of , and cap uring on " nu n . t a t he Kore n king . He hen

ont his a c inued rapid m rch, driving the enemy to the

t f th And a northern extremi y o e penins ula . lthough he wa s s o t s cut off o the t n a s who o o me ime fr m o her ge er l f ll wed him, . he s truck s uch terror into the hearts of the enemy tha t they

m now a is feared to a tta ck hi . Even his n me well remembered i n o t t t a t Ka t6 o K rea, and naugh y children are old h will c me t ’ for hem if they don t be good .

t the o wa r Ka t6 wa s a the Da im 6 of i Af er K rean , m de y H go

o koku of r t Pr vince and received ice . He buil a s t o a s t u oto t ta I n a t it wa s s s s . r ng c le in K mam which ill nd f c , in this cas tle that General Ta ni a nd his men withstood the s of the ts s in 1877 a to wa s a a s o a iege Sa uma rebel . K lw y l y l

to i os s o t a nd his in wa . H dey hi, and upp r ed him family every y

It wa s not u t t r the t of Ka t6 in 16 11 t a t the n il af e dea h , , h

t s s to o t o H ide ori the s on of cau iou Ieya u dared ver hr w y ,

Hideyos hi . SOR OR I SHINZAEMON

Sorori Shinz a emon wa s a kind of clown in the s ervice ( if the great Ta iko Hideyos hi ; a nd wa s a great fa vour ite on

o t of his wit u oo o acc un quick and nfailing g d hum ur . The number of witty s a y ings and doings a ttri buted to Sorori is very la rge ; but as the former

ost of s are m ly full pun , they cannot be properly t t ransla ed . One typical exa mple will s how the

of s a kind e cap des for which Sorori wa s famous .

os o of t - o Hidey hi , in a m od af er dinner g od humour, once said to his attendants that he would give them wha tever t t t t hey wan ed . The attenda nts on e after a nother s a ted heir w tc a o o s s e . ishes, and were given sw rds, jewel , gold coin , , cc rd

’ to t i t a s s . W oror s s ing heir de ire hen S urn came , he id m t t t o odes ly ha he wanted jus t two paper bags f rice . Hide

o t i t a nd a t yoshi pr mised he should cer a nly have hem, laughed

him for reques ting such a triﬂing thin g .

t a s t Sorori h nked him imply, and quie ly

t of s a t how wi hdrew . A couple hour l er, tt ever, he came back a ended by a hundred “; w “ men carrying two enormous pa per bags . “ ’ ’ s a r e the s s ir s a The“e paper bag , , id o t to a t S rori , and I wan h ve hem ﬁlled

’ ” t ll to wi h rice according to Your Exce ency s promis e . The s ry s ays that the bags were large enough to cover two immense s torehouses

O K U BO HIKOZAEIVION

W N W

Okubo H ikoz a e mon wa s a B a ta moto who s erved in s ucces

' o the t f h h un B t s ﬁrs t o t e o u a a S 6 s . s i n hree , T k g w g e wa gran ed

' by the Sh6 gun the peculiar privilege of s aying wha tever he

to of a nd a s o s of t s liked men an rank perh p in c n equence hi , y “ a v t I a a t wa t o . n s he bec me ery . inﬂuen ial ch r c er he hor ughly

o t and but t t of h nes loyal, v ery eccen ric , and wi h a rich vein

m t to o t o . o dry hum ur Many a using anecd es are ld ab u him ,

the o i a t and foll wing s ypical example .

a s o a dinner to s o Da im 6 s a t the Iey u nce gave , me y which

a h - f the of s peci l and hig ly prized d is h wa s ma de o ﬂesh crane .

o wa s a so te to a ta of t s t Okub l invi d p r ke hi delicacy, and af er

s s h w it dinner Ieya u a ked him o he liked , . “ ” “ It wa s n ot a t a ll O but t ou bad, replied kubo, hen , y

’ o s to it : it r 1 kn w, I m u ed I have nearly eve y day

a s wa s o s a s s to r t s a s s Iey u c n ider bly urpri ed hea hi , he him elf

r a ha d a n o o t t to e a t it s o s to very re“ly pp r uni y , he aid o : ou a it s o t ou ht l et Okub If y h ve of en , y mig me have ” a f i t a sh re o t s ome imes .

o Willingly, replied Okub ,

’ I ll bring you a la rge qua ntity ” — On the t da of it to o o . ‘ m rr w nex y ’ o ll a t the Sh6 un s Okub ca ed , g

a a nd s t a s t p lace , pre en ed Iey“u wi h a heap of greens sa ying : This is wha t I had for dinner here yester

n ot a s of day . ; I could ﬁnd mor el

' a the s t t wa s se t o but s ou cr ne in di h ha , bef re me perhap y call ” ' a ti t s st ff in s e s wa . s hi u crane . om pecial y Ieya u laughed he r ly t but t his s ts to a s he a cce te d the s . , pre en ; he old ervan be more _ p — o " careful es pecially when s erving Mr . Okub E 127

TEMPLE AT NIKKo De ca te ’ d d to Toku awa l e a i su. g y ( see page

WI LLIAM ADAM S

On the top of a hill about a mile from Yokos uka s tation may

o the t of a s the t n s a n be f und omb William Ad m , ﬁrs “E gli hm to a i n in z uka ” t t . t s A ha ever came J pan The omb called j ,

the ha s a t a t of a nd hill l ely been m de in o a kind park . Willia m Ada ms wa s born a t Gillingha m in the coun ty of

d wa a t a t the of t t - ix t a n s s s o . A a e s Ken , educ ed a ail r g hir y he wa s engaged a s chief pilot to the Dutch ﬂeet of the Eas t

a a nd s a n a of the t a ts o Indi Company, iled for I di by way S r i f th w th t m t t f a ll a . e a e e o a M ge n On y, ﬂee wi h every kind h rd

a nd onl on e t t s s . a s wa s ship and peril, y hip urvived Even h hip ms a wa s a t st to the o of i er bly damaged, and la driven pr vince u t Bungo in Ky shu. Only hree of the crew were a ble to walk

-being utterly exhaus ted a nd on e of these thr ee wa s William

s a the 16 0 0 — t t Ada ms . Thi h ppened in year jus hree hundred

a n t n a d e ye rs ago .

s wa s t t t a Adam an hones , s raigh forw rd man with s ome s cientiﬁc knowledge ;

a nd the st Sh6 un I e a ﬁr g , Tokugawa y y

wa t s u a . s , much dmired him He of grea

to a s s - s s ervice Japan a hip builder, al o

a s t a t a t s s t o a eacher of m hem ic , a r nomy

tc a a s s e . , and lso general advi er for foreign affairs concerning tra de matters

t s o t a nd s uch hing . In ackn wledgmen

his s s s o t of ervice , Iyeya u app in ed him

of s Lord Hemi near Yoko uka, and allowed him yearly two hundred and

t kok of a s a s a nd t ﬁf y u rice . Ad m married a J pane e woman , ook

two . the n a me of Miura Anjin . They had children When

t t a s old a s r tt . abou ﬁf y ye r Ad m died , much honou ed and regre ed N AKAE TOJU

N “ W

T6 u a s the of O wa s o Nakae j , generally known Sage mi, b rn

16 08 the s a ar a s to o hi a r o t i n . s , me ye Mil n Fr m e ly y u h he d ote s to s t of the n s as s s a a s t n ev d him elf udy Chi e e cl ic , lw y ryi g z to apply their tea chings in his own life . At ﬁrs t he s tudied ma inly wha t is known a s

’ the o of hi s t t Shushi s ch ol C ne e hough , which wa s especially encoura ged for politica l purpos es by the Tokugawa rul ers of that d a but in his t t - s t y hir y even h year, he embraced the tea chings of the Y6 mei s chool

his s a nd t w a o which uniﬁed view , hre ﬂo d

. of light on the problems that s o deeply

t o — intereste d him . Thes e ea chings f O Y6

- — r a t on mei (in Chinese, Wang Yang Ming) had g e inﬂuence Na T ’ kae 6 j u s cha racter and work from this time onwards . In f t t t s oo t to ac , mainly hrough him, hi g d inﬂuence ex ended many s chola rs and thinkers of later days and undoubtedly did a

good deal towards bringing a bout the Restora tion in Japan .

For the teachings of O- Y6 mei s tood for the right of prote s t and free inquiry ; whereas the teachings of Shushi te nded rather to

t the t o it t suppor governmen h wever bad migh be .

T6 u s t os t of his t a nd Nakae j pen m life in eaching, making

ta s on the r t s s hi s a t r a nd commen rie g ea cla sic , and by ch rac e

t g t work exercised a mos t beneﬁ cent inﬂuence on Japa nes e hou h .

wa s a t s t a nd o a ll who a s He gre ly re pec ed bel ved by knew him,

l a hi a f t ma 16 4 s s s s . o s 8 we l by m ny di ciple He died a h in , and the hous e in which he lived became a kind of shr ine to the vil

rs of wh lage Omi o reverenced him almost a s a god . NA KA E TOJ U (ANECDOTE)

t Na T6 u wa s t t One nigh when kae j re urning home very la e ,

he wa s s uddenl y a tta cked by highwaymen who dem anded his

o a nd t r a t to s But the a m ney h e ened kill him if he refu ed . s ge

a to t to a t a t is t c lmly ld hem w i for few minu es . This qui e a

st on to a st o s r a tt o new que i me he s id . I mu c n ide li le bef re

a m o o too t ta m king y decis i n . S while he s d here deep in medi t o the t t ro s a t t a o s a s . A i n, bber w i ed wi h dr wn sw rd in heir h nd

’ a st the s a t n to t a nd s a a t ﬁnd a n a s o l ge ur ed hem id, I c n y re n

’ s oul ou o o t do s o ou ma why I h d give y my m ney . If I d n , y y us e violence a nd I sha ll be helpless aga ins t all of you combined ; but a nyhow I will not a ct a gains t my cons cience even if I los e

o t ut t of all let o my life . S I will ﬁgh with you b ﬁrs me kn w

’ t t st declar your na mes . You know B us in do not ﬁgh withou ﬁr

t a ou " n a e ing heir n mes . Who are y My m ” is Naka e T6 ju .

No s ooner had he pronounced his na me

tha n the robbers threw thems elves down

a nd for a for before him, begged p rdon ‘ even these ruﬁi a ns knew of and res pected

a a t of the s a nd the noble ch r c er age , were

ﬁll ed with sha me for a tta cking such a man .

a 6 u a t to s ee t ta a nd Na k e T j w s grea ly pleased heir repen nce ,

t oo a o t t t the s t gave hem g d dvice c ncerning heir fu ure , wi h re ul

t a nd o st tha t they forthwith cha nged heir ways became h ne ,

a - h rd working pe ople .

YA M A DA NAGAMASA

M W

Na a ma s a the s s u a t s Yamada g , ucce sf l dven urer and oldier of

o t n the n of the s t t t f r u e , lived in beginni g even een h cen ury . The pea ceful a tmos phere of the Tokugawa era wa s all too mild for

s o to s t a nd s oo him , he decided eek adven ure abroad , n an

to t wo opportunity get a wa y pres ented i self . T merchants were preparing a s hip in O s aka Bay for commerce with

o s a a nd t o t o a of t to F rmo , al h ugh, hr ugh fe r him , hey declined

a ss s to a on the s give him pa age , he wed way hip , and appeared

a t t to ut on deck when it w s oo la e p him a shore .

soo t of o os a his to He n ired F rm a , however, and m de way Sia m where a ﬁerce civil war wa s then going on a nd this wa s

a just the cha nce that he w s eagerly looking for . He found hundreds of Ja pa nese s ailors and ﬁshermen wh o ha d drifted to

t to t t m a t o s e to o n . Sia , and nce work rganize and rai hem

t t s s st r Then , wi h hi well di ciplined and u dy

of wa s to so body men , he able win many victories against the rebels that a t length his s kill a nd coura ge won the admira tion

a a ma s a wa s a of the King of Siam . N g p

’ pointed commander- in - chief of the King s

it wa s o to his army, and chieﬂy wing courage a nd s trategic ability that the civil

wa r wa s put down . Many yea rs later the two merchants of his old a cquainta nce vis ited Sia m for trading purpos es and

- s wa s were interviewed by the ex s towa way in his pala ce . Thi ’ H is in proba bly the proudest moment in Na ga ma sa s life . tere s ting ca reer wa s unfortunately cut s hort by a ssass ins in 16 33 .

