Tran - 1 Latin II – 2017-2018 Summer Review Packet Salvēte, discipulī optimī! This packet summarizes the grammar, vocabulary, and classical civilization topics mastered in Latin I. You are NOT required to complete anything at this time, but keep in mind that there will be brief review unit and a review test to begin our school year in September. If you would like to stay on top of your vocabulary, grammar, or classical civilization knowledge, you can use this packet to review at your leisure.
Multās gratiās vobis agō et habēte aestatem optimam (have a wonderful summer!)
****************************************************************************************** 1. Stage 0-11 Vocabulary 2. Casus et Usus a. Nominativus (subjects and predicates) b. Genitivus (possession – of, ’s/ s’) c. Dativus (indirect objects – to/for, with special verbs – credō, faveō, placeō) d. Accusativus (direct objects – what is being verbed?, place to where, obj. of prepositions) e. Ablativus (accompaniment, manner, means/instrument, obj. of prep., place fr. where, place where) f. Vocativus (direct address – usu. seen with commas) 3. Declensions (including Adjective-Noun Agreement) a. 1st Declension (usu. feminine) - e.g. via, viae (f) b. 2nd Declension (usu. masculine) - e.g. dominus, dominī (m) c. 2nd Declension (neuter) - e.g. vīnum, vīnī (n) d. 3rd Declension (m/f) - e.g. senex, senis (m) e. 3rd Declension (neuter) - e.g. nōmen, nōminis (n) 4. Verb Forms a. Identifying Conjugations of Verbs i. 1st Conjugation - e.g. amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum ii. 2nd Conjugation - e.g. habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum iii. 3rd Conjugation - e.g. petō, petere, petivī, petitum iv. 3rd –io Conjugation - e.g. capiō, capere, cepī, captum v. 4th Conjugation - e.g. audiō, audīre, audivī, auditum b. Conjugation in the Following Tenses i. Present (verb, am/are/is verbing, do(es) verb) ii. Imperfect (was/were verbing, kept on verbing, used to verb) iii. Future (will/shall verb) iv. Perfect (verbed, has/have verbed) c. Modus Imperativus (positive and negative, singular and plural) – including irregular forms d. Irregular Verbs (and compounds) i. sum, esse, fuī, futurum be, exist ii. ferō, ferre, tulī, latum carry, bear; suffer, endure iii. eō, īre, i(v) ī, itum go 5. Personal Pronouns (1st and 2nd singular and plural) a. sg: ego, meī, mihi, mē, mē plural: nōs, nostrum/nostrī, nōbis, nōs, nōbis b. sg: tu, tuī, tibi, tē, tē plural: vōs, vestrum/vestrī, vōbis, vōs, vōbis Tran - 2 6. Prepositions (see below) 7. Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs a. positive -e.g. laetus, -a, -um/laete happy/happily b. comparative -e.g. laetior, laetius/laetius happier/more happily c. superlative -e.g. laetissimus, -a, -um/laetissime very happy, happiest/very or most happily 8. Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers (1-10, 100, 1000; 1st-10th, 100th, 1000th) 9. Classical Civilization (see pages 12-13 of this packet)
NOMINA/PRONOMINA aedile, aedilis (m) fūr, fūris (m) puella, -ae (f) agricola, -ae (m) gēns, gēntis (f) puer, puerī (m) amīcus, -ī (m) gladius, -i (m) pugna, -ae (f) ancilla, -ae (f) homō, hominis (m) qui, quae, quod (nom. sg only) ānulus, -ī (m) hospes, hospitis (m) res, reī (f) aqua, -ae (f) hostis, hostis (m) sanguis, sanguinis (m) argentārius, -ī (m) iānua, -ae (f) scaena, -ae (f) ater, patris (m) imperium, -i (n) senātor, senātoris (m) athlēta, -ae (m) īnfāns, īnfāntis (m/f) senex, senis (m) avārus, -ī (m) inimīcus, -ī (m) sententia, -ae (f) basilica, -ae (f) insula, -ae (f) servus, - ī (m) canis, -is (m) iūdex, iūdicis (m) signum, signī (n) caput, capitis (n) iuvenis, iuvenis (m/f) silva, -ae (f) cena, -ae (f) lectus, -ī (m) soror, sororis (f) centurio, centurionis (m) leō, leōnis (m) spectāculum, -ī (n) cēra, -ae (f) liber, libri (m) stola, -ae (f) cibus, -ī (m) māter, mātris (f) taberna, -ae (f) cīvis, cīvis (m) mendāx, mendācis (m) tablīnum, -ī (n) clāmor, clāmoris (m) mēnsa, -ae (f) theatrum, -ī (n) coquus, -ī (m) mercātor, mercātoris (m) thermae, -arum (f. plural) deus, -ī (m) murus, -i (m) toga, -ae (f) diēs nātālis (m) nauta, -ae (m) turba, -ae (f) diēs, dieī (m) nāvis, nāvis (f) umbra, -ae (f) domina, -ae (f) negōtium, negōtiī (n) urbs, urbis (f) dominus, -ī (m) nihil (does not decline) uxor, uxoris (f) dōnum, -ī (n) nōmen, nōminis (n) vēnātiō, vēnātionis (f) eius (genitive singular only) nuntius, nuntiī (m) via, -ae (f) eum (masculine sg accusative) palaestra, -ae (f) vicini, vicinorum (m pl) fābula, -ae (f) pāx, pācis (f) villa, -ae (f) fēmina, -ae (f) pecūnia, -ae (f) vīnum, -ī (n) fīlia, -ae (f) pēs, pedis (m) vir, virī (m) fīlius, -ī (m) poēta, -ae (m) forum, -ī (n) porta, -ae (f) frāter, frātris (m) portus, -ūs (m)
VERBA INTERROGATIVA cūr? quī? quō modō? quot? num? quid? quō? ubi? quem? quis? quōs? unde?
Tran - 3 ADIECTIVA acer, acris, acre liber, libera, liberum Pompēiānus, -a, -um albus, -a, -um liberalis, liberale probus, -a, -um bonus, -a, -um magnus, -a, -um proximus, -a, -um callidus, -a, -um malus, -a, -um pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum candidus, -a, -um medius, -a, -um Romanus, -a, -um cautus, -a, -um meus, -a, -um sapiens, sapientis celer, celeris, celere miser, misera, miserum sollicitus, -a, -um difficilis, difficile mortuus, -a, -um solus, -a, -um facilis, facile multī, -ae, -a stultus, -a, -um ferōx, ferōcis multus, -a, -um suus, -a, -um (reflexive 3rd fortis, forte noster, nostra, nostrum person possessive) Graecus, -a, -um notus, -a, -um tacitus, -a, -um ignāvus, -a, -um occupātus, -a, -um timidus, -a, -um imus, -a, -um omnis, omne tōtus, -a, -um ingēns, ingēntis optimus, -a, -um trīstis, triste intentus, -a, -um paratus, -a, -um tuus, -a, -um īrātus, -a, -um parvus, -a, -um utilis, utile iūcundus, -a, -um perīculōsus, -a, -um vehemens, vehementis laetus, -a, -um perterritus, -a, -um vester, vestra, vestrum
ADVERBIA, CONIUNCTIONES, INTERIECTIONES, ETC antequam hodiē sed aut ibi semper aut...aut... (correlative) iterum statim celeriter mox suāviter comparative + quam nōn subitō crās numquam tamen diu nunc tum/tunc ecce! ōlim valdē ēheu! paulīsper vehementer et postquam -ne et...et... (correlative) quam (+ADJ/ADV) -que euge! quod negōtium agere ferōciter quoque mihi placet fortiter rursus fābulam agere hercle! saepe herī satis (+GEN)
PRAEPOSITIONES ad (+ACC) inter (+ACC) ā/ab (+ABL) prō (+ABL) ante (+ACC) per (+ACC) cum (+ABL) sine (+ABL) circum (+ACC) post (+ACC) dē (+ABL) sub (+ABL) contra (+ACC) prope (+ACC) ē/ex (+ABL) in (+ACC) trans (+ACC) in (+ABL)
Tran - 4 VERBA abeō, abire, abi(v) ī, abitum labōrō, labōrāre, labōrāvī, labōrātum absum, abesse, afuī, afuturum lacrimō (1) accipiō, accipere, accepī, acceptum laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfuturum legō, legere, lēgī, lectum agitō (1) maneō, manēre, mansī, mansum agnōscō, agnōscere, agnōvī, agnōtum mittō, mittere, misī, missum agō, agere, ēgī, āctum narrō (1) ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātum necō (1) amittō, amittere, amisī, amissum nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum numerō, numerāre, numerāvī, numerātum bibō, bibere, bibī, ----- nuntiō (1) cantō, cantāre, cantāvī, cantātum obeō, obīre, obi(v)ī, obitum capiō, capere, cepī, captum offero, offerre, obtulī, oblatum cenō (1) ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentum/ostensum cēnō, cēnāre, cēnāvī, cēnātum parō (1) circumspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātum petō, petere, petīvī, petītum clāmō, clāmāre, clāmāvī, clāmātum placeō, placēre, placuī, placitum (+DAT) conspiciō, conspicere, conspexī, conspectum plaudō, plaudere, plausī, plausum cōnsūmō, cōnsūmere, cōnsūmpsī, cōnsūmptum portō, portāre, portāvī, portātum contendō, contendere, contendī, contentum