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Autarky and Lebensraum. the Political Agenda of Academic Plant Breeding in Nazi Germany[1]
Journal of History of Science and Technology | Vol.3 | Fall 2009 Autarky and Lebensraum. The political agenda of academic plant breeding in Nazi Germany[1] By Thomas Wieland * Introduction In a 1937 booklet entitled Die politischen Aufgaben der deutschen Pflanzenzüchtung (The Political Objectives of German Plant Breeding), academic plant breeder and director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (hereafter KWI) for Breeding Research in Müncheberg near Berlin Wilhelm Rudorf declared: “The task is to breed new crop varieties which guarantee the supply of food and the most important raw materials, fibers, oil, cellulose and so forth from German soils and within German climate regions. Moreover, plant breeding has the particular task of creating and improving crops that allow for a denser population of the whole Nordostraum and Ostraum [i.e., northeastern and eastern territories] as well as other border regions…”[2] This quote illustrates two important elements of National Socialist ideology: the concept of agricultural autarky and the concept of Lebensraum. The quest for agricultural autarky was a response to the hunger catastrophe of World War I that painfully demonstrated Germany’s dependence on agricultural imports and was considered to have significantly contributed to the German defeat in 1918. As Herbert Backe (1896–1947), who became state secretary in 1933 and shortly after de facto head of the German Ministry for Food and Agriculture, put it: “World War 1914–18 was not lost at the front-line but at home because the foodstuff industry of the Second Reich [i.e., the German Empire] had failed.”[3] The Nazi regime accordingly wanted to make sure that such a catastrophe would not reoccur in a next war. -
Wolfgang Stelbrink: Die Kreisleiter Der NSDAP in Westfalen Und Lippe
Die Kreisleiter der NSDAP in Westfalen und Lippe VERÖFFENTLICHUNGEN DER STAATLICHEN ARCHIVE DES LANDES NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN REIHE C: QUELLEN UND FORSCHUNGEN BAND 48 IM AUFTRAG DES MINISTERIUMS FÜR STÄDTEBAU UND WOHNEN, KULTUR UND SPORT HERAUSGEGEBEN VOM NORDRHEIN-WESTFÄLISCHEN STAATSARCHIV MÜNSTER Die Kreisleiter der NSDAP in Westfalen und Lippe Versuch einer Kollektivbiographie mit biographischem Anhang von Wolfgang Stelbrink Münster 2003 Wolfgang Stelbrink Die Kreisleiter der NSDAP in Westfalen und Lippe Versuch einer Kollektivbiographie mit biographischem Anhang Münster 2003 Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP Eigenaufnahme Die Kreisleiter der NSDAP in Westfalen und Lippe im Auftr. des Ministeriums für Städtebau und Wohnung, Kultur und Sport des Landes Nordrhein-West- falen hrsg. vom Nordrhein-Westfälischen Staatsarchiv Münster. Bearb. von Wolfgang Stelbrink - Münster: Nordrhein-Westfälischen Staatsarchiv Münster, 2003 (Veröffentlichung der staatlichen Archive des Landes Nordrein-Westfalen: Reihe C, Quellen und Forschung; Bd. 48) ISBN: 3–932892–14–3 © 2003 by Nordrhein-Westfälischen Staatsarchiv, Münster Alle Rechte an dieser Buchausgabe vorbehalten, insbesondere das Recht des Nachdruckes und der fotomechanischen Wiedergabe, auch auszugsweise, des öffentlichen Vortrages, der Übersetzung, der Übertragung, auch einzelner Teile, durch Rundfunk und Fernsehen sowie der Übertragung auf Datenträger. Druck: DIP-Digital-Print, Witten Satz: Peter Fröhlich, NRW Staatsarchiv Münster Vertrieb: Nordrhein-Westfälischen Staatsarchiv Münster, Bohlweg 2, 48147 -
Hitler's American Model
Hitler’s American Model The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law James Q. Whitman Princeton University Press Princeton and Oxford 1 Introduction This jurisprudence would suit us perfectly, with a single exception. Over there they have in mind, practically speaking, only coloreds and half-coloreds, which includes mestizos and mulattoes; but the Jews, who are also of interest to us, are not reckoned among the coloreds. —Roland Freisler, June 5, 1934 On June 5, 1934, about a year and a half after Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of the Reich, the leading lawyers of Nazi Germany gathered at a meeting to plan what would become the Nuremberg Laws, the