ROMA URBS ET MUNDUS LIBER PRIMUS

Latin School Latin 7 INTRODUCTION

I can... -identify the part of speech of a word when it is used in the sentence. -diagram sentence in English, labeling the different parts of the sentence. -read and understand a Latin vocabulary entry.

i SECTION 1 Verb ∏ A verb expresses an action or a state of being. Parts of Speech E.g. loves, had seen, will go Adjective An adjective modifies (describes) or limits a noun or pronoun. E.g. good, green, every, strong In both Latin and English there are eight parts of speech. Each part of speech performs a different job in a Adverb sentence. When combined, they allow us to form phrases, clauses, and sentences to express our opinions, thoughts, and An adverb modifies or limits a verb, an adjective, or another needs. adverb. E.g. not, now, quickly

Noun A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. Conjunction E.g. slave, Caesar, home, pen, freedom A conjunction joins together words or groups of words. E.g. and, because, but

Pronoun A pronoun is a word that takes the place or stands in for a noun. E.g. he, she, they, that, anyone 2 Preposition A preposition shows the relationship between a noun and some other words in a sentence. E.g. for, from, with, in by

Interjection An interjection expresses emotion. E.g. Alas! Oh! Oh no!

Exercise: Review A

3 SECTION 2 The direct object receives the action of the verb. It is the ∏ person, place, thing, or idea that the action is done to. E.g. The boys throw the ball. Parts of the Sentence A predicate nominative, or complement, is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and restates the subject. E.g. Julius is a senator.

An indirect object refers to the person place, thing, or idea to In addition to parts of speech, there are also several whom or for whom the action is done. It indirectly receives important roles that words have in a sentence. These same the action. roles exist in both English and Latin. E.g. Cicero gave me the book.

The subject is the person, place, thing or idea that the sentence is about. The noun or pronoun that follows a preposition is said to be the object of the preposition. E.g. The master frees the slaves. E.g. I sent the letter to him.

The verb is the action or state of being in the sentence. In most sentences, the verb is what the subject does. A possessive is a person, place, thing, or idea that shows ownership over another noun or pronoun in the sentence. E.g. The dogs run through the woods. E.g. Catiline’s followers did not escape the city. Exercise: Review B

4 puer, pueri (m) - boy ∏SECTION 3 VERBS Latin Dictionary The full vocabulary entry for a Latin verb contains up to four Latin forms, each called a principal part. Each principal part gives important information to conjugate, or form, the verb Entries in different tenses. For now, you will see only two principal parts and the English definition. The first principal part is the present tense, first person singular. The second principal part is called the present active infinitive, and is very In Latin it is easy to tell the part of speech of a word important for identifying the conjugation, or group, to which based on the way the dictionary, entry is written. Each part a verb belongs. of speech has a unique pattern that it follows in a dictionary. E.g. amo, amare - to love When learning vocabulary, it is important to memorize the amo - first person singular present tense, “I love” complete vocabulary entry in order to be able to use the amare - present active infinitive, “to love” word correctly in Latin. NOUNS ADJECTIVES The vocabulary entry for a Latin noun includes four A Latin adjective will have three forms, each of which would elements. The first form is called the nominative singular. and be used for one of the three genders, and an English the second form is called the genitive singular. These terms definition. will mean more later on in the course. The next element is E.g. bonus, bona, bonum - good the gender, which could be masculine, feminine, or neuter. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum - beautiful, pretty Finally, an English definition is included. E.g. puella, puellae (f) - girl mater, matris (f) - mother senator, senatoris (m) - senator

5 ADVERBS A Latin adverb is identified by the word “adverb” in the definition, along with the Latin form and the English translation. E.g. nunc, (adv). - now mox, (adv.) - soon

PREPOSITIONS In addition to the Latin form and the English translation, a Latin preposition will include the word preposition, and the case that should follow it. It is extremely important to memorize the case that follows each preposition, as some prepositions have different meanings if they are followed by the accusative case instead of the ablative case. E.g. sub (prep. + abl.) - under prope (prep. + acc.) - near

CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS Conjunctions and interjections are identified by the words “conjunction” or “interjection” in addition to the English and Latin forms. E.g. et (conj.) - and eheu (interject.) - alas

Exercise: Review C

6 ∏SECTION 4 Review Introduction .1 Using your knowledge of Latin vocabulary, choose the correct definition for Vocabulary each English word.

Question 1 of 4 Urban

A. Having to do with the city puella, ae (f) - girl B. Having to do with the country puer, pueri (m) - boy mundus, i (m) - world C. Having to do with roads mater, matris (f) - mother D. Smart pater, patris (m) - father urbs, urbis (f) - city

Romanus, -a, -um - Roman Check Answer est - he/she/it is sunt - they are in (prep. + abl.) - in, inside

7 SECTION 5 rule all the territories it had controlled. This period of time is ∏ called the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, Latin was no longer spoken by the common people and began to blend with other local A Short History of the languages, leading to the creation of the Romance languages. The Romance languages include French, Spanish, Italian, Latin Language Portuguese, and Romanian. Though fewer people used Latin in their everyday lives, Latin still remained important for the Catholic Church. In fact, the Catholic mass was spoken in Latin up until the 1960’s, and it is still used currently in the Vatican. Even today, it Latin is the language that was originally spoken by the has uses beyond Ancient Romans. Like English, Latin can trace its roots those of the back to a language called Indo-European. Historians today Catholic Church. still do not know exactly what the Indo-European looked It is used to create like, but many languages such as German, English, and new words, such as Greek can be traced back to it. automobile (auto Latin came to the Italian Peninsula around 1000 BC meaning “self”; and is named after a tribe called the Latins that settled in mobile meaning Italy before the founding of Rome. Originally, only the Italic “moving”) and bus tribes in Northern Italy spoke Latin, but, as Rome began to (omnibus meaning become more powerful, the Latin language spread “for all”). Many English words are derivatives from Latin throughout the Mediterranean World. As the Roman words. Latin is also the official language of Botany and is Empire grew, more people began to speak Latin. Eventually, used in many scientific fields. the Roman Empire became too big and no longer was able to

8 Review Questions 1. From which language can Latin, along with many other languages, trace its roots back? 2. In which year did Latin come to the Italian Peninsula? 3. During which era was Latin no longer a language spoken by the common people? 4. What are the five Romance languages? 5. Where is Latin still used today?

9 CHAPTER∏ 1

I can... -define the following terms: declension, case, number, gender. -identify a first declension noun. -decline a first declension noun. -identify the names and primary uses of the six cases. SECTION 1 parvus, a, um - small ∏ ambulo, ambulare - to walk amo, amare - to love dono, donare - to give Vocabulary laudo, laudare - to praise

septem - seven

et (conj.) - and

semper (adv.) - always ancilla, ae (f) - slave-woman diu (adv.) - for a long time, a long time ago agricola, ae (m) - farmer nunc (adv.) - now femina, ae (f) - woman etiam (adv.) - also nauta, ae (m) - sailor poeta, ae (m) - poet provincia, ae (f) - province regina, ae (f) - queen terra, ae (f) - land, territory, earth via, ae (f) - road, street, way villa, ae (f) - country house collis, collis (m) - hill urbs, urbis (f) - city antiquus, a, um - old, ancient clarus, a, um - famous, bright, clear longus, a, um - long magnus, a, um - big, great multus, a, um - many, much 11 Review 1.1 Use your knowledge of these vocabulary words to determine the definitions for the English de- rivatives.

Question 1 of 10 Antiquity

A. Something that is old or ancient

B. Something that is new

C. Something that is dangerous

D. Something that is safe

Check Answer

12 SECTION 2 Number ∏ The number of the noun gives a rough idea as to how many of something there is. A noun will be singular if there The Latin Noun is only one, or plural if there is more than one.

Case Unlike most English nouns, the endings on Latin nouns changed based on how they are being used in the sentence. A noun may not look the same when it is used as the subject of A noun, as you learned in the introduction, is a person, a sentence as it does when it is used as the indirect object. place, thing, or idea. In Latin, there are three elements that These different endings represent the Latin cases. Each case make up every noun form: gender, number, and case. Every has an assigned list of functions within the sentence, so the noun that you see in the Latin language can be broken down case ending on a noun can help us identify what its role in into “GNC.” the sentence is. There are six cases in Latin, and you will learn about all of them in the next section. Gender Every Latin noun has an assigned gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter. Sometimes the gender makes sense, for Declension example the word puella (girl) is feminine and the word puer Each Latin noun belongs to one of five categories called (boy) is masculine. Sometimes the gender of a noun is declensions. Nouns that are grouped together within a arbitrary: liber (book) is masculine, libertas (freedom) is declension all follow the same pattern for how their case femine, and baculum (stick) is neuter. Because it is not endings are formed. The declension of a noun can be always possible to determine the gender of a noun based on identified by looking at the ending on the genitive singular logic, it is essential to memorize the gender of each noun with form, which is the second form in the vocabulary entry for a its vocabulary entry. noun. It is very important to memorize the genitive singular form in order to decline a noun.

13 SECTION 3 The Genitive Case ∏ The genitive case is used primarily to show possession or ownership of another noun in the sentence. It often comes immediately after the noun it possesses. It may be translated The Cases either with an English possessive or a prepositional phrase using “of.” E.g. Brutus librum amici legit. Brutus reads his friend’s book. Brutus reads the book of his friend.

In Latin there are six major cases. Each case is used for The Dative Case different parts of the sentence. The most common use of the dative case is the indirect object, which receives the direct object. The Nominative Case E.g Septimus donum amico dat. Septimus gives the friend a gift. The primary use of the nominative case is the subject of the Septimus gives the gift to the friend. sentence.

E.g. Puella est Romana. The Accusative Case The girl is a Roman. There are two very common uses for the accusative case. The The nominative case is also used for the predicate first is the direct object. nominative. E.g. Julius Brutum verberat. E.g. Romulus est rex. Julius beats Brutus. Romulus is the king.

14 There are also a number of prepositions that take, or are E.g. Puellae ab villā ambulant. followed by, the accusative case. This list should be The girls walk away from the villa. memorized. Mater cum filiā ambulat. prope (prep. + acc.) - near The mother walks with the daughter. in (prep. + acc.) - in, into ad (prep. + acc.) - toward Pueri in horto clamant. The boys are shouting in the garden. E.g. Villa est prope Romam. The villa is near Rome. Exercise 1A

Puellae ad villam ambulant. The girls walk toward the villa.

Puellae in villam intrant. The girls enter into the villa.

The Ablative Case Like the accusative case, one of the major uses of the ablative case is as an object of a preposition. It is important to memorize which prepositions take the ablative case and which prepositions take the accusative. The following list of prepositions that use the ablative case should be memorized. a, ab (prep. + abl.) - away from e, ex (prep. + abl.) - out from cum (prep. + abl.) - with in (prep. + abl.) - in, on

15 SECTION 4 stem that we will use for declining. The first declension end- ∏ ings are then added directly to the stem. The first declension endings are as follows. It is neces- sary to learn these endings well and to be able to recite them The First Declension from memory.

SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. -a -ae Gen. -ae -ārum Dat. -ae -īs The first declension is identified by the -ae ending on Acc. -am -ās the genitive singular form. Most, but not all, first declension nouns are feminine. Abl. -ā -īs E.g.: puella, puellae (f) - girl Voc. -a -ae cura, curae (f) - care, concern mora, morae (f) - delay E.g.: femina, feminae, (f) - woman stem: femin- If the stem does not change between the nominative singular SINGULAR PLURAL and the genitive singular form, the noun may be abbreviated, with only the genitive singular ending given in the dictionary Nom. femina feminae entry. Gen. feminae feminārum E.g.: puella, ae, (f) - girl cura, ae, (f) - care, concern Dat. feminae feminīs mora, ae (f) - delay Acc. feminam feminās Abl. feminā feminīs To decline a first declension noun, the -ae ending is re- moved from the genitive singular form. This gives us the Voc. femina feminae

16 Exercise 1B Exercise 1C Exercise 1D

17 SECTION 5 The nomen indicated the gens, or clan, to which a man belonged. Some of the more famous ones that you might hear ∏ of are Julius, Fabius, or Cornelius. A cognomen was often given to a man as an honor, or to Roman Names indicate the different branches of a gens. For example, the famous orator, Marcus Tullius Cicero, had a cognomen that means “chickpea,” indicating that at some point one of his ancestors had been involved with farming or selling chickpeas. For Cicero, Marcus is the praenomen, Tullius is the nomen, and Cicero is the cognomen.

Most Roman men had three names: a praenomen, or Roman girls were identified by a feminine form of their first name, a nomen, or family name, and a cognomen, which family’s nomen. So a girl named Julia, for example, came was an additional name given to an ancestor as an honor and from the gens Julius. Likewise Cornelia from the Cornelius then passed down through the family. family, and Fabia from the Fabius family. Cicero’s beloved daughter was of course named Tullia. If a family had more The praenomen was given by parents to a son at birth. than one daughter, they might call the older one Maior and Often in official documents the praenomen was abbreviated. the younger one Minor, or add on a number to show which Some of the most common praenomina given to Roman men order in which the daughters were born, for example Julia were: Maior, Julia Minor and Julia Prima, Julia Secunda, Julia Gaius, i (m) - Gaius (C.) Tertia, etc. Sometimes nicknames (e.g. Julilla) were given, Gnaeus, i (m) - Gnaeus (Cn.) but were not part of the official name. Lucius, i (m) - Lucius (L.)

Marcus, i (m) - Marcus (M.) Publius, i (m) - Publius (P.) Quintus, i (m) - Quintus (Q.) Sextus, i (m) - Sextus (Sex.) Titus, i (m) - Titus (T.)

18 ∏SECTION 6 Roma

In Italiā sunt multae urbes. Roma est urbs in Italiā. Roma nunc est magna et clara. Non semper erat magna et clara. Roma erat diu parva. In terrā Romae sunt septem colles. Nunc sunt multae provinciae Romae. In provinciis sunt multae viae. Viae sunt Romanae. Via Appia est (5) clarissima via. Via Appia est longa et clara. Via Appia est etiam antiqua.

19

∏SECTION 7 The Roman World

Rome is known as the birthplace of Western civilization and the Eternal City. Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire and is still currently the capital of Italy, a country occupying a peninsula in the central Mediterranean Sea. Rome’s proximity to the sea and its location on the Tiber The city sits on the bank of the Tiber River, the third longest River were ideal, but the key to Rome’s ability to stay river in Italic Peninsula. According to the famous legend, the connected to the rest of its expanding empire and the rest of twins Romulus and Remus were abandoned on the bank of Europe through their impressive system of roads. The Via the Tiber before they were found by a she-wolf. On April 21, Appia is the most famous and most important of these roads, 753 BC, Romulus founded Rome on the top of the Palatine connecting Rome to southeast Italy. It was originally built in Hill by the bank of the Tiber River. Eventually, Romulus’s 312 BC as a military supply road. Construction of roads such city expanded to include six more hills. Of Rome’s seven as the Via Appia helped the Roman Empire to expand as far hills, the most important are the Capitoline and the Palatine. as it was able. Eventually, Rome gained control of their The Palatine Hill is the centermost hill, located between the eastern counterparts in Greece, and expanded their empire Forum Romanum and the Circus Maximus. The Capitoline to surround the Mediterranean sea. At the height of the Hill was the site of the Citadel where many temples were empire, Rome controlled all of the Mediterranean Sea. located. The City of Rome eventually conquered the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum, surrounding tribes and the rest of Italy. which means ‘our sea’ in Latin. Later, the Empire expanded

20 to Gaul, or modern day France, and Hispania, or modern Review Questions day Spain. The Romans even reached as far north as Britain 1. How many hills are in Rome? What are the two most (Britannia) and as far south as Africa! important? 2. On what river was Rome founded? 3. What two geographical features were important in allowing Rome to stay connected to the rest of the empire? 4. What feature did the Romans add to the landscape that was key to staying in touch with the rest of the empire? 5. How far north did the Roman empire stretch? How far south?

21 CHAPTER∏ 2

I can... -identify a second declension noun. -decline a second declension masculine noun. -identify a first conjugation verb. -conjugate a first conjugation verb. -definite the following terms: conjugation, person, number, and tense. SECTION 1 pugno, pugnare - to fight ∏ neco, necare - to kill quod (conj.) - because Vocabulary sed (conj.) - but nunc (adv.) - now deinde (adv.) - then, next tandem (adv.) - finally, at last postea (adv.) - after this, afterwards, later

de (prep.+abl.) - about, concerning, down from, of ara, ae (f) - altar caverna, ae (f) - cave fabula, ae (f) - story lupa, ae (f) - she-wolf ager, agri (m) - field filius, i (m) - son picus, i (m) - woodpecker puer, pueri (m) - boy servus, i (m) - slave vir, viri (m) - man bonus, bona, bonum - good duo, duae, duo - two malus, mala, malum - bad, evil aedifico, aedificare - to build curo curare - to care for, take care of habito, habitare - to live

23 Review 2.1 Use your knowledge of these vocabulary words to determine the definitions for the English deriva- tives

Question 1 of 10 Servitude

A. Freedom

B. Loyalty

C. Courage

D. Slavery

Check Answer

24 SECTION 2 Some second declension nouns have a “variable” nominative singular, which usually ends in -r or -er. These ∏ words cannot be abbreviated. e.g. puer, pueri (m) boy Second Declension vir, viri (m) man Masculine and Both these groups of nouns use the same set of endings, but it is always important to remember to use the stem formed Feminine Nouns from the genitive singular. One way that they are different is that for the words like puer and vir, the vocative singular form will be identical to Second declension nouns are identified by the -i ending the nominative and will not use the -e ending. on the genitive singular. Most second declension nouns are either masculine or neuter. There are different sets of endings for masculine nouns (and the rare feminine second declension noun) and neuter nouns. This chapter will cover SINGULAR PLURAL the masculine nouns. Nom. -us /--- -ī Just as with a first declension noun, to decline a second Gen. -ī -ōrum declension noun, you remove the genitive singular ending (in Dat. -ō -īs this case, -i) and add the endings. It is essential to memorize the following endings. Acc. -um -ōs Most second declension nouns have a nominative Abl. -ō -īs singular form that ends in -us. When a noun has this type of Voc. -e / --- -ī nominative singular form, the stem is the same between the nominative and genitive singular, and the word may be abbreviated. i.e servus, servi (m) - slave may be written servus, i (m)

25 E.g.: servus, -ī (m) stem: serv- E.g.: puer, puerī (m) stem: puer-

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. servus servī Nom. puer puerī Gen. servī servōrum Gen. puerī puerōrum Dat. servō servīs Dat. puerō puerīs Acc. servum servōs Acc. puerum puerōs Abl. servō servīs Abl. puerō puerīs Voc. serve servī Voc. puer puerī

There are some rare occasions where a second declension noun is feminine, which is why it is so important to memorize E.g.: raedarius, -ī (m) stem: raedari- the vocabulary entry. These nouns are declined just like the SINGULAR PLURAL masculine ones. Nom. raedarius raedariī E.g.: humus, -ī (f) stem: hum-

Gen. raedariī raedariōrum SINGULAR PLURAL Dat. raedariō raedariīs Nom. humus humī Acc. raedarium raedariōs Gen. humī humōrum Abl. raedariō raedariīs Dat. humō humīs Voc. raedarī raedariī Acc. humum humōs Note that when the stem of the second declension noun ends Abl. humō humīs in -i-, in the vocative the -i- from the stem and the -e from the Voc. hume humī ending blend together into -ī.

26 Exercise 2A Exercise 2B Exercise 2C

27 SECTION 3 A verb and its subject must always agree in person and ∏ number.

The Latin Verb Tense The tense of the verb tells us when the action happens. There are six tenses in Latin: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect. Each tense tells us when the action happened and a little bit about how it A verb is a word that expresses an action or a state of happened. being. There are several elements that make up a verb. Together these elements can tell us who or what does the action, when it happens, and even how it happens. Conjugation Just as nouns are grouped into declensions, verbs are grouped into conjugations. There are four conjugations, each Person and Number with its own set of rules and patterns. The person and number of the verb tell us about the subject, or the person who does the verb. Person tells us the point of view of the subject. 1st person: the speaker or speakers (I, we) 2nd person: the addressee (you) 3rd person: someone else (he, she, it, they) The number will match the number of the subject. If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular as well. If the subject is plural, the verb must be plural as well.

28 SECTION 4 SINGULAR PLURAL ∏ 1st person -ō -āmus First Conjugation 2nd person -ās -ātis 3rd person -at -ant Verbs Example: amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus - to love

SINGULAR PLURAL 1st amō I love amāmus we love person The present tense is formed from the present stem, 2nd found by dropping the -re from the second principal part. amās you love amātis you (pl) love Each of the four conjugations will use the same endings, but person each will have its own theme vowel. A theme vowel is the 3rd amat he/she/it loves amant they love vowel that appears most commonly in a particular person conjugation. While all four conjugations use the same six endings, the vowel before those endings will change depending on the conjugation. Exercise 2D First conjugations can be identified by the -āre ending Exercise 2E in the second principal part. The theme vowel for this Exercise 2F conjugation is the letter a. Exercise 2G Exercise 2H

29 ∏SECTION 5 Romulus et Remus

Septem colles sunt in terrā Romae. Clarissimus collis est Collis Palatinus. Caverna est in Colle Palatino. In cavernā duo pueri, Romulus et Remus, habitant. Mater Romuli et Remi erat Rhea Silvia, sed lupa pueros parvos curat. Picus etiam pueros parvos curat. Lupa et picus pueros curant. (5) Nunc Romulus et Remus sunt viri. Deinde Romulus et Remus pugnant.Tandem Romulus Remum necat. Postea Romulus Romam aedificat. Fabula de Romulo et Remo est antiqua.