postulō (1) conveniō, convenīre, convēnī, conventum procedō, procedere, procedī, processum crēdō, credere, credidī, creditum (+DAT) prōmittō, prōmittere, prōmisī, prōmissum cupiō, cupere, cupivī, cupitum pugnō (1) curō, curāre, curāvī, curātum pulsō, pulsāre, pulsāvī, pulsātum currō, currere, cucurrī, cursum quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītum dicō, dicere, dixī, dictum rapiō, rapere, rapuī, raptum discō, discere, didicī, ---- recumbō, recumbere, recubuī, recubitum dō, dāre, dedī, dātum reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum doceō, docere, docuī, doctum respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsum dormiō, dormīre, dormīvī, dormītum reveniō, revenīre, revenī, reventum ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum rīdeō, rīdēre, rīsī, rīsum ēmittō, ēmittere, ēmisī, ēmissum rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum emō, emere, emī, emptum salūtō, salūtāre, salūtāvī, salūtātum eō, īre, ī(v)ī, itum scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum exclamō, exclamāre, exclamāvī, exclamātum sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessum exeō, exīre, exī(v)ī, exitum servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum exspectō, exspectāre, exspectāvī, exspectātum spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātum faveō, favēre, favī, fautum (+DAT) stō, stāre, stetī, stātum ferō, ferre, tulī, latum sum, esse, fuī, futurum festinō, festināre , festināvī, festinātum superō, superāre, superāvī, superātum gustō, gustāre, gustāvī, gustātum surgō, surgere, surrēxī, surrēctum habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum taceō, tacere, tacuī, tacitum habitō (1) terreō, terrēre, terruī, territum incitō (1) tradō, tradere, tradidī, traditum inquit (3rd person singular, present tense form) vēndō, vēndere, vēndidī, vēnditum īnspiciō, īnspicere, īnspexī, īnspectum veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum intellegō, intellegere, intellexī, intellectum verberō (1) intrō, intrāre, intrāvī, intrātum videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum inveniō, invenīre, invenī, inventum vituperō, vituperāre, vituperāvī, vituperātum invītō (1) vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum Tran - 5
CASES AND USAGES CHART NOMINATIVE subject (performs the action) predicate (renames the subject; X is Y) GENITIVE possession (of X, X’s) DATIVE indirect object (to/for XYZ) with special verbs (credere, favēre, placēre) ACCUSATIVE direct objects (what is being verbed) objects of prepositions (ante, per, post, prope, etc.) place to where (ad, in) ABLATIVE accompaniment (always uses cum) manner (sometimes uses cum) means/instrument (never uses cum/prepositions) objects of prepositions (dē, prō, sine, etc.) place where (in) place from where (ā/ab, ē/ex) VOCATIVE direct address (talking to somebody)
PRONOMINA LATINA 1st person 2nd person (singular: I/me, plural: we/us) (singular: you, plural: y’all) ego nōs tū vōs meī nostrum/-ī tuī vestrum/-ī mihi nōbīs tibi vōbīs mē nōs tē vōs mē* nōbīs* tē* vōbīs*
*When expressing accompaniment using cum (“with”), certain pronouns treat the preposition as a suffix that attaches to the end of their ablative forms:
with me = mēcum with you = tēcum with us = nōbīscum with y’all = vōbīscum Tran - 6 DECLINATIONES (PRIMA – TERTIA) Nouns belong to different declensions which dictate what endings they have for the different cases: 1st Declension (primarily feminine words) -a -ae -ae -ārum -ae -īs -am -ās -ā -īs
2nd Declension (primarily masculine) 2nd Declension (neuter)
-us/-r -ī -um -a
-ī -ōrum -ī -ōrum
-ō -īs -ō -īs
-um -ōs -um -a
-ō -īs -ō -īs
3rd Declension (m/f) 3rd Declension (neuter) ---- -ēs ---- -a -is -um -is -um -ī -ibus -ī -ibus -em -ēs ---- -a -e -ibus -e -ibus