notorious anti-Jewish legislation of the Nazi race regime. The meeting was chaired by Franz Gürtner, the Reich Minister of Justice, and attended by officials who in the coming years would play central roles in the persecution of Germany’s Jews. Among those present was Bernhard Lösener, one of the principal draftsmen of the Nuremberg Laws; and the terrifying Roland Freisler, later President of the Nazi People’s Court and a man whose name has endured as a byword for twentieth-century judicial savagery. The meeting was an important one, and a stenographer was present to record a verbatim transcript, to be preserved by the ever-diligent Nazi bureaucracy as a record of a crucial moment in the creation of the new race regime. That transcript reveals the startling fact that is my point of departure in this study: the meeting involved detailed and lengthy discussions of the law of the United States. -
3) KONTROLLE UND EINSCHÜCHTERUNG Mag
1 WAIDHOFEN 1938 - 1945 3) KONTROLLE UND EINSCHÜCHTERUNG Mag. Walter Zambal INHALT: 1) DIE MACHTÜBERNAHME DURCH DIE NSDAP 2) DIE TOTALE ERFASSUNG DER BEVÖLKERUNG 3) DENUNZIATIONEN 4) DER „BOTE VON DER YBBS“ ALS INSTRUMENT DER EINSCHÜCHTERUNG 5) DIE VERSCHÄRFUNG DER SITUATION GEGEN ENDE DES KRIEGES 6) LITERATUR- UND QUELLENVERZEICHNIS 7) ANHANG 1) DIE MACHTÜBERNAHME DURCH DIE NSDAP Nach dem Anschluss wird die Einheitspartei des Ständestaates, die „Vaterländische Front“ sofort aufgelöst. Als nunmehr einzige Partei ist die NSDAP (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) mit ihren Gliederungen und angeschlossenen Verbänden zugelassen. Aber bereits vor dem Anschluss gibt es in Waidhofen 271 „organisierte Parteigenossen“, wie aus einem Artikel im „Boten“ vom 25.März 1938 hervorgeht: ► „Die ‚paar jugendlichen Unentwegten’, wie es immer hieß, umfaßten in unserer Stadt die stattliche Zahl von 271 organisierten Parteigenossen, davon in der SS 33, SA 106, NSKK 44, PO 106, HJ 88, BDM 24, NSF 50.“1 Noch im Juni 1938 kommt es zu einer „Vergeltungsaktion“ die gegen die Vertreter des Ständestaates gerichtet ist: ► Inspektor Pitzel berichtet über Vergeltungsmaßnahmen der SA im Juni 1938: „Im Juni inszenierte die SA eines Abends schlagartig eine sogenannte Vergeltungsaktion, bei der ihr mißliebige Gegner, hauptsächlich solche, welche in den ehemaligen Wehrformationen sich hervorgetan hatten, aus den Wohnungen geholt und zur Polizeidienststelle gebracht wurden. Dort hatte sich eine große Menschenmenge angesammelt, die an den Vorgängen anscheinend Gefallen fand. Mehrere der unrechtmäßig Festgenommenen wurden insultiert, einige nicht unerheblich verletzt.“2 Diese Vorfälle werden auch im Situationsbericht des Landrats des Kreises Amstetten an die Gestapo Wien vom 1.7.1938 erwähnt: „Der Monat Juni (1938) ist im Bezirke im allgemeinen politisch vollkommen ruhig verlaufen. -
The Buildup of the German War Economy: the Importance of the Nazi-Soviet Economic Agreements of 1939 and 1940 by Samantha Carl I
The Buildup of the German War Economy: The Importance of the Nazi-Soviet Economic Agreements of 1939 and 1940 By Samantha Carl INTRODUCTION German-Soviet relations in the early half of the twentieth century have been marked by periods of rapprochement followed by increasing tensions. After World War I, where the nations fought on opposite sides, Germany and the Soviet Union focused on their respective domestic problems and tensions began to ease. During the 1920s, Germany and the Soviet Union moved toward normal relations with the signing of the Treaty of Rapallo in 1922.(1) Tensions were once again apparent after 1933, when Adolf Hitler gained power in Germany. Using propaganda and anti-Bolshevik rhetoric, Hitler depicted the Soviet Union as Germany's true enemy.(2) Despite the animosity between the two nations, the benefits of trade enabled them to maintain economic relations throughout the inter-war period. It was this very relationship that paved the way for the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939 and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. Nazi-Soviet relations on the eve of the war were vital to the war movement of each respective nation. In essence, the conclusion of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact on August 23, 1939 allowed Germany to augment its war effort while diminishing the Soviet fear of a German invasion.(3) The betterment of relations was a carefully planned program in which Hitler sought to achieve two important goals. First, he sought to prevent a two-front war from developing upon the invasion of Poland. Second, he sought to gain valuable raw materials that were necessary for the war movement.(4) The only way to meet these goals was to pursue the completion of two pacts with the Soviet Union: an economic agreement as well as a political one. -