BASH 0 , TH E PO ET

The poet Ba shé wa s born in 16 44 - two yea rs later than Sir

At a n a a e a t of th Isa a c Newton . e rly g he became mys ic e Zen ” t t oo a nd ot hi d/z ci na lit . o s s o ( y , c n empla ion ) ch l, dev ed wh le

t t a t d life to virtue a nd poe ry . Wi h him r a n mora lity were

s a a a nd us o t a s a s to a se the of in ep r ble , he ed p e ry mean r i level

to t rn to a r H i t a nd . s n on cul ure , u people highe life inﬂue ce Ja pa nes e poetry wa s wholly good ; a nd during his wa nderings thr o o t a a it wa s his own a te a a t n o ss ugh u J p n , by ex l d ch r c er, le

a his o s t a s t a t o ra a ll to th n by p em and e ching , h he enc u ged live “ ” t the life bea u iful . — The vehicle of poetry us ed by Bash6 and of which he wa s — the at st a s t i s a H akka a —s ta t to gre e m er c lled , a h lf nza limi ed

It is a a s eventeen s ylla bles . verb l impress ionist s ketch or

tt but the s t t or efﬂores cence of a vigne e , giving briefe ou line

t To o a of it a t a or s t . s r it m s cene en imen c nvey an ide n u e, y be

st to ot o s t o t s r s the H okku be qu e fr m w—e ern p e ry line e embling , a s in tra nsla tion the cha rm of the

o a i t f o t s s . s o s o rigin l lo The line W rd w r h, for exa mple

O oo " s a t Cuck hall I c ll hee Bird , Or but a wa nder ing voice "

s omewha t res emble the s pirit of the Holden.

’ And a ls o Longfellow s lines

o s a s The h oded cloud , like fri r ,

Tell their bea ds in drops of rain . Ba sh6 is s aid to have had three thous and

dis ciples whom he instructed a nd encouraged with unfailing

At the a e of ﬁft t s ma n of a t . patience a nd good n ure g y, hi

noble s oul pas s ed a way a fter a brief illnes s . O- OKA EC H I ZE N

O- oka n wa s s Echize a judge famou for his wisdom , and

th o a ra a t two a lived in e T kug wa e bou hundred years go.

There is a n old book called O- oka - Seida n which is a record

of the a s ts a nd ts of t s a a ma n l w ui judgemen hi rem rk ble . The hi following s tory is ta ken from t s book .

ta a t s A cer in c rpen er in Yedo fell ick ,

a nd wa s un a ble to pa y his hous e - rent for

s a o a o of the o s ever l m nths . The l ndl rd h u e ’ ﬁnall y took a wa y the carpenter s tools a s s ecur ity for the s eventy- ﬁve [ca n th a t wa s

o a nd to to a at . wing, ld him v c e The

c ar t a t r to a o pen er, f e removing new h use ,

ra ll o but o l not do g dua y rec vered , he c u d a ny work for hi s living a s the former la ndlord held a ll of his

a dl o s o for the a t t The new l n rd, feeling very rry c rpen er, len

him twenty- ﬁve ka n a nd told him to give it to the former

a l or a s a t a t a nd to et a the s a too s . l nd d p r p ymen , g b ck neces ry l

But the la tte r ins isted on ha ving the whole seventy- ﬁve lea n

o t rn the to a t a s t the a s wa s o t bef re re u ing ols . So l c e br ugh

o O- ka bef re o Echizen .

O- oka ﬁrs t called the n ew landlord to court and ordered

him to the a t the t s um h wa s t lend c rpen er en ire , w ich hen

to th n g iven e former la ndl ord in exchange for the tools . The

c a the o O- oka a s s as o s lling former landl rd , ddre ed him foll w

’ You took a wa y this ca rpenter s tools a nd thus prevented him

f o o for one n r a a re o to a r m w rking hu d ed d ys . You rdered p y

two [ca n a s a s for t t a s it wa s o him hundred w ge his ime , wing to your merciless action tha t he was left helpless a nd nu ” e mployed . YAM AGA SO KO MW

’ a a a Sok6 the a a of B uslzzd6 in the Y m g , ide l exempl r , lived

t th u a a r a a of e o e a . wa s at s o a but early p r T k g w He gre ch l r, wa t r a t a a of ta t t t s s ill g e er s a m ste r mili ry ac ics . He s udied

ta s n n r H 6 6 U ina a a nd a ta Ka mbe i the mili ry cie ce u de j j g Ob , two st ta t s of t a t da a nd wa s to a st the be c ician h y, able m er

o o n of it a t r a s s ta a pr f und pri ciples . He f e w rd e blished new s hoo the a s oo of t rts a t the c l called Yamag ch l mili ary a , and a e of t t a a s t o t the g hir y his f me had alre dy pread hr ughou land .

At his private s chool in Yedo there were thous a nds of

s a a os —a ost sto s a t pupil , including m ny D imy , m a ni hing f c

o the t a t to of t a t a e At a s t r s o s s . when we c nside ari cr ic cu m h g l ,

ow his e a s o r t t t the t a uthori h ever, inﬂuence b c me g ea ha imid

o is ties began to look upon him with s us pici n . And moreover h

o wa of t a nd his o ts o t s s very riginal y hinking, u p ken cri ici m , gave rise to many slanders a ga ins t him .

The s t wa s tha t t o t a n a a t s o wa s re ul , wi h u y pp ren rea n, he

to i o e ordered give up h s school and lea ve Yed . Thereupon h

t to Ak6 the o a ha d wen in pr vince of H rima , where he formerly

a for s the of the o been eng ged nine year by lord pr vince,

na med Asano ;

a nd here he s t ten o a t the o n i ta pen m re ye rs eaching l rd a d h s re iners .

It is noteworthy tha t a mong thes e retainers who received

the s tr t of a a a os o a nd a ot s . in uc ion Y m g , were Oishi Y hi m ny her — who a fte rwards became famous a s the well known Forty ” s n o eve R nins .

’ THE FO RTY - S EVE N RDNINS

W N W

No incident in Japanes e hi s tory is more widely known to the t a t of the lads/rin ur a or a s it is s public h n tha C g , de cribed ” - : t s R6 nins . n ra no s in Englis h The For y even I nume ble vel , s to s ss a s a nd r a s a rie , e y d am h ve been t written about this fa mous inciden . In Englis h a ls o the s tory ha s been to a nd st ld, many we ern people have ’ “ rea d it in Mitford s Tales of Old

a a J p n . A brief outline of the story ma y

in a o s . s o a i Ak6 N onor o of . be given few w rd A an g , l rd

’ o wa s os sul te the Sh6 un s a a n Pr vince, gr sly in d in g p lace by ill natured courtier na med Kira K6 z ukenosuke ; a nd attacked him

t a a t s t o s But o of . s wi h d gger, inﬂic ing ligh w und in c n equence t s o nta ﬁt of o was o ll to o t hi m me ry anger, Asan c mpe ed c mmi

’ Iza ra lrz r i a nd his o se a t t H is ta s who , h u bec me ex inc . re iner ,

’ t s R6mn or a t t s to a hu became , Samur i wi hou a lord, wore venge

the t of t t dea h heir mas er .

H ow t a o s t o a nd ﬁ hey cc mpli hed heir purp se , nally killed

’ t st a t his s a nd the s heir ma er s enemy re idence in Yedo, elf s a criﬁce a nd indomitable pers istence which they showed in

w o carrying out their object cannot be told in thes e fe w rds . Sufﬁce it to s ay that in avenging the dea th of their ma s ter

t n ot t F or t os wa s hey did s pare hems elves . when heir purp e a ccomplished they calmly laid down their own faithful lives by

’ ka r a kim a t the to of t a t da r s . , f e cu m h y

At Sen a ku i t a a a T6 k 6 o g j emple in Tak n w , y , may be f und

the t — ombs of these forty s even loyal retainers . O I SH I YOS HI O

— The leader of the forty s even R6 n ins who avenged the dea th of t wa s o the at i ~ heir lord called Oishi Yoshi . When gre m s

o t o to the o s of his his t t to f r une ver ok h u e lord, he did u mos s a the o o it t ve h use fr m ruin , and only when he found qui e

o s a t s t s o t to the a ct of h peles did he la re r vengeance .

wa s i n r t of O s wa s con The enemy g ea fear i hi , and he

a ntl t So o to s t y wa ched by s pies . in rder deceive them he

to a s s s o t t l a t st began live very careles and di lu e life, un i la people began to think he wa s really nothing but an easy

a a t t t wa s o o . s going c w rd In f c , a cer ain knigh named Kiken

s us t t s his t a t t one di g ed wi h Oi hi for apparen cow rdice , ha day on meeting him in the street Kiken a bus ed a nd insulted him

to hi te But a nd even s pat upon him show s con mpt . Oishi merely begged his pardon in a n abject m a nner a nd a ppeared

o t t t s the s of his to ha ve n s piri lef in him . In hi way enemie

’ mas ter s hous e were thrown off their guard and the loyal retainers led by

Oishi were able to accomplish their t o errible purp s e .

W t s wa s s a nd hen hi accompli hed,

Kiken a t last understood the meanin g

Ois hl s a t t s o u s of c ion , he fel m ch a hamed that he committed lza ra ki-ri before the

n a ku i T k 6 Se g j in 6 y .

KAI BARA EKKEN MW

a a a Ekken the a s o a s t wa s o 16 30 a t K ib r , f mou m r li , b rn in Fukuoka in Chikuz en where his fa mily were heredita ry

t n of th o t a t ot o t a re ai ers e lord f h province . He wr e m re h n

u o s n on a t a a h ndred w rk , mai ly pr c ic l

t s a s s the ka na or e hic ; and he u ed ,

o t s t a s fa r a s simple ph ne ic crip ,

os s r n no a t p ible, even child e and ig r n pers ons coul d unders tand wha t he wr ot H is s o t wa s to e . ole bjec ins truct a nd beneﬁt people ; a nd his

t t t was te o s yle , hough manly and direc , qui free fr m mere

to o a t H is o s o ta s on rhe rical rn men . w rk include c mmen rie the s a ss s s of t a nd t a t s s on Chine e cl ic , work ravel, re i e hygiene

a nd bota ny .

In his t wa s t s t s m but te r you h he in ere ed in Buddhi , la

to t the a devoted hims elf s udy of Chines e cl ss ics . When he

t to 6 to s t r os ta grew up, he wen Ky where he udied unde Kin hi Juna n and other s chola rs ; a nd a fte r res iding there for thr ee

ars t to his t o a ye , he re urned na ive province, where he held fﬁci l

Da im pos ts under thr ee s ucces s ive y6 s . In 1700 he retired on

d t to 6 to t hi 1 1 s a n s a t 7 4 . a pen ion , wen live in Ky un il de h in Although Ka ibara wa s one of the most eminent s chola rs

of his ha d not a n a t of e a t a o t day, he om p d n ry b u him ; and

o of t s a nd of his a t s r t the in in c nsequence hi , e rnes ince i y,

o ﬂuen ce of his vigorous writings wa s very great . Even n w

his oo s a a a nd a t o of his o s b k are good de l read , new edi i n w rk

a —a l a o s h s la tely been printed . His wife high y cc mpli hed

— t a a on his t a s a nd so lady of en accomp nied K ibara r vel , al

ass isted him in his litera ry la bours . KA I BARA EKKEN (ANECDOTE) “ W M 2 ,

Ka iba ra Ekken wa s fond of travelling in intervals of his

I a a t s a busy liter ry life . And in hi way he acquired knowledge

of the customs of the people a t ﬁr st ha nd ; a nd a ls o wa s a ble

to ﬁnd out wha t were their s pecia l n eeds in the wa y of ethica l

wa s o a a o t st t . s s a ss n in ruc ion He per n lly very m de , un umi g

ma n a nd a s a s s a o the o t not ss , he p ed m ng pe ple , hey did gue

tha t s o eminent a s chola r wa s obs erving them a nd taking

menta l n otes of their actions .