30 SECTION 6 Amulius ordered that these children be ∏ abandoned in the Tiber river to die. Everyone Romulus, Remus, and expected that the boys would not survive, but the Founding of Rome luckily, they were found by a she-wolf who cared for and protected them, along with a woodpecker. The region of Latium in central Italy was home to a city Eventually, a called Alba Longa, which had been founded by the Trojan shepherd named Faustulus found the boys and raised them hero Aeneas’s son Ascanius. Hundreds of years later, in the as his own children. When Romulus and Remus grew up, generation before Rome’s foundation, Alba Longa’s rightful they discovered their true identities. The twins would king was Numitor. eventually kill Amulius and restore Numitor to the throne. Numitor was overthrown by his brother Amulius. Instead of inheriting Alba Longa, the boys decided to found Amulius sent Numitor into exile and killed all of his nephews their own cities which they would rule. for fear of rivals to the throne. He also forced his niece, Rhea They returned to the area by the Tiber River which was Silvia, to become a Vestal Virgin. comprised of seven hills. Romulus decided to build a city on Despite Amulius’s attempt to keep Rhea Silvia childless, the central hill which became known as the Palatine, while the princess was impregnated by the god Mars and gave Remus chose the Aventine. Romulus began by building a birth to the twin boys, Romulus and Remus. Her uncle, the wall around his city to keep his enemies away. Remus teased king, was threatened by the birth of the boys, not only Romulus about his wall and taunted his brother by because he feared they would take the throne from him, but continuously jumping over it. Romulus grew angry at his also because their father was Mars, the Roman god of war. brother and they began to fight, ending in the death of Remus. With Remus no longer a threat, Romulus officially

31 declared the founding of his city called Rome on April 21st, 753 BC.

Review Questions 1. Who are the parents of Romulus and Remus? 2. Who was Numitor? Amulius? 3. Why did the king fear the twins? 4. Which animal found the twins and cared for them? 5. On what hill was Rome founded? 6. When was Rome founded?

32 CHAPTER∏ 3

I can...

-identify a second conjugation neuter noun. -decline a second conjugation neuter noun. -identify a second conjugation verb. -conjugate a second conjugation verb. SECTION 1 supero, superare - to overcome, to defeat

∏ fleo, flēre - to weep habeo, habēre - to have, hold misceo, miscēre - to mix Vocabulary video, vidēre - to see

cras (adv.) - tomorrow ibi (adv.) - then, there ubi (adv.) - when, where

bellum, i (n) - war ad (prep. + acc.) - to, toward gladius, i (m) - sword cum (prep. + abl.) - with ludus, i (m) - game, school e, ex (prep. + abl.) - out of oppidum, i (n) - town post (prep. + acc.) - after populus, i(m) - people, nation scutum, i (n) - shield nomen, nominis (n) - name ferus, a, um - fierce, savage, wild novus, a, um - new, strange suus, a, um - his/her/its own unus, a, um - one vicinus, a, um - neighboring appello, appellare - to name, to call by name asporto, asportare - to carry away, to take away invito, invitare - to invite, to summon miro, mirare - to marvel at, to be amazed

34 Review 3.1 Use your knowledge of these vocabulary words to determine the definitions for the English de- rivatives

Question 1 of 10 Belligerent

A. War-like

B. Beautiful

C. Expensive

D. Kind

Check Answer

35 SECTION 2 SINGULAR PLURAL ∏ Nom. -um -a Gen. -i -orum Second Declension Dat. -o -is Neuter Nouns Acc. -um -a Abl. -o -is Voc. -um -a

Like second declension masculine nouns, the second declension neuter noun has a genitive singular form that ends Example: baculum, i (n) - stick stem: bacul- in -i. Most of the endings are shared between the two SINGULAR PLURAL genders, but there are a few notable differences. First of all, the nominative and vocative singular are -um rather than -us Nom. baculum bacula and -e. Second, the nominative, accusative, and vocative Gen. baculi baculorum plural endings are all -a. Dat. baculo baculis Here are some helpful hints to remember when dealing Acc. baculum bacula with all neuter nouns: Abl. baculo baculis 1. The nominative, accusative, and vocative forms will always be identical. Voc. baculum bacula 2. The nominative, accusative, and vocative plural forms Exercise 3A will always end in the letter -a, no matter what Exercise 3B declension it is. Exercise 3C

36 SECTION 3 ∏ Example: video, vidēre - to see Second Conjugation SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person video videmus Verbs 2nd person vides videtis 3rd person videt vident

Exercise 3D Exercise 3E Second conjugation verbs can be identified by the -eo ending in the first principal part with the -ēre ending in the Exercise 3F second. The theme vowel for this conjugation is the letter e. Exercise 3G In the present tense, they are conjugated in a very similar way to the first conjugation, but they use a theme vowel of Exercise 3H -e- instead of -a-. The endings for the second conjugation in the present tense are as follows:

SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person -eo -emus 2nd person -es -etis 3rd person -et -ent

37 ∏SECTION 4 Romani et Sabini

Romulus oppidum parvum in Colle Palatino aedificat. Romulus oppidum, “Roma” e nomine suo, appellat. Roma multos viros habet, sed multas feminas non habet. Romulus ad ludos Sabinos, vicinum populum, invitat. Sabini multas feminas et puellas habent. (5)

Ubi Sabini Romam vident, novum oppidum mirant. Romani e ludis feminas Sabinorum asportant. Feminae Sabinorum flent. Postea Sabini cum Romanis pugnant. Romani multa scuta et multos gladios habent. Sabini etiam multa scuta et multos gladios habent. Bellum erat ferum. (10) Tandem Romani Sabinos superant. Post bellum Romani cum Sabinis miscent. Nunc Sabini et Romani sunt unus populus.

38 SECTION 5 E.g. ∏ Exempli gratia - “for the sake of example” Certain sports are more popular in Europe than in the U.S. Latin in Every Day (e.g. soccer).

Speech N.B. Nota bene - “note well” The meeting will start after lunch. (N.B. lunch ends at noon) There are many Latin words and expressions that continue to be used in every day speech in the modern era. I.e. The following list is an introduction to some of these common expression. You should be familiar with these Id est - “that is” phrases and expressions because you will encounter them States south of the Mason-Dixon line (i.e. slave-holding throughout your life, not just in Latin class! states) made up the the Confederacy.

Abbreviations Et al. Etc. Et alia/alii - “and others” Et cetera - “and the rest” The textbook was written by professors Smith, Jones, et al. The student needed to buy pencils, pens, notebooks, etc.

A.M. Ante Meridiem - “before midday”

39 We will eat breakfast at 8 A.M. sharp. P.M. Post Meridiem - “after midday” The school day ends at 2:48 P.M. A.D. Anno Domini - “in the year of the Lord” Pope Urban called for the First Crusade in the year 1095 A.D.

Common Expressions and Mottoes

E Pluribus Unum - Out of Many One Ab Ovo usque ad Mala - From Egg to Apples Festina Lentē - Make Haste Slowly Carpe Diem - Seize the Day Tempus Fugit - Time Flees SPQR (Senatus Populusque Romanus) - The Roman Senate and People 40 CHAPTER∏ 4 I can...

-identify a verb in the imperfect tense. -conjugate a first or second conjugation verb in the imperfect tense. -translate the imperfect tense. -conjugate the irregular verb sum, esse in both the SECTION 1 debeo, debēre - to owe, to be obligated ∏ moneo, monēre - to warn

atque (conj.) - and, and even Vocabulary et… et… - both… and... itaque (conj.) - and so, therefore

bene (adv.) - well male (adv.) - badly, poorly saepe (adv.) - often ara, ae (f) - altar casa, ae, (f) - home, hut, small house, cottage dea, ae (f) - goddess familia, ae (f) - family patria, ae (f) - fatherland, country, homeland villa, ae (f) - country house deus, i (m) - god inimicus, i (m) - enemy templum, i (n) - temple pius, a, um - pious, dutiful, devoted pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum - beautiful adiuvo, adiuvare - to help, to aid, to please ambulo, ambulare - to walk laudo, laudare - to praise narro, narrare - to tell oro, orare - to pray

42 Review 4.1 Use your knowledge of these vocabulary words to determine the definitions for the English de- rivatives

Question 1 of 10 Inimical

A. Supportive

B. Kind

C. Hostile, unfriendly

D. Friendly

Check Answer

43 SECTION 2 Some of other possible translations involve the following ∏ phrases: “used to” - We used to go to that store. The Imperfect Tense “kept on” - She kept on reading all day. “began to” - I began to listen to the speech. These phrases will indicate that a verb needs to be translated using the imperfect tense.

Exercise 4A The imperfect tense is one of three past tenses in Latin. It shows an action in the past that happened repeatedly or over an extended period of time. There are several correct ways to translate the imperfect tense. The most common translation is “was/were” with a present participle (verb form ending in -ing). Examples: We were going to the store. She was reading all day. Every day we were running in the fields. The Romans were always loving their city. I was listening to the speech. Were you carrying the food?

44 SECTION 3 Example: amo, amare - to love ∏ SINGULAR PLURAL

1st person amabam amabamus Forming the Imperfect 2nd person amabas amabatis Tense in First and 3rd person amabat amabant

Second Conjugation Example: video, vidēre - to see

The imperfect tense in the first and second conjugation SINGULAR PLURAL is formed by dropping the -re from the second principal part 1st person videbam videbamus (the present active infinitive) and adding the imperfect 2nd person videbas videbatis endings. The indicator for the imperfect tense is the letters - ba- between the stem and the personal endings -m, -s, -t, - 3rd person videbat videbant mus, -tis, -nt.

Exercise 4B SINGULAR PLURAL Exercise 4C 1st person -bam -bamus Exercise 4D 2nd person -bas -batis Exercise 4E 3rd person -bat -bant Exercise 4F

45 SECTION 4 PRESENT TENSE ∏ SINGULAR PLURAL The Irregular Verb 1st person sum I am sumus we are 2nd person es you are estis you are Sum, Esse 3rd person est he/she/it is sunt they are

An irregular verb is a verb that cannot be conjugated by IMPERFECT TENSE following the patterns for any of the conjugations. The forms SINGULAR PLURAL for these verbs must be memorized. 1st person eram I was eramus we were The irregular verb sum, esse means “to be.” It can be used as a linking verb, or simply to indicate that something 2nd person eras you were eratis you were exists. he/she/it 3rd person erat erant they were Puer est bonus. was

The boy is good. Exercise 4G Est templum in Foro. Exercise 4H There is a temple in the Forum. Romani erant pii. The Romans were dutiful.

46 ∏SECTION 5 Dei: Pars Prima

Romani deos semper laudabant. Multa templa aedificabant. Romani erant pii quod deos, familiam, et patriam amabant. Multas aras habebant. Erant parvae arae in villis et casis atque magnae arae in templis. Ubi viri per vias Romae ambulabant et magna templa et aras (5) pulchras videbant, saepe mirabant. Dei et deae Romanos amabant atque curabant. Dei Romanos adiuvant itaque Romani feros inimicos superabant. Poetae fabulas de deis narrant. Fabulae sunt antiquae et longae.

47 SECTION 6 considered ‘the office’ of the home where the head of the household would meet with clients or guests. This room ∏ would also hold busts of family members and be decorated with frescoes or mosaics. Behind the tablinum was the Roman Housing peristylium, an open courtyard housing an internal garden and usually surrounded by columns. The bedrooms were called cubicula. Meals were The Romans lived in many different types of houses. In prepared in the cities, the lower classes lived in apartment buildings called culina and then insulae. The apartment buildings could be several stories eaten in the high with each apartment consisting of no more than two triclinium. In the rooms. triclinium the Romans would recline on couches along three sides of the Members of the wealthier class lived in bigger two table. The very wealthy Romans would also have homes in family homes known as the domus. A domus was typically a the country known as villas. Villas were primarily used in single story home with an opening in the center of the roof the summer to escape the heat of the city. that allowed for sunlight to enter. Directly below this opening was the impluvium which served as a basin to catch Each Roman home had both lares and penates kept in a and hold rainwater to be used by the household. Guests special location within the home. The Lares represented the would enter through a narrow foyer called the atrium, or spirits of the family’s ancestors while the Penates were spirits hallway. Other rooms would surround the atrium under the associated with meals and other necessities. Each family had roofed portion of the home. Each room served an individual its own Lares and Penates. purpose. Directly across from the front entrance was the tablinum which was open on two sides. The tablinum was

48 Review Questions 1. What type of home did the lower class live in? 2. Why did wealthy Romans have country villas? 3. What was the purpose of the impluvium? 4. Who would usually meet in the tablinum? 5. Whom did the lares represent?

49 CHAPTER∏ 5 I can ...

-identify a third declension noun. -decline a third declension masculine or feminine noun. -translate a sentence from English to Latin or from Latin to English. SECTION 1 alius, alia, aliud - other aureus, a, um - golden ∏ iratus, a, um - angry meus, a, um - my Vocabulary tres, tres, tria - three

amo, amare - to like, love do, dare - to give

sedeo, sedēre - to sit respondeo, respondēre - to respond, to reply aqua, ae (f) - water inquit - he/she/it says/said caelum, i (n) - sky, heaven dominus, i (m) - lord, master quoque - also, as well donum, i (n) - gift -que (enclitic conj.) - and equus, i (m) - horse

filius, i (m) - son mundus, i (m) - world sub (prep. +abl.) - under solium, i (n) - seat, throne frater, fratris (m) - brother homo, hominis (m/f) - human being, man, person

Iuno, Iononis (f) - Juno Iupiter, Iovis (m) - Jupiter pater, patris (m) - father Pluto, Plutonis (m) - Pluto rex, regis (m) - king soror, sororis (f) - sister uxor, uxoris (f) - wife 51 Review 5.1 Use your knowledge of these vocabulary words to determine the definitions for the English de- rivatives

Question 1 of 10 Aqueduct

A. A large circular disc

B. An extremely sticky adhesive

C. A structure used for transporting water

D. A fierce competitor

Check Answer

52 SECTION 2 SINGULAR PLURAL ∏ Nom./Voc. --- -es Gen. -is -um Third Declension Dat. -i -ibus Nouns - Masculine and Acc. -em -es Abl. -e -ibus Feminine Example: pater, patris (m) - father stem: patr- Third declension nouns are nouns that share an -is ending in the genitive singular. All genders share this -is SINGULAR PLURAL ending in the genitive singular. When declining a third Nom./Voc. pater patres declension noun, the same endings are used for masculine Gen. patris patrum and feminine nouns. In the third declension, the nominative and vocative forms are always identical. Dat. patri patribus There is no one consistent ending for the nominative Acc. patrem patres singular form. The nominative singular for third declension Abl. patre patribus should be memorized as a variable. To decline a third declension noun, the stem is formed by dropping in the -is ending from the genitive singular form Exercise 5A and adding the endings. The endings are as follows: Exercise 5B Exercise 5C

53 SECTION 3 will find the verb at the end of the sentence. ∏ A. Parse the verb for its person, number, and tense B. If the verb is first or secondnd person, you already Making Sense out of a know the subject C. If the verb is third person singular or plural start Latin Sentence looking for a nominative subject of the same number. Check to to see if an adjective is modifying it. D. If there is not expressed nominative, use the appropriate subject pronoun from the personal ending (i.e. he/she/it or they) Sometimes when we look at a Latin sentence it seems difficult to know where to start or what in the world the sentence means, especially due to the fact that word order 3. Ask yourself if the verb is transitive (if it takes a direct doesn’t matter as much in Latin as it does in English. What object) follows are some helpful tips for young Latinists. Please note A. If it does take a direct object, look for an accusative. well, that as you learn more complex grammar in the coming Check to see if an adjective is modifying it. years, these tips might not always be the way to approach making sense of a Latin sentence, but for now they should B. If it does not, look for a predicate nominative or a serve you well. predicate adjective

1. Read the sentence, out loud if possible, through to the 4. If the verb is a verb of giving, showing, or telling, look for a dative indirect object. You might also see a dative used end before you begin to translate. as a dative of reference, which is very similar to an indirect object except not with a verb of giving, telling, or showing. 2. Find the verb. There is no sentence without a verb. You You would still be able to translate it in English as “to/for” need to know what is happening in the sentence. Often you the thing in the dative. The dative of reference still shows for

54 whom or to whom the action happens. Check to see if an Pater is a nom/s/subj adjective is modifying it. Now we know the core of the sentence. We know what’s happening, when it’s happening and who is doing it. “The father used to give/gave…” 5. Look for prepositions and their objects. Check to see if an adjective is modifying the object. 3. Dabat can take a direct object, so we find our accusative 6. Look for genitives that could be showing possession. Check to see if an adjective is modifying it. Gladios is acc/pl, it is what is being directly given It is modified by novos, which means “new” 7. Look for adverbs. So know we can further expand the meaning of the sentence to “The father used to give/gave new swords…” 8. Look for conjugations that might be separating distinct clauses (with verbs for each). If there are multiple clauses, begin at Step 1 above for each clause. 4. Dabat is a verb of giving, so we find our dative

An Example for Practice Pueris is dative/pl, it is what is receiving or benefiting from the action We can now further expand the meaning of the Post bellum longum pater pueris novos gladios dabat. sentence to “The father used to give/gave new swords to the boys…”

1. Read the sentence, out loud if possible. 5. Post is a preposition and it takes the accusative 2. Dabat is the verb, it is 3/s/imperfect

The object of post is bellum

55 It is modified by longum is…” We can now further expand the meaning of the sentence to “After the long war the father used to 2. Est does not take a direct object, so we search for a give/gave new swords to the boys…” predicative nominative or predicate adjective.

6. There are no genitives. Iratus is the predicate adjective Now we can expand the meaning of the sentence “The 7. There are no adverbs. king is angry…”

8. There are no conjunctions. 3. We now run into the conjunction quod, which means “because,” so we start looking for a second verb The sentence should then be translated as: After the long war the father gave new swords to the boys. Sedet is 3/s/pres Inimicus is nom/s/subj Now we can expand the meaning of the sentence to Another Example for Practice “The king is angry because an enemy is sitting…”

4. Sedet does not take a direct object, so we search for a Rex est iratus quod nunc inimicus Romae in solio cum reginā predicate nominative or predicate adjective. There are none. sedet.

5. In and cum are prepositions so we search for their 1. Est is 3/s/pres objects Rex is nom/s/subj Now we know the core of the sentence “The king The object of in is solio

56 The object of cum is reginā

We can now expand the meaning of the sentence to “The king is angry because an enemy is sitting on the throne with the queen…”

6. Romae is genitive

It is possessing the enemy We can now expand the meaning of the sentence to “The king is angry because an enemy of Rome is sitting on the throne with the queen…”

7. Nunc is an adverb that means now.

The sentence should be translated as: The king is angry because now an enemy of Rome is sitting on the throne with the queen.

Exercise 5D Exercise 5E

57 SECTION 4 Neptunus respondet, “Es meus frater atque meus rex.” ∏ Pluto etiam respondet, “Es meus frater atque meus rex.” Dei: Pars Secunda Poetae etiam fabulas de aliis deis narrat. (15)

Iupiter erat rex hominum et deorum. Patrem, Saturnum, pugnabat et superabat. Postea Iupiter inquit, “Sum dominus caeli et terrae.” Uxor Iovis erat Iuno; Iuno quoque erat soror Iovis. Iuno erat regina deorum, sed irata saepe erat. Erat irata quod Iupiter multas feminas (5) deasque amabat.

Fratres Iovis erant Neptunus et Pluto. Iupiter Neptunum vocat et inquit, “Es dominus aquae et equorum.” Tum Plutonem vocat et inquit, “Es dominus sub terrā.” Tres fratres solia aurea habebant ubi sedebant. Iupiter inquit, (10) “Sumus domini mundi et viris bona dona damus. Eram filius Saturni, sed nunc sum pater hominum et rex deorum.”

58 SECTION 5 Despite Jupiter’s many ∏ children, he only had three children Roman Gods and with his wife. They had two sons named Goddesses Mars and Vulcan. Mars was the god of war and was one of the Romans’ favorite gods since he lead The Romans believed in many gods who each them to many represented something different. There were twelve major victories. Though gods called the Olympians who all lived on Mount the Romans loved Olympus. The Greeks also worshipped the Olympians but him, the Greeks called them by different names. The most important of the feared his gods was Jupiter, or Zeus to the Greeks. He was the kings counterpart Ares of gods and man, and the ruler of all. He was represented by since he brought a lightning bolt and was married to his sister Juno, whom about death and the Greeks called Hera. Juno was the goddess of marriage destruction. Vulcan was the god of craftsmen and workers and family. who made all the weapons for the gods. The Greeks called him Hephaestus. Though legend said he was deformed, he Despite Juno’s loyalty to her husband, Jupiter loved was married to the most beautiful goddess of all, Venus. many other women and goddesses and had many children. Aphrodite, as the Greeks called her, was the goddess of One of his most famous children was Minerva, known to the beauty and love. Venus was the daughter of Neptune, who Greeks as Athena. Minerva was the goddess of wisdom and ruled over the sea and is symbolized by a trident and horses. of war strategy. She was usually depicted wearing armor and Neptune was known by the name Poseidon in Greece and was represented by an owl. was one of Jupiter’s brothers.

59 Jupiter and Neptune had other siblings such as their sister, Ceres, who was the goddess of the harvest and the seasons. The Greeks called her Demeter. Ceres had a daughter named Proserpina who was abducted by Pluto and brought into the Underworld. Pluto was also a brother of Zeus and was called Hades by the Greeks. He ruled the Underworld and was the god of death. They believed that the changing of the seasons is due to Ceres’ sorrow that Proserpina was forced to live in the Underworld with Pluto during the winter months. On Mount Olympus also lived the twins Apollo and Diana. Apollo was the god of healing, prophecy, and the sun. He was symbolized by the lyre and a serpent. His sister, Diana or Artemis, was the goddess of the hunt and the moon. Both Diana and Apollo are symbolized by the bow and arrow. The last of the major gods is Bacchus. Like the Greek Dionysus, Bacchus was the god of wine and was represented by the grapevine.

Review Questions 1. Who was the ruler of gods and man? 2. Who were Jupiter’s brothers and sisters? 3. Why did the Romans like Mars? Why didn’t the Greeks like Ares? 4. Why is Proserpina important? 5. Which of the major gods controlled their own realm?