GURPS WWII Classic: Iron Cross
Additional Material by Hans-Christian Vortisch Lead Playtester John L. Freiler Edited by Steve Jackson with Loren Wiseman Playtesters GURPS System Design ≈ Steve Jackson Michele Armellini, Managing Editor Andrew Hackard Thomas L Bont, ≈ Brandon Cope, GURPS Line Editor µ Sean Punch GURPS WWII Line Editor Gene Seabolt Peter V. Dell’Orto, ≈ Shawn Fisher, Project Administrator ≈ Monique Chapman Martin Heidemann, Design and Production ≈ Gene Seabolt Erik Manders, Print Buyer ≈ Monica Stephens Phil Masters, GURPS Errata Coordinator ≈ Andy Vetromile Kenneth Peters, and Sales Manager µ Ross Jepson Robert Prior. GURPS, Warehouse 23, and the all-seeing pyramid are registered trademarks of Steve Jackson Games Incorporated. WWII, Pyramid, and the names of all products published by Steve Jackson Games Incorporated are registered trademarks or trademarks of Steve Jackson Games Incorporated, or used under license. GURPS WWII: Iron Cross is copyright © 2002 by Steve Jackson Games Incorporated. All rights reserved. Some art based on photographs copyright www.arttoday.com. Some art based on photographs from the National Archives and Records Administration. ISBN 1-55634-593-3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 STEVE JACKSON GAMES CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 4 Hausfrau . 51 About the Author . 4 MAJOR PERSONALITIES . 52 About GURPS . 4 The Generals . 55 1. GERMANY 4. THE GERMAN AT WAR . 5 ARMORY . 56 RINGED BY RIVALS . 6 PERSONAL GEAR . 57 THE FORGING FLAMES . 7 SMALL ARMS . 60 THE WEIMAR YEARS . 8 German Small Arms Table . 60 The Nazis Form Ranks . 8 Weapon Descriptions . 62 False Watershed . 9 VEHICLE DESIGN . 65 BIRTH OF THE THIRD REICH . 10 NEW CHASSIS OPTIONS . 65 Hitler Ascendant . -
Unit I Spiral Exam – World War II (75 Points Total) PLEASE DO NO
Mr. Huesken 10th Grade United States History II Unit I Spiral Exam – World War II (75 points total) PLEASE DO NO WRITE ON THIS TEST DIRECTIONS – Please answer the following multiple-choice questions with the best possible answer. No answer will be used more than once. (45 questions @ 1 point each = 45 points) 1) All of the following were leaders of totalitarian governments in the 1930’s and 1940’s except: a. Joseph Stalin b. Francisco Franco. c. Benito Mussolini d. Neville Chamberlain. 2) In what country was the Fascist party and government formed? a. Italy b. Japan c. Spain d. Germany 3) The Battle of Britain forced Germany to do what to their war plans in Europe in 1942? a. Join the Axis powers. b. Fight a three-front war. c. Put off the invasion of Britain. d. Enter into a nonaggression pact with Britain. 4) The Nazis practiced genocide toward Jews, Gypsies, and other “undesirable” peoples in Europe. What does the term “genocide” mean? a. Acting out of anti-Semitic beliefs. b. Deliberate extermination of a specific group of people. c. Terrorizing of the citizens of a nation by a government. d. Killing of people for the express purpose of creating terror. 5) The term “blitzkrieg” was a military strategy that depended on what? a. A system of fortifications. b. Out-waiting the opponent. c. Surprise and quick, overwhelming force. d. The ability to make a long, steady advance. 6) In an effort to avoid a second “world war”, when did the Britain and France adopt a policy of appeasement toward Germany? a. -
National Socialism