An amus ing incident occurred one day when he wa s tra

of his o velling by boa t . One fell w pas sengers wa s a young

st t who a e a to of his s a t a uden pp red be very proud c n y le rning,

a nd wa s a his o for the t of the as s s iring kn wledge beneﬁ p enger ,

o t h o t s s . a a o t e whom he h ped impre In p r icul r, he exp unded

mea ning of one of the Chinese cla s s ics ; a nd seeing a n elderly

s t n tt t the s t t a s os t of his man li eni g a en ively, uden ddres ed m

I t the t t a t t r a r s to . . n s o em k him fac , uden bec me qui e el quen

t a s a t t t a nd t on o a nd wi h s uch ymp he ic lis ener, wen exp unding i At exhorting very condes cend ngly .

la s t the boat arrived a t the des tina

tion a nd when the pas sengers were

a t the st t a s his a t t p r ing, uden ked p ien

a m Ka i liste ner for his name . I ” Ekken the s o bara , replied ch lar

a t s the o n ma n the s imply . On he ring hi , y u g blushed in

the utmost confusion ; a n d amidst roars of laughter from

ss s ta t . pa enger , he precipi ely ﬂed

C H I KAM ATSU MW

. Chikamatsu M on z a imon may be called the Sha kes peare t — of a an H e wa s n ot the st but a so the at t J p . only earlie , l gre es . ‘

a w t of the o a a . to t s t t pl y righ T kug w age Prior hi ime, here ‘ exis ted only the very simple and class ical plays called N 6 or

t wa t the h K 6 e z . a a s s of t e o . y g g Chik m u herefore founder m dern

mo t ﬁft a s dr a . t s ma Jap ne e am He wro e re han y play , which y be to two ro s the sto a nd divided in large g up , namely, hi rical

t ll a r J i the domes tic plays . Of hes e A d goku The Oil Saga Ka i/ceiz a n The Soga Ten fno Amij ima “ ’ ( The Punishment of Hea ven Sonez a ki Shinj iu The

' ’ ma t a i z a k l e tc e tc . h Sone i Doub e . o s s Suicide , , y be men i ned r epres entative works .

te st of a ts is t r The li rary yle Chikam u en i ely unique, and

t t it ot o a nd an d no o can . us s s s b dy imi a e He e b h pr e ver e ,

ot n to t a t ss o s t b h mi gle ge her in ma chle mel dy, very ub le in it t H i Vo a a o i r —o s o o . s s s c mbina i n L c bulary l very ich, pr bably more extens ive tha n tha t of any other Ja pa nese author .

Concerning the life of Chikamats u very little is known . ' 1 4 t wa s o n in 6 53 a nd 172 . s He b r , died in He udied in ‘ Ky6 to a nd beca me a high ofﬁ cia l inthe Imperial Court ; but a fterwa rds r esigned his pos ition a nd went to Os a ka where

ot s to r t n s t t s he dev ed him elf w i i g play . Excep he e few

’ a a ts othi n is no bo t his a nd t s me gre f c , n g k wn a u life ; in hi t res pec a gain his ca s e resembles that of Sha kes pea re. 151

ANAWA OR C I T , HE BL D C H H H II H IN S OLAR (see page ont nu n his ex os t on una w C , a re t at the t ha s on i i g p i i h ligh g e out . The room is su ( ose to be in ar k ness pp d d ) .

H A NAWA HOKIICHI

(ANECDOTE)

a a H oku chi the s s t wa s H naw , famou blind cholar and cri ic ,

once rea ding with his students the well- known novel cal led Gen

’ ta t w a t a a nd wa s t Mono a m. u oo a s s j g The lec re r m r her m ll ,

o t a the t of the s t ts pr vided wi h only one l mp, by ligh which uden

s t a oo But t r s were ju ble to s ee their b ks . while hey we e bu ily

’ ta ot s of t a te s t a ff of s n king n e heir m s r lec ure , pu wind udde ly

out th a t blew e l mp a nd left hem in da rknes s .

a a a t u a r of t s a t on t H n w , being qui e naw e hi , c lmly wen wi h

his t but the s t ts of ours a to s ee to lec ure ; uden , being c e un ble

a or r t ha d to a s k t m t to t a re d w i e , heir as er s op for few t momen s . ” t the tt " a Why , wha is ma er enquired Han

It i t t i t d s he s r . ligh , , hey replie The wind

’ ha s out the t a nd we a n t s ee our blown ligh , c

a t t t we t the books . Plea s e w i a momen ill ligh ” a n l mp agai .

a a s t s a nd H n wa miled when he heard hi ,

t s s the o n of ha v replied, Tha how inc nvenie ce

ing to depend on eyes for when the light goes

out s But a s for s s . , you uddenly become blind and helple me ,

’ o t a t a n t I m f r un e in never having y rouble of this kind . MOTOORI NORINAGA

- a s f M M

Of the many great cla ss ica l s chola rs who a ppeared during the

a a e ra o a the t s t wa s M otoori Norin a a . Tokug w , pr b bly grea e g

wa s in 173 0 in o a nd a t the a e of He born , Ise Pr vince , g

- ars twenty one he went to Ky6 to to s tudy medicine . Six ye But late r he returned home a nd set up pra ctice a s a phys icia n . his t s t wa s in a s s a s t a nd of his s a r main in ere cl ic l udy, all p e time was s pent in coll ecting ma terial for his numerous com

menta r ies a nd t a o cri ic l w rks .

H is a s a s o a r sts on his iki- den com fame ch l r e chieﬂy q , a

' ’ ta o the i ld oo a Ko i z or Re n kz . s o k men ry q Thi b k c lled j ,

o of t a tt rs wa s the ﬁ s t oo tte n c rd Ancien M e , r b k ever wri in

a a nd wa 712 It o ta s the a r s o t . . . Jap n , c mple ed in A D c n in e ly traditions of the Ja pa nes e ra ce from the myths which form the

t6 t the o o 26 is 6 . s oo basis of Shin un il cl se f A . D . Thi b k very valuable for rese a rch but the langua ge in which it wa s writte n — — a clumsy mixture of Chines e a nd Ja panese ma de it well

’ n igh unintelligible even to educa ted Ja pa nese until M otoori s

ta a ta o ts of n o monumen l work ppeared . This commen ry c nsis

f t a rt - o oo - s s a nd t o t t ewer h n fo y f ur g d ized volume , ook ver hir y

to years write .

M otoori a so ot se to ra a t s a nd l dev ed him lf g mm ical re earch , wrote a book call ed Kotoba no Ta ma no 10 0 which thr ows much

t n h t a ligh o t e s ructure of the Ja pa nes e la ngu ge . These resea rches were a fterwards continued by his s on M otoori

H a runiwa who rot a l - no ra a t ca o al , w e wel k wn g mm i l w rk c led

Katoba o h mota s the o o s on n Ya c i . The e were pi neer w rk

J a s a a pane e gr mm r . RAI SA NYO — “ S f N W

a the a a of Rai S ny6 may be called M c ulay Ja pan . He lived

the of the t t tur ot ss s in beginning eigh een h cen y, and wr e e ay ,

oe s s to s all of his te o a s o s p m , and hi rie , which con mp r rie c n idered to the t of t a t o r t of be bes heir kind . And l h ugh many g ea men

tt s a the o a er a wa s so ul or le er ppeared in T kugaw , none pop ar s o i t widely admired dur ing h s life ime .

’ The best of his works is entitled the Nikon Ga isln a nd rela tes the history of the Sh6 guna te from its beginning in the twelfth centur y until the esta blis hment of the Tokugawa dyna s ty of

h6 un A a to it ts but the s t S s . s s g hi ry, may have many faul yle is r ar a a t t o s oss s s s em k bly eleg n , and few his orical w rk p e uch

t a r a li er y ch rm .

’ Another importa nt r ea son for the book s popula rity is tha t the a t o wa s a a ous o a st r tt the u h r ze l l y li , and he deeply reg e ed

deplora ble decline of the Imperial power . So he endeavoured to show the injustice

a nd ts of the s st to defec feudal y em , and

o s a wa ken loya lty to the Emper r . Thu the book had great inﬂuence in bringing

t o a a bout the Res tora i n . He made mis

t o in t the oo the ake , h wever, wri ing b k in

s a a - a o o t Chine e l ngu ge , c mm n error wi h For most writers of the Yedo period .

s in a a a s t s ar Chine e, J p n , held po i ion imil to tha t of La tin in Europe during the

But the sto is now t a a nd the Middle Ages . cu m qui e ch nged, So the o k younger genera tion is fa st los ing this knowledge . b o

o so t on a t o s in is in danger of becoming b le e ere l g, like L in b ok

t o t s wes ern c un rie .

BA K I N

This grea t historica l novelist wa s born in the la tter part of the t t t ot s of s but the eigh een h cen ury . He wr e hundred book ,

t os t o a a re the Ha kkenden t a bes known and m p pul r (li er lly, The Story of Eight Dogs a n d F ami lza r ils uki The Cres cent His s tyle is elegant and peculiarly ryth

ha s mical , and s erv e d a s a model for

t of a ter In his a s a of very many au hors l days . e y h ndling

t tte his o of t r s a nd a rt a his orical ma rs, in l ve pic u e que m i l

t his t ss s of ra c es t o inciden s , and in ma chle kill g phi d crip i n , he

s t r tt a o ha d the closely resemble Sir Wal e Sco . B kin , h wever, disa dvantage of writing in a la ng uage of very limited currency ; otherwis e his name would have undoubtedly become much more w widely kno n .

Ow to w s the t—t a n ing over ork , e pecially in nigh ime , B ki in his a e t f t o ta old g became blind . Ye in s pite o this grea bs cle

not t s et a t the a t o of he did give up . Firs he bou educ i n his da - i - w t t a t t ughter n la who was rather poor in learning a h ime .

a she to a ct a s his a ss ta t a nd to te And ﬁn lly was able is n , wri d l t wa s to o t the own what he wou d dic ate . Thus he able c mple e

H a kkcnden t a t tw t y - t a of con , his longes work , f er en eigh ye rs t inuous to t t the wa s a to il . In his respec , case of Bakin simil r t t to t t to t ha of Mil n who dic a ed his daugh er , and ﬁnished his great work Paradise Lost after he became blind . H O K U SAI

Among Japanes e artists Hokusai is perha ps the bes t known

’ ’ the t wa s o t to people in Wes . He und ub edly one of Japan s

a t s t a t s s a s a t of enr e a t gre e p in er , and e pecially a m s er g p in ing he wa s uns urpa s s ed .

wa s a t o 176 0 a t st s t s t e He born Yed in , and ﬁr udied culp ur ; but a t a t the of t a g ve his up age nine een and became painter .

o t t t t his a t a t the a e of n t he Fr m ha ime un il de h (in g ine y, devote d hims elf almost pas s ionately to his a rt ; rema ining s ingle

t hi t to t t a s s of . s o and qui e reg rdle weal h Indeed, dev ion pain ing wa s rema rka ble : even on his deathbed he is s aid to have

a s " ten s s o b e cried, Al if I could live year more , I h uld ecom ” a n a t t r is . Many of his pictures were bought and ta ken to Europe by the t t s to a t t a t t for Du ch rader who came Japan h ime , and m rs s a t t t t to t any yea Hoku ai , heir reques , con inued pain

t s of s u t s t t wa s pic ure chieﬂy Japane e life and c s om , un il his

l o the Shé un a te a t t s t a t ﬁnal y f rbidden by g u hori ie , who feared h

out n ot his domestic s ecrets would thus leak . So many of pictures remain in Japan ; but we can a — p pr e cia te the wo od engravings found in such

oo s a s H okus a i Ill a n wa F u a ku H a k b k g , g y ’ th tc . a a e kez Elton T650 l etc . e s s , m, , , well illustra tions which he drew for s ome of

’ Ba kin s novels .

t s wa s t h In charac er, Hoku ai a horoug

s s Bohemian . He u ually occupied a mall

o s is s to cheap h u e in a back alley, and aid have once removed three times in a s ingle

ho s t t day . And once when his u e caugh ﬁre , he jus picked up his s s a nd t t t t his t t bru he lef , wi hou aking any of scan y furni ure , or t roubling a t all about his loss .