60 CHAPTER∏ 6

I can...

-identify a third declension neuter noun. -decline a third declension neuter noun. -decline a first-second declension adjective. -use a first-second declension adjective to modify a noun. SECTION 1 primus, a, um - first scelestus, a, um - wicked, evil ∏ ultimus, a, um - last, final

Vocabulary conspurco, conspurcare - to defile, to violate oppugno, oppugnare - to attack

terreo, terrēre - to frighten, to terrify

omnino (adv.) - in all, totally, all together factum, i (n) - deed, act autem (conj,) - however populus, i (m) - people, population somnium, i (n) - dream trans (prep. +acc.) - across verbum, i (n) - word corpus, corporis (n) - body flumen, fluminis (n) - river lex, legis (f) - law opus, operis (n) - work, task pons, pontis (m) - bridge scelus, sceleris (n) - crime, sin, misdeed, heinous act tempus, temporis (n) - time bonus, a, um - good Etruscus, a, um - Etruscan malus, a, um - bad paucus, a, um, - few, a few

62 Review 6.1 Use your knowledge of these vocabulary words to determine the definitions for the English de- rivatives

Question 1 of 10 Legislation

A. The process of creating a law

B. The process of creating a building

C. The opening of a ceremony

D. The format of a letter

Check Answer

63 SECTION 2 SINGULAR PLURAL ∏ Nom./Voc. ---- -a Gen. -is -um Third Declension Dat. -i -ibus Neuter Acc. ---- -a Abl. -e -ibus Voc. ---- -a

Third declension neuter nouns follow almost the same Example: tempus, tempōris, n. stem: tempōr- pattern as third declension masculine and feminine nouns, but with a few notable changes. These changes are very SINGULAR PLURAL similar to the changes made between masculine and neuter Nom./Voc. tempus tempōra second declension nouns: Gen. tempōris tempōrum 1. Neuter nominative, accusative, and vocative forms are always identical. Dat. tempōri tempōribus 2. Neuter nominative, accusative, and vocative forms end Acc. tempus tempōra in -a. Abl. tempōre tempōribus Voc. tempus tempōra

Exercise 6A Exercise 6B

64 SECTION 3 same for all three nominative forms, the adjective may be ∏ abbreviated as follows: bonus, a, um - good First-Second Etruscus, a, um - Etruscan Some first-second declension adjectives have a stem change Declension Adjectives between the masculine and feminine forms. These adjective may not be abbreviated. The stem is still found by removing the -a from the feminine form. E.g. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum - pretty, beautiful As discussed in the Introduction, an adjective is a word Note the difference between the stem in the masculine, that modifies, or describes a noun or pronoun. In Latin, an “pulcher” and in the feminine “pulchr-” adjective must match the noun that it agrees with in gender, The endings used for first-second declension adjectives number, and case. are the same as for first and second declension nouns. An There are two main categories of adjectives. The first is adjective modifying a masculine or neuter noun would use called first-second declension, or 2-1-2 adjectives, because second declension noun endings, and one modifying a they take their endings from the first and second declension feminine noun would use first declension noun endings. noun endings. These adjectives can be identified by the -a ending on the feminine nominative singular form, which is the second form to appear in the vocabulary entry. E.g. bonus, bona, bonum - good Etruscus, Etrusca, Etruscum - Etruscan To decline the adjective, the -a is removed from the feminine nominative singular to create the stem. When the stem is the

65 SINGULAR Example: bonus, a ,um, - good stem: bon- M. F. N. Nominative -us/--- -a -um SINGULAR Genitive -i -ae -i M. F. N. Dative -o -ae -o Nominative bonus bona bonum Accusative -um -am -um Genitive boni bonae boni Ablative -o -ā -o Dative bono bonae bono Vocative -e/--- -a -um Accusative bonum bonam bonum Ablative bono bonā bono PLURAL Vocative bone bona bonum M. F. N. Nominative -i -ae -a Genitive -orum -arum -orum PLURAL Dative -is -is -is M. F. N. Accusative -os -as -a Nominative boni bonae bona Ablative -is -is -is Genitive bonorum bonarum bonorum Vocative -i -ae -a Dative bonis bonis bonis Accusative bonos bonas bona Ablative bonis bonis bonis Vocative boni bonae bona

Exercise 6C

66 SECTION 4 third declension chart, and does use the same ending as the adjective. Third declension nouns and first-second declension ∏ adjectives will never use the same endings. Noun-Adjective Exercise 6D Agreement Exercise 6E Exercise 6F Exercise 6G Exercise 6H In order to modify a noun or pronoun, an adjective must agree with it in gender, number, and case. To use the correct form of the adjective, you must identify the gender, number, and case of the noun or pronoun, and decline the adjective accordingly. Sometimes the noun and adjective will use the same endings, but that will not always be the case, so it is important to decline the noun and adjective separately, each according to its own rules. Ex: The good boys (acc.) pueros bonos The good mothers (acc.) matres bonas In the first example, boys is masculine, accusative, and plural. It is also a second declension noun, so the endings on the noun and adjective are identical. In the second example, mothers is feminine, accusative, and plural, so the -as ending is used on the adjective. Because the noun, matres, is third declension, it uses the -es accusative plural ending from the

67 SECTION 5 quoque homo scelestus. Filius Tarquini Superbi erat ∏ Tarquinus Sextus. Sextus Lucretiam, uxorem bonam viri pii Collatini oppugnabat. Tum Lucretiam conspurcat. (15) Septem Reges Romanus populus erat iratus. Factum erat magnum scelus. Iam Romanus populus Tarquinum et suam familiam superat. Post Tarquinum Superbum, non erant reges Romae.

Romulus erat primus rex Romanorum. Roma septem reges omnino habebat. Septem reges multas pontes trans flumina et multa alia opera aedifcabant. Leges dabant. Pauci erant boni, autem pauci erant mali. Pauci erant Romani sed pauci erant Etrusci. (5)

Nomina regum Romanorum erant: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Martius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, et Tarquinus Superbus. Tarquinus Superbus erat Etruscus atque ultimus rex Romanorum. Erat homo scelestus. Tarquinus Servium Tullium, regem (10) atque patrem uxoris sui, necat! Tum in solio regis sedebat. Tandem mala somnia Tarquinum terrebant. Filius erat

68 SECTION 6 Many important religious festivals and rites were developed during Numa’s reign and would last until the rise of ∏ Christianity. Tullus Hostilius, the third king, ruled from 673- 642 The Kings of Rome BC. Tullus ignored the religious orders created by Numa and returned to the bellicose values characteristic of Romulus’s reign. As a result, Tullus was responsible for expanding Rome’s territory and bringing final destruction to Alba Longa, the city-state where Romulus was born. Tullus Hostilius eventually died from a plague that wreaked havoc on the citizens of Rome as a divine punishment for his lack of Once Romulus founded Rome, he became the first king piety. The throne was then held by Ancus Martius, the of that city. Under the reign of Romulus, the Romans waged grandson of Numa Pompilius. many wars which became an important facet of their culture. When Romulus died in 715 BC, he was followed by a series Ancus Martius was believed to have built a bridge of six kings who ruled Rome until the monarchy was across the Tiber River and further expanded Rome’s overthrown and replaced by the Republic in 509 BC. territory to include Ostia, Rome’s port. When he died in 617 BC, Tarquinius Priscus became king. It is unknown how The second king, Numa Pompilius, a member of the Priscus came to power, but he is credited with building the Sabine tribe, was elected by the Romans. Legend has it that city’s first sewer system as well as the Circus Maximus and he was born on the very day that Rome was founded, a good the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. Priscus was omen for their future king. Unlike Romulus, Numa worked allegedly assassinated by Ancus’s sons in 579 BC. to make the Romans more peaceful and less engaged in war. Rather than continuing the wars of his predecessor, Numa Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, was born a focused on developing Roman religion and was known for slave in the palace during the reign of Tarquinius Priscus. his piety. Numa appointed priests, or flamines, of Jupiter, One night, Queen Tanaquil discovered that flames Mars, and Romulus, He also instituted priests called surrounded the head of the young Servius while he was pontifices who charged with performing public sacrifices. asleep. Rather than put out the flames with water, she insisted that he be left alone until he woke up. When he did,

69 the flames disappeared. Tanaquil saw this as an omen and Review Questions Servius was married to the princess. As a result, Servius 1. If bellum means war in Latin, what do you think bellicose became the first king of Rome who was not elected. Servius means? accomplished much during his reign, including the formation 2. Who were the flamines and the pontifices? of the constitution. 3. Why did the Romans believe the plague that took place The seventh and final king of Rome was Tarquinius during the reign of Tullus Hostilius was a divine Superbus, or Tarquin the punishment? Proud. It was widely believed 4. What is the significance of the flames seen around Servius’ that Tarquin murdered Servius head? in order to gain control. During his reign, he continued to 5. The Romans valued bravery and piety above all things. expand Roman territory and is Based on the above reading about the early kings of Rome, credited with beginning Rome’s why? path to world domination. Despite this, Tarquin was not well loved by the people and thought of as a tyrant. In 509 BC, the Romans finally decided that they no longer wished to be ruled by one sole ruler and overthrew the king. They replaced the monarchy with a Republican system where power was shared by several magistrates. From this point forward, there would never be a king in Rome.

70 CHAPTER∏ 7 REVIEW A SECTION 1 anniversariē (adv.) - annually, each year ∏ non iam - (adv.) no longer Vocabulary

Review 7.1 Use your knowledge of these vocabu- lary words to determine the definitions for the English derivatives

Question 1 of 10 amicus, i (m) - friend Amicable castra, orum (n. pl.) - military camp Forum, ī (n) - Forum civitas, civitatis (f) - state, citizenship, community consul, consulis (m) - consul A. Hostile dux, ducis (m) - leader pax, pacis (f) - peace B. Friendly pietas, pietatis (f) - piety, loyalty, devotion res publica, rei publicae (f) - republic C. Soft tempus, temporis (n) - time virtus, virtutis (f) - courage, virtue, bravery D. Ready; willing aedifico, aedificare - to build, establish armo, armare - to arm, equip augeo, augēre - to grow Check Answer iubeo, iubēre - to order

72 SECTION 2 CARDINAL ORDINAL unus, a, um primus, a, um ∏ 1 one first duo, duae, duo secundus, a, um 2 Numbers two second tres, tres, tria tertius, a, um 3 three third quattuor quartus, a, um 4 four fourth quinque quintus, a, um 5 Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers five fifth sex sextus, a, um 6 In both English and Latin there are two types of six sixth numbers, cardinal and ordinal. Cardinal numbers are the septem septimus, a, um numbers used for counting, for example, five birds, ten girls, 7 seven seventh eight books, while ordinal numbers show in what order octo octavus, a, um something appears, such as the fifth bird, the tenth girl, the 8 eight eighth eighth book. novem nonus, a, um 9 Both cardinal and ordinal numbers are adjectives. In nine ninth Latin, most forms of the cardinal number are indeclinable, so decem decimus, a, um 10 the same form is used regardless of the gender, number, and ten tenth case that it modifies. There are a few cardinal numbers that centum centesimus, a, um do decline, and the charts for those numbers are included in 100 one hundred hundredth this chapter and in their glossary entries. Ordinal numbers mille millesimus, a, um are mostly first-second declension adjectives, and are 1000 one thousand thousandth declined regularly.

73 Roman Numerals M. F. N. Nom. unus una unum Instead of using Arabic numerals (1, 2, 50, etc.), the ancient Romans used Roman numerals. In Roman numerals, Gen. unius unius unius all the numbers are composed based on a few letters: I, V, X, Dat. uni uni uni L, C, D, M. Any number a Roman needed could be Acc. unum unam unum composed from these seven letters and a system of addition Abl. uno unā uno and subtraction. Each letter represents a number: I = 1 X = 10 C = 100 M = 1,000 V = 5 L = 50 D = 500 M. F. N. Roman numerals are read from left to right. If the Nom. duo duae duo smaller number is to the left, it is subtracted. If it is to the Gen. duorum duarum duorum right, it is added. Dat. duobus duabus duobus E.g. IX = 9 but XI = 11 Acc. duos duas duos The I is to the left of the X, so the 1 is subtracted from the Abl. duobus duabus duobus 10, giving us 9. If the I is to the right of the X, it is added, giving us 11. You can have up to three Is, Xs, or Cs in a row, but you M. F. N. can never have more that one V, L, or D. Also, Vs, Ls, and Nom. tres tres tria Ds can never been the smaller number to the left. They can Gen. trium trium trium only be added, never subtracted. You can have as many Ms Dat. tribus triubus tribus in a row as needed. Acc. tres tres tria Abl. tribus tribus tribus

Exercise 7A

74 It sometimes helps to think of Roman numerals like that math taught in kindergarten, breaking everything down to ones place, tens place, hundreds place, and thousands place. I.e. 1492 MCDXCII 1000 M 400 CD 90 XC 2 II

Exercise 7B

75 SECTION 3 decline the noun properly and modify it correctly with an ∏ adjective. It is not enough to know that amo means “I love.” You must know “amo, amare - to love” so that you can conjugate Review A the verb properly. It is not enough to know that ad means “to/toward.” You must also know “ad (prep. +acc.) - to/toward” so that can be sure that any object of the preposition ad will take the accusative case.

Vocabulary Noun Cases and their Uses This would be a good time to review all of the vocabulary taught in the first seven chapters of this book. It It is also important to review the various cases and tehir is essential to master the entire dictionary entry. This mastery uses. of dictionary entries is incredibly important because the Nominative dictionary entry of nouns gives all the necessary information 1. Subject to form words to use in sentences and also to recognize how they are being used in a Latin text. The dictionary entry of a Lupa Juliam non terret. noun provides the declension, the stem, and the gender of the The wolf does not frighten Julia. noun. Likewise, the dictionary entry of an adjective will give you the declension and stem. The dictionary entry of verbs 2. Predicate nominative/Complement provides you with the conjugation and stem of the verb. The Lupa est fera. entry of a preposition will indicate which case the object The wolf is wild. should use. Romulua erat rex. It is not enough to know that mater means “mother.” Romulus was a king. You must know “mater, matris (f) - mother” so that you can

76 Genitive Vocative 1. Possession 1. Direct address Templum Iovis erat magnum. Marce, tam tarde ambulas! Jupiter’s temple was big. Marcus, you are walking so slowly!

Nouns and Adjectives Dative You now know first, second, and third declension noun 1. Indirect object endings. You know the neuter gender endings for the second Rex viro praemium dabat. and third declensions as well. It would be wise to review The king was giving the man a reward. these endings and to have them mastered fully.

You must also be capable of using first-second Accusative declension (us, a, um or 2-1-2) adjectives to modify nouns. 1. Direct object Be sure to remember that an adjective and a noun it modifies must agree in gender, number, and case. (n.b. not Rex viro praemium dabat. necessarily endings). The ending of the adjective is dictated The king was giving the man a reward. by the gender of the noun. You simply have to memorize the 2. Object of certain prepositions gender of any Latin noun you learn. Milites trans montes ambulant. Many times the endings will match, but often they will The soldiers are walking across the mountains. not. In particular, this will be the case when using a first- second declension adjective to modify a third declension Ablative noun. Another time the endings will not match could be when modifying a first declension noun that happens to be 1. Object of certain prepositions masculine (there are a few: poeta, nauta, agricola, pirata, Poeta pueris et puellis de Romulo narrabat. etc.). The poet was telling the boys and girls about Romulus.

77 E.g. small road - parva via, parvae viae, etc. Review Exercises my horse - meus equus, mei equi, etc. Exercise 7C angry poet - iratus poeta, irati poetae, etc. Exercise 7D new king - novus rex, novi regis, etc. Exercise 7E big sister - magna soror, magnae sororis, etc. Exercise 7F bad time - malum tempus, mali temporis, etc. Exercise 7G

Verbs You now know two conjugations of verbs and one irregular verb (sum, esse). You must be able to identify the conjugation of a regular verb by looking at its infinitive. You must be able to conjugate first and second conjugation verbs and sum, esse in the present and imperfect tenses in all persons and numbers. This requires a mastery of personal endings and tense indicators for first and second conjugation verbs, and a full memorization of the present and imperfect tenses of sum, esse.

78 SECTION 4 magna urbs, augebat. Romani cum multis urbibus in Italiā ∏ pugnabant. Vias multas et templa magna aedificant. Principio Rei Publicae

Post tempus Tarquini non erant reges Romanorum. Anniversariē duo viri erant consules. Consules erant duces Romanorum. Primi consules erant Brutus et Collatinus. Roma nunc erat res publica. Lars Porsena, Etruscus rex vicinae urbis, Clusii, consules non amat. Lars Porsena (5) erat amicus Tarquini Superbi et Tarquinum adiuvabat. Itaque Lars Porsena Romam oppugnat.

Clusium cum Romā pugnabat. Rex autem Clusii magnam virtutem multorum Romanorum videt. Virtutem et pietatem Mucii Scaevolae, Horatii, atque Cloeliae (10) mirat. Tandem rex Tarquinum non iam adiuvat, sed pacem cum Romā iubet. Roma, non iam parvum oppidum sed nunc

79 SECTION 5 attractive to ambitious Roman statesmen because it gave them the opportunity to endear themselves to the Roman ∏ people by putting on lavish and entertaining games and feasts. The Cursus Honorum The office of praetor was primarily concerned with judicial affairs. Praetors would serve as judges. This is the second highest office in the Cursus Honorum below only the office of consul. The tradition eventually developed that after a year of service a praetor would be assigned to govern a province. The office of consul was the highest office in Republican Rome. There were two elected annually and each man would The term Cursus Honorum refers to the sequential alternate control of the government monthly. The consul was order of offices that politically-minded Roman men would the head of government and leader of the Roman army. hold in the government of the Republic and early Empire. Romans would often use the names of the consuls to indicate Quaestor was the first step in the Cursus Honorum. a particular year (i.e. In the consulate of Caesar and The quaestor was a financial official involved with taxes and Bibulus). public funds, who also helped oversee the public treasury. These were the most important offices in the Roman Eventually a minimum age for the office was set at 30 for Republic, but there were also several other ways in which a patricians and 32 for plebeians. Election as a quaestor Roman man could serve the government. automatically allowed the elected man to be enrolled in the Senate. The Tribune of the Plebs was an office established in 493 BC as a check on patrician and senatorial powers. An aedile was an official in charge of public works, Elected by the tribal assembly (i.e. by the plebeians), the buildings, and “games” (ludi). Traditionally a Roman man tribune of the plebs was supposed to champion the cause of would run for aedile after he had served as a quaestor, poorer Romans and help mollify the so-called “conflict of the although is was not technically a necessary step on the way orders.” One of the most important powers this office to being elected praetor. Often the office of aedile was

80 possessed was the ability to veto any law. As a sign of how A dictator was a leader given full control of military and important and respected the tribune of the plebs was, he was government for up to 6 months in times of crisis. Famous sacrosanct, which meant that anyone who laid hands upon examples in the early Republic were Cincinnatus and him could be put to death. Camillus. Cincinnatus was most frequently cited as an excellent model of a dictator that gave up the extraordinary power given to him after the crisis at hand had been overcome.

Review Questions 1. What was the highest office in Republican Rome? Why do you think two were elected annually? 2. Why would a young Roman politician want to be an aedile? 3. Why was the tribune of the plebs created? What power did this office possess that made it very effective? 4. What were the two main functions of a censor? Gaius Gracchus, Tribune of the Plebs, Presiding over the Plebeian 5. Why was Cincinnatus held up as an example of how a Council dictator should act? A censor was almost always a former consul. The censor had two chief duties. The first was to oversee public morals and decency (cf. the English word “censorship”). The second was to maintain records that indicated which tribe people belonged to and how much tax should be assessed (cf. the English word “census”). A very important power that a censor had was to remove or add people to the Senate.

81 SECTION 6 wore a small pointed cap called a pileus, which has become a ∏ sign of freedom. Women wore an ankle length tunic, the stola, with a shawl Roman Clothing called a palla, which was used to cover their heads when they left the house. As Roman influence spread into Asia, many wealthy women began to wear elaborate silks and cotton garments imported from the East. They also The basic garment for all had slave women who helped them Romans was a wool or linen tunic, with elaborate hairstyles and makeup, which was sometimes called a tunica. For men, this tunic even made out of lead. Women wore jewelry made out of was knee-length. For senators, the glass and bronze. tunica also had a broad purple stripe down the side to indicate Children dressed just like adults. Both boys and girls their status. For formal occasions, wore the tunica as young children, and the toga praetexta as citizens wore the toga. Most men pre-teenagers. Boys also wore a bulla, or luck charm from wore a pure white toga, the toga the time they were born until their coming of age ceremony pura or toga virilis. A man who at the age of seventeen. At this age, they were considered served as a high official would adults and would dress like their fathers. Girls became adults wear a toga praetexta, which had when they reached the marriageable age of fourteen. a purple stripe. For cold weather, a wool cloak could also be worn. Slaves wore only the tunica. If a master chose to free his slave, during the special ceremony of manumission the slave

82 Review Questions 1. Who wore a toga praetexta? 2. Who wore a pileus? What does it represent? 3. What is one item that was only worn by children? 4. How were senators’ clothes different from that of ordinary men? 5. What were the two most common materials used in Roman jewelry?