National Socialism (Nazism; NS), German political movement led by Adolf Hitler. The notion of combining the concepts of "national" and "social" became popular in Germany before World War I. In 1919 an antisemitic right-wing political party called the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) was founded in Munich; this party adopted the combined "national-social" ideology. In 1920 the party added "National Socialist" to its name and thus became the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP or Nazi Party). A year later Adolf Hitler, a man who started out as a public speaker for the party, became its undisputed leader, or Fuehrer. The National Socialist ideology was an outgrowth of earlier political theories that also gave birth to fascism--- a political movement that became popular in Italy some years before the Nazis took over Germany. Nazism brought together the ideas of racial anti-semitism (that Jews were inferior by virtue of their race, or genetic makeup), Social Darwinism (that certain individuals or ethnic groups are dominant because of their inherent genetic superiority), and lebensraum (the belief that Germans needed more "living space," i.e. more territory, particularly in Eastern Europe). Nazism also embraced the attitude of total anti-Bolshevism, and demanded revenge against those people--- especially Jews---who, they claimed, had "betrayed" Germany during World War I and caused it to be vanquished by the enemy (see also stab in the back myth). During its first three years of existence, the Nazi Party was mainly active in Bavaria. However, its members used emotional appeals and violence to attract many new members. -
AKNZ – Jahresprogramm 2021
Jahresprogramm 2021 Akademie für Krisenmanagement, Notfallplanung und Zivilschutz (AKNZ) sbildun u g A BBK. Gemeinsam handeln. Sicher leben. 2021 Jahresprogramm 2021 Akademie für Krisenmanagement, Notfallplanung und Zivilschutz (AKNZ) BBK online 4 • VORWORT Vorwort zum Jahresprogramm 2021 Der Schwarze Schwan * Deutscher Bundestag – 17. Wahlperiode, Drucksache 17/12051, 03.01.2013: Bericht zur Risi- koanalyse im Bevölkerungsschutz 2012, Anhang 4, Ergebnis Risikoanalyse „Pandemie durch Virus Modi-SARS“ 11. März 2020 der Generaldirektor der WHO, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus erklärt COVID 19 zum Ausbruch einer Pandemie der Coronavirus-Krankheit * (vgl. http://www.euro.who.int/de/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19) Wir haben im Risiko- und Krisenmanagement oftmals kein Defizit an Wissen und Erkennt- nissen sondern vielmehr ein Defizit an notwendiger Handlungskompetenz, die dem Wissen und der Erkenntnis Handlungen folgen lässt! Wir haben die enormen Auswirkungen der realen Corona-Pandemie mit ihrem Ausbruch in 2020 unmittelbar und weltweit vor Augen und erleben Sie immer noch. Die Corona-Pandemie hat uns und wir haben durch die getroffenen Maßnahmen der Bewälti- gung der Krise die Welt verändert. Welche Rolle spielt die Bildung im Bevölkerungsschutz in Hinblick auf solche „Schwarzen Schwäne“ des Krisen managements. Hier zitiere ich gerne aus der Bildungsstrategie und dem Pädagogischen Konzept der AKNZ. Bildung ist als Katastrophenvorsorge eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für einen effektiven und effizienten Bevölkerungsschutz. -
Why the SPD Exiles in Scandinavia Failed to Persuade the Post-1945 SPD to Adopt the Ideas and Ideals of the Scandinavian Social Democrats
Why the SPD exiles in Scandinavia failed to persuade the post-1945 SPD to adopt the ideas and ideals of the Scandinavian Social Democrats. The SPD exiles and the Scandinavian Social Democrats in the period 1933-1956. Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” by AMI VATURY Submitted to the Senate of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev 30 of August 2004 Beer-Sheva Why the SPD exiles in Scandinavia failed to persuade the post-1945 SPD to adopt the ideas and ideals of the Scandinavian Social Democrats. The SPD exiles and the Scandinavian Social Democrats in the period 1933-1956. Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” by AMI VATURY Submitted to the Senate of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Approved by the advisor Approved by the Dean of the Kreitman School of Advanced Graduate Studies 30 of August 2004 Beer-Sheva This work was carried out under the Supervision of Professor Frank Stern In the Department of History Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Table of Content Introduction Chapter A: The aims of the research, the existing scholarship in this area, 1 the nature of the sources and the structure of the dissertation. Chapter B: The development of SPD ‘pragmatism’ and