Ikku wa s a fa mous humourist who died a bout eighty yea rs a o wa s a o s t but the st of his o s is g . He v luminou wri er, be w rk

’ ’ ’ the well- known H zz a kumge Sha nk s This work is

t oos o st t o be qui e l e in c n ruc i n , ing s imply a s eries of a dventur e s a nd experiences of two jolly fellows called Kita ha chi a nd

Ya irobe i on t a j , when heir w lk ing pilgrima ge from Yedo to

of o s t Ky6 to . Full c mic i ua t o s s oo i n , joke and g d humour, t s oo s s a a nd one can hi b k re emble The Pickwick P pers,

of it t o t a n hardl y rea d a page wi h u l ughi g .

s wa s o l o a nd a t o an Ikku him elf a curi us fe l w, ypical B hemi

a wa s o of a a o t the in his w ys . He very f nd w ndering b u

o t o t s ta t off on a o t o t c un ry, and w uld of en r j urney wi h u giving

o of t to a o s s ts his s a w rd no ice nyb dy . In ome re pec life re em

t a t f o s t bled h o Oliver G ld mi h .

Even on his deathbed he kept up his ha bit of practica l

i 'a nd t t t o t t joking . He gave h s friends pupils s ric injunc i ns ha his corps e wa s to be burned in the clothes that he wa s then

a wea ring . When he died nd the body wa s placed on the

to ﬁre s o o t wa s a nd to the crema ry , uddenly a l ud rep r heard, a sto t of o s a o t s ot t the a i s o r . nishmen everyb dy, ever l r cke h up in

o a the ﬁ o s his os o s to a s Ikku had c nce led rew rk in b m, imply mu e his u rs to t a tt s o a t his ra mo rne , and crea e li le diver i n fune l . lK KU (AN ECDOTE)

a a s s to s a re to a o t the o st M ny mu ing rie ld b u Ikku, n veli , by his biographers and the foll owing example well illustra tes the

t t of t t wa qua int eccen rici y his ypica l Bohemian . Ikku s very

ss a o t o a tt s his o s o t carele b u m ney m er , and h u e f en lacked even th a t t s s sa a o e s c n y furni ure con idered nece ry in J pan . S he us ed to put pictures of the mis s ing a rticles on his wa lls ; a nd on

st s t s the ts of s to the fe ival day , he sa i ﬁed requiremen cu m in s ame peculiar way .

’ N a s w to a a s t One ew Ye r Day, hen a publisher came p y vi i of o o a ll so a t cerem ny, Ikku received him very c rdi y and mewh

’ to the s t on to t a hot publisher bewildermen , prevailed him ake

a t But no o s t t t s os b h . s o ner had his gue re ired for hi purp e

’ t s t ut on the s a os t han Ikku ha ily p publisher ceremoni l c ume , t th and lef e house .

t t the a out of the A few minu es la er , when publisher c me

a t - oo to his t a t t t t t his b h r m , he found grea s onishmen ha bo h

t i t o a s t wa s the clo hes and h s hos were g ne . And here no ﬁre in roo s o n ot the s o m, of cour e he c uld remain naked in cold ; he had to ge t into the bath again and again until Ikku returned

o s me hours later . ” ou ta t s " Why did y ke my clo he he cried angrily, when

’ a t a t a to Ikku l s appe red . I ve had remain for hours in your ” a t b h .

It wa s t of ou to r u ex remely kind y come , eplied Ikk

t a t is a n o t s ta for a innocen ly . The f c I h ve clo hes ui ble m king ”

N . a al s s o s t o o our s for a s ort t . ew Ye r c l , I ju b rr wed y h ime

M AR U YA M A OKYO l

W M

a Ok o the o s nt 6 to M ruyama y , fam u pai er, appeared in Ky d uring the eighteenth century a nd founded a new s chool of

' - At ﬁ t o pa in ting called the Shij6 ry11 . rs he foll wed the Ka n6

s oo but t r ut a s o t o r s a nd tt t ch l , la e p ide c nven i nal p inciple , a emp ed a reform based on closer obs ervation of

t H is t s of s na ure . pic ure bird , ﬁsh , and

a s w s a nd anim l ere ingularly lifelike , have

H is never been s urpass ed before or s ince . pure naturalis m gave a great impulse to

.a rt a n d to the a a of , led appe r nce many

oo s of enre t s ch l g pain ings . Once he wa s a s ked to ma ke a pic ture of a sleeping boa r ; a nd a s he had never s een

one a s a to a o out le t w , he ked farmer keep lo k , and him kno

a when a good cha nce came . A few d ys later the farmer reported that there wa s a boar s leeping in a thicket nea r by

s o Ok o a s t to the s ot a s t y h ened p and made a c reful ke ch . He

t ra th r o of t s s it to r o the fel e pr ud hi , and howed a f iend fr m

t of wh to s ee B ut t s moun ains Kura ma o came him . in he e

t s t oa s a nd his s a w moun ain here were many b r , when friend the picture he a t once rem arked tha t the animal wa s n ot

s but t a nd t the leeping , dea hly sick ; he explained minu ely

t s t to pos ure of a sleeping b oa r . Thi cri icism proved be per fectly correct : for the next day the farmer reported that the

o Ok o wa s s t s b ar had died . y much impre sed by hi , and would tell his pupils a bout it when urging upon them the need for

t a grea er ccuracy of observation . A reproduction of his famous

t of o p ic ure carp will be f und on page 16 5.

w / ' v a e; f ai l s i t ‘s 23 fl o va fi o bi: fl a e fl a ws a I I NAOSUKE

’ Ii Na os uke s n a me is ins eparably connected with the o of a a to o t for a t t a t t wa s the pening J p n f reign rade, h ime he

Da ir é or s te of the o a a o t a n d , Prime Mini r T kug w g vernmen , the whole res pons ibility for diploma tic negotia tions with t wes tern cormtries res ed on him . A few years before he

Da ir 6 the o t ha d a t became , Tokugawa g vernmen m de empora ry t t s —ﬁrs t t a t t a a nd s rea ie wi h Americ , hen wi h Engl nd Ru sia, concerning the openin g of a few s eaports ; and this concession

o t s t t t o o t the . had pr duced in en e exci emen hr ugh u empire . As a

s t of t s two t s to t : one of t re ul hi , par ie came in exis ence hem ,

a l the J 6- i t s to the n a c l ed par y , wi hed expel foreig ers ; nd the ot the Ka ileolcn t o of the her, called par y, were in fav ur opening

s the Ka i/colon t country . The member of par y were mostly

o t t the Sh6 una te o to c nnec ed wi h g , and had c me realize the folly of trying to resis t the pressure from outs ide ; while the

J 6- i party was made up of the conservative elements of the

t t t w t ts s to t coun ry, oge her i h loyalis who wi hed over hrow the

t to t the k o . To ugawa g vernmen , and res ore Emperor M eanwhile ﬁve of the great foreign Powers were pres sing the t to the t t s a s Tokugawa governmen conclude rea ie promised .

An d it t t t the of t was hen ha Lord Ii , seeing danger fur her

os t o t t s t t s 1858 t p p nemen , quickly concluded he e rea ie , in , wi h

h t o the o out wa iting for t e s anc i n of Emper r . This arbitrary a ction caus ed still greater agitation for a time ; a n d even now

m n ot h of his t there are s o e who do w olly approve ac ion .

’ s s t ta t o Ii s t s t In uppre sing his agi i n , Lord ex reme everi y in

w t t 6 a nd dealing i h many loyalis s such as Yoshida Sh in , even the Da im 6 t t e t t a nd wa s y of Mi o, caused in ens resen men , he ’ ﬁn a lly as s a s sinated while on his way to the S116 gun s pa lace 1 6 0 on the 3 rd of a 8 . M rch ,

TH E LAST O F TH E SH OG U N S MW

The word Sh6 gun is s o closely connected with feudalis m

n now s ou s so ot t a t ost st n in Japa , and nd rem e h m we er people woul d be s urprised to hear that the las t of the grea t

h6 un is t l It is a t S s s . o t a t Tokugawa g i l alive fac , h wever, h

o a t s t r t i T6 k 6 is Prince T kugawa , pre en living a e ired l fe in y ,

ot r t a the Sh6 un a old ma none he h n g Keiki , now venerable n of t —o s even y f ur .

Sh6 un I e mochi his ss o 186 6 The g , predece or, died y ung (in )

n t n n Now s of t n o a d o s o . t lef , in ca e here being direc heir, the new Sh6 gun wa s always chosen from on e of the three

of w or to — s o noble families O ari , Kii , Mi , all de cended fr m

An d t the s on Tokugawa Ieyasu . in his case Keiki , of Akinari , t o of wa s o . l rd Mi o, ch sen It wa s indeed a fortunate thing for Japan that s uch a clear - s ighted and pe ace - loving man s tood a t the head of the t a h h feudal governmen t this critical time . For t e S 6 gun Keiki wa s one of the ﬁ rst to se e the abs urdity and da nger of dividing the administration between the Emperor and the ShOgun ; and the very next year he resigned

t t s it to t a ct his au hori y . Thu was mainly owing his

t t to the of sacriﬁce , ha Japan was able accomplish work of the Res toration without disastrous civil war t and incalculable misfor une .

of u a o of The heir Prince Keiki Tok gawa, y ung man W N t t —ﬁve o is a t of the wen y named Y shihisa, a gr dua e N “ t t the Imperial Universi y ; and las year he married

i u daughter of Prince Ar s ga wa . A JA PA N ES E R O B I N SO N CR U SO E MW

The story i of Robinson Crus oe has been tra nsla ted into

a a n s a nd r a t t st o o J p e e, is e d wi h keen in ere by y ung pe ple t a nd old o s a s . a a s o a here, by ne well In Jap n l here h ve been insta nces not unl ike tha t de s in the a o s s to cribed f m u ry, and one of the mos t nota ble of thes e ha ppened a bout s eventy yea rs

s wa s the - o n a go. Thi well kn w

a s of Na a a a M a n iro the c e k h m j ,

a o a son of a poor ﬁsherm n in T s Province .

n Na a a wa s t r te a s old t out ﬁs Whe k h ma hi en ye r , he wen hing one day with his father a nd brothers in their s ma ll ﬁs hing

t nl a r a t to a ros a nd t oa t o . s s oon b a Sudde y g e rm e, heir b

c s s a nd r t a a to ar s the no t for a o t . be ame helple , d if ed w y w d r h b u

At a st t a the s s of a s a ten days . l hey re ched hore m ll des ert

s a t a a nd for s a o t s t t i l nd where hey l nded, ever l m n h kep hem s s a t the s of s a nd s oo a s t elve live by , ea ing ﬂe h bird , uch f d hey could ﬁnd on the isla nd .

One da y a n America n wha ling- boa t ha ppened to ca ll a t t s s a a nd a a a a wa s t to a hi i l nd, N k h m aken Americ where

a oo w he entered a prim ry s ch l . He a s proba bly the ﬁrst

to a t a t a n a s o A Ja panes e be educ ed Americ n cho l . fterwa rds he

t r s a s o a oo a nd a o a nd became by u n ail r, c per, g ld miner,

i t s wa ma de h s living in hi y.

Aft a o t ten s r t to a n a nd wa s er b u year , he e urned Jap , very us eful to the government ; for when Commodor e Perry ca me ’ to a a it wa s Na a a r6 who t a s a t rr s Ur g , kah ma M nji r n l ed Pe y

to the a t o t o ofﬁ cial letter u h ri ies . Als he did very us eful s to his o t a s a t a of n s a s a n nter ervice c un ry e cher E gli h , i

d a n a o o affa te a n s s r n s . pre r, ge eral dvi er c ncerning f eig ir He died a r ich ma n a bout ten years ago ; a nd one of his sons

ow a - o o tor a a is n well kn wn d c in J p n . N I N O M I YA SONTOKU

W N W

In Odawara near Hakone there is a beautif ul Shint6 shrine “ ” a a t to the of o called Ninomiy Jinja, dedic ed memory Nin

Sontoku who t ﬁft - ix wa s a s s . miy , died abou y year ago He a rare combina tion of idealis t and eminently pra ctica l ma n ; a nd wa s a great a gr icul tural economis t a s well a s a teacher of H i t t . s s e hics eaching , usually known as The Ninomiya

t N inomi a - K 6 t doc rine ( y y ) , are much es eemed by many

t s t t s s a s t o sa n s eminen a e men and busine s men , as well by h u d

t t the t s is a ll the o of admirers hroughou coun ry . Thi m re r ema rka ble when we cons ider that he wa s the s elf- taught s on t o f s a . a imple , uneduc ed farmer

H is a t wa s t t p ren s died when he only six een , and lef him s o poor that he had to seek employment on a fa rm a n d work

a Ye t a t r t very hard for many ye rs . f e oiling in the ﬁelds

t to t t a t t a nd all day long, he con rived ﬁnd ime for s udy nigh ,

tt wa s to a n t little by li le able g i an educa ion . H is ﬁrst efforts were directed to restoring the hous e of his

a nd s n ot t s but o r t family, he ucceeded only in hi als in g ea ly th t t improving the condition of e whole villa ge . Af er his he

wa s ta to the of the o of ken in service l rd Odawara, and given the task of improving a mis era bly

m s t t s s i poveri hed dis ric . Thi al o wa s a splendid s ucces s ; and by the

of his own t t example un iring indus ry, and by touching the hearts of the

o wa s a to o s pe ple , he ble w rk uch wonders tha t his a id a nd advice were

s o t the s of t a t the ugh by lord many o her provinces . He died

of s t - one a t a of s o t t age even y , f er life ervice and benev lence ha

o will be l ng remembered .