83 CHAPTER∏ 8

I can... -identify a future tense verb of the first or second conjugation. -conjugate first and second conjugation verbs in the future tense. -translate verbs in the future tense. SECTION 1 adglomero, adglomerare - to gather, to come together as a mass, to assemble ∏ monstro, monstrare - to show, reveal, demonstrate redono, redonare - to give back Vocabulary rogo, rogare - to ask

necesse est (impersonal verb) - it is necessary

iterum (adv.) - again num (adv.) - surely not (begins a question expecting a negative answer) toga, ae (f) - toga nonne (adv.) - surely (begins a question expecting an victoria, ae (f) - victory affirmative answer) ager, agri (m) - farm, field olim (adv.) - once, at one time aratrum, i (n) - plow Quomodo (adv.) - How? In what way? arma, armorum (n. pl.) - arms, weapons, armor frumentum i (n) - grain imperium, i (n) - power patricius, i (m) - patrician, noble, aristocrat dictator, dictatoris (m) - dictator imperator, imperatoris (m) - general miles, militis (m) - soldier sollicitus, a, um - worried, anxious, nervous suus, a, um - his, her, its (own) valorosus, a, um - brave, courageous

85 Review 8.1 Use your knowledge of these vocabulary words to determine the definitions for the English de- rivatives

Question 1 of 10 Imperialism

A. A nation that is not involved in for- eign affairs

B. A policy of ruling over foreign countries

C. A policy of peace

D. The abolishment of government

Check Answer

86 SECTION 2 SINGULAR PLURAL ∏ 1st person -bo -bimus 2nd person -bis -bitis Future Tense of 1st and 3rd person -bit -bunt 2nd conjugation Example: amo, amāre stem: am- SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person amabo amabimus 2nd person amabis amabitis The future tense of a verb indicates an action that will 3rd person amabit amabunt take place at some point in the future. It is translated using the word “will.” Example: videō, vidēre stem: vid-

Example: I will go to the store tomorrow. SINGULAR PLURAL We will be happy. 1st person videbo videbimus They will be staying for dinner. 2nd person videbis videbitis 3rd person videbit videbunt

Exercise 8A Like the present tense, these verbs follow the “o, s, t, mus, tis, nt” pattern.

For first and second conjugation verbs, the future tense is formed in much the same way as the imperfect tense, but Exercise 8B with different endings. The -a- or -e- that was used after the Exercise 8C stem is still used, but this time the following endings will be added: Exercise 8D

87 SECTION 3 Exercise 8E ∏ Exercise 8F Future Tense of Sum Exercise 8G

As in the present and imperfect tenses, the verb sum, esse is irregular in the future tense. While the forms follow the “o, s, t, mus, tis, nt” pattern, they cannot be formed by following the pattern of regular verbs. Therefore it is essential to memorize the following chart.

SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person ero erimus 2nd person eris eritis 3rd person erit erunt

88 SECTION 4 Cincinnatus, ut dictator, magnum imperium habebit. ∏ Valorosos viros Romae in Campo Martio cum armis et frumento adglomerare iubet.

Cincinnatus Cincinnatus inquit, “Ad oppida et urbes Aequorum (15) ambulabimus et pugnabimus. Sumus Romani et Aequos superabimus.”

Tum valorosi viri Romae cum Cincinnato ad oppida et urbes Aequorum ambulant. Multos Aequos necant atque Romani cum Aequis diu pugnabant. Aequi Romanos multam virtutem et pietatem monstrant. Cincinnatus et (20) milites superabant atque Romanum consulem habebat. Multi viri Romano Populo victoriam dant. Post victoriam patricii erant solliciti itaque Cincinnatum vocant. Cincinnatus imperium dictatoris redonat et agricola in agro Cincinnatus olim erat consul, sed nunc est agricola. Ubi suo cum aratro iterum est. Cincinnatum vident, Cincinnatus est in agro suo cum (5) aratro. “Fortasse Cincinnatus erit dictator,” inquiunt.

“Erisne dictator noster contra Aequos?” unus ex patriciis inquit,

“Sum agricola nunc. Quomodo bonus dictator et imperator ero? Si autem necesse est, pugnabo et (10) Roma superabit.” Uxorem togam suam e villā portare iubet.

89 SECTION 5 In order to attack Rome, the Etruscan army first needed to cross the Tiber River over the Pons Sublicius. As ∏ the Etruscans advanced, one Roman stood up to the entire opposing force. Horatius Cocles blocked the bridge himself Heroes of the Early and ordered the men standing safely on the riverbank to destroy the bridge around him. Horatius Cocles was a Republic seasoned veteran and his name suggests that he had lost his eye in a previous battle. The Etruscans were shocked to see one man guarding the entrance to the bridge and admired his bravery. As the bridge collapsed, Horatius jumped into the river praying to Father Tiber to protect him. He swam through the rubble of the crumbling bridge and the shower of enemy spears to the other side making it safely ashore. As the Romans began to set up their political identity, they also began to develop a cultural identity. They were able Mucius Scaevola also became a household name during to accomplish this through stories of heroes who fought for this period of war. Scaevola was a young noble who was sent the Republic and in doing so exhibited pietas. Pietas refers into the Etruscan camp undercover in order to kill Lars to loyalty to one’s country, gods, and family and was an Porsena. At a gathering, he saw two equally well dressed important piece of Roman culture. Though it is very possible men addressing the crowd and could not determine which that many of the these heroes existed, the stories became was the king. As a result, he took a guess and killed the exaggerated and are now considered legends. wrong man. Once captured by the Etruscans, the king threatened to have him burned alive. Wanting to prove his When the Romans exiled Tarquin the Proud in 509 devotion to his country, Scaevola stuck his right hand into BC, Tarquin teamed up with the Etruscan king of the flames on a nearby altar and held it there without any neighboring Clusium named Lars Porsena and convinced hint of pain. The king was amazed by this act of bravery and him to help him win back his throne. Out of the resulting let him return to his own camp. war came many stories of heroism. Men were not the only heroes to be born during this time. A young woman named Cloelia was taken hostage by

90 Lars Porsena. the Aequi. The Aequi surrounded a Roman army and its After his run in general along with a consul. The Senate was unable to act with Scaevola, due to the severity of the situation and therefore declared Porsena decided to Cincinnatus dictator. As such, Cincinnatus called all able take Roman men to arms and led an army to come to the aid of his fellow hostages, one of Romans. He launched a surprise attack at midnight leading whom was Cloelia. the the surrender of the enemy. Once his ultimate goal was Cloelia refused to accomplished, Cincinnatus resigned as dictator and returned be taken easily and to his farm. led a group of her Review Questions fellow hostages to safety. They swam 1. What is pietas? across the Tiber as 2. How did Horatius Cocles demonstrate the idea of the Etruscans pietas? attacked them with 3. How did Mucius Scaevola demonstrate the idea of arrows and spears. pietas? Porsena forced 4. Who did Cloelia demonstrate the idea of pietas? Cloelia back into his camp, but was so amazed by her heroism that he allowed her to go free with the hostages of 5. How did Cincinnatus demonstrate the idea of pietas? her choosing. As a result, the Romans erected a large statue of her on horseback in the Forum. Though Cincinnatus lived a bit later than Cloelia, Scaevola, and Horatius, he exhibited similar pietas and is also considered a hero of the early republic. Cincinnatus was a military leader who lived on his family farm across the Tiber away from the pomp of the city. In 458 BC, the Romans went to war against another neighboring tribe called

91 CHAPTER∏ 9

I can identify, use, and translate the following uses of the ablative case: -location. -means/instrument. -manner. -place from which. -time when. -with special adjectives. SECTION 1 desolatus, a, um - empty, desolate, abandoned dignus, a, um (+abl.) - worthy of ∏ fretus, a,um (+abl.) - relying on, leaning on, depending on gloriosus, a, um - glorious, full of glory indignus, a, um (+abl.) - unworthy of Vocabulary perterritus, a, um - frightened, terrified, scared plenus, a, um (+abl.) - full of, full with praeditus, a, um (+abl.) - endowed with, gifted with secundus, a, um - second

coacto, coactare - to force, compel, constrain coniuro, coniurare - to conspire, to plot, to hatch a plan flamma, ae (f) - flame appello, appellare - to call, to name, to call by name libra, ae (f) - scale memoria, ae (f) - memory ardeo, ardēre - to burn, to be on fire vita, ae (f) - life teneo, tenēre - to hold

Gallus, i (m) - a Gaul contra (prep + acc.) - against aurum, i (n) - gold propter (prep + acc.) - because of, on behalf of detrimentum, i (n) - loss, defeat, overthrow exilium, i (n) - exile adhuc (adv.) - still ferrum, i (n) - iron, weapon, sword undique (adv.) - on all sides mercimonium, i (n) - goods, material items, resources quamquam (conj.) - although decus, decoris (n) - honor, ornament, splendor, glory institutor, institutoris (m) - founder, creator laus, laudis (f) - praise plebs, plebis (m) - plebs, the poor masses, non-aristocrats barbarus, a, um - barbarian contentus, a, um (+abl.) - satisfied with, content with 93 Review 9.1 Use your knowledge of these vocabulary words to determine the definitions for the English de- rivatives

Question 1 of 10 Dignity

A. A speech of praise

B. A sense of worthiness

C. A sense of contentment

D. A defeat

Check Answer

94 SECTION 2 Cicerō Catilīnam multīs ōrātiōnibus damnābat. ∏ Cicero condemned Catiline with many speeches. Ablatives ABLATIVE OF TIME WHEN The ablative of time when tells when the action takes place. Although it is translated using English prepositions such as “at,” “in,” or “on,” it does not use a preposition in Latin. E.g. Primā luce ad oppidum hostium discedēbamus.

The ablative case is the most versatile case. It can be At dawn we were departing for the enemies’ town. used in a wide range of situations to convey very different things. The following is a list of some of the most common Tertiō diē pater meus ab urbe ambulabat. uses of the ablative case. On the third day my father walked from the city.

Familia in villā aestate habitat. ABLATIVE OF INSTRUMENT The family lives in the villa in the summer. The ablative of instrument, also known as the ablative of means, never uses a Latin preposition. It is, however ABLATIVE OF MANNER translated using the English prepositions “with” or “by.” It The ablative of manner shows how the subject does the shows the instrument that subject uses to do the action of the action. In many cases it acts more like an adverb than a verb. noun. Sometimes the ablative of manner uses the Latin E.g. Mīles hostem gladiō necabat. preposition “cum,” usually when the noun is modified by an adjective. When the noun appears alone, however, a The soldier killed the enemy with a sword. preposition is not usually used.

95 E.g. Dominus servum īrā verberat. (Because Rome is the name of a city, no preposition is used) The master beats the slave with anger.

Puella magnō cum gaudiō cantat. ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT The girl sings with great joy. The ablative of accompaniment shows who does the action with the subject. This is different from the ablative of Poēta arte scrībebat. instrument because here the noun in the ablative case is The poet was writing with skill. assisting the subject, rather than being used by the subject. The ablative of accompaniment always uses the Latin ABLATIVE OF PLACE FROM WHICH preposition “cum” and is translated using the English The ablative of place from which is used to show from preposition “with.” where something or someone is coming. Unless the place is the name of a city, town, small island, or the word domus or E.g. Camillus cum multis militibus Gaulos oppugnat. rus, a preposition is used. Common preposition used with Camillus attacks the Gauls with many soldiers. this ablative are “a,ab,” “ē, ex,” and “de.” Cras cum Juliā ad Forum ambulābō. E.g. Civēs ab aedificiō currēbant. Tomorrow I will walk to the Forum with Julia. The citizens were running from the building. ABLATIVE OF LOCATION Multī incolae ē provinciā fugere volebant. The ablative of location shows were the action of the Many inhabitants were wishing to flee from the verb takes place. It uses prepositions such as “in” or “sub.” If province. the location is the name of a city, town, small island, or the words domus or rus, the locative case is used in place of the Puer fortis dē tectō villae desultabat. ablative of location. The brave boy jumped down from the roof of the villa. E.g. Amīcō meō in Forō herī occurrēbam. Multi cives Romā fugiebant. I met my friend yesterday in the Forum. Many citizens were fleeing from Rome. 96 Puellae sub arbore sedēre et legere amant. Exercise 9A The girls love to sit and read under the tree. Exercise 9B Multa vehicula in Viā Appiā vidēmus. Exercise 9C We see many vehicles on the Appian Way.

ABLATIVE WITH SPECIAL ADJECTIVES Some adjectives require another noun in a particular case in order to complete the meaning of the adjective. When an adjective requires a noun in a particular case, this will be indicated in the vocabulary entry. Below is a list of several adjectives introduced in this chapter’s vocabulary list that take ablatives: contentus, a, um (+ abl.) - satisfied with, content with dignus, a, um (+ abl.) - worthy fretus, a,um (+ abl.) - relying on, leaning on, depending on, supported by indignus, a, um (+ abl.) - unworthy of plenus, a, um (+ abl.) - full praeditus, a, um (+ abl.) - endowed, gifted, provided,

E.g. Imperator erat contentus militibus. The general was satisfied with the soldiers.

Hector est vir dignus magno laude. Hector is a man worthy of great praise.

97 SECTION 3 quod Galli multos homines necabant atque urbs magnis ∏ flammis ardebat. Post detrimentum duces Romanorum aurum indiginis Gallis decore dabant. Camillus adhuc in (15) Camillus et Galli exilio cum familiā erat, sed tamen Romani Camillum in memoriā tenent. Camillum vocabant quod Camillus erat vir praeditus virtuteque pietate. Camillus Romam semper amabat, itaque Romanos contra Gallos adiuvat.

Ubi spectat aurum et libras, inquit, “Gallos non (20) Tempore Camilli Roma augebat. Romani cum multis auro, sed ferro superabimus. Galli indigni auro Romanorum vicinis urbibus pugnabat. Camillus erat magnus imperator sunt. Gallos necabimus et Roma magna iterum erit.” Senatus Romanorum et Veios superabat. Gloriosa victoria erat digna Populusque Romanus Camillo imperium dat. Romani laude, autem multi plebes in terrā Veiorum habitare volunt Camillo freti erant, et Camillus Romae vitam novam dabat. quod Veii pleni desolatis villis nunc erant. Etiam erant (5) Propter victoriam contra Gallos Romanus populus (25) mercimonia in viis Veiorum. Camillus erat patricius et plebes Camillum, “Secundum Institutorem Romae” vocat. in Veiorum terrā non habitare iubet. Non erant conenti Camillo. Plebes nunc sunt irati itaque contra Camillum cum inimicis imperatoris magni coniurant. Tandem Camillum in exilium coactant. (10)

Post paucos annos Galli barbari Romam oppugnabant. Nocte Romam occupant. Romanus populus erat perterritus

98 SECTION 4 Veii he carried off a statue of the goddess that was brought back to Rome and which was eventually installed in a new ∏ temple dedicated to Iuno Regina on the Aventine Hill. Camillus did not get to bask in the glow of his Camillus and the Gauls triumphant victory for long. The plebeians in Rome wanted to benefit from the loot taken from Veii, and more importantly, some wanted to move to Veii, which now had much unoccupied land and even houses that they could inhabit themselves. Camillus’s patrician sensibilities would not allow such a land distribution and when he refused, his political enemies, backed by the plebeians, conspired to have Marcus Furius Camillus was one of Rome’s greatest the great hero exiled. Camillus and his family left Rome and heroes, generals, and dictators during the early expansion of lived in exile in Ardea. Roman influence and power in Etruria and Latium. Camillus was of patrician stock and distinguished himself in The exile of Camillus was not permanent. In 390 BC the the beginning of his military career in wars against the barbarian Gauls from the north of the Rubicon River moved Volscians and the Aequians. One of the most famous southward through the Italian peninsula and eventually victories of Camillus came when he was appointed dictator to captured and occupied Rome under the leadership of their deal with the stubborn Veiites. Rome had been fighting the general Brennus. The Gauls occupied and burnt much of the city of Veii for ten years and after a few severe defeats for the city. Tradition says that a small group of Romans were able Romans, they appealed to Camillus to help lead the Romans to hold out hope on the Capitoline Hill. to victory. This was in 396 BC. Camillus proved a strong enemy against the Gauls in his Camillus accepted the appointment of dictator and won defense of Ardea as a private citizen. When the Romans a great victory leading the Roman army against Veii. He heard of this they appointed him dictator again, and asked slaughtered the male population while enslaving the women him to help liberate Rome from the Gauls. It seems that and children. The victorious Roman dictator had invoked the Camillus arrived at the moment when Brennus was weighing protection of Juno before the battle, and so when looting out the gold that was to be paid to the Gauls to end the siege and have them go home. When the Romans complained that

99 Review Questions 1. What city, which the Romans had fought a ten year war against, did Camillus defeat as dictator? 2. Why was Camillus forced into exile? 3. When did the Gauls sack and occupy Rome? 4. Who was the Gauls’ general? 5. Why is Camillus known as the “Second Founder of Rome” and a “Second Romulus?”

the scales were rigged, Brennus threw his sword on the scales and declared “Vae Victis!” (“Woe to the conquered!”). When Camillus observed this arrogant display from Brennus, he declared that the Gauls will not be defeated with gold, but rather with iron (i.e. weapons). A battle broke out among the Gauls and Romans, but fighting was hard in the narrow streets of the city itself. On the next day the armies left the city and fought a more traditional battle, which was won handily by Camillus and the Roman army. For this great victory Camillus was given the title “Second Founder of Rome” and declared a “Second Romulus.”

100 CHAPTER∏ 10

I can... -form, identify, and translate positive and negative imperatives in both the singular and plural. -form, identify, and translate vocative nouns. SECTION 1 maneo, manēre - to stay, to remain, to endure salveo salvēre - to be healthy, in imperative hello ∏ valeo, valēre - to be strong, in imperative good-bye Vocabulary per (prep. +acc.) - through nobiscum - with us

Review 10.1 Use your knowledge of these vocabulary words to determine the definitions for the English de- rivatives colonia, ae (f) - colony, dwelling, settlement Question 1 of 10 imperium, i (n) - power, control Inception libertus, i (m) - freedman, ex-slave magister, magistri (m) - teacher, master mandatum, i (n) - order, command A. Beginning proelium, i (n) - battle, armed conflict servus, i (m) - slave B. End nepos, nepotis (m) - grandson, descendant C. Middle incepto, inceptare - to begin, to start D. Robbery navigo, navigare - to sail opto, optare - to choose, select, wish, desire probo, probare - to find good, approve remigro, remigrare - to move back, journey back, return Check Answer

102 SECTION 2 To form the plural positive imperative plural form, re- ∏ move the “-re” from the infinitive and replace it with “-te.” Examples: Imperative amāre → amate “love” (pl.) vidēre → vidēte “see” (pl.) Negative Negative imperatives are formed with the positive im- perative forms of the verb nolō, nolle (to not want, to re- fuse) and the infinitive of the verb. To form the negative imperative in the singular, put The imperative mood is used to issue a direct command “nolī,” the singular positive imperative of nolō, nolle, before or order. Imperatives can be either positive or negative. The an infinitive. positive imperative is used as a command “to do” something (read the book, clean your room, study your notes, etc.). Examples: The negative imperative is used as a command “not to do” nōlī amāre - “don’t love” something (don’t run, don’t speak, don’t steal, etc.). nōlī vidēre - “don’t see” Positive To form the negative imperative in the singular, put “nōlīte,” the plural positive imperative of nolo, nolle, before To make the singular positive imperative singular form, an infinitive. remove the “-re” from the infinitive, forming the present stem. This form will also serve as the singular positive impera- Examples: tive. nōlīte amāre - “don’t love” (pl.) Examples: nōlīte vidēre - “don’t see” (pl.) amare → ama “love” vidēre → vidē “see” Exercise 10A

103 SECTION 3 ∏ FIRST DECLENSION NOUNS Nominative -a -ae Vocative Vocative -a -ae SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS - MASCULINE Nominative -r/-us/-ius -ī Vocative -r/-e/-ī -ī

SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS - NEUTER FORMING THE VOCATIVE CASE Nominative -um -a Usually the vocative case is identical to the nominative Vocative -um -a case. The only exception is for singular second declension masculine nouns. When a second declension masculine noun THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS - MASCULINE/FEMININE ends in -er or -r, such as vir or liber, the nominative and Nominative --- -es vocative are the same. When a second declension masculine Vocative --- -es noun ends in -us, such as servus, the vocative ending is -e. When one ends in -ius, such as in the name Cornelius, the THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS - NEUTER vocative ending is -ī. Nominative --- -a Vocative --- -a

Exercise 10B

104 USING THE VOCATIVE CASE The vocative case is used for the addressee, or the person to whom the statement or question is directed. Examples: Marce, cur librum tuum non legebas? Marcus, why were you not reading your book?

Sexte, statim ex arbore descende! Sextus, come down from the tree immediately!

Tacēte, ancillae, quod dominus nunc dormit. Be quiet, slave women, because the master is now sleeping.

Exercise 10C Exercise 10D

105 SECTION 4 detrimenta multa dabant. Post bellum cum Pyrrho Senatus ∏ Romanus Populusque imperium per omnem Italiam habebat. Roma Pyrrho et aliis regibus Graeciis mandata dabat, (15) Roma Italiam Capit “Manēte in Graeciā, reges! Nolite navigare ad Italiam iterum. Sumus domini Italiae! Non iam parvum oppidum sumus. Nunc Roma est urbs digna gloriā et laudibus et decoribus.”

Post Galli barbari ad Galliam remigrant, Roma multas urbes Italiae iterum superare inceptat. Erant multae Graecae urbes in Italiā atque Siciliā. Nomen coloniarum Graeciarum erat “Magna Graecia.” Tarentum, urbs in Magnā Graeciā, contra Romanos pugnare inceptat. Populus Tarenti (5) Pyrrhum regem auxilium rogat. “Pugna nobiscum contra Romanos, Pyrrhe!”