Swedish Social 7 Democratic ‘reformism’ up to 1914. Chapter C: The development of the Swedish Social Democrats ‘Functional 19 Socialism’ from 1914 to 1956, and main similarities with the Danish and Norwegian Social Democratic parties. Part 1- Good Cooperation but only Limited Influence (The SPD Exiles and the Scandinavian Social Democrats up to 1940) Chapter 1.1: SPD ‘party ideology’ from 1920 to 1933 compared to the ‘party 40 Ideology’ of the Scandinavian Social Democrats; the role played by the most senior SPD exiles in Scandinavia (Fritz Tarnow and Kurt Heinig) during this period and their views regarding the ‘Weimar SPD party ideology’. -
3. Nazism & the Rise of Hitler 3. the Nazi Worldview 3.1 Establishment
Class: IX Subject: History Week- 26 (4th January- 9th January) Name of Textbook: India and the Contemporary World- I Chapter: 3. Nazism & the Rise of Hitler Day 1 Step I Read the following topic from textbook (page 61-62) 3. The Nazi Worldview 3.1 Establishment of Racial State Watch the following video on Nazi world view- https://youtu.be/Nd2b03O21RY Step II Learn the same topic in the following part of Extramarks app: Detailed learning- Understanding concept Step III Clear your doubts (if any) with your subject teacher (Please check name and ph. number from school website) Step IV Revise the topic with the help of the following bullet points: 3. The Nazi World View • Nazi crimes associated with a system of belief and practices. • In social hierarchy, Nordic German Aryans were at the top. • The Jews at the lowest were regarded as enemies of the Aryans. • Hitler’s racial idea borrowed from Charles Darwin’s concept of evolution and Herbert Spencer’s theory of survival of the fittest. • Aryan race to dominate the world as it is the finest, strongest and purest race. • New territories to be acquired for settlement and enhancement of material resources & power of the German nation. 3.1 Establishment of Racial State • Pure Germans were considered as desirable in Hitler’s Nazi society. • Impure and abnormal were considered as undesirable & were killed. • Jews, Gypsies and blacks were persecuted as undesirable. Russians and Polish were considered as subhuman and used as slave labour. • Hatred for Jews based on traditional Christian hostility as killers of Christ and greedy moneylenders. -
Baron Von Ungarn Nach Auschwitz.Pdf
Sándor Szenes: geb. 1924 in Budapest, hat die Deportationen 1944 miterlebt. Er wurde nach Dachau verschleppt, ins KZ Landsberg verlegt und dort von amerikanischen Soldaten befreit. Studium der Geschichte und Politikwissenschaft, Arbeit als Journalist für Zeitungen und den ungarischen Rundfunk. Aufsätze über das Schicksal der ungarischen Juden im II. Weltkrieg; sein Buch über dieses Thema (Befejezetlen múlt), dessen Veröffentlichung lange durch die Behörden verhindert wurde, erschien 1986. Frank Baron, geb. 1936 in Budapest, 1947 Emigration in die USA, seit 1954 amerikanischer Staatsbürger. Studium der Geschichte und Germanistik, heute Professor an der Universität Kansas (germanistisches Seminar). Forschungsgebiete: Literatur und Literaturgeschichte in der Renaissancezeit sowie im 20. Jahrhundert. Veröffentlichungen über Peter Luder, Stephan Hoest, Joachim Camerarius, Faust; Zeitschriftenartikel über Paracelsus, Rilke, Hesse, Thomas Mann, Albert Bloch und zur ungarischen Literaturgeschichte. Sándor Szenes und Frank Baron Von Ungarn nach Auschwitz Die verschwiegene Warnung Westfälisches Dampfboot Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP Einheitsaufnahme Szenes, Sándor: Von Ungarn nach Auschwitz: die verschwiegene Warnung / Frank Baron und Sándor Szenes. - 1. Aufl. - Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1994 ISBN 3-924550-98-0 Ne: Baron, Frank: 1. Auflage Münster 1994 © Verlag Westfälisches Dampfboot Alle Rechte vorbehalten Umschlag: Egbert Lütke-Fahle Druck: Druckwerkstatt Hafen GmbH, Münster ISBN 3-924550-98-0 Inhalt Frank Baron: Vorwort 7 Einleitung 9 Sándor Szenes: Warnung und Schweigen in Budapest (Interviews) 51 I. József Éliás 55 II. Mária Székely 67 III. András Zakar 75 IV. Sándor Török 85 Anhang Frank Baron: Früheste Berichte über Auschwitz und die Deportationen 99 I. Rudolf Vrba und Alfred Wetzler 107 II. Czeslaw Mordowicz und Arnost Rosin 153 III. Der "polnische Major" 163 IV.