Tran - 7 IDENTIFYING THE CONJUGATION OF A VERB Regular verbs belong to specific conjugations patterns (and rules) identifiable by looking at their principal parts: 1st Conjugation laudō, laudāre infinitive ends in –āre
2nd Conjugation sedeō, sedēre first principal part ends in –eō infinitive ends in –ēre 3rd Conjugation tradō, tradere first principal part ends in –ō (not –iō) infinitive ends in –ere 3rd –io Conjugation capiō, capere first principal part ends in –iō infinitive ends in –ere 4th Conjugation audiō, audīre first principal part ends in –iō infinitive ends in –īre
NUMERI CARDINALES 1- unus 7 – septem 2 – duo 8 – octo 3 – tres 9 – novem 4 – quattuor 10 – decem 5 – quinque 100 – centum 6 – sex 1,000 – mille
NUMERI ORDINALES 1st – primus, -a, -um 7th - septimus, -a, -um 2nd – secundus, -a, -um 8th - octavus, -a, -um 3rd – tertius, -a, -um 9th - nonus, -a, -um 4th – quartus, -a, -um 10th - decimus, -a, -um 5th – quintus, -a, -um 100th – cente(n)simus, -a, -um 6th – sextus, -a, -um 1000th – mille(n)simus, -a, -um
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE vehemens, vehementis vehementior, vehementius vehementissimus, -a, -um violent more violent, very violent, somewhat violent most violent rather/too violent vehementer vehementius vehementissime violently more violently very violently somewhat violently most violently rather/too violently Tran - 8 CONIUGATIONES VERBORUM (OMNES) The irregular verb sum and its compounds will have irregular forms in the present, imperfect, and future tenses. sum, esse, fui, futurum: to be, exist PRESENT TENSE IMPERFECT TENSE FUTURE TENSE sum sumus eram eramus ero erimus
es estis eras eratis eris eritis
est sunt erat erant erit erunt
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The verb fero and its compounds act as 3rd conjugation verbs with irregular forms in the PRESENT tense only. fero, ferre, tuli, latum: to carry, bring, bear, endure PRESENT TENSE ferō ferimus
fers fertis
fert ferunt
The positive imperative forms of fero and its compounds are also irregular: singular: fer! plural: ferte!
______
The irregular verb eo and its compounds will have irregular forms in the present, imperfect, and future tenses. eo, ire, i(v)i, itum PRESENT TENSE IMPERFECT TENSE FUTURE TENSE eō imus ibam ibamus ibo ibimus
is itis ibas ibatis ibis ibitis
it eunt ibat ibant ibit ibunt
Tran - 9 PRESENT TENSE: “verb, am/are/is verbing, do/does verb” 1st principal part: STEM + VOWEL(S) + ENDING
VOWELS: -ō, (-m) -mus 1st conjugation: -a- 2nd conjugation: -e- -s -tis 3rd conjugation: -i then -u 3rd –io and 4th conjugation: -i then -iu -t -nt IMPERFECT TENSE: “was/were verbing, kept on verbing, used to verb” 1st principal part : STEM + VOWEL(S) + ENDING -bam -bamus VOWELS: 1st conjugation: -ā- -bas -batis 2nd and 3rd conjugation: -ē- 3rd –io and 4th conjugation: -iē- -bat -bant
FUTURE TENSE (1st & 2nd conjugations): “will/shall verb” 1st principal part: STEM + VOWEL + ENDING -bo -bimus VOWELS: 1st conjugation: -ā- -bis -bitis 2nd conjugation: -ē- -bit -bunt
FUTURE TENSE (3rd, 3rd –io, and 4th conjugations): “will/shall verb” 1st principal part: STEM + [VOWEL + ENDING] -am -emus VOWELS: 1st person singular: -a- -es -etis All Other Forms: -e- -et -ent
------PERFECT TENSE: “has/have verbed, verbed, did verb” 3rd principal part: STEM (subtract the –i) + ENDING -ī -imus
-istī -istis
-it -ērunt
N.B. The irregular verbs on the previous page will conjugate regularly in the perfect tense : )
Tran - 10 VERB FORMS - EXEMPLA
Present Tense (I verb, am/are/is verbing, do/does verb)
1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 3rd -io 4th Conjugation laudō laudāmus sedeō sedēmus tradō tradimus cupiō cupimus audiō audīmus laudās laudātis sedēs sedētis tradis traditis cupis cupitis audīs audītis laudat laudant sedet sedent tradit tradunt cupit cupiunt audit audiunt
Imperatives (+) – “Verb!” laudā! laudāte! sedē! sedēte! trade! tradite! cupe! cupite! audī! audīte!