Pyrrhus erat rex Epiri in Graeciā et Romam non amabat. Itaque Pyrrhus Tarentum adiuvat atque Romam cum Tarento oppugnat. Pyrrhus in multis proeliis (10) Romanos superat, sed tamen in bello non superat. Bellum erat Pyrrho plenum victoriis, autem tandem Romani Pyrrho

106 SECTION 5 Tarentum and a war erupted between the two. This war grew and engulfed the whole region with most Greek city ∏ states in Magna Graecia backing Tarentum and, strangely enough, Rome’s future arch nemesis, Carthage, backing Magna Graecia and Rome. Eventually Tarentum asked King Pyrrhus of Epirus, a the Pyrrhic Wars Greek king of Macedonian descent, to sail across the Adriatic Sea to give assistance against the Romans. Pyrrhus honored this request in 280 BC and brought After the expulsion of the Gauls by Camillus, the many ships, weapons, and soldiers Romans continued to expand their power by defeating to Italy to attempt to defeat the neighboring towns and peoples in Latium and the Romans. surrounding areas. By the end of the 4th century BC (300s BC) Rome had defeated the Samnites and most of the of the While Pyrrhus’s assistance other Latin peoples in central Italy. If Rome was going to was a major factor in the war and expand further it needed to cast its gaze southward. he dealt the Romans many losses, these victories came at too great a cost. In fact, after a particularly costly victory at In the area of southeastern Italy and Sicily there was a Asculum in 279 BC Pyrrhus famously declared, “If we are region commonly known as Magna Graecia. Magna Graecia victorious in one more battle with the Romans we will be was the name given to this region because it was composed utterly ruined!” Pyrrhus’s name is now given to the the idea of Greek cities and colonies. These cities were culturally, of a “Pyrrhic Victory,” or a victory at too great a cost. linguistically, and religiously Greek. The Roman virtue of persistence proved too much for Rome came into conflict with one of these Pyrrhus, Tarentum, and the rest of the allied Greek city- cities,Tarentum, when Roman ships entered Tarentum’s bay states of Magna Graecia. By 275 BC Pyrrhus had been to protect one of Rome’s allies. The citizens of Tarentum took defeated at the battle of Maleventum and left Italy for good this as a violation of a preexisting treaty between Rome and to return to Epirus. By 272 BC Tarentum finally surrendered

107 to Rome and Rome became the undisputed master of the Italian peninsula.

Review Questions 1. What and where was Magna Graecia? 2. Why did Tarentum believe Rome had violated a treaty between the two cities? 3. Describe King Pyrrhus’s involvement in the war between Tarentum and Rome. 4. What is a “Pyrrhic Victory?” 5. What was the ultimate result of Rome’s defeat of Pyrrhus and Tarentum?

108 CHAPTER∏ 11

I can... - conjugate the irregular verbs volo, nolo, and possum in the present, imperfect, and future tenses. SECTION 1 alienus, a, um - foreign, strange avidus, a, um - eager for, longing for ∏ fortunatus, a, um - fortunate, lucky, blessed miser, misera, miserum - wretched, miserable, unfortunate, unlucky, poor Vocabulary nullus, a, um - no, none, not any pius, a, um - pious, loyal, devoted Punicus, a, um - Carthaginian, Phoenician

acervo, acervare - to pile up, to heap, to form a pile or a heap cremo, cremare - to burn, to cremate, to consume with fire fatum, i (n) - fate, destiny lacrimo, lacrimare - to cry, to weep odium, odii (n) - hatred, ill will vulnero, vulnerare - to wound somnium, i (n) - dream telum, i (n) - weapon doleo, dolēre - to be sad vestimentum, i (n) - clothing licet, licēre - it is allowed (+complementary infinitive) amor, amoris (m) - love vivo, vivere - to live bellator, bellatoris (m) - warrior, fighter Carthago, Carthaginis (f) - Carthage profugio, profugere - to escape, escape from, flee comitas, comitatis (f) - friendliness, kindness, courtesy Dido, Didonis (f) - Dido ante (adv.) - before furor, furoris (m) - rage, fury hodie (adv.) - today hospes, hospitis (m/f) - host, guest, friend litus, litoris (n) - coast, seashore ante (prep. + acc.) - before, in front of mors, mortis (f) - death inter (prep. +acc.) - between, among pectus, pectoris (n) - chest, heart sine (prep. +abl.) - without Venus, Veneris (f) - Venus

110 Review 11.1 Use your knowledge of these vocabulary words to determine the definitions for the English de- rivatives

Question 1 of 10 Piety

A. Ignorance

B. Loyalty, devotion

C. Anger

D. Doubt

Check Answer

111 SECTION 2 PRESENT TENSE ∏ SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person possum possumus Irregular Verbs 2nd person potes potestis possum, volo, nolo 3rd person potest possunt

IMPERFECT TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL Like sum, esse, the forms of the irregular verbs possum, volo, and nolo must be memorized, because they do not 1st person poteram poteramus follow the rules for regular verbs. 2nd person poteras poteratis 3rd person poterat poterant POSSUM, POSSE The irregular verb possum, which means “to be able,” is essentially a compound verb based off of the forms of sum, FUTURE TENSE esse. When a form of sum begins with the letter e-, a prefix SINGULAR PLURAL of pot- is added and when it begins with the letter s-, the prefix pot- is added. 1st person potero poterimus 2nd person poteris poteritis 3rd person poterit poterunt

112 VOLŌ, VELLE and NOLŌ, NOLLE VOLŌ - FUTURE TENSE The irregular verb volo, velle, means to want or to be SINGULAR PLURAL willing. These forms will also serve as the model for the verb 1st person volam volemus nolo, nolle, which means to not want, to be unwilling, or to refuse. 2nd person voles voletis 3rd person volet volent

VOLŌ - PRESENT TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL NOLŌ - PRESENT TENSE 1st person volo volumus SINGULAR PLURAL 2nd person vis vultis 1st person nolo nolumus 3rd person vult volunt 2nd person non vis non vultis 3rd person non vult nolunt VOLŌ - IMPERFECT TENSE SINGULAR PLURAl NOLŌ - IMPERFECT TENSE 1st person volebam volebamus SINGULAR PLURAL 2nd person volebas volebatis 1st person nolebam nolebamus 3rd person volebat volebant 2nd person nolebas nolebatis 3rd person nolebat nolebant

113 NOLŌ - FUTURE TENSE 1st person nolam nolemus 2nd person noles noletis 3rd person nolet nolent

Exercise 11A Exercise 11B Exercise 11C Exercise 11D

114 SECTION 3 alphabet instead of the Greek, they still retained many of their Greek endings, which might seem quite unusual on first ∏ sight. Most of these nouns are first declension words, like Aeneas or Anchises, which use the familiar -ae genitive Greek Names singular ending, even though they have a variable nominative form. These nouns also differ from an ordinary Latin first declension noun in that they use an -n instead of an -m in the accusative singular. For example, the accusative singular of Aeneas is Aenean. The full declensions of Aeneas and Anchises are as follows:

As a result of the physical proximity of Greece and Italy, Nominative Aeneas Anchises the Greek colonization of the Italian peninsula and Magna Genitive Aeneae Anchisae Graecia, and finally the growing Roman presence in Greece itself, most Romans became very familiar with the Greek Dative Aeneae Anchisae language. Indeed, educated Romans of the upper classes Accusative Aenean Anchisen were often fluent in Greek, able to read Greek philosophy Ablative Aeneā Anchisē and poetry with ease. The famous Roman orator and statesman Cicero even spent a few years in Athens as a young man studying Greek rhetoric and oratory. While The vowel used before the -n in the accusative corresponds Romans like Cato the Elder saw the Greek influences as a to the vowel used before the -s in the nominative singular. negative thing for Roman society, the vast majority of Romans continued to study the Greek classics and appreciate With many women’s names, the other difference is that their shared cultural origins. the -ae ending in the genitive singular may be replaced with - es. For example, the name Andromache (a Trojan princess) One way in which this familiarity with the Greek is declined as follows: language is reflected is in the use of Greek names in Latin literature. While these names were written using the Roman

115 Nominative Andromache Genitive Andromaches Dative Andromachae Accusative Andromachen Ablative Andromachē

116 SECTION 4 Vir fortunatus manēre non potest. Iupiter per Mercurium in ∏ somnio Aenean vocat. Mercurius inquit “Naviga ad Italiam! Tibi hīc cum (15) Dido et Aeneas feminā Punicā habitare non licet. Tuum fatum est in Italiā! Eris pater Romanōrum, institutor urbis magnae, secundae Troiae. Ascanius atque filli Ascanii erunt domni omnis mundi. Tuum fatum memoriā tenē!”

Carthago erat magna et pulchra urbs in Africā. Est urbs antiqua. Ante Roma erat urbs, Carthago reginam Didonem habebat. Dido populum Punicum amabat atque Didonem amabat.

Olim vir alienus ad litora Africae navigabat. Vir erat (5) bellator Troianus amore deorum fretus, nomine Aeneas. Pius Aeneas quoque filius deae erat. Mater Aeneae Venus est et pater Anchises. Aeneas fortunatus ē Troiā profugere poterat quod fatum habebat. Fatum gloriosum autem Aeneae pii in Africā non erat. Dido pulchra esse bona hospes volebat. (10) Mox post somnium ab Africā cum viris navigat, sed (20) Etiam Aeneae et filio Ascanio parvo multa dona dabat. Dido dolebat. Sine Aeneā vivere non vult. Ut Aeneas ad Tandem Aenean amat et Tronianus vir in Africā manēre vult. Italiam navigat, Dido regina Punica in litore sedet et

117 lacrimat. Regina misera tela et vestimenta Aeneae acervat tum telaque vestimenta cremat. Tum suum pectus gladio vulnerbat atque se necabat. Post mortem Didonis (25) magnum odium inter Romanos et Punicos semper erit. Adhuc hodie nulla comitas inter Romam et Carthaginem est. Poeta Romanus, nomine Vergilius, multis verbis praeclaris fabulam de Aeneā et Didone narrabat.

118 SECTION 5 the goddess Venus and the mortal Anchises. This hero fought in the Trojan war against the Greeks and when Troy ∏ finally fell, he was one of the few to escape. Aeneas’s Trojan wife, and mother of his son Ascanius (also known as Iulus), The Story of Dido and Creusa, perished during the fall of Troy. Aeneas himself narrowly escaped with his aged father Anchises on his Aeneas shoulders, his young son, his household gods (the Lares and Penates), and other lucky Trojans who managed to avoid falling to Greek swords or the flames engulfing Troy. Aeneas and his men sailed throughout the Mediterranean world seeking a new homeland, a second Many generations before Rome ever existed there was Troy. It was Aeneas’s destiny to establish a new city that queen Dido. Also known as Elissa in some sources, Dido would eventually grow into a race that ruled the world. was originally from the region of Phoenicia, located in what These Trojan refugees experienced many adventures and today would be Lebanon. Dido had to flee Phoenicia when hardships throughout their journey. her evil brother, Pygmalion murdered her husband Sychaeus because of Sychaeus’s wealth. In a dream After a particularly violent storm engineered by the Sychaeus directed Dido to buried gold and the widow fled goddess Juno, Aeneas and his men are shipwrecked and Phoenicia with many others who feared Pygmalion. wash up on the North African shore of Carthage. Dido falls madly in love with this Trojan stranger as he retells the story Dido and the other fleeing Phoenicians eventually of the fall of Troy and its aftermath. Aeneas too feels settled in North Africa and established a city named affection for Dido and ponders being her king and ruling Carthage. This is why the Romans called the Carthaginians Carthage with her; however, this is not his fate. Jupiter, by Punici, or Phoenicians. Dido ruled Carthage without a king way of Mercury, reminds Aeneas that his fate lies elsewhere. and Carthage flourished. She was a rare example of an Aeneas is reminded of his destiny to found a new city and a independent and strong-willed woman for the ancient world. new race and that this new city would be in Italy. Ever pious Also many generations before Rome ever existed there and dutiful, Aeneas makes the difficult decision to follow his was a the great Trojan hero Aeneas. Aeneas was the son of fate and leaves Dido and Carthage to sail to Italy.

119 eventually establish another city named Alba Longa and Ascanius’ line would rule Alba Longa for over 300 years until the time of Numitor, Amulius, Romulus, Remus, and the founding of Rome in 753 BC.. This mythological story of Dido and Aeneas and Aeneas’ entrance into Italy and triumph over the native Italians led by Turnus served as the basis for the epic poem the Aeneid, written by Rome’s greatest poet, Publius Vergilius Maro, commonly known as Vergil.

Dido, heart-broken, spurned, and enraged, gathered all of the clothing, weapons, and possessions left behind by her Review Questions former lover. As the Trojans sailed from Carthaginian shores, 1. Where was Dido originally from and why did she leave? the Carthaginian queen set fire to Aeneas’ possession in a 2. Who were Aeneas’s mother, Trojan wife, son, and mock funeral pyre. She swore undying hatred between her father? people and the descendants of Aeneas. This undying hatred 3. What happens when Aeneas and his men are was still in tact hundreds of years later during the Punic shipwrecked in Carthage? Wars fought between the Romans and the Carthaginians. In 4. Why does Aeneas leave Carthage? a last act of of desperate grief, Dido thrust a sword into her 5. What happens when Aeneas and his men leave chest and took her own life. Carthage? Aeneas did make it to Italy and after fighting a war against some native Italians led by the Rutulian prince Turnus, established a new city. Aeneas named the city Lavinium, after his new Italian wife, Lavinia. His son would

120 CHAPTER∏ 12

I can... - identify, conjugate, and translate the forms of the irregular verbs eo and fero in the present, imperfect, and future tenses. SECTION 1 gero, gerere - to wear, to carry ∏ facio, facere - to do, to make

fortiter (adv.) - bravely, strongly Vocabulary lentē (adv.) - slowly

Review 12.1 Use your knowledge of these vocabulary words to determine the definitions for the English de- copia, ae (f) - supply, abundance, in plural troops rivatives corvus, i (n) - raven, crow Question 1 of 10 decretum, i (n) - a decree, ordinance, judgement Manufacture classis, classis (f) - fleet harpago, harpagonis (m) - hook A. To make by hand hostis, hostis (m) - enemy mare, maris (n) - sea mos, moris (m) - custom, manner, practice, fashion B. To make by machine navis, navis (f) - ship C. To sell in a market citus, a, um - swift, rapid durus, a, um - hard, tough, harsh D. To buy in a market inevitabilis, -e - unavoidable, inevitable Check Answer adiugo, adiugare - to attach, to fasten, to bind together discepto, disceptare - to decide, to determine, to judge 122 SECTION 2 PRESENT TENSE ∏ SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person fero ferimus Irregular Verbs Fero 2nd person fers fertis and Eo 3rd person fert ferunt

IMPERFECT TENSE

Once again, the irregular verbs fero and eo do not SINGULAR PLURAL follow logical patterns, so it is necessary to memorize the 1st person ferebam ferebamus unique conjugation for each verb. 2nd person ferebas ferebatis 3rd person ferebat ferebant FERO, FERRE Fero, ferre, to bring, carry, bear, is an irregular verb that resembles a second conjugation verb in the imperfect FUTURE TENSE tense. Like volo and nolo, it is most irregular in the present SINGULAR PLURAL tense, and uses the endings “-am, -es, -et, -emus, -etis, -ent” in the future. 1st person feram feremus 2nd person feres feretis 3rd person feret ferent

123 EO, IRE FUTURE TENSE Eo, ire, to go, is the only irregular verb that uses the “- SINGULAR PLURAL bam, -bas, -bat” endings in the imperfect and the “-bo, -bis, - 1st person ibo ibimus bit” endings in the future. 2nd person ibis ibitis 3rd person ibit ibunt PRESENT TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL Exercise 12A 1st person eo imus Exercise 12B 2nd person is itis Exercise 12C 3rd person it eunt Exercise 12D

IMPERFECT TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person ibam ibamus 2nd person ibas ibatis 3rd person ibat ibant

124 SECTION 3 Romani milites ad Siciliam ibant. Multae Punicae naves trans ∏ mare ad Siciliam navigabant. Bellum Punicum erat longum plenumque mortibus (15) Primum Bellum et Romanorum et Punicorum. Romanis classem facere Punicum necesse erat. Lentē Romani multas naves novas facere poterant. Romani etiam corvum creabant. Corvus erat ferrum cum harpagonibus. Corvus Romanos adiuvabat quod Romani corvo pontem a nave Romanā ad navem (20) Propter Didonem Carthago contra Romam bellum Punicam aedificare poterant. Ubi pons navem ad navem gerere semper volebat. Nunc post multos annos Roma est adiugat, Romani milites in navem Punicam eunt atque gladiis magna claraque urbs atque Cathago est quoque magna telisque contra Punicos fortiter pugnant. Propter corvum et claraque urbs est. Romani sunt domini terrae, sed Punici virtutem Roma hostes Africanos armis superabat. sunt domini maris. Carthago erat in Africā sed Roma erat (5) Post bellum Punicum Roma copias et mores (25) in Italiā, tamen et Roma et Carthago Siciliam habēre Romanos in Siciliam fert. Sicilia nunc erat prima provincia volebant. Romae. Roma Carthaginem superbant, autem secundum Sicilia erat magna insula inter Romam et Cathaginem. bellum erat inevitabile inter Romam et Carthaginem. Bellum de Siciliā erat inevitabile. Messana, urbs in Siciliā, auxilium Senatum Populumque Romanum contra (10) Punicos rogabat. Senatus de bello diu disceptat. Tandem Senatus decretum belli contra Carthaginem dat. Multi

125 ∏SECTION 4 The First Punic War

After Rome had defeated Pyrrhus and the rest of the Greeks in Magna Graecia and become the dominant force on Rome did build up a navy and also invented an innovative the Italian peninsula, the only way it could further expand its weapon to help capitalize on its strengths. power and influence was to look toward overseas territory. Roman engineers created a tool called the corvus (lit. The territory that was at the heart of what would “crow” or “raven”). The corvus was a type of iron hook become known as the First Punic War was the island of attached to a plank that the Romans would use to snag Sicily off the coast of Italy. Portions of Sicily were controlled enemy ships and hold them tight. Then the Romans were by the Carthaginians. This island and its strategic location in able to board the enemy ship and engage in fighting that the Mediterranean Sea was coveted by both the Romans and more closely mimicked land battles. With this innovation the Carthaginians. and Roman persistence, the Romans eventually defeat the Carthaginians. After this victory in 241 BC Rome took Inevitably a war for control of Sicily erupted between control of the entirety of Sicily making it the first Roman the two superpowers of the day: Rome and Carthage. The province. First Punic War began in 264 BC with Rome as the dominant land power and Carthage as the dominant sea This would not be the last clash between Rome and power. If Rome was to win this war it had to build up a navy. Carthage. In fact, one of the losing generals of the war, the Carthaginian Hamilcar, would raise his son Hannibal to

126 have an undying hatred for Rome. This undying hatred would show itself in the Second Punic War when Rome and Carthage would again do battle in a war for full domination of the Mediterranean world fought on Italian, Spanish, and African soil.

Review Questions 1. What island was at the heart the First Punic War? 2. Rome and Carthage had different military strengths at the time of the 1st Punic War. Explain. 3. What was the corvus? 4. What was the outcome of the First Punic War? 5. Who was Hamilcar?

127 CHAPTER∏ 13

I can ... -identify a third declension i-stem noun. -decline a third declension i-stem noun in all three genders. SECTION 1 totus, a, um - whole ∏ cesso, cessare - to delay, to be idle, to be inactive depopulo, depopulare - to lay waste to, ravage, plunder invado, invadare - to invade, to enter upon violently Vocabulary iuro, iurare - to swear persevero, perseverare - to continue, to persist, to persevere

condo, condere - to establish, to found mitto, mittere - to send resisto, restistere (+dat.) - to withstand, to resist, to stand animus, i (m) - soul, spirit, mind, heart up to elephantus, i (m) - elephant iurandum, i (n) - oath facio facere - to do, to make regnum, i (n) - kingdom, royal domain odio, odire - to hate, to despise animal, animalis (n) - animal, monster ars, artis (f) - skill, tactic, plan, art, theory identidem (adv.) - again and again civis, civis (m/f) - citizen umquam (adv.) - ever cessatio, cessationis (f) - delay, idleness, inaction cunctator, cunctatoris (m) - delayer ignis, ignis (m) - fire iter, itineris (n) - journey, trip mons, montis (m) - mountain pars, partis (f) - part rus, ruris (n) - countryside, country, lands, fields formidulosissimus, a , um - most terrible, scariest liber, libera, liberum - free periculosus, a, um - dangerous 129 Review 13.1 Use your knowledge of these vocabulary words to determine the definitions for the English de- rivatives

Question 1 of 10 Animate

A. To bring to life

B. To pretend

C. To defend

D. To enter a home

Check Answer

130 ∏SECTION 2 3rd declension i-stem SINGULAR M./F. (N.) PLURAL M./F. (N.) Nom./Voc. ---- -ēs (-ia) Gen. -is -ium Dat. -ī -ibus Acc. -em -ēs (-ia) Abl. -e (ī) -ibus There is a subcategory of third declension nouns called I-stem nouns. These nouns have slightly different endings from ordinary third declension endings. For masculine and Example: nox, noctis (f) stem: noct- feminine nouns, there are two ways to identify an I-stem noun: SINGULAR PLURAL 1. If the nominative form ends in -is or -es AND the Nom./Voc. nox noctes nominative and genitive have the same number of Gen. noctis noctium syllables, the noun is an I-stem. Dat. nocti noctibus OR Acc. noctem noctes 2. If the nominative form ends in -s or -x AND the stem ends Abl. nocte noctibus in two consonants, the word is an I-stem.

131 The two most common neuter I-stems are the word mare, maris, (n) - sea and animal, animalis (n) - animal, monster. (Remember, “sea monster”) Example: mare, maris (n) stem: mar-

SINGULAR M./F. (N.) PLURAL M./F. (N.) Nom./Voc. mare maria Gen. maris marium Dat. marī maribus Acc. mare maria Abl. marī maribus

Exercise 13A Exercise 13B Exercise 13C Exercise 13D

132 SECTION 3 tenebat. Hannibal liberum oppidum, Saguntum in Hispaniā ∏ oppugnabat. Saguntum erat hospes Romae itaque cum Romā Hannibal bellum in animo gerere habebat. Iter cum (15) Secundum Bellum animalibus novis Romam* faciebat. Nova animalia erant elephanti. Per Hispaniam tum per Galliam ibat. Tandem Punicum trans montes Alpes cum elephantis ibat atque Italiam invadabat.