SAI GO TA KAM OR I

o wa s of r t so a t a nd Saigo Takam ri a man g ea per n li y,

a r a n hi n e xercis ed a rem k ble i ﬂuence over s fellow me . The s o who s r n r to t t his o a o s ldiers e ved u de him , ge her wi h c mp ni n

t o a s a t o t . in rm , were gre ly dev ed him He wa s o ita r a nd r a b rn mil ry leade , endered va lua ble s ervice to the country a t the time of th t o e Res tora i n .

a tt a t of his o wa s The l er p r life , h wever, un fortuna tely ma rred by misunders ta ndings

t the o r t a nd his wa s wi h g ve nmen , end t a a n a a i l o - of r gic l . Whe he bec me Counc l r Sta te he a dvoca te d the s ending of a military expedition to Korea ; for he rega“rded that o t a s a s o of a c un ry urce danger , dagger

te a t the t of t s poin d hear Japan . In hi ,

o wa s s t o o h wever, he rongly pp sed by

O o R6 t s kub , Kido, , and o her who had la tely returned from abroad ; a nd who ins is ted tha t there were fa r o t t a o t n m re urgen ma tters to atte n d to a home . S ig he

t to ts a his t a nd re urned Sa um , na ive province , founded a

ta s o t a t ow mili ry cho l here his n expens e . A few years la ter (in the Sats uma rebellion broke o ut a nd for ten o t s o t t o t the , m n h Saig fough s ubb rnly wi h

o r a r o the o t the ﬁna t ve whelming my f g vernmen . When l defea

a t a ll his o o rs a t hiro a ma in a ts . c me , he died wi h f ll we S y S uma

wa s ﬁft - one ars old a t th t his t t no He y ye e ime of dea h . A Ue

a in T6 k 6 a a o s ta t of a o s ta n s a P rk y , l rge br nze ue S ig d in

o t o t pr minen p s i ion . SAIGO TA KA M OR I (ANECDOTE) MW

Saigo Ta kamori wa s one day s peakin g to Sir Harry Parkes who a t t a t t wa s t s st to a h ime Bri i h Mini er J pan . Said Saigo ’ it a n no a t man a nd o t k a t a t I am qu e ig r n , d n now ny hing bou

t ta t of the o the pres en s e w rld . There is s omething tha t I

’ ta ou a x don t clearly unders nd . Will y ple s e e plain it to me " ” ta the ste Oh, cer inly, replied Mini r . ” “ l s a o t s a t a t a i Wel , aid S ig , hey y h Engl nd s a depe nd

” ’ o a I s t a t o " ou t f . s Y s o a r t ency Fr nce h mu be j king, en ” ' “ the M ini r You wh you " enquired ste . o a re a Councillor of State sur ely know very well that Engla nd is not a dependency ” o t of “a ny c un ry . “ a m not a t a ll a on t a t o t r a o for I cle r h p in , eplied S ig , ,

ou o n our o r t n ot a t s t ou y kn w, whe ever g ve nmen eg i e wi h y ’ o t o n ff s ou a a a ab u f reig a air y lw ys s y. I ll give you an ans wer a fter consul tin g with the ’ st or st r French Mini er , The French Mini e ’ ’ o t a o a t a r So it sn r s . d e g ee , I c nno g ee s eems tha t you are unable to a ct without

the o t of a ou the c nsen Fr nce . If y are env oy with full powers from an independent ’ o tr a t s ee wh ou s o a a s c un y, I c n y y h uld lw y foll ow the advice of the Minis ter from

Fra nce . Sir Harry Parkes s miled grimly when he hea rd this ; but afterwards remarked to

‘f his friends : Saigo is undoubtedly the ” s t a t clevere diplom in Japan .

K I DO KO I N

M W

Two of the fa mous trio who did s uch grea t s ervice a t the

s t ra t o a a n s t r s the Re o i n , h ve lready bee de cribed ; he e remain

n a nd s o s t t s Ki o wa s a reﬁ ed ch larly a e man d K6 in . He a S mu

' ra i of the 6 s o his o t wa s st s Ch h11 clan , and fr m y u h di ingui hed for his a a nd a t the a dmin i br very marked bili y . When new . s tra tion Wa s rs t o a in T6 k 6 te the to t o ﬁ rg nized y af r Res ra i n,

o o the o of the o t Kid and Okub were backb ne g vernmen .

’ Kido s chief s ervices were in the adjustment of the greatly dis organized home affairs ; a nd it wa s he who proposed the

o t o of the s the o s t of con sum ab li i n clan , acc mpli hmen which

t t of the mated the work of the Restora tion . The es ablishmen s ena te and the supreme court wa s als o the work of this great

t t a t s o t a st t the s a es m n . In hi w rk he had an excellen ssi an in pers on of the la te Prince It6 who wa s then a young man of

a t t t t o s bou hir y . The rela i n between thes e two wer e almos t like those of maste r and pupil ;

a t it wa s nl and, in f c , mai y due to this connection tha t It6 ob

ta ined hi o o t t s unique pp r uni y . Kido wa s on e of the party that went abroa d on the fa mous

' s s with Prin ce a mi ion Iw kura, a nd it wa s ma inl y he a nd Oku

bo who on t t r o , heir re u n h me , checked the milita rism of Saig6

t . s t his t and his par y Sub equen ly heal h gradually declined, and dur ing the Sa ts uma rebellion he died a t the age of forty o f ur . PRINC E Ir o

(H is last photogra ph) .

PR I NC E ITO

( 2 )

In the ﬁrst year of Meiji RC) beca me the governor of

H 6 o t wa s t o t t - t o I a rs ld . n y g , hough he hen nly wen y eigh ye the t a t a o the s t of a a four h ye r, he wen br ad in ui e Prince Iw kur ,

on his t o wa s a a tat o ll o and re urn h me he m de S e C unci r .

t the t of O o the t a r of It6 Af er dea h kub in eleven h ye Meiji, a nd Okuma (now Count Okuma) were the two grea t ﬁgures in t t the o . s oo a r a s O a g vernmen And when , n f e w rd , kum wa s to r t r It6 the os t o obliged e i e, became m pr mi

t ta t a a a s two nen s es m n in J p n . The e were very good

n s a te a nd st ot frie d priv ly, e eemed each her very highly ; but they differed greatly in their political views . In the fourte enth yea r of Meiji It6 a ga in went a broa d to s tudy the cons titutions of weste rn — countries for to him wa s intrusted the grea t ta s k of

o t t a wa f r ming a cons itu ion for Ja p n . He s busily

a t s o for s a s 1889 eng ged in hi w rk everal ye r , and in t the promulga tion of the constitution ook pla ce .

It6 wa s st o t s the a st t Prime Mini er f ur ime , l cabine formed by him being in the thirty - third yea r of Meiji The Ja pa n a nd China war broke out during his s o st a nd ﬁna ot a t ec nd mini ry, lly he neg i ed peace

t the o of the o with Li Hung Cha ng . A cl se Russ

a a s wa r It6 wa s a s to the of . J p ne e , r i ed rank prince It is hardl y neces sa ry to a dd how Prince It6 beca me Res i

nt- n a of o a 1905 a nd how wa s a ssa ss a t de Ge er l K re , in , he in ed

a or n a a t a t on the 26 th of to 1909 by K ea f n ic Kharbin Oc ber, ,

t a r to a s these ma ters e well known all .

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 M ARQU I S I NO U E (ANECDOTE)

Marquis Inoue a nd his life - long friend Prince Ito went

o t ﬁft a r a o At t a t t no one but a broad together a b u y ye s g . h ime a few diploma tic oﬂi cia ls of the feuda l government wa s permit

a t it a t ta n a t to te d to a a a . le ve J p n In f c , me n cer i de h

a tt t to do o But t a ny one dis covered emp ing s . in s pi e

to it ou t of t s t s two te s . hi , he e de rmined ri k They b gh

ld o ot s o o a a nd s i s t o f reign cl he in Y k ham , di gu ing hem s a s a s os t o o a a on a elves much p sible , lef Y k h m mer c t- s t a a n d a t a t han e mer, arrived Sh nghai , where hey ma de a rra ngements with a shipping company to get

of t s c o n to Engla nd . The manager hi s hipping om pany a s ked them their object in going a broa d ; but a s n t of t s t o n it ei her hem knew Engli h well , hey f u d

l t to At a t ou o a t o a d ifﬁcu reply . l s In e pened dic i n ry ” a nd o t to the or a t o a n sim p in ed w d n viga i n , me ni g

t a t it wa t t t o to o th a ply h s heir in en i n cr ss e se . The mana ger thought this mea nt tha t they were going to a to s t a a t o a nd s to a Engl nd udy n vig i n , eemed p

o of t t t o s o t a o to or k pr ve heir in en i n, hey were ll wed w their way on a s ma ll s ailing- ship via the Ca pe of

o Good H pe .

o a to a too o r ont s a nd n a s The v y ge Engl nd k f u m h eleve d y , a nd during this time It6 a nd Inoue s uffered grea t ha rds hip ; for they were trea ted a s common s ailors a nd ha d nothing to e a t

s a tt t t but s alt beef an d ha rd biscuit . Their hipm te s li le hough tha t one of thes e rough- looking youths wa s to be come a m s a nd the t a a nd the a t s t s ta t s a n arqui ; o her prince , gre e e m

a n " In a t a s It6 a nd n o o te a o in Jap f er ye r , I ue f n l ughed ver t o t r o heir rough experiences n his te rible v yage . P R I N C E KITASHIRAKAWA

Kita shira ka wa o 1847 wa s o o o Prince , b rn in , c mm nly kn wn a s 6 - 1 the sto a t o s for wa s t Prince Rinn j in Re r i n day , he hen

a st of 6 - i o s t a t o T6 k 6 it he d prie Rinn j , a fam u emple Uen in y , being the cus tom then for Princes of the Blood to become t pries s .

At the t of the s to a t o tt wa s o t in ime Re r i n , a ﬁerce ba le f ugh the r o s of t s t t the o s g und hi emple, be ween imperial f rce and s a t o s a s s s of the Sh6 1m who ever l h u nd va al g , were very much

o t h t t dis c nten ed with t e new gover“nmen . They called hem s s the lz ita i lit o a e elve S 6g ( . L y l and Princ

Rinno - i t o ma n of a o t t t wa s ut j , hen a y ung b u wen y, p

a t t r t o a t a st his own . hei head, h ugh r her gain will In this ba ttle the rebels were defea ted a n d ﬂed to the

nort for s a o t s the wa s h, where ever l m n h prince obliged t t At o ﬁgh with them a ga ins t the imperia l troops .

a st Kita shira ka wa s wa s t l Prince urrendered , and aken

to to Ky6 for imprisonment .