Imperatives (-) – “Don’t verb!” nōlī laudāre! nōlī sedēre! nōlī tradere! nōlī cupere! nōlī audīre! nōlīte laudāre! nōlīte sedēre! nōlīte tradere! nōlīte cupere! nōlīte audīre!
Imperfect Tense (was/were verbing, kept on verbing, used to verb) laudābam laudābāmus sedēbam sedēbāmus tradēbam tradēbāmus laudābās laudābātis sedēbās sedēbātis tradēbās tradēbātis laudābat laudābant sedēbat sedēbant tradēbat tradēbant
cupiēbam cupiēbāmus audiēbam audiēbāmus cupiēbās cupiēbātis audiēbās audiēbātis cupiēbat cupiēbant audiēbat audiēbant
Future Tense (will verb) “-bo, -bi, -bu for 1 and 2, “a” then “e” for 4 and 3) laudābō laudābimus sedēbō sedēbimus tradam tradēmus laudābis laudābitis sedēbis sedēbitis tradēs tradētis laudābit laudābunt sedēbit sedēbunt tradet tradent
cupiam cupiēmus audiam audiēmus cupiēs cupiētis audiēs audiētis cupiet cupient audiet audient
Perfect Tense (verbed, has/have verbed) – same for all verbs (including sum and compounds) (form your stem from the 3rd principal part of the verb) laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus sum, esse, fuī, futurum
laudāvī laudāvimus fuī fuimus laudāvistī laudāvistis fuistī fuistis laudāvit laudāvērunt fuit fuērunt
Tran - 11
IMPERATIVUS MODUS + (SINGULARIS) + (PLURALIS) – (SINGULARIS) – (PLURALIS)
1. Take the second 1. Take the singular positive 1. Give the singular imperative of nōlō: 1. Give the plural imperative of nōlō: principal part (present imperative (to the left). nōlī nōlīte. active infinitive). 2. If the verb is 3rd or 3rd –io 2. Add a complementary infinitive 2. Add a complementary infinitive 2. Drop the letters –re. conjugation, change the (the second principal part). (the second principal part). –e to an –i. 3. Add the letters –te.