Hannibal erat formidulosissimus omnium hostium (20) Post Primum Bellum Punicum, Hamilcar, imperator Romae. Nullus hostis Romanorum civium ut periculosus Punicus, novum regnum in Hispaniā condere volebat. umquam erat. Hannibal Italicum rus identidem depopulare Hamilcar Romanos toto animo odiebat. Iratus imperator poterat sed autem numquam Romam oppugnare poterat. filium suum, Hannibalem, Romanos quoque odire docebat. Romanus imperator, Fabius, plenum proelium cum Ubi Hannibal erat parvus puer, iurandum iurabat. (5) Hannibale, cessare perservabat. Romanus Populus (25) Inquit, “Semper contra Romanos pugnabo! Romani Fabium, “Magnus Cunctator” appellabat. Romanus populus, scelesti erunt semper mei hostes. Ibo cum patre trans mare. fretus arte cessationis Fabii, Hannibali resistere poterat. Cum classe navium atque civium ad Hispaniam navigabimus. Tandem post multas victorias contra Punicos in Hispaniā Tum multas urbes aedificabimus et erimus domini Hispaniae. magnus dux et imperator Romanus, Publius Cornelius Gloriam Carthagini dabo!” (10) Scipio, ad Africam Senatum se mittere vult. Senatus (30) Post mortem Hamilcaris, Hannibal nunc est dux Scipionem mittebat. Nunc Hannibali ad Africam ire necesse Punicorum in Hispaniā. Adhuc suum iurandum memoriā erat. Ibi, prope Carthaginem, in Zamā Scipio magnā virtute

133 Hannibalem superabat. Romani erant nunc domini Hispaniae et Africae et Italiae et Siciliae. Imperium in mari terrāque habebant. (35)

* Here the word Romam appears without the preposition “ad” because the names of cities, towns, small islands, and the words domus and rus forgo prepositions for motion toward or motion away from.

134 SECTION 4 many of the Italian city-states remained neutral or loyal to ∏ Rome, depriving Hannibal of much needed reinforcements. As the Romans The Second Punic War attempted to defend Italy, Hannibal subjected them to the two Legend has it that the Carthaginian commander greatest Hamilcar had his son, Hannibal, swear his undying hatred defeats in for the Romans at the age of nine. After his father’s defeat, Roman Hannibal spent the twenty-three years between the First and military Second Punic Wars building up forces to avenge Carthage’s history. First, on the shores of Lake Trasimene the loss in the first war. In 218 B.C. Carthaginian forces set out Carthaginians lured the Romans into a trap and then from their colonies in Hispania, attacking the town of ambushed them. At Cannae, Hannibal met the Romans head Saguntum, which was allied with Rome. From there, on, then withdrew the center of his battle line. When the Hannibal marched his army, complete with several elephants, Roman army began to pursue the supposedly retreating up to the Alps and descended into Italy through the newly Carthaginian forces, Hannibal ordered his right and left conquered Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul. flanks to surround them. Out of the over fifty thousand Hannibal believed that as he marched south through Romans on the battlefield at the start of the day, only ten Italy the various tribes that had come under the authority of thousand escaped. Many of those killed that day were Rome would rise up in rebellion and assist him in his efforts. Roman senators, which meant that the defeat had While some Gauls in the north did join forces with him, repercussions the extended beyond the military.

135 In desperation, the Senate gave one general, Quintus Review Questions Fabius Maximus, permission to employ a new tactic. Instead 1. What route did Hannibal use to attack the Romans? of engaging in further battles with Hannibal, Fabius 2. What did Hannibal expect to happen when he arrived in retreated farther and father into Italy, sending small bands of Italy? soldiers to attack the Carthaginian forces as they pursued 3. Why was Hannibal successful at the battle of Cannae? him. This tactic earned him the cognomen “Cunctator,” meaning “delayer.” For years, Hannibal kept his army in 4. What strategy did Fabius use to weaken the Carthaginian Italy, hoping to defeat the Romans in battle again and gain forces? enough momentum to march on Rome. When his brother, 5. What cognomens were given to Roman generals during Hasdrubal, attempted to bring in additional soldiers and this war? Why were they appropriate? supplies from Spain, he was intercepted by the Romans and killed, leaving Hannibal entirely cut off from further assistance. As Fabius played cat-and-mouse with the Carthaginians, the Senate sent a new general, Publius Cornelius Scipio, who had had great successes in Spain, to attack the city of Carthage. With his home city under assault, Hannibal was forced to abandon his march toward Rome in order to return to Africa, where he suffered a final defeat at the hands of the Romans at the battle of Zama in 202 B.C. As a result of his victory, Scipio earned the cognomen “Africanus.” A year later, the Romans and Carthaginians formally ended the Second Punic War with Rome emerging as the clear victor and the uncontested powerhouse of the Mediterranean.

136 CHAPTER∏ 14 REVIEW B SECTION 1 imperiosissimus, a, um - very or most powerful praeclarissimus, a, um - very or most famous, most ∏ distinguished Vocabulary brevis, breve - short denuntio, denuntiare - to declare, to make an official pronouncement

deleo, delēre - to destroy

defendo, defendere - to defend, to guard against defensa, ae (f) - defense dico, dicere - to say littera, ae (f) - letter, in plural, literature, writing pono, ponere - to place, to put luxuria, ae (f) - luxury, extravagance pecunia, ae (f) - money redeo, redire - to return, to go back philosophia, ae (f) - philosophy nonnumquam (adv) - sometimes cibus, i (m) - food quinimmo (adv.) - indeed, in fact extremum, i (n) - end vinum, i (n) - wine corpus, corporis (n) - body finis, finis (m) - border, limit oratio, orationis (f) - speech oriens, orientis (n) - the east sal, salis (m) - salt

138 Review 14.1 Use your knowledge of these vocabulary words to determine the definitions for the English de- rivatives

Question 1 of 10 Abbreviate

A. To annoy

B. To shorten by removing

C. To place alphabetically

D. To replace letters in a word

Check Answer

139 SECTION 2 Vocabulary ∏ This would again be a good time for you to review all of the vocabulary we have studied in the first thirteen chapters of this book. Please be sure to master the entire dictionary Review B entry. This mastery of dictionary entries is incredibly important because the dictionary entry of nouns gives you the declension, the stem, and the gender of the noun and the dictionary entry of verbs provides you with the conjugation and stem of the verb. In addition, you should always memorize which case a preposition takes for its object or any special instructions that accompany a noun. It is not enough to know that mater means “mother.” Case Uses You must know “mater, matris (f) - mother” so that you can In addition to knowing the primary functions of the five decline the noun properly and modify it correctly with an main cases, you should now understand and be able to adjective. identify several new uses of the ablative case including: Be particularly careful when it comes to neuter nouns in means, manner, time when, and with some adjectives. Be memorizing genders - neuter nouns of the the second and certain to note that even though we translate these ablative third declensions will differ slightly in their endings in uses with prepositional phrases in English, there is no comparison to their masculine and feminine counterparts. preposition in Latin, with the exception of manner when the You should also be vigilant about using the correct stem to noun is not modified by an adjective. decline nouns. Be particularly careful with third declension You should also now be able to identify and use the nouns in stem retrieval (e.g. for “corpus, corporis (n) - body” vocative case for direct address. the stem is corpor- not corp-). Always remember to remove the ending from the genitive singular to retrieve the correct stem.

140 It is not enough to know that amo means “I love.” You must know “amo, amare - to love” so that you know the SINGULAR PLURAL conjugation and can conjugate the verb properly. amabo amabimus 1st person It is not enough to know that ad means “to, toward.” I will love we will love You must also know “ad (prep. +acc.) - to, toward” so that amabis amabitis 2nd person can be sure that any object of the preposition ad will take the you will love you (pl.) will love accusative case. amabit amabunt 3rd person You should also now note if an adjective can take the he/she/it will love they will love ablative (e.g. plenus, a, um - gratiā plena)

SINGULAR PLURAL Future Tense sedebo sedebimus 1st person You should be able to form, translate, and identify the I will sit we will sit future tense (in addition to the present and imperfect tenses) sedebis sedebitis 2nd person of first and second conjugation verbs. Be careful to note that you will sit you (pl.) will sit the tense indicator for the future tense of first and second sedebit sedebunt conjugation verbs is BO/BI/BU. Also note well that -BO is 3rd person he/she/it will sit they will sit used for first person singular without the need for an added personal ending, -BI is for second person singular through second person plural with the added appropriate personal Imperative Mood endings, and -BU is used only for third person plural with the appropriate personal ending. You should be able to form, translate, and identify the imperatives for all regular first and second conjugations verbs.

141 Eg.: Irregular Verbs ars, artis (f) - skill, art: The nominative form ends in -s and You should know know the present, imperfect, and the stem is art- therefore, the genitive singular will be future tenses of six irregular verbs; sum, esse; possum, artium. posse; volo, velle; nolo, nolle; fero ferre; eo, ire. These navis, navis (f) - ship, boat: The nominative ends in -is and verbs do not belong to any conjugation and, therefore, must the nominative and genitive singular have the same number be memorized fully. of syllables (nav-is, nav-is), therefore the genitive singular will be navium.

Third Declension Masculine and Feminine I-Stems There are some third declension masculine and feminine Third Declension Neuter I-Stems nouns that have -ium in the genitive plural instead of -um. There a few third declension neuter I-stems. These Remember the rules to determine if a third declension nouns will have -i in the ablative singular instead of -e, -ia in masculine or feminine noun is an I-stem: the nominative and accusative plural instead of -a, and -ium in the genitive plural instead of -um. While there is a 1. If the nominative form ends in -is or -es AND the technical rule (i.e. any third declension neuter noun that has nominative and genitive have the same number of a nominative singular that ends in -al, -e, or -ar would be an syllables, the noun is an I-stem. i-stem), the only two you must know at this point are OR SINGULAR PLURAL 2. If the nominative form ends in -s or -x AND the stem ends in two consonants, the word is an I-stem. Nominative mare maria Genitive maris marium *Note well that the noun only needs to meet one of these conditions. Dative mari maribus Accusative mare maria Ablative mari maribus

142 “animal, animalis (n) - animal, monster” and “mare, maris (n) - sea.” Young Latinists sometimes call this the “sea-monster” rule

Review Exercises Exercise 14A Exercise 14B Exercise 14C Exercise 14D Exercise 14E Exercise 14F

143 SECTION 3 Carthaginem oppugnabat, Punici defendere Carthaginem ∏ contra Numidas volebant autem Senatus Romanus inquit, “Non pugnabitis. Nolite gerere bellum contra (15) Tertium Bellum Numidas!” Punicum Punici cum Numidis tamen pugnant et tum Roma bellum contra Carthaginem denuntiabat. Sic Tertium Bellum Punicum inceptabat. Bellum erat breve. Tandem Romani Punicos et urbem Carthaginem omnino delebant. Romani Cato Maior, aut Cato Censorius, erat Senator milites multos viros Punicos necabant, multas feminas (20) Romanus. Cato Hannibalem semper in memoriā tenebat. Punicas asportabant, atque salem in agris terrae ponebant. Hannibal in Secundo Bello Punico rus Italicum depopulat Interea post Tertium Bellum Punicum Romani etiam itaque propter Hannibalem Cato Romanos Carthaginem virtute magnā telisque multas urbes Graecas in oriente delēre volebat. Cato Senatoribus orationes multas (5) superabant. Roma erat nunc urbs praeclarissima et dabat. Nonnumquam, quinimmo saepe, orationes erant non imperiosissima. Ubi Romani milites Romam redibant, (25) de Carthagine sed Cato adhuc semper dicebat ad extremum ferebant Graecos mores et Graecas litteras et Graecam omnium orationum, “Carthago delenda est!” philosophiam atque Graecum cibum et vinum. Subito Roma Post Secundum Punicum Bellum Romani Punicos erat plena Graecis luxuriis et verbis. Roma Graecum corpus multam pecuniam dare coactabant. Romani quoque (10) superabat autem Graecia Romanum animum superabat. Ut Punicos de defensā finium eorum rogare iubebat. Ubi magnus poeta Horatius dixit, “Graecia capta ferum Numidae, amici Romae atque vicini Carthaginis, victorem cepit!”

144 SECTION 4 Cato the Elder, also known as Cato the Censor. It was said that Cato would end any speech in the Senate, no matter the ∏ subject, with the phrase Carthago delenda est!, which means “Carthage must be destroyed!” Rome Emerges as a In 151 BC, almost fifty years after the end of the Second Punic War, the Numidians, an ally of Rome in North Superpower Africa neighboring Carthage, began to launch raids on the Carthaginian border. When Carthage defended itself militarily, Rome indicated that Carthage was in breach of the treaty that had ended the Second Punic War and demanded Carthage send well-born hostages to Rome, give up all weapons, and move their city about ten miles inland. When Rome’s victory over the Carthaginians in the Second Carthage balked at this last demand, Rome declared war. Punic War had many adverse effects and harsh penalties for The Third Punic War began in 149 BC with the the Carthaginians: they were stripped of their overseas Romans massing in North Africa and besieging Carthage territory of Spain; Carthage was forced to pay Rome a huge itself. The war was relatively brief and the Roman military war indemnity (a set amount of money) each year for fifty might eventually overwhelmed the Carthaginians in 146 BC. years; the Carthaginian navy was greatly reduced and Rome Cato the Elder finally got his wish in 146 BC when the mandated that only commercial ships (i.e. for trading, not Romans destroyed Carthage and sold its remaining war) be built; and lastly, Rome decreed that Carthage must inhabitants into slavery. To make certain that nothing would consult with the Roman Senate before engaging in any grow again on Carthaginian land, the Romans even sowed military operations and that all border disputes concerning salt into soil. Rome now had another province made of the Carthage be arbitrated by Rome. the remaining Carthaginian territory: Africa. The Romans never forgot the damage and havoc that Meanwhile since even before the end of the Second Hannibal caused in the Italian countryside during the Punic War in 214 BC, Rome had been fighting against the Second Punic War. One of the most famous indications of Greeks in the east. Philip V of Macedon had allied himself to this long memory was to be found in the Roman statesman Hannibal during the Second Punic War. Rome decided to

145 territory. The wars that would follow against various Greek TIMELINE OF THE PUNIC WARS city-states on Greek soil were called the Macedonian Wars. 264-241 The First Punic War. By the end of the Third Punic War, Rome had subdued Carthaginian forces attack the Spanish town of most of the Greek city states and was now not only a Saguntum, which is allied to Rome, beginning the superpower in the western Mediterranean, but also in the Second Punic War. 218 east as well. This dominance over the Greeks was symbolized Hannibal leads his troops, including elephants, on a by the destruction at the hands of the Romans of the city march across the Alps and into Italy. Corinth in 146 BC. While Rome certainly conquered Greece 217 Carthaginian victory at Lake Trasimene. militarily, Roman soldiers brought back with them Greek 216 Carthaginian victory at Cannae. culture. 214 Hannibal allies Carthage with Philip V of Macedon. Prior to 146 BC Rome clearly did have knowledge of Greek Hasdrubal arrives in Italy to help his brother and is society and literature, having interacted with the Greeks of 207 killed, leaving the Carthaginians without Magna Graecia and Greek traders; however, after the reinforcements. Macedonian Wars, Rome would come into a more intimate 202 Roman victory at the Battle of Zama. contact with Greece like never before. Rome fell madly in love with Greek poetry, art, literature, philosophy, religion, 201 Formal end of the Second Punic War. and even Greek cuisine! It was fashionable to have Greek 151 Numidians begin raids on Carthaginian territories. statues in one’s home and to teach one’s children Greek. It is Rome declares Carthage in breach of their treaty. 149 after this influx of Greek influence into Roman society that Beginning of the Third Punic War. we can properly speak of a “Greco-Roman” culture. The poet Third Punic War ends with the destruction of Horace summed up this influence well with his famou Carthage. statement: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit, which 146 Romans destroy the city of Corinth, symbolizing means “Captured Greece captured its uncivilized conqueror.” Roman dominance over the Greeks. Not every Roman was so enthralled with Greek ways. Cato the Elder encouraged Romans to stay Roman and to neutralize him and the threat he posed, before he was ever not throw off their traditions. Cato saw great danger in able to actually assist the Carthaginians on Italian or African embracing the culture of a people who had been conquered

146 and in turning away from the virtues and values that had made Rome great. Despite Cato’s vigorous denunciations of Greek culture, Roman society and thought would be forever changed by its full encounter with Greece, its language, thought, and religion.

Review Questions 1. Which famous Roman would always end speeches with Carthago delenda est? What does Carthago delenda est mean? 2. Why did the Third Punic War begin? 3. How did the Third Punic War end? What did Rome sow into the soil of Carthage and why? 4. The destruction of what Greek city symbolized Roman dominance in the East? When was this city destroyed? 5. What does Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit mean in English? What do you think Horace was trying to communicate by writing this?

147 CHAPTER∏ 15 REFERENCES File:Mediterranean_Basin_and_Near_East_before_1000_A Image Credits D_locator_map.svg. Edited by Rachel Sheridan. “Topo PlanRome2” Licensed under Public Domain vis Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Topo_planrome2.png COVER “The Roman Forum.” Steven Sheridan. Used with CHAPTER 2 photographer’s permission. “Road in Ostia.” Steven Sheridan. Used with photographer’s permission. INTRODUCTION “She-wolf Suckles Romulus and Remus.” Scanned from Bibliothek des allgemeinen und praktischen Wissens. “The Arch of Titus.” Steven Sheridan. Used with Deutsches photographer’s permission. Verlaghaus Bong & Co, Berlin-Leipzig-Wien-Stuttgart, 1904. Licensed under Public Domain vis Wikimedia “Saint Peter’s Basilica.” Steven Sheridan. Used with Commons - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ photographer’s permission. commons/6/6a/She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg. “Faustulus Discovers Romulus and Remus with the She-wolf CHAPTER 1 and Woodpecker.” Peter Paul Reubens. 1616. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - https:// “Temple Ruins at Ostia” Steven Sheridan. Used with commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Romolo_e_remo.jpg. photographer’s permission. “The Tiber River.” Steven Sheridan. Used with photographer’s permission. CHAPTER 3 “Map of the Mediterranean Basin and Near East Before “The Arch of Septimius Severus.” Steven Sheridan. Used 1000 AD” Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia with photographer’s permission. Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ “Archeological Dig on the Palatine Hill.” Steven Sheridan. Category:Maps_of_the_European_Antiquity#/media/ Used with photographer’s permission.

149 Seal of the United States of America. Licensed under Public CHAPTER 6 Domain via Wikimedia Commons - https:// “Floor of the Baths of Neptune.” Steven Sheridan. Used commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ with photographer’s permission. File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg “Romulus” by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. Own work. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons. CHAPTER 4 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres_019.jpg “The Roman Forum.” Steven Sheridan. Used with photographer’s permission. “Tarquinius Superbus.” Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum. Guillaume Rouille. Licensed under Public Domain via “House of the Vestal Virgins in the Forum Romanum.” Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Steven Sheridan. Used with photographer’s permission. File:Tarquinius-Superbus.jpg “Fountain in the Nympheaum of the Erotii.” Steven Sheridan. Used with photographer’s permission. CHAPTER 7 “Ruins in Ostia.” Steven Sheridan. Used with photographer’s CHAPTER 5 permission. “The Temple of Saturn.” Steven Sheridan. Used with “Cloelia and her Companions Escaping from the Etruscans.” photographer’s permission. Frans Wouters. Licensed under Public Domain via “Jupiter” Andrew Bossi. Own work. Licensed under Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic - Share Alike via File:Frans_Wouters_- Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ _Cloelia_and_Her_Companions_Escaping_from_the_Etrusc File:8646_-_St_Petersburg_-_Hermitage_-_Jupiter2.jpg ans_-_WGA25866.jpg “The Olympians.” Nicolas-André Monsiau. Own work. “Gaius Gracchus, Tribune of the Plebs, Presiding over the Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - People.” Silvestre David Mirys. Own work. Licensed under https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Olympians.jpg Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_magistrate#/media/ File:Gaius_Gracchus_Tribune_of_the_People.jpg

150 “Tiberius.” Photograph by Marie-Lan Nguyen. Licensed “Gaul Soldiers.” Larousse Illustre. 1898. Licensed under under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - https:// Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons. - https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gaul_Soldiers.JPG File:Tiberius_Capri_Louvre_Ma1248.jpg “Vibia Sabina.” Own work by uploader, photographed the CHAPTER 10 Museo Nazionale Romano in Rome. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic via Wikimedia “The Colosseum.” Steven Sheridan. Used with Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ photographer’s permission. File:Vibia_Sabina_(Villa_Adriana)_01.jpg “Bust of Pyrrhus.” Uploaded by owner. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pyrrhus.JPG CHAPTER 8 “Pyrrhus and his Elephants.” Story of the Romans Helene “Houses at Ostia.” Steven Sheridan. Used with Guber 1896. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia photographer’s permission. Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ “Cincinnatus.” Léon Bénouville. 1844. Licensed under Public File:Pyrrhus_and_his_Elephants.gif Domain via Wikimedia Commons - https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L%C3%A9on_B %C3%A9nouville_Cincinnatus.jpg CHAPTER 11 “Mucius Scaevola before Porsenna.” Giovanni Antonio “Ostia.” Steven Sheridan. Used with photographer’s Pelligrini. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia permission. Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ “Hector’s Departure from Andromache.” Johann Heinrich File:Giovanni_Antonio_Pellegrini_- Wilhelm Tischbein. 1812. Licensed under Public Domain via _Mucius_Scaevola_before_Porsenna_-_WGA17140.jpg Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Hektors_Abschied_von_Andromache_(Tischbein).jpg CHAPTER 9 “Aeneas tells Dido the misfortunes of the Trojan city.” Pierre- Narcisse Guérin Oil on canvas, 1815. Licensed under Public “Villa Iovis” Steven Sheridan. Used with photographer’s Domain under The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der permission. Malerei, DVD-ROM, 2002, ISBN 3936122202. Distributed