At the os of the sto a t on the e cl e Re r i warfare , princ wa s p a rdoned on a ccoun t of his youth ; and in 1870

wa s s ent to France to s tudy military sciences . On

his tu to a a s s t wa s a re rn J p n even year la er, he made

o the a In the t t - ﬁfth maj r in regular rmy . wen y year of Meiji he wa s adva nced to the ra nk of

lieutenant- genera l ; and during the China a nd Japa n wa r he commanded the Imperial Guards divis ion

wa s t to a o t which s en Formos . Here he f ugh many

a a t th But. ba ttles g ins e rebel army led by a Chinese genera l .

o the wa s of t s a t the a e of o t bef re war over he died yphu , g f r y t H i t e a . s s s on t s s s eigh elde la ely married Prince T un ,

a t of the d ugh er Empe ror .

E N O M OTO B U YO

o oto 6 o 1836 wa s the fi t En m Buy , b rn in , rs Japanes e to s tudy a a s a roa n v l cience b d . He went to Nagasa ki when young a nd lea rned the a rts of na viga tion a nd engineering under a Dutch t a r a nd t a s t to o a t st e che ; af erw rd wen H ll nd for fur her udy . r t for s ix a s nt a o He emained here ye r , u il he became pr ficient na va l officer . his t to a a n 186 6 wa s o t On re urn J p in , he app in ed chief ’ o s o of the Sh6 un a B ut t t th s s . s o s e c mmi i ner g n vy o n af er hi , Sh6 un a te wa s a o s the Sh6 un c g b li hed, when g Keiki pea efully fii r t r o his o ce . a o who e i ed fr m There were m ny, h wever, did not a t a ll a pprove of this mild s tep ; a nd rebellion aga inst the o s s ot on a a a o oto wa s the impe ria l f rce aro e b h l nd nd se . En m t lea der of the na va l revol ers . The na va l force in the s ervice of the Sh6g un cons isted of

t - t An o oto ta k t s s o t hr s . d eigh hip , m un ing eigh y ee gun En m ,

t s s s the t- t sa t ing he e hip from Yedo Bay in nigh ime , iled nor h

t d ea - ﬁ ht too a . a s oo o o a n s w rd The imperi l ﬂee n f ll wed , a g k

a t a o a t t a s a t s on ot s s . place H k d e , wi h heavy c u l ie b h ide F a o oto h a os t of his t s s off to in lly, En m , ving l all eigh hip , ered

v s o t t his ol o s t s . gi e him elf up, in rder ha f l wer migh be aved h s off wa s a te a nd wa s s nt to o a s a t T i er ccep d, he e Yed a c p ive but his galla nt conduct a nd devotion to his chief were so keenly appreciated tha t he wa s n ot onl y pa rdon EA but wa s a o t ; ed, pp in ed a high ofﬁ cia l in the new 1874 government . In he wa s given the ra nk of

- a a nd s t a s vice admir l, en a n envoy to Russ ia to s tt a wa s o t o t st o . s a t a e le fr n ier que i n He f erwards m de a vi c un , a nd r t s a s st r of the N a nd a s a s did g ea ervice Mini e avy, l o t r of ul t a n in s r d t t . r o e c . e c Mini e Ag ic u e C mmerce, , He died

1909 a t the a e of s t - t g even y hree . 187

PRINC E Y A M AGATA ( see pa ge

CO U NT O K U M A

M M

o t O m wa s 1838 the of C un ku a born in , in province Hizen . In his youth he studied the Dutch language in Nagas aki and

t o o of n a fa At th t hus acquired s me kn wledge foreig f irs . e ime

of the sto a t on t s o o s a nd Re r i , hi kn wledge pr ved very u eful,

a wa s a os t the new o H i Okum given high p i ion in g vernment . s

o ot o wa s wa s o t a ta te pr m i n very rapid, and he app in ed S

o o 1870 wa s o t t - t a s old C uncill r in , when he nly hir y hree ye r .

H is a t t t the t of O 1878 inﬂuence bec me grea es af er dea h kubo in , and for a time he wa s considered the backbone of the govern

t But two a t wa s o i to t o men . ye rs la er he bl ged wi hdraw fr m

on a t of ff of o t It6 ofﬁce , ccoun di erence Opini n wi h Prince and

t t o a t t a the Ka islzin o hers . He hen rganized poli ical par y c lled

6 nd t o e t a o o s os the o . , vig r u ly Opp ed g vernmen He nce becam

s t a nd s o st of a nd s t of Prime Mini er al Mini er Finance , Mini er

It wa t of ff s t t Foreign Affairs . s when Mini s er Foreign A air ha he los t his leg by the explos ion of a dynamite bomb thrown a t,

i a a h s c rriage by a m n named Kurushima .

ou t O is o o s ot a nd od a nd ta s , C n kuma vig r u b h in mind b y, ke a deep interest in all huma n prob

H is t u s lems . beau if l re idence a t Wa s eda in T6 ky6 is vis ited by people from all parts of the

o his on on w rld , and Opini s various s ubjects a re much

quoted .

s a ta t s a Beside being s e m n ,

Count Okuma is also an educa tionist and a historian . The Wa seda College which he founded is now the la rgest private

s t a nd t s out s t s univer i y in Japan , urn everal hundred gradua e

every year . ADMIRAL TOGO (see page

G E N ERA L N OGI

M W

o the s men of now o Am ng famou military Japan living, n ne is s t t a n a o the a B us lei more highly re pec ed h Gener l N gi, ide l

the o - a o s o of o t t and w rld f m u her P r Ar hur . He is a vetera n who ha s a ss t o of t a ha s ou t p ed hr ugh every kind war ri l, and f gh

tt At the t of the t a l in ma ny ba les . ime Sa s um rebe lion (in he wa s wounded s everely in the leg a nd taken to a

os t but the of the u s t out h pi al hearing sound g ns , he ole from the s t the t- t t to ho pi al in nigh ime , and wen join his comrades . t ’ h i t e of s . Tha s ~kind a man he At the t of the a a wa r wa s o ime J p n and China , he a maj r

t a t the t r of o t t s is general and ook p r in cap u e P r Ar hur . Thi one of the reas ons why he wa s s pecially appointe d ten years

t to the to t t la er command Third Army, and again ake Por

of t t o t s s s t for a o t s ix Arthur . The siege his grea f r re la ed b u t o t s a nd t s of t o a s of s o . m n h , en h us nd live were l s

ss o s t s o the o ts s o The Ru ian s ldier fough well, and f r were s t t a t the t of o t t wa s o t f ul t rong, h reduc ion P r Ar hur a m s di ﬁc

w s s t a ll t . l under aking The world e l know how, in pi e of o st s G t s s a o b acle , eneral Nogi fai hfully and ucce sfully cc mplished t G t the ta t t wa s t st o . sk ha en ru ed him rea ,

wa s his own rs o s s for t however, pe nal lo , bo h of

hi the t s s ons were killed during ﬁgh ing, and he

is now childles s . At the close of the war Genera l Nogi wa s

’ appointed Pres ident of the Peers School in

I t is t to t of him old Toky6 . ouching hink in his a e —a s s old ma n t t oo t the g , childle , wi h fa herly care l king af er

s t to o s children of others " And ever riving render n ble ervice, a nd fa ithfully to fulﬁl his duty . I 9S

GENERAL NOGI

A D M I R A L KABAYAM A MW

Admiral Kabaya ma is pa rticularly noted for his cool- hea ded

nd t the a ts on o coura ge a s rong nerves . When S uma rebelli br ke

’ out 1877 wa s - of- Sta ﬁ to a n of the Ku , in , he Chief Gener l Ta i matoto garris on which for over ﬁfty da ys withstood the s iege of

da a a a a n overwhelming force of rebels . One y when K b y ma a nd his ot o rs ta s o one of br her fﬁce were king lunch, a hell fr m

’ th s the a of the oo a nd o e s n . enemy gu pierced w ll r m, expl ded Natur ally this caus ed cons idera ble confus ion ; and some of the

t th But a a ot t ofﬁcers rus hed ou of e room . Kabay m did n s ir

i a t t on a t his a t a from h s s e . He wen e ing meal s if no hing h d ha ppened ; a nd ga zed ca lmly a t the enemy through the hole in h the wall ma de by t e s hell .

At the t of the a a nd wa r wa s of the ime Chin Japan , he Chief Nava l Sta ff ; a nd when the combined ﬂeet under Admiral It6

’ s et out to s a the s t a a a nt o e rch for enemy ﬂee , K b y ma we al ng

t s a th i oo on board an unarmed s eam hip n med e Sa lay6 Ma r a . S n

’ the Japa ne s e ﬂeet met the enemy s warships in the China

a nd o on the 17th of t Sea, naval warfare c mmenced ( Sep ember,

but the tain 6 M a r a a s s wa s t S / being low hip, lef

s to o far behind . A Chine e rped

oa t ta a ta of t s b , king dvan ge hi , quickly approa ched a nd ﬁred a White head torpedo a t the Sa tin/6 M a r a from a dista nce of a bout

t o t t a t ﬁfty ya rds . All h ugh h the s hip wa s doomed ; but Admiral Ka ba ya ma calmly watched the approaching torpedo

Fo t t a s if it were nothing but a ﬁsh or a ha rmless s eal . r una ely the to o the s a nd m wa s o . rped pas sed under hip, no har d ne

o t s t a s old a nd st Admiral Ka baya ma is now a b u even y ye r , ill e o t nj ys good heal h . M AR SH A L OYAM A MW

of the s to a t o a s a O a a t a Sa At the time Re r i n , M r h l y m , hen

a of a ts a ro ha d a r a st s s . mur i S um P vince, l e dy di ingui hed him elf

And s ince then he ha s been conn ected with a ll milita ry move

a n t a t r the ments in Ja p . Shor ly f e

Restora tion he went to Eur ope to s tudy

ta s c n a nd on his r t rn mili ry ie ce, e u he

- n ra At the wa s a ppoin te d ma jor ge e l . time of the Sa ts uma rebellion he com manded a r a a nd his o ra a nd b ig de, c u ge rema rka ble s kill beca me more a nd more

In 1880 wa t of the widely recognized . he s a ppoin ed Chief

t f a nd t a r t t of a r a s e s W . Gener l S af , hree ye la er he b came Mini er

When the China a nd Japan wa r broke out he wa s alrea dy a dva nced to the ra nk of full general and a s comma nder of the

o t t t a r r . Sec nd Army, he c p u ed Por A hur

s a t n the s o- wa r ro out Ten year l er, whe Rus Japanese b ke , he a gain did grea t s ervice a s Comma nder - in - Chief of the Manchu rian a rmies ; and the na me of Ma rsha l Oyama beca me known tln'ou hout th o wa s a a t r the wa r . g e w rld . He made prince f e

Prince Oya ma is very broa d- minded a nd a mi a ble in dis pos i tion a nd his bea ming s mile a nd ready wit never fa il hi m. He is t a all s a nd is o a ll who perfec ly c lm in emergencie , bel ved by s r r I a t his is t th r t of a a t r . n s e k e ve unde him f c , ju igh ind ch r c e

for a man in his os t o is now s t a s old but is p i i n . He even y ye r ,

s t ro s t a t H is nc ss O a a wa s one ill very bu in he l h . wife, Pri e y m ,

of the ﬁ s t a a r J panes e la dies educated in Amer ic . G E N ERA L KODA M A

’ . Koda ma a o o th o t General s career wa s a brilli nt ne fr m e uts e . When he wa s a young lieutena nt s erving in the Kuma moto ga rrison (in a ba nd of political ma lcontents ros e in revolt

t a a n a nd a ot off s s o here, and killed Gener l T eda m ny her icer ;

t t the T6 k 6 nt t a s a t a t the ha y governme fel very une y, fe ring h

But e Kuma moto ca stle might be ta ken by the revolters . Princ

t t a t- r a ta a It ( hen Lieu en n Gene al) Yamag calmly rem rked, ’ s eems tha t Kodama 1s s afe ; and if so, we needn t be a nxious a bout the ga rrison

’ In the o o a the a ts a o o out f ll wing ye r, when S um rebelli n br ke a nd a large a rmy s ent bySa igo Taka mori bes ieged the Kuma

oto a s o a a wa s s t s r t on the sta ff of m g rri on , K d m ill in e vice here Genera l Ta ni ; a nd gr ea tly dis tinguished himself during the

s iege which las ted for more tha n ﬁfty days .