N.B. The verbs, ducere, dicere, facere, and ferre have irregular imperatives: “Duc, Dic, Fac, and Fer have an “e” that isn’t there”
+ (SINGULARIS) + (PLURALIS) – (SINGULARIS) – (PLURALIS) ambulō, ambulā! ambulāte! nōlī ambulāre! nōlīte ambulāre! ambulāre walk! walk (plural)! Don’t walk! Don’t walk (plural)! rideō, ridē! ridēte! nōlī ridēre! nōlīte ridēre! ridēre laugh! laugh (plural)! Don’t laugh! Don’t laugh (plural)! petō, pete! petite! nōlī petere! nōlīte petere! petere seek! seek (plural)! Don’t seek! Don’t seek (plural)! fugiō, fuge! fugite! nōlī fugere! nōlīte fugere! fugere flee! flee (plural)! Don’t flee! Don’t flee (plural)! veniō, venī! venīte! nōlī venīre! nōlīte venīre! venīre come! come (plural)! Don’t come! Don’t come (plural)! Tran - 12
MISCELLANEOUS CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION TERMS
MOTTOES, QUOTATIONS, ABBREVIATIONS, EXPRESSIONS Salvē!/Salvēte! Ignoscē mihi. S. P. Q. R. (Roman Senate) Valē!/Valēte! Me paenitet. e pluribus unum (USA) Nōmen mihi est... Gratiās tibi/vobis agō. annuit coeptis (USA) Quid agis?/Quōmodo tē habēs? Ita vēro. novus ordo seclorum (USA) Bene! Minimē. semper fidelis (Marine Corps) Optime! Quid novī? Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī (Caesar) Satis bene. Cave canem Carpe diem (Horace) Male. Caveat emptor. Cogito ergo sum (Descartes) Pessime. Sol lucet. Lux et veritas (Yale University) Amabo tē./Quaesō. Summā cum laude. mens sana in corpore sano
LINGUA LATINA, GEOGRAPHIA Romance languages Rome Tiber River Corsica macron Pompeii Mediterranean Sea Sardinia diphthong Alps Tyrrhenian Sea Sicily Italy Apennine Mts. Adriatic Sea
VILLA ROMANA iānua, -ae (f) impluvium, -ī (n) tablinum, -ī (n) culīna, -ae (f) ātrium, -ī (n) larārium, -ī (n) peristȳlium, -ī (n) triclinium, -ī (n) compluvium, -ī (n) cubiculum, -ī (n) hortus, -ī (m) latrīna, -ae (f)
VITA COTIDIANA (PATRONI ET CLIENTES, CIBUS, TRIA NOMINA) salutatio palaestra ientaculum prima mensa patronus praenomen prandium secunda mensa clientes nomen ab ovo usque ad mala mulsum forum cognomen cena basilica agnomen gustatio
MUNERA (GLADIATORIAL FIGHTS), THERMAE (BATHS), LUDI (SCHOOL) manumissio bestiarius unctorium munera essedarius frigidarium amphitheatrum Flavian Amphitheater laconicum “Ave Caesar, nos morituri te Colosseum oleum salutamus” thermae strigilis aedile ostiarius hypocaust Samnite palaestra ludus Thracian apodyterium ludi magister murmillo tepidarium grammaticus retiarius caldarium rhetor
Tran - 13
FOUNDING OF ROME Troy Rhea Silvia Faustulus Aeneas Vestal Virgin Augury Ascanius (Iulus) Mars Palatine Hill Venus Vulcan Aventine Hill Alba Longa Romulus Regnum (reges) Numitor Remus Res Publica (consules) Amulius Lupa Imperium (imperatores)
REGNUM (MONARCHY) – THE SEVEN KINGS - 753 BC – 509 BC 1-Romulus Curatii Cloaca Maxima Sabines Horatii Jupiter Optimus Maximus Tarpeia Curia Sibylline Books Tarpeian Rock Mettius Fefettius 6-Servius Tullius Hersilia 4-Ancus Marcius Tullia Minor Titus Tatius Carcer census 2-Numa Pompilius Ostia 7-Tarquinius Superbus Janus Pons Sublicius Lucretia Pontifex Maximus 5-Tarquinius Priscus Collatinus Salii Tanaquil Brutus 3-Tullus Hostilius Circus Maximus
RES PUBLICA – EARLY REPUBLIC Brutus Lars Porsenna Cloelia pater patriae Horatius Cocles Cincinnatus Etruscans Mucius Scaevola dictator
THE TITANS Uranus Atlas Saturn (Cronus) Gaia Prometheus (“forethought”) Cybele (Rhea) Cyclopes Epimetheus (“afterthought”) Mt. Olympus Hecatoncheires Pandora (“all gifts)
THE OLYMPIAN GODS AND GODDESSES Jupiter (Zeus) Ceres (Demeter) Minerva (Athena) Juno (Hera) Proserpina (Persephone) Apollo (Apollo) Neptune (Poseidon) Mars (Ares) Diana (Artemis) Pluto/Dis (Hades) Venus (Aphrodite) Mercury (Hermes) Vesta (Hestia) Bacchus (Dionysus) Vulcan/Mulciber (Hephaestus)