151 by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH via Wikimedia Commons - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Wars#/ Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gu media/File:HannibalFrescoCapitolinec1510.jpg %C3%A9rin_%C3%89n%C3%A9e_racontant_ %C3%A0_Didon_les_malheurs_de_la_ville_de_Troie_Louvr e_5184.jpg CHAPTER 14 “Death of Dido.” Joseph Stallaert. 1872. Uploaded by “Baths at Ostia,” Steven Sheridan. Used with photographer’s owner. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia permission. Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Joseph_Stallaert_-_La_mort_de_Didon.jpg REFERENCES “Theater of Marcellus.” Steven Sheridan. Used with CHAPTER 12 photographer’s permission. “The Palatine Hill.” Steven Sheridan. Used with photographer’s permission. “First Punic War 264 B.C.” Jon Platek. Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 2.0 Generic via Wikimedia Commons - https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:First_Punic_War_264_BC.png

CHAPTER 13 “The Circus Maximus.” Steven Sheridan. Used with photographer’s permission. “Hannibal Crossing the Alps.” Jacopo Ripanda. Photograph uploaded by owner. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic - Share Alike via Wikimedia

152 Bibliography Hendricks, Rhoda A., and Lisa Padol. Latin Made Simple. New York: Doubleday, 1992. Print. Hudson, Paul. SPQR. Computer software. Apple App Store. Vers. 1.1. N.p., 14 Feb. 2014. Web. Spring 2016. . "The Seven Kings of Rome." Ancient Rome. N.p., n.d. Web. Spring 2016. James, Simon. Ancient Rome. New York: Viking, 1992. Print. . James, Simon. Eyewitness Ancient Rome. New York: Dorling Crawford, Michael H. The Roman Republic. Second ed. Kindersley Limited, 2008. Print. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1993. Print. Kleiner, Fred S. A History of Roman Art. enhanced ed. Boston, "Dictionary.com - The World's Favorite Online Dictionary!" Massachusetts: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2010. Dictionary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. Spring 2016. Print. "Penates." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Keller, Andrew, and Stephanie Russell. Learn to Read Latin. Britannica, n.d. Web. Spring 2016. New Haven: Yale UP, 2004. Print. Forsythe, Gary. A Critical History of Early Rome. Los Angeles: “Latin Derivatives A to V.” Latin IS English. N.p., n.d.. Web. University of California Press, 2005. Print. Spring 2016. Garcia, Brittany. "Romulus and Remus." Ancient History Lawall, Gilbert. Ecce Romani IB: Rome at Last. Second ed. Encyclopedia. Creative Commons: Attribution- London: Longman, 1995. Print. NonCommercial-ShareAlike, 4 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Feb. Lawall, Gilbert. Ecce Romani: A Latin Reading Program. White 2016. Plains, NY: Longman, 1995. Print. Gill, N. S. "The Early Kings of Rome." About.com Education. Martinez-Pinna, Jorge. "The Founding of Rome." National N.p., n.d. Web. Spring 2016. Geographic- History June-July 2015: 54-63. Print. Glay, Marcel Le, Jean-Louis Voisin, Yann Le Bohec, and Plutarch. Camillus. Trans. John Dryden. The Internet Classics David Cherry. A History of Rome. Second ed. Malden, Archive. Web Atomic and Massachusetts Institute of MA: Blackwell, 2001. Print. Technology. Web. 24 Mar 2016. ‹http://classics.mit.edu/› 153 Traupman, John C. The New College Latin & English Dictionary. New York: Amsco School Publications, 1994. Print. Trueman, C. N. "Roman Houses - History Learning Site." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. Spring 2016. Ullman, B. L., and Charles Henderson. Latin for Americans: Volume 2. New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print. Wheelock, Frederick M., Richard LeFleur, and Frederick Wheelock. Wheelock’s Latin. New York: Harper Collins, 2005. Print. “Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus.” Wikipedia. Wikipedia. Web. 29 June 2016. “Marcus Furius Camillus.” Wikipedia. Wikipedia. Web. 24 Mar 2016.

154 -Que (enclitic conj.) - and

An enclitic conjunction is attached to the end of a word it the sentence. In the case of -que it is attached to the second word. Example: pueri puellaeque boys and girls

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary A, ab (prep. + abl.) - away from

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - The Cases Ab Ovo usque ad Mala

“From egg to apples.”

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Latin in Every Day Speech Acervo, acervare - to pile up, to heap

Also, to form a pile or heap.

Related Glossary Terms Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit

Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Ad (prep. + acc.) - to, toward

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Adglomero, adglomerare - to gather

Also, to come together as a mass.

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Adhuc (adv.) - still

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Adiugo, adiugare - to attach, to fasten

Also, to bind together

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Adiuvo, adiuvare - to help, to aid, to please

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Aedificium, ī (n) - building

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Aedifico, aedificare - to build, establish

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Aedilis, aedilis (m) - Aedile

A Roman officer charged with public words. Part of the cursus honorum.

Related Glossary Terms Cursus Honorum, cursūs honorum (m) - Cursus Honorum

Index Find Term Chapter 7 - The Cursus Honorum Aeneas, Aeneae (m) - Aeneas

A Trojan hero who fled after the destruction of Troy and sailed to Italy to found a new city. His son, Ascanius, eventually founded the city Alba Longa which was where Romulus, the founder of Rome, was born. Uses the Greek endings.

Nominative Aeneas Genitive Aeneae Dative Aeneae Accusative Aenean Ablative Aeneā

Related Glossary Terms Troia, ae (f) - Troy

Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Romulus, Remus, and the Founding of Rome Chapter 11 - Greek Names Chapter 11 - Greek Names Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Aequi, Aequorum, (m) - Aequi

A neighboring tribe whom the Romans fought and defeated.

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Cincinnatus Chapter 8 - Heroes of the Early Republic Chapter 9 - Camillus and the Gauls Aestas, aestatis (f) - summer

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Africa, ae (f) - Africa

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Geograpy Ager, agri (m) - field, farm

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Agricola, ae (m) - farmer

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Alba Longa, ae (f) - Alba Longa

The city founded by Ascanius in Latium.

Related Glossary Terms Amulius, i (m) - Amulius, Numitor, Numitoris (m) - Numitor

Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Romulus, Remus, and the Founding of Rome Chapter 6 - The Kings of Rome Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Alienus, a, um - foreign, strange

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Alius, alia, aliud - other

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Alpis, Alpis (f) - Alps, Apline

Almost always used in the plural.

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Secundum Bellum Punicum Ambulo, ambulare - to walk

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Amicus, i (m) friend

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Amo, amare - to love

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Index Find Term Introduction - Latin Dictionary Entries Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Chapter 4 - Forming the Imperfect Tense in First and Second Conjugation Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Amor, amoris (m) - love

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Amulius, i (m) - Amulius

Brother of Numitor and king of Alba Longa.

Related Glossary Terms Alba Longa, ae (f) - Alba Longa, Numitor, Numitoris (m) - Numitor, Remus, i (m) - Re- mus, Rhea Silvia, Rheae Silviae (f) - Rhea Silvia, Romulus, i (m) - Romulus

Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Romulus, Remus, and the Founding of Rome Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Anchises, Anchisae (m) - Anchises

Father of Aeneas. Uses Greek endings.

Nominative Anchises Genitive Anchisae Dative Anchisae Accusative Anchisen Ablative Anchisē

Related Glossary Terms Troia, ae (f) - Troy

Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Greek Names Chapter 11 - Greek Names Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Ancilla, ae (f) - slave-woman

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Ancus Martius, i (m) - Ancus Martius

Fourth king of Rome.

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - The Seven Kings Chapter 6 - The Kings of Rome Andromache, Andromaches (f) - Andromache

The name of a Trojan princess, wife of Hector. Uses Greek declensions.

Nominative Andromache Genitive Andromaches Dative Andromachae Accusative Andromachen Ablative Andromachē

Related Glossary Terms Troia, ae (f) - Troy

Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Greek Names Animal, animalis (n) - animal, monster

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Animus, i (m) - soul, spirit, mind, heart

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Anniversariē (adv) - annually, each year

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Ante (adv.) - before

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Ante (prep. + acc.) - before, in front of

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Antiquus, a, um - old, ancient

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Apollo, Apollonis (m) - Apollo

God of music, medicine, and the Sun. Twin brother of Diana. In Greek, Apollo.

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Roman Gods and Goddesses Appello, appellare - to name, to call by name

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Aqua, ae (f) - water

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Ara, ae (f) - altar

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Aratrum, i (n) - plow

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Arbor, arboris (f) - tree

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Index Find Term Ardea, ae (f.) - Ardea, a town in Latium

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Camillus and the Gauls Ardeo, ardēre - to burn, to be on fire

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Arma, armorum (n) - arms, weapons, armor

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Armo, armare - to arm, equip

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Ars, artis (f) - art, skill, talent, tactic

Third declension I-stem

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Ascanius, i (m) - Ascanius

Son of the Trojan hero, Aeneas, and founder of Alba Longa. Also known as Iulus or Julus.

Related Glossary Terms Troia, ae (f) - Troy

Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Romulus, Remus, and the Founding of Rome Chapter 11 - Dido et Aeneas Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Asculum, i (n) - Asculum

A major battle in the Pyrrhic Wars

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Magna Graecia and the Pyrrhic Wars Asporto, asportare - to carry away, to take away

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Atque (conj.) - and, and even

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Atrium, i (n) - atrium

A foyer or open area in a Roman house.

Related Glossary Terms Domus, i (m) - house

Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Roman Housing Augeo, augēre - to grow

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Aureus, a, um - golden

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Aurum, i (n) - gold

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Autem (conj.) - however

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Avidus, a, um - eager for, longing for

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Bacchus, ī (m) - Bacchus

God of wine. In Greek, Dionysius.

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Roman Gods and Goddesses Baculum, i (n) - stick

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Second Declension Neuter Nouns Barbarus, a, um - barbarian

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Bellator, bellatoris (m) - warrior, fighter

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Bellum gerere - to wage war

Idiom

Related Glossary Terms Bellum, ī (n) - war, Gero, gerere - to wear, to carry

Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Primum Bellum Punicum Bellum, ī (n) - war

Related Glossary Terms Bellum gerere - to wage war

Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Bene (adv.) - well

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Bibulus, i (m) - Bibulus

Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, Caesar’s opponent and co-consul in the year 59 B.C.

Related Glossary Terms Caesar, Caesaris (m) - Caesar

Index Find Term Chapter 7 - The Cursus Honorum Bonus, bona, bonum - good

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Brennus, i (m) - Brennus

A Gallic general.

Related Glossary Terms Vae Victis

Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Camillus and the Gauls Brevis, breve - short

Third declension adjective

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Britannia, ae (f) - Britain

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Geograpy Brutus, i (m) - Brutus

A member of the Brutus clan. Most famously Lucius Junius Brutus, one of the first two consuls of the Roman Republic, and Marcus Junius Brutus, who helped orchestrate the assassination of Julius Caesar.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - The Cases Chapter 7 - Principio Rei Publicae Bulla, ae (f) - bulla

A luck charm worn by Roman boys.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Roman Clothing Caelum, i (n) - sky, heaven

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Caesar, Caesaris (m) - Caesar

The cognomen of Gaius Julius Caesar. During the Empire, Caesar was also a term used to refer to the emperor, along with imperator or princeps.

Related Glossary Terms Bibulus, i (m) - Bibulus, Troia, ae (f) - Troy

Index Find Term Chapter 7 - The Cursus Honorum Camillus, i (m) - Camillus

Marcus Furius Camillus was a Roman general known for saving Rome from the Gauls.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - The Cursus Honorum Chapter 9 - Camillus and the Gauls Campus Martius, i (m) - Campus Martius, Field of Mars

Just outside of the city of Rome, the Campus Martius was the training ground for the Roman army.

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Cincinnatus Canto, cantare - to sing

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Capio, capere - to take, capture

Related Glossary Terms Capit - he/she/it takes

Index Find Term Capit - he/she/it takes

Related Glossary Terms Capio, capere - to take, capture

Index Find Term Carpe Diem

“Seize the day.” A quotation from the Roman poet, Quintus Horatius Flaccus.

Related Glossary Terms Horatius, ī (m) - Horatius

Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Latin in Every Day Speech Carthago delenda est - Carthage must be destroyed

Used by Cato the elder to end every one of his speeches, even those that had nothing to do with Carthage.

Related Glossary Terms Cato, Catonis (m) - Cato

Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Magna Graecia and the Pyrrhic Wars Chapter 14 - Chapter 14 Story: 3rd Punic War Chapter 14 - Chapter 14 Culture: 3rd Punic War Carthago, Carthaginis (f) - Carthage

A city in North Africa.

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Casa, -ae, (f) - home, hut, small house, cottage

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Castra, orum (n. pl.) military camp

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Catilīna, ae (m) - Catiline

Lucius Sergius Catilina, a man who plotted of overthrow the government but was brought down by Cicero.

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Cato, Catonis (m) - Cato

Cato the Elder, also known as Cato the Censor, was a Roman orator and statesman who advocated the destruction of Carthage.

Related Glossary Terms Carthago delenda est - Carthage must be destroyed, Censor, censoris (m) - censor

Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Greek Names Chapter 14 - Chapter 14 Story: 3rd Punic War Chapter 14 - Chapter 14 Culture: 3rd Punic War Caverna, ae (f) - cave

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Censor, censoris (m) - censor

An office held by a former consul, in charge of the census and public morals.

Related Glossary Terms Cato, Catonis (m) - Cato, Cursus Honorum, cursūs honorum (m) - Cursus Honorum

Index Find Term Chapter 7 - The Cursus Honorum Ceres, Cereris (f) - Ceres

Goddess of the harvest, grains, and fruit, mother of Proserpina. In Greek, Demeter.

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Roman Gods and Goddesses Cessatio, cessationis (f) - delay, idleness

Also, inaction.

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Cesso, cessare - to delay, to be idle

Also, to be inactive.

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Cibus, i (m) - food

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Cicero, Ciceronis (m) - Cicero

Marcus, Tullius Cicero, a famous Roman orator and statesman.

Related Glossary Terms Tullia, ae (f) - Tullia

Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Chapter 9 - Ablatives Chapter 11 - Greek Names Cincinnatus, i (m) - Cincinnatus

A famous Roman dictator and farmer, known for defeating the Aequi and leaving office before his term as dictator had come to an end.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - The Cursus Honorum Chapter 8 - Cincinnatus Chapter 8 - Heroes of the Early Republic Circus Maximus, i (m) - Circus Maximus

A famous race track in the city of Rome.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Geograpy Chapter 6 - The Kings of Rome Citus, a, um - swift, rapid

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Civis, civis (m/f) - citizen

Third declension I-stem.

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Civitas, civitatis (f) state, citizenship

State, citizenship, community.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Clarus, a, um - famous, bright, clear

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Classis, classis (f) - fleet

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Cloelia, ae (f) - Cloelia

A Roman girl known for her loyalty to her homeland. Considered among the legendary heroes of Early Rome.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Principio Rei Publicae Chapter 8 - Heroes of the Early Republic Clusium, i (n) - Clusium

An Etruscan city-state near Rome, ruled by Lars Porsena.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Principio Rei Publicae Chapter 8 - Heroes of the Early Republic Coacto, coactare - to force, compel, constrain

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Cognomen, cognominis (n) - cognomen

An additional name given to a man, usually in recognition of some honor, and then often passed down to his descendants.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Chapter 13 - The Second Punic War Collatinus, i (m) - Collatinus

Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, one of the first two consuls of the Roman Republic with Lucius Junius Brutus. Husband of Lucretia.

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - The Seven Kings Chapter 7 - Principio Rei Publicae Collis, collis (m) - hill

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Colonia, ae (f) - colony, dwelling, settlement

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Comitas, comitatis (f) - friendliness, kindness

Also, courtesy

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Condo, condere - to establish, to found

Third conjugation verb

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Coniuro, coniurare - to conspire, to plot

Also, to hatch a plan

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Conspurco, conspurcare - to defile, to violate

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Consul, consulis (m) - consul

Highest elected office in Republican Rome. Two consuls served as co-heads of the Roman state and army.

Related Glossary Terms Cursus Honorum, cursūs honorum (m) - Cursus Honorum

Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Chapter 7 - The Cursus Honorum Chapter 7 - The Cursus Honorum Contentus, a, um (+ abl.) - satisfied with, content with

Used with an ablative noun.

Related Glossary Terms Plenus, a, um (+ abl.) - full of, full with, Praeditus, a, um (+ abl.) - endowed with, gifted with

Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Contra (prep + acc.) - against

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Copia, ae (f) - supply, abundance

In plural, troops

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Corinthus, i (m) - Corinth

A Greek city destroyed by the Romans in 146 B.C.

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Chapter 14 Culture: 3rd Punic War Cornelius, i (m) - Cornelius

The nomen of a member of the gens Cornelius.

Related Glossary Terms Nomen, nominis (n) - name, Scipio, Scipionis (m) - Scipio

Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Corpus, corporis (n) - body

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Corvus, i (n) - raven, crow

Also, a name for an innovative weapon

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Chapter 12 - The First Punic War Cras (adv.) - tomorrow

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Cremo, cremare - to burn, to cremate

Also, to consume with fire.

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Creo, creare - to create, bring into being

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Primum Bellum Punicum Creusa, ae (f) - Creusa

Wife of Aeneas and mother of Ascanius.

Related Glossary Terms Troia, ae (f) - Troy

Index Find Term Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Cubiculum, i (n) - bedroom

Related Glossary Terms Domus, i (m) - house

Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Roman Housing Culina, ae (f) - kitchen

Related Glossary Terms Domus, i (m) - house

Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Roman Housing Cum (prep. + abl.) - with

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Cunctator, cunctatoris (m) - delayer

Related Glossary Terms Fabius, i (m) - Fabius

Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Chapter 13 - The Second Punic War Cura, curae, f. - care, concern

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - The First Declension Curo curare - to care for, take care of

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Curro, currere - to run

Third conjugation verb

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Cursus Honorum, cursūs honorum (m) - Cursus Honorum

The progression of offices that Roman politicians held.

Related Glossary Terms Aedilis, aedilis (m) - Aedile, Censor, censoris (m) - censor, Consul, consulis (m) - con- sul, Praetor, praetoris (m) - praetor, Quaestor, quaestoris (m) - quaestor

Index Find Term Chapter 7 - The Cursus Honorum Damno, damnare - to condemn

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives De (prep.+abl.) - about, concerning, down from, of

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Dea, ae (f) - goddess

In the dative and ablative plural, in order to make a distinction from “deis” meaning gods (or a mixture of gods and goddesses), the form “deabus” is used for an exclusively feminine group of goddesses.

SING. PL. Nom. dea deae Gen. deae dearum Dat. deae deabus Acc. deam deas Abl. deā deabus Voc. dea deae

Related Glossary Terms Filia, ae (f) - daughter

Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Debeo, debēre - to owe, to be obligated

Often accompanied by an object infinitive. Ex: Pueri et puellae matrem laudare debent. The boys and girls ought to praise the mother.

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Decem - ten

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Index Find Term Decimus, a, um - tenth

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Index Find Term Decretum, i (n) - a decree, ordinance, judgement

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Decus, decoris (n) - honor, ornament

Also, splendor or glory.

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Defendo, defendere - to defend, to guard against

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Defensa, ae (f) - defense

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Deinde (adv.) - then, next

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Deleo, delēre - to destroy

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Denuntio, denuntiare - to declare

Also, to make an official pronouncement

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Depopulo, depopulare - to lay waste to

To ravage, plunder.

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Descendo, descendere - to go down, to come down

Third conjugation verb.

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocative Desolatus, a, um - empty, desolate, abandoned

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Desulto, desultare - to leap down

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Detrimentum, i (n) - loss, defeat, overthrow

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Deus, i (m) - god

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Diana, ae (f) - Diana

Goddess of the moon and the hunt. Twin sister of Apollo. In Greek, Artemis.

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Roman Gods and Goddesses Dico, dicere - to say

Third conjugation verb

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Dictator, dictatoris (m) - dictator

A special Roman office used in times of crisis, one man was granted supreme power for a period of sixth months.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - The Cursus Honorum Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Chapter 9 - Camillus and the Gauls Dido, Didonis (f) - Dido

Also known as Elissa, queen of Carthage. Wife of Sychaeus, lover of Aeneas, and sister of Pygmalion.

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Dies, diei (m) - day

A fifth declension noun, declined like res, rei

Related Glossary Terms Res publica, rei publicae (f) - republic

Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Dignus, a, um (+ abl.) - worthy of

Used with an ablative noun.

Related Glossary Terms Plenus, a, um (+ abl.) - full of, full with, Praeditus, a, um (+ abl.) - endowed with, gifted with

Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Discedo, discedere - to leave, depart

Third declension verb.

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Discepto, disceptare - to decide, to determine

Also, to judge

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Diu (adv.) - for a long time, a long time ago

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Do, dare - to give

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Doleo, dolēre - to be sad

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Dominus, i (m) - lord, master

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Domus, i (m) - house

Related Glossary Terms Atrium, i (n) - atrium, Cubiculum, i (n) - bedroom, Culina, ae (f) - kitchen, Impluvium, i (n) - impluvium, Peristylium, i (n) - peristyle, Tablinum, i (n) - tablinum, Triclinium, i (n) -

Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Roman Housing Chapter 9 - Ablatives Dono, donare - to give

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Donum, i (n) - gift

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Dormio, dormire - to sleep

Fourth conjugation verb.

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocative Duo, duae, duo - two

M. F. N. Nom. duo duae duo Gen. duōrum duārum duōrum Dat. duōbus duābus duōbus Acc. duōs duās duōs Abl. duōbus duābus duōbus

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Durus, a, um - hard, tough, harsh

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Dux, ducis (m) - leader

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Vocabulary E nomine suo - from his own name

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Romani et Sabini E Pluribus Unum

“Out of many, one”

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Latin in Every Day Speech E, ex (prep. + abl.) - out of

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - The Cases Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Ego - I

The pronoun “I” is declined as follows.

Nominative ego mei Genitive (gen. of meus, a, um Dative mihi Accusative me Ablative me Vocative ego

Related Glossary Terms Me - me , Meus, a, um - my, Mihi - to or for me

Index Find Term Eheu (interject.) - alas

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Index Find Term Introduction - Latin Dictionary Entries Elephantus, i (m) - elephant

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Eo, ire - to go

Irregular verb.

PRESENT TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person eō īmus 2nd person īs ītis 3rd person it eunt

IMPERFECT TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person ībam ībāmus 2nd person ībās ībātis 3rd person ībat ībant

FUTURE TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person ībō ībimus 2nd person ībis ībitis 3rd person ībit ībunt

Related Glossary Terms Redeo, redire - to return, to go back

Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Irregular Verbs Fero and Eo Chapter 14 - Review B Epirus, i (m) - Epirus

A city in Greece.

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Roma Italiam Capit Chapter 10 - Magna Graecia and the Pyrrhic Wars Equus, i (m) - horse

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Est - he/she/it is

Present tense, third person singular of the irregular verb sum, esse

Related Glossary Terms Sum, esse - to be, Sunt - they are

Index Find Term Introduction - Vocabulary Et (conj.) - and

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Index Find Term Introduction - Latin Dictionary Entries Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Et… et… - both… and

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Etiam (adv.) - also

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Etruria, ae (f) - Etruria

A region north of Rome inhabited by the Etruscans.

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Camillus and the Gauls Etruscus, a, um - Etruscan

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Chapter 8 - Heroes of the Early Republic Exilium, i (n) - exile

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Extremum, i (n) - end

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Fabius, i (m) - Fabius

A member of the gens Fabius, most famously Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator, a general from the Second Punic War.

Related Glossary Terms Cunctator, cunctatoris (m) - delayer, Quintus, i (m) - Quintus

Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Chapter 13 - The Second Punic War Fabula, ae (f) - story

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Facio, facere - to do, to make

Third conjugation -io verb

Related Glossary Terms Iter facere - to make a journey

Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Factum, i (n) - deed, act

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Familia, ae (f) - family

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Fatum, i (n) - fate, destiny

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Faustulus, ī (m) - Faustulus

A shepherd who found and raised Remus and Romulus with his wife.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Romulus, Remus, and the Founding of Rome Femina, ae (f) woman

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Chapter 1 - The First Declension Ferō, ferre - to bring, bear, carry

Irregular third conjugation verb.

PRESENT TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person ferō ferimus 2nd person fers fertis 3rd person fert ferunt

IMPERFECT TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person ferēbam ferēbāmus 2nd person ferēbās ferēbātis 3rd person ferēbat ferēbant

FUTURE TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person feram ferēmus 2nd person ferēs ferētis 3rd person feret ferent

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Irregular Verbs Fero and Eo Chapter 14 - Review B Ferrum, i (n) - iron, weapon, sword

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Ferus, a, um - fierce, savage, wild

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Festina lente

“Make haste slowly.”

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Latin in Every Day Speech Filia, ae (f) - daughter

In the dative and ablative plural to distinguish a group of daughters from a group of sons, the form “filiabus” is used.

SING. PLURAL Nominative filia filiae Genitive filiae filiarum Dative filiae filiabus Accusative filiam filias Ablative filiā filiabus Vocative filia filiae

A similar pattern is used to distinguish “dea” and “deus”

Related Glossary Terms Dea, ae (f) - goddess

Index Find Term Filius, ī (m) - son

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Finis, finis (m) - border, limit

Third declension I-stem

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Flamen, flaminis (m) - priest

A priest assigned to a specific god or goddess.

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - The Kings of Rome Flamma, ae (f) - flame

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Fleo, flēre - to weep

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Flumen, fluminis (n) - river

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Formidulosissimus, a, um - most terrible

Also, scariest

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Fortasse (adv.) - perhaps

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Cincinnatus Fortis, forte - strong, brave

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Index Find Term Fortiter (adv.) - bravely, strongly

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Fortunatus, a, um - fortunate, lucky, blessed

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Forum, ī (n) - Forum

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Frater, fratris (m) - brother

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Fretus, a, um (+ abl.) - relying on, leaning on

Also, depending on, supported by. Uses a noun in the ablative case.

Related Glossary Terms Plenus, a, um (+ abl.) - full of, full with, Praeditus, a, um (+ abl.) - endowed with, gifted with

Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Frumentum, i (n) - grain

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Fugio, fugere - to flee

Third conjugation -io verb.

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Furor, furoris (m) - rage, fury

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Gaius, i (m) - Gaius

A praenomen for a Roman man. Abbreviated C.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Gallia, ae (f) - Gaul

A region composed of modern-day France, Belgium, and Switzerland, later a province under Roman control.

Related Glossary Terms Vae Victis

Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Geograpy Gallus, i (m) - Gaul

A member of a barbarian tribe from the area known as Gaul, which contains much of modern-day France, Switzerland, and Belgium.

Related Glossary Terms Vae Victis

Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Gaudium, ī (n) - joy

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Gero, gerere - to wear, to carry

Also, to wage, carry out. Third conjugation verb

Related Glossary Terms Bellum gerere - to wage war

Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Gladius, i (m) - sword

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Gloriosus, a, um - glorious, full of glory

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Gnaeus, i (m) - Gnaeus

A praenomen for a Roman man. Abbreviated Cn.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit

“Captive Greece captured her wild conquere.” A quotation from the Roman poet Quintus Horatius Flaccus, or Horace.

Related Glossary Terms Acervo, acervare - to pile up, to heap

Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Chapter 14 Story: 3rd Punic War Chapter 14 - Chapter 14 Culture: 3rd Punic War Graecia, ae (f) - Greece

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Geograpy Habeo, habēre - to have, hold

Related Glossary Terms In animo habere - to have in mind, to intend, Orationem habere - to make a speech

Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Habito, habitare - to live

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Hamilcar, Hamilcaris (m) - Hamilcar

Carthaginian general in the First Punic War.

Related Glossary Terms Hasdrubal, Hasdrubalis (m) - Hasdrubal

Index Find Term Chapter 12 - The First Punic War Chapter 13 - Secundum Bellum Punicum Chapter 13 - The Second Punic War Hannibal, Hannibalis (m) - Hannibal

Son of Hamilcar and Carthaginian general in the Second Punic War.

Related Glossary Terms Hasdrubal, Hasdrubalis (m) - Hasdrubal, Zama, ae (f) - Zama

Index Find Term Chapter 12 - The First Punic War Chapter 13 - Secundum Bellum Punicum Chapter 13 - The Second Punic War Chapter 14 - Chapter 14 Culture: 3rd Punic War Harpago, harpagonis (m) - hook

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Hasdrubal, Hasdrubalis (m) - Hasdrubal

Brother of Hannibal and son of Hamilcar.

Related Glossary Terms Hamilcar, Hamilcaris (m) - Hamilcar, Hannibal, Hannibalis (m) - Hannibal

Index Find Term Chapter 13 - The Second Punic War Hector, Hectoris (m) - Hector

A Trojan hero who was killed by the Greek hero Achilles in the Trojan war. Husband of Andromache.

Related Glossary Terms Troia, ae (f) - Troy

Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Heri (adv.) - yesterday

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Hīc (adv.) - here

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Dido et Aeneas Hispania, ae (f) - Spain

Spain was first colonized by the Carthaginians. An attack on the town of Saguntum by Hannibal instigated the Second Punic War. During this war, Hannibal used Spain as a place of departure for his invasion of Italy. Later Spain became a Roman province and part of the Empire.

Related Glossary Terms Saguntum, i (n) - Saguntum

Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Geograpy Chapter 13 - Secundum Bellum Punicum Chapter 13 - The Second Punic War Hodie (adv.) - today

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Homo, hominis (m/f) - human being, man, person

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Horatius, ī (m) - Horatius

Also translated Horace. A name shared by the famous Roman hero Horatius Cocles, and the Roman poet Horace, Quintus Horatius Flaccus.

Related Glossary Terms Carpe Diem, Pons Sublicius, Pontis Sublicii (m) - Pons Sublicius

Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Principio Rei Publicae Chapter 8 - Heroes of the Early Republic Chapter 14 - Chapter 14 Story: 3rd Punic War Chapter 14 - Chapter 14 Culture: 3rd Punic War Hortus, i (m) - garden

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - The Cases Hospes, hospitis (m/f) - host, guest, friend

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Hostis, hostis (m) - enemy

Third declension I-stem.

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Humus, -i (f) - ground

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Second Declension Masculine and Feminine Nouns Ibi (adv.) - then, there

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Identidem (adv.) - again and again

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Ignis, ignis (m) - fire

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Imperator, imperatoris (m) - general

Later in Roman history this term is used to refer to the emperor.

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Imperiosissimus, a, um - very or most powerful

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Imperium, i (n) - power

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Impluvium, i (n) - impluvium

A pool to collect rainwater.

Related Glossary Terms Domus, i (m) - house

Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Roman Housing In (prep. + abl.) - in, inside

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Index Find Term Introduction - Vocabulary In (prep. + acc.) - in, into, onto

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - The Cases In animo habere - to have in mind, to intend

An idiom. Used with a complementary infinitive.

Example: In animo ad Forum ambulare habeo. I intend to walk to the Forum.

Related Glossary Terms Habeo, habēre - to have, hold

Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Secundum Bellum Punicum In memoriā tenere - to hold in memory, to remember

An idiom.

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Camillus et Galli Incepto, inceptare - to begin, to start

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Incola, ae (m/f) - inhabitant

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Indignus, a, um (+ abl.) - unworthy of

Used with a noun in the ablative case.

Related Glossary Terms Plenus, a, um (+ abl.) - full of, full with, Praeditus, a, um (+ abl.) - endowed with, gifted with

Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Inevitabilis, inevitabile - unavoidable, inevitable

Third declension adjective

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Inimicus, i (m) - enemy

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Inquit - he/she/it says/said inquiunt - they say

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Chapter 8 - Cincinnatus Institutor, institutoris (m.) - founder, creator

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Insula, ae (f) - island, apartment building

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Roman Housing Inter (prep. +acc.) - between, among

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Invado, invadare - to invade

Also, to enter upon violently.

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Invito, invitare - to invite, to summon

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Ira, ae (f) - anger

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Iratus, a, um - angry

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Italia, ae (f) - Italy

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roma Itaque (conj.) - and so, therefore

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Iter facere - to make a journey

Related Glossary Terms Facio, facere - to do, to make, Iter, itineris (n) - journey, trip

Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Secundum Bellum Punicum Iter, itineris (n) - journey, trip

Related Glossary Terms Iter facere - to make a journey

Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Iterum (adv.) - again

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Iubeo, iubēre - to order

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Iuno, Iunonis (f) - Juno

The queen of the gods, wife and sister of Jupiter. In Greek, Hera.

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Chapter 5 - Roman Gods and Goddesses Chapter 5 - Roman Gods and Goddesses Chapter 9 - Camillus and the Gauls Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Iupiter, Iovis (m) - Jupiter

The king of the gods. In Greek, Zeus.

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Chapter 5 - Dei: Pars Secunda Chapter 5 - Roman Gods and Goddesses Iurandum, i (n) - oath

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Iuro, iurare - to swear

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Julia, ae (f) - Julia

The name of a Roman woman from the gens, or clan Julius.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Chapter 7 - Review A Julius, i (m) - Julius

A member of the Julius gens, or clan.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - The Cases Chapter 1 - Roman Names Lacrimo, lacrimare - to cry, to weep

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Lares, -um (m. pl.) - Lares

Household gods representing a family’s ancestors.

Related Glossary Terms Penates, ium (m pl) - Penates

Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Roman Housing Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Lars Porsena, Lartis Porsenae (m) - Lars Porsena

Etruscan king who attempted to reinstate Tarquin the Proud. Sometimes Porsena is spelled Porsenna.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Principio Rei Publicae Chapter 8 - Heroes of the Early Republic Latium, ī (n) - Latium

The region in central Italy surrounding Rome.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Romulus, Remus, and the Founding of Rome Chapter 9 - Camillus and the Gauls Laudo, laudare - to praise

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Laus, laudis (f) - praise

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Lavinia, ae (f) - Lavinia

Second wife of Aeneas, daughter of the king of Latium.

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Lego, legere - to read

Third conjugation verb

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocative Lente (adv.) - slowly

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Lex, legis (f) - law

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Liber, libera, liberum - free

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Liber, libri (m) - book

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocative Libertus, i (m) - freedman, ex-slave

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Libra, ae (f.) - scale

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Licet, licēre - it is allowed

An impersonal verb used with a complementary infinitive and a dative noun. Ex: Non licet Gallis esse in urbe nostrā. It is not allowed for the Gauls to be in our city. The Gauls may not be in our city.

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Littera, ae (f) - letter

In the plural used to mean literature or writing

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Litus, litoris (n) - coast, seashore

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Longus, a, um - long

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Lucius, i (m) - Lucius

A praenomen for a Roman man. Abbreviated L.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Lucretia, ae (f) - Lucretia

A Roman noblewoman famous for her pietas.

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - The Seven Kings Ludus, i (m) - game, school

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Lupa, ae (f) - she-wolf

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Lupus, i (m) - wolf

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Index Find Term Lux, lucis (f) - light

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Luxuria, ae (f) - luxury, extravagance

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Macedonia, ae (f) - Macedon

A region of Greece, lead by Philip V during the Greek Wars of the second and third centuries B.C.

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Chapter 14 Culture: 3rd Punic War Magister, magistri (m) - teacher, master

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Magna Graecia, ae (f) - Magna Graecia

The name given to the region of southern Italy inhabited by Greek colonists.

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Magna Graecia and the Pyrrhic Wars Magnus, a, um - big, great

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Maior, maius - bigger, greater, elder

Often used with a girl’s name to distinguish between an older and younger sister.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Chapter 14 - Chapter 14 Story: 3rd Punic War Male (adv.) - badly, poorly

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Maleventum, i (n) - Maleventum

The battle in which Pyrrhus finally admitted defeat.

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Magna Graecia and the Pyrrhic Wars Malus, mala, malum - bad, evil

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Mandatum, i (n) order, command

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Maneo, manēre - to stay, to remain, to endure

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Marcus, ī (n) - Marcus

A praenomen for a Roman man. Abbreviated M.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Chapter 10 - Vocative Mare Nostrum, Maris Nostri (n.) - Mediterranean Sea

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Geograpy Chapter 1 - Roman Geograpy Mare, maris (n) - sea

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Mars, Martis (m) - Mars

God of war. In Greek: Ares

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Romulus, Remus, and the Founding of Rome Chapter 5 - Roman Gods and Goddesses Mater, matris (f) - mother

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Index Find Term Introduction - Latin Dictionary Entries Introduction - Vocabulary Me - me

The accusative and ablative form of ego. Used as a direct object or object of a preposition.

Related Glossary Terms Ego - I

Index Find Term Memoria, ae (f) - memory

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Mercimonium, i (n) - goods, material items

Also, resources.

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Mercurius, i (m) - Mercury

God of messengers and thieves.

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Dido et Aeneas Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Messana, ae (f) Messana

A city in Sicily.

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Primum Bellum Punicum Meus, a, um - my

Related Glossary Terms Ego - I

Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Mihi - to or for me

Dative of ego.

Related Glossary Terms Ego - I

Index Find Term Miles, militis (m) - soldier

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Minerva, ae (f) - Minerva

Goddess of wisdom, daughter of Juppiter. In Greek: Athena

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Roman Gods and Goddesses Minor, minus - smaller, younger

Often used with a girl’s name to distinguish between an older and younger sister.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Miro, mirare - to marvel at, to be amazed

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Misceo, miscēre - to mix

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Miser, misera, miserum - wretched, miserable

Also, unlucky, unfortunate, poor.

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Mitto, mittere - to send

Third conjugation verb.

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Moneo, monēre - to warn

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Mons Aventinus, Montis Aventini (m) - Aventine Hill

One of the seven hills of Rome.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Romulus, Remus, and the Founding of Rome Mons Capitolinus, Montis Capitolini (m) - Capitoline Hill

One of the seven hills of Rome, and the one which housed many of the most important temples.

Related Glossary Terms Mons, montis (m) - mountain, hill

Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Geograpy Mons Olympus, Montis Olympi (m) - Mount Olympus

Home of the twelve major gods and goddesses.

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Roman Gods and Goddesses Mons Palatinus, Montis Palatini (m) - Palatine Hill

One of the seven hills of Rome, and the hill on which Romulus founded the city. Also Collis Palatinus.

Related Glossary Terms Mons, montis (m) - mountain, hill, Romulus, i (m) - Romulus

Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Geograpy Chapter 2 - Chapter 2 Story Chapter 2 - Romulus, Remus, and the Founding of Rome Chapter 3 - Romani et Sabini Mons, montis (m) - mountain, hill

Third declension I-stem.

Related Glossary Terms Mons Capitolinus, Montis Capitolini (m) - Capitoline Hill, Mons Palatinus, Montis Pa- latini (m) - Palatine Hill

Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Review A Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Monstro, monstrare - to show, reveal, demonstrate

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Mora, morae, (f) - delay

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - The First Declension Mors, mortis (f) - death

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Mos, moris (m) - custom, manner, practice, fashion

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Mox (adv.) - soon

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Index Find Term Introduction - Latin Dictionary Entries Mucius Scaevola, Mucii Scaevolae (m) - Mucius Scaevola

A hero of early Rome, known for demonstrating his piety by intentionally sticking his right hand into a burning fire to show his courage to Lars Porsena.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Principio Rei Publicae Chapter 8 - Heroes of the Early Republic Multus, a, um - many, much

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Mundus, i (m) - world

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Index Find Term Introduction - Vocabulary Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Narro, narrare - to tell

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Nauta, ae (m) - sailor

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Navigo, navigare - to sail

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Navis, navis (f) - ship

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Index Find Term Chapter 12 - Vocabulary Necesse est - it is necessary

An impersonal verb, it always appears in third person singular, with a complementary infinitive and a dative. The tense of est may change, i.e necesse erit, it will be necessary and necesse erat, it was necessary. Example: Necesse est Hannibali Saguntum oppugnare. It is necessary for Hannibal to attack Saguntum.

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Neco, necare - to kill

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Nepos, nepotis (m) - grandson, descendant

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Neptunus, i (m) - Neptune

God of the sea and horses, brother of Jupiter. In Greek, Poseidon.

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Dei: Pars Secunda Chapter 5 - Roman Gods and Goddesses Nobiscum - with us

Instead of writing “cum nobis” Romans usually wrote “nobiscum”

Related Glossary Terms Nos - we

Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Chapter 10 - Roma Italiam Capit Nolo, nolle - to not want, to be unwilling, to refuse

An irregular verb that is a compound of non and volo.

NOLŌ - PRESENT TENSE

SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person nolō nolumus 2nd person non vīs non vultis 3rd person non vult nolunt

NOLŌ - IMPERFECT TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person nolēbam nolēbāmus 2nd person nolēbās nolēbātis 3rd person nolēbat nolēbant

NOLŌ - FUTURE TENSE 1st person nolam nolēmus 2nd person nolēs nolētis 3rd person nolet nolent

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Imperative Chapter 11 - Irregular Verbs possum, volo, nolo Chapter 14 - Review B Nomen, nominis (n) - name

Also, more specifically, the name of the gens, or clan, to which someone belonged.

Related Glossary Terms Cornelius, i (m) - Cornelius

Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Non iam (adv.) - no longer

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Nonne (adv.) - surely

Begins a question expecting an affirmative answer.

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Nonnumquam (adv.) - sometimes

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Nonus, a, um - ninth

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Index Find Term Nos - we

Nos is the nominative and accusative of the first person plural pronoun and means “we” and “us” respectively. The dative and ablative form is nobis. Instead of a genitive form, the adjective noster, nostra, nostrum, our, ours, is used.

Nominative nos nostri Genitive (gen. of noster) Dative nobis Accusative nos Ablative nobis Vocative nos

Related Glossary Terms Nobiscum - with us, Noster, nostra, nostrum - our, ours

Index Find Term Noster, nostra, nostrum - our, ours

A first declension-second declension adjective. It is used in place of the genitive form of the first person plural pronoun, nos.

Related Glossary Terms Nos - we

Index Find Term Novem - nine

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Index Find Term Novus, a, um - new, strange

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Nullus, a, um - no, none, not any

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Num (adv) - surely not

Begins a question expecting a negative answer.

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Numa Pompilius, Numae Pompilii (m) Numa Pompilius

Second king of Rome.

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - The Seven Kings Chapter 6 - The Kings of Rome Numida, ae (f) - Numidian, a person from a North African tribe

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Chapter 14 Story: 3rd Punic War Chapter 14 - Chapter 14 Culture: 3rd Punic War Numitor, Numitoris (m) - Numitor

King of Alba Longa, father of Rhea Silvia, brother of Amulius.

Related Glossary Terms Alba Longa, ae (f) - Alba Longa, Amulius, i (m) - Amulius, Remus, i (m) - Remus, Rhea Silvia, Rheae Silviae (f) - Rhea Silvia, Romulus, i (m) - Romulus

Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Romulus, Remus, and the Founding of Rome Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Nunc (adv.) - now

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Index Find Term Introduction - Latin Dictionary Entries Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Octavus, a, um - eighth

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Index Find Term Octo - eight

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Index Find Term Odio, odire - to hate, to despise

Fourth conjugation verb.

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Odium, odii (n) - hatred, ill will

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Olim (adv.) - once, at one time

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Omnino (adv.) - in all, totally, all together

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Omnis, omne - every, all

A third declension adjective. The form omnem is masculine or feminine accusative singular.

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Roma Italiam Capit Chapter 11 - Dido et Aeneas Oppidum, i (n) - town

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Oppugno, oppugnare - to attack

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Opto, optare - to choose, select, wish, desire

Often used with an object infinitive. Example: Hannibal trans Alpes ire optabat. Hannibal chose to go across the Alps.

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Opus, operis (n) - work, task

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Oratio, orationis (f) - speech

Related Glossary Terms Orationem habere - to make a speech

Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Orationem habere - to make a speech

Idiom.

Related Glossary Terms Habeo, habēre - to have, hold, Oratio, orationis (f) - speech

Index Find Term Oriens, orientis (n) - the east

Can also be used to mean sunrise, as in “the sun rises in the east”

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Oro, orare - to pray

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Ostia, ae (f) - Ostia

Port city of Rome.

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - The Kings of Rome Palla, ae (f) - palla

A shawl worn by women.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Roman Clothing Pars, partis (f) - part

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Parvus, a, um - small

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