H is r a r a a t n ow ul o his em k ble bili y being f ly rec gnized,

o ot on wa s ra he a s o sts of o o . pr m i pid , and alw y ccupied po h n ur

During the te n yea rs in which he wa s Governor - Genera l of

Fo osa o r a t a n t t ta t the rm he sh wed g e dmi is ra ive len , and rapid development of Formos a wa s la rgely due to his wise mana ge

t Bu the s so men . t he wa s ca lled a wa y from this post when Ru

a a s wa r out to a a n o ta t a t a s - of J p ne e broke , pl y imp r n p r Chief D r Sta ff of the Ma nchurian Army . u ing the wa r he wa s promoted to the ra nk of full genera l and a t the clos e of the wa r he took the pla ce of Prince Oya ma a s “ Chief of the Genera l Sta ff. He died suddenly of conges tion of the brain in

1906 ﬁ e t t but . Genera l Kodama wa s only v fee in heigh ; ex tre mel a t ot a nd a nd of a y c ive b h in mind body, very cheerful a nd a a s o t o mi ble di p s i i n .

M ARQU I S SAI GO .

M N

t s o orm er ot of the o The la e Marqui Saig , y g br her fam us

a i O o wa s s ma n in his wa . S g Takam ri , al o a remarkable y At ordinary times he s eemed rather commonplace ; but when

ta t his anything impor n happened , t rare capacity revealed i self . He

s t ha d always a plea ing way wi h him ,

a a ur st n ot a nd w s refreshing humo i , averse to a practical joke now and t t then . When o hers were dejec ed he wa s merry ; and when others were

o quarrelling he would be j king, and his good humour usually had the effect of clearing the air .

wa s t f s a a o Once when he Minis er for Home Af air , loc l g vernor na med Kita ga ki came and made a complaint a gainst s ome mea sure taken by the Home Ofﬁce ofﬁcials ; and arg ued his point s o hotly and with s o much reason that his hearers were

the much embarrassed . Just then Marquis Sa igO entered

o th t the s t t a t r om wi a cigar in his mouth . He ook in i ua ion a glance ; and quietly approaching the angry a nd blustering

o o the hot of the a to govern r fr m behind , he applied end cig r

o a his neck . The govern r gave a s udden jump s if he had been shot ; a nd the s tartled expression on his fa ce wa s so

s st n t t Sa i O the ot s a t irre i ibly fu ny, ha g and her ro red wi h t . t the so s t of wa s laugh er And hen governor al , in pi e himself ,

to t t h compelled laugh . So af er hat t e ta lk became more

a ul w t pe cef , and all en well . COM M A N D ER HTHOSE

At an early stage in the Russo - Japanese war three atte mpts were made by the Japanese Navy to block the entrance to t t Port Arthur . A number of picked men los heir lives in these

tt ts but t s a ff t a emp heir daring deed had a very good mor l e ec .

Especially admirable was the heroic action of Commander

H iro é s .

He was then senior torpedo ofﬁcer of the battleship Aga in:

wa s to the t and chosen command one of ﬁrs blockading ships .

On this ﬁrst occasion he returned safely ; but as the result t t t t t t n o s s . t was qui e a i fac ory, he ried a second ime This ime his the t but blockading ship was placed in desired posi ion , w t t to the e hen hey lowered a boa leave ship , Commander Hiros

noticed that the chief warrant ofﬁcer called Sugino was n ot

t a t t the here . He once wen back and searched everywhere for

B ut t a t n . n o missi g man he could ﬁnd him, so

la st he had to give it up and ge t into the small

t t the t off boa . Jus as boa was pushing , a shell

suddenly s truck Commander Hiros e and he was

blown to pieces ; nothing remaining but his blood t s ained cap .

At Ba ns eiba shi in T6 ky6 there is a bronze

statue of Hirose; and under him another ﬁgure is t t t ‘ hi shown wi h a ha che in s ha nd . This ﬁgure

represents C hief Warra nt Ofﬁcer Sugino for whom

the brave Hiros e ga ve his life .

FUK U ZAWA YUKI C H I

( ”M A

F ukuz a wa is regarded a s the greatest educationist of the

r wa s o o Meiji e a . He b rn in Bung Province (in and when quite young went to Nagasaki where he studied Dutch with s o much success tha t he after wards taught this language for a t B ut s to s ee t t ime . he oon came ha English wa s more important ; a nd in

t t s Spi e of many obs acle , he was able to acquire a knowledge of this lan

guage also . At that time s everal embassies were s ent abroad by the

t F uku z a wa to Tokugawa governmen , and managed go along

t SO t wa s to t a sone of the attendan s . in his way he able visi

a a t t t t America twice and Europe once . And s no one ha ime

s h t ti e t the in had uc oppor uni es for se ing foreign cus oms, formation collecte d and published in book form by F ukuz a wa t th t was very widely read and much apprecia ed by e na ion .

W a t t tu his t o a t hen he las re rned from ravels abr ad , he once founded a school called the Ke iO Gijuku a t Shiba in T k ” t t t t 6 6 t s s . y , and here augh English and o her u eful hing

t t a t o the t t the t t He s ood qui e ap r fr m umul of Res ora ion , and

it is a well - known fact that on the very da y when a bloody battle was fought a t Uyeno Park between the retainers of the

ShO un the a tte his s g and Imperial Army, he c lmly a nded chool

hi t the i s . s s oo Ke iO G uku and gave lec ure as usual Thi ch l, j ,

is n ow a s t the a t o lmo l rges scho l in Japan , and many well t t known men have been educa ed here .

t to t t F ukuz a wa the In addi ion his educa ional work , founded

' ' J i- Sflz m O n ow the gj p , leading newspaper in Japan . He died in

190 1 a t the a e t - t , g of six y eigh . NA KA M U R A SEICHOKU

The name of Nakamura Se ichoku will be long a nd gratefully

remembered a s that of a scholar who appeared in the e arl v

t of the . wa s 1832 par Meiji era He born in Yedo, in , and

when youn g s tudied the Chinese classics with such diligence

that a t the age of thirtyhe wa s appointed lecturer to the

u Sh6 g n .

a t k the t u Me nwhile he had a en up s udy of foreign lang ages ,

and in 186 6 he wa s s ent to England where he stayed for two

hi t t t the t t s . s s e year On re urn home, he abou ransla ion of

’ Smiles Self H elp into Japanes e ; and the contents of this

o s o t t the t t o t t it bo k were in eres ing, and ransla ion so go d, ha wa s t u t of read en h sias ically by all , and an immense number

t t t t t t ha s Oo s o . pies were ld In fac , no o her ransla ion ha

appeared in the Meiji era has ha d such a far - reaching inﬂuence t as his .

In the s ixth year of Meiji Nakamura founded a .

a t s a t Koishika wa T6 k 6 ma nv t priv e chool in y , and prominen

t s men in Ja pan are gradua es of this s chool . For many year it wa s cons idered the rival of the Ke iO college founded by

F uku z a wa ; but it was ﬁ nally closed when Nakamura wa s h t appointed a professor in t e Imperial Universi y .

m the o s s 1890 He was ade a member of H u e of Peer in , and in the s ame year wa s appointe d president of the Higher

N t to s the ormal School, in addi ion his profe sorship in Univer

it B ut the a t the s t . s y . in following year he died age of ix y

ZE/I/ M YSTI CS

Zen or Zen- net is a Chinese rendering of the Sans crit word D hyd na (l it At its be st it is s aid to be a sys tem of deep meditation by means of which interior e u — l ighten ment or contemplation of truth culminating in Sena d

— At its w t its t tt n . d/zi may be a ai ed ors , and in degenera ed o it a t to f rm , is p be merely a kind of — t self hypno ism . Many people famous in Japanese history have practised Zen ; and it has ha d much inﬂuence o th t t It a t n e na ional cul ure . is present the best form of Buddhism in Ja pa n ; and is still practised and e s teemed by many highly educated

At a n th Zen t s . o e of e people Kamakur , where principal emple — En a ku - r is s t t tu ts of the called g j i ua ed, even young men s den

t s t s — t s tt universi ie , and o her may frequen ly be found i ing for da ys a t a time seeking the s olution of the puzzling ques tions s e t t t Z en t hem by heir eachers .

s s t to a o w it Thi ys em came Jap n fr m China , here was t d D 520 t in ro uced from India in A. . by an Indian mys ic — named Bodhidharma better known as Da ruma (see page 28)

to 1192 whose odd ﬁgure is known every child in Japan . In the famo us priest Eis a i founded the ﬁrst Z en s chool (called

inz a i - sh 1227 n o the B a) in Japa n . And in DOge f unded

- O - t SOdOSfl ii . t the ba ku s hd wa s o The hird branch called , br ugh

o 5 Ei a i is a s fr m China by a priest named Ingen in 16 6 . s l o t w t t credi ed i h introducing the te a plant into Japan . O her

Z en. r s ts H a ku in Gen ke i a nd Ge s shﬁ . well known p ie are , Gazan , ,

H O O Tokimune t th s a j , who resis ed e demand of Kubl i Khan , wa s s ot Z t Zen al o a v ary of en. There a re a t presen t emples in Japan . OCC U LT A RTS A N D PSYC H I C I N VESTIGATORS

W W

Apropos of ascetics (s ee page it is necessary to add some t l Th t t the t of o d . e n ut hing abou occul ar s Japan word Se j j s u ((ujﬂtj ) seems to have been used for a s uperior form of magi c

the [I ntsn i its t ma while word q ( gi ﬂj ) , from e ymology of ( g )

’ o utsu c a rt wa s a dem n and j (ﬂj ) , used for a lower form . Among

‘ ' — the t t ma t Kcwn i oros /zi various occul prac ices y be men ioned , a

rne diumshi t o s kind of p , supposed be po session by a god or

t Ifnc/ri—o e the tt i s o . s s a uperi r Spiri y , a lower form of la er , t w kind of necromancy prac ised mainly by old omen , called

l a w u ichiko t . b t t (wi ches ) This was forbidden by , is s ill

t t t Kol l a r i t practis ed secre ly to some ex en . e e is a kind of able

" E755 of t a n d k to Ura n i t . a urning is a form divina ion , a in ,

- fortune telling by palmistry or astrology . is the

[ ff—612: a rt of becoming invisible . is a kind of s hout issuing

to t a from the abdomen cas a spell over person or animal . There are als o various forms of exorcism practised mainly by

t a s w the wa y u pries s in c ses of ob ession , hich , by , is sually attributed to foxes or badgers .

t t t to These various prac ices have fallen in o disrepu e , owing t t t the abuses they gave rise to . A presen hey are conﬁ ned rna inl v to a t ignor n persons , and are usually disbelieved in t t altoge her by men of modern educa ion . Of t the t la e years , however, subjec of psychic phenomena has attracted the attention of a s mall t k of n . u the group scholars , o ably Prof F urai of t of the Imperial Universi y and Prof . Imamura Ky6 to University ; and experiments of various kinds are described in two or three books that t o have appeared on the subjec . Clairv yance has tt t tt t t also a rac ed considerable a en ion la ely , owing to the appearance of two ladies believed ’ to t t B a kin s con possess his facul y . In works

s idera ble mention is made of various occult arts .

KA N O HOGAI A N D OTH ER FAM OU S PAI NTE RS O F TH E M EI J I ERA Q

t te n t the t t the For abou years af er Res ora ion , Japanese nation wa s so overwhelmed with the cha nges caus ed by con tact with western civilization that Japanese a r t wa s quite

te a r t s t t t neglec d , and works of in pure Japanese yle were rea ed a s if they were almost w orthless .

F or t the example , pic ures by famous Sesshu (see page n ow w t ten t or h housand yen , were then sold for only six or

en s even y . The revival of Japanese paint ing and its appreciation were mainly due to the efforts of the

t t F e n ellos a es la e Ernes , a prof sor a t the Imperial University in

Tok O who to y , came Japan in

1879 w a . He s struck by the t t beau y of Japanese pain ing , t and devoted himself to its investigation and preserva ion .

to the f t t 1882 the This led opening o an a r exhibi ion in , and establishment of the present Ar t School in 1888 ; and these two events were the harbingers of the reviva l . Among the thousands of painters who ha ve appeared since t t n the t t K a nO 6 . he , probably grea es was H gai His pic ures F n llos a oo tt t the tt t . e e s n a rac ed a en ion of Prof , and he rapidly e t t t t of beca m famous . His grea es mas erpiece is a pic ure

the T6 k 6 Ar t . Kwannon , now preserved in y School He died 1 88 a t 190 8 wa s t 8 . G a 116 in H shimo o , who died in , almos t t t the Ar t equally grea . He aught pain ing in School for

ma th t s now ny years . Among e famous pain er living may be t the G okus hO KO O w men ioned names of y , Kampo , gy , K an kk uk ShOen G o kudO n a nd Ge O. zan , F o , , y , Kei en , M A EJ I M A M I TS U (ANEC DOTE)

Nowadays every s choolboy in Japan ha s some knowledge of s o oo s ss to Engli h , and f reign b k of every kind are acce ible

B ut t s r f t the all . hing we e very dif eren in early days of the

t t t o th Res ora ion . In h s e days e various

clans were eager to engage men with

o a knowledge of f reign languages . The

lord of Sats uma es pecially w a s eager to

ﬁ nd t of a t t some one wi h a good knowledge English, and las

he wa s fortunate enough to engage Maejima Mits u who wa s

ne of the t t t t o bes linguis s a hat time .

Now t s t t , hi lord had a cer ain reasure which he valued

e to w it to i t very and he promis d s ho Maej ma , hough

it wa s very seldom shown to any one . When

the t to oo a t the t M a e irna ime came l k reasure , j

tt his carefully puriﬁed himself, and pu ing on

’ best clothes went to the lord s palace to view

t a the precious article . Af er making sever l

s t to t off the bow , he began respec fully ake

a covering of the treas ure . Inside he found

box t s beautiful lacquered , and inside of hi

a in o a the t as . again , wr pped br c de , was re ure

the t With trembling ha nds he removed clo h,

a nd lo " there wa s expos ed to his a stonis hed

’ gaze a copy of VVebs te r s Unabridged Dic tionary

FAM O U S WR ESTLE RS

o t ILT/20 s t t s o The Japa nes e national Sp r of S , or wre ling, da e fr m

r t t t t o very ancient times . The ﬁ s wres ling ma ch men i ned in f the his tory wa s held in the imperial pal a ce ( l in ing the reign o

Emperor Suinin (sa id to be in 93 B .

t s t t t the s In hi his oric con es , famou Nomi no Sukune beat the r e doubta ble champion named Taima no Ke

haya .

’ During the Emperor K a mmu s

reign ( 782 an annual fes tival called the S a m6- 8echie ﬁr s t

to the ﬁ of the our t began be held in palace, where of cers C were ordered to show their skill in wrestling before the Emperor and t s t . nobles . Thi fes ival was con inued for many centuries The public exhibition of wrestling by profes s ionals dates from the Ashikaga age but it wa s from the latter part of the eight e enth century that wrestling became very popular a mong the

t t it a t s . t a s ci izen of Yedo The wres ling ring was hen , is

t the t t EkO- in presen , in grounds of a Buddhis emple called ,

it is situa ted in what is n ow the Honjo district of T6 ky6 . And here that the great wrestling matches are still held twice a

ua year , us lly in January and May . The wres tlers are divided into two parties called the East and

the t the o s t Yokoz nna . Wes , and champi n on each side is yled

At the w t a t now a res ling m ches held in large round building ,

t is a t t t two ns t t here gre exci emen when champio mee , and ha s and coats are freely ﬂung into the ring by enthusias tic

s pectators . HITACHIYAMA

w t Y0 130 220 261 a t t The champion res ler is called , and presen there are two champions who hold this coveted title : one is

H ita hi a ma it t th t named c y“(l . Moun and e o her Ume a ta n i lit g ( . Plum Valley

H ita chiya ma is considered to be one of the strongest wres

l t t the on t er s ha have ever appeared in Japan . He is s of a

u l wa s in the t ito the s t Sam ra , and born ci y of M in ix h year of

bo tt the present Meiji era . As a y he a ended a primary school and afterwa rds a middle s chool ; but owing to his great and

s t t t increasing reng h, he ﬁnally gave up s udy and became a

t w t tw t a s t ot wres ler hen abou en y years old . Ten ye r la er he g the a nd s wa s t t championship , for everal years he wi hou a rival t in s kill and streng h . About three years ago he went

on t to Eru 'O e a our America and p , and gave an exhibition of wrestling

before the President of the United

t n ow t t Sta es . He is abou for y t years old , and will probably re ire

it t w t to s o before long , as is cus omary for res lers do and

’ ’ “ t T sl z lit a t t t become wha is called o z yom ( . elder abou his age . It may be added that H ita chiya ma is ﬁve feet ten inches

t w t t t s . in heigh , and eighs abou hree hundred and for y pound

TH E FO U N D ER O F TH E N EW SC H OO L OFJUJUTSU

M N

’ The origin of Japanese J ayuts u is not

but it s s to a a t clear, eem be comp r ively

d to t t mo ern . According radi ion , a

m to China an named Chin , who came Japan

16 59 t t u t t a r t to t a in , ﬁrs a gh his hree S murai

but it wa s ver v primitive and differed a good

u t - t deal from the J qts of o day . The ﬁrs man to

become famous in this a r t wa s Yoshioka K e mpO who

the tt the t t t a n d lived in la er half of seven een h cen ury ,

the story of his c urious contest with a skilful fencer named

Miya moto M usa shi is well known .

the o e ra s t J 6 uts u During T kugawa , many pecialis s in j appear

But it a nd t ff t s o . ed , gradually divided in o many di eren ch ols wa s n ot until the present Meiji era that the s trong points of these schools were combined into a new and better system now

J a w a s t t dO. called This accomplished , af er careful s udy and

Ka O h k s t . n 6 t t e T6 6 elec ion , by Mr Jigor , presiden of y Higher t O . Ka n Normal School The raining school established by Mr .

the KOdOka n t ds oun J ack} is called , and housan of y g men learn

t s ta t in hi famous s chool . In all parts of J apan J £7626 is now ugh

th K d ka e O O n . A by men from number of foreigners also,

m t o t including naval and ili ary fﬁcers , have learned some hing of

the a r t t s in his chool . FAM O U S ACTORS

Both NOand IQ/Ogen were drama s exclus ively for the upper

B ut the classes . people of middle and lower classes also need ed s ome s uch entertainment so to meet this demand there — — appeared towards the end of the sixteenth century two kinds

th t Or ur i If abn i of ea rical performance called J and k . The former is a kind of puppet show accompanied with ballad sing

its t t O t ing ; and reached highes developmen in saka , wi h Chi

t the t o th r 'i kama su as principal playwrigh . Even n w e J 6 m is

t the t t the played here all year round , in a famous hea re called ” Bun k ra uz a .

But the t a t e the Ka bu i he rical p rformance proper was k . This

o O - was founded by a w man named kuni , who formed a company

s 6 t s of female player in Ky o . They oon became very popular, and are s aid to have played before such great personages as

obuna a But te f N . e w the a uthor it g and Hideyoshi af r a years , ie s s it to o to , con idering injurious public m rals , forbade women

on the t t wa s t te appear s age , so heir place aken by men who ac d t t a s female impers onators . For una ely women players have

a t t now appeared again , and a school for c resses has been la ely

t t the t formed in connec ion wi h ﬁne , new Imperial Thea re .

the the t the Ifa buki ha s Since beginning of presen Meiji era , become more and more popular with all classes and the tone of the theatre as well a s the s ocial position of actors has

the a o Ka buki the steadily improved . During e rlier peri d of

' two gr eates t actors were T6 jur6 a n d Da njin 'O (the ﬁrs t) and in recent times the greate st were Da njfrrO (the ninth) and Kikugo r Da n r e e 2 a t e (the ﬁfth) . j u o ( s page 2 5) especially w s qui e

rmi ue t the J . q , and migh be called Irving of apan The Kabuki

is t If - lza s to drama now commonly designa ed i , or old chool ,

t it the Shim- a t s dis inguish from p , or new realis ic chool, which

o sprang up about twenty years a g .

TH E S E VE N G O DS O F FO RTU N E

W M

s o t t s t of These god , symb lizing cer ain vir ue , are mos ly Indian i but t o t t orig n ; hey have bec me qui e na uralized in Japan , and are s o closely commingled with the everyday life of the nation that they are cons ta ntly referred to even by children . Innumerable pictur e s of them and images may be found everywhere in Japan . JurOjin is the god of long life and keeps a book in which the life of e a ch pers on is recorded . He is always repres ented holding a staff om of n t and acc panied by a crane as an emblem lo gevi y, and a deer . o the of t 1 s t Daik ku, god weal h (7mg) , carrie a golden malle and a bag of treas ures and is represented s itting on straw rice n bags which r ats are g awing . Fukuroku u the of t is s t a s a n j , god populari y A2 ) , repre en ed t a to his o t t old man wi h a long head equ l b dy in leng h , wi h a t i o t a nd t n s . s tt l ng , hick beard brigh , pleasa eye He a ended by t a t s . a crane , a de r or a or oi e the of t t is to t o old Yebisu , god in egri y (ﬁg ﬁ ) , a s u , j vial w is t pe rsonage with a inning s mile . He repres en ed holding a

— t - a ha t ﬁshin rod s . g , wi h a large sea bre m which he caugh Bisha mon the of t is r s t , god digni y epre en ed wearing t hi o t on wo s . s t arm ur, and rampling devil In righ hand he holds a s acred globe containing priceles s treasure s which he n o t gives to those fou d w r hy . ot the od t is s o t a H ei , g of magnanimi y (j Q h wn wi h a l rge a s a forehe d and an enormou abdomen . He carries a l rge bag t staff s s his t wi h a , and never lo e emper, however he may be

ridiculed . t the t t w Ben en , goddess of amiabili y (Q M) , is a beau iful oman t s t nt o s a o t of en repre en ed mou ed on a drag n . She wear cor ne in t is t s t t t t which here a whi e erpen , wi h a face resembling ha of a venerable old man . S U RG EO N - G E N ERA L BA R O N I S H IG U R O (ANECDOTE)

A certain Japanese nobleman ha d a son who was just old

B ut th t enough to become a soldier . e fa her did not want his

to t the t to t it At son en er Army, so he ried all means preven . last he thought of his friend Surgeon - General Baron Ishiguro

a t t t t the tm t who was ha ime head of medical depar en . He thought that perhaps the surgeon would us e his inﬂuence to

th to t enable e young man escape mili ary s ervice . So he sent his

’ steward to the Surgeon - General s house with a present of [ea ten obaslri o t t to s a t s , (dried b ni o) , and old him y, My mas er hope that you will show his son special favour in the medical t examina ion .

“T u t t to t the hen Baron Ishig ro heard his , he pre ended mis ake

meaning of what the steward s a id and t replied, Your mas er has indeed a

w it n ot noble mind . As you kno , is

I but the examining surgeon who ex

amines the young men but I will do

my bes t to ge t him to s how special

’ t o favour to your mas er s s n . And I

sincerely hope that he will have the

the t t honour of passing examina ion , and hus becoming a ” the t t t t a s t . defender of S a e , your pa rio ic mas er desires The steward thanked him and hurried away with a very red

face .

G E N ERA L M I U RA

(ANECDOTE)

—— When Miura Gor Owa s Commander in Chief of the Hiroshima l G a rrrson one o d s e on . , day his friend Shirai Ko uk called him

At t t G or O to out s o e box his ime happened be , Kosuk handed a of t th t o e s t a . GorO cake ervan and wen aw y When came back , the s ervant told him that his old friend had called during his

t a t f a o abs ence and lef s a pres en a box o c ke . When G re heard t t oo e st his, he remarked wi h a sigh, P r Kosuk He mu have

o t u o a s wa fallen ff a good deal . To hink of s ch a r wdy he s coming to my house like an old woman with a pres ent of cake

t t t o o Abou a mon h af erwards, however, a man fr m a neighb ur

’ ing cake s hop came to Mirn a s hous e and requested payment

s t t t s to his as t a nd for a box of cake . The ervan repor ed hi m er It i th e t s s e . s aid , cake which Mr Shirai Ko uk brough when

a t t It s t t it he called here l s mon h . eems ha he never paid for , t bu told them in the cake shop to s end the bill to you .

Gor O t a t s wa s t Well , remarked wi h no her igh, I mis aken t ” t Kos uké n ot so . abou . He has become foolish af er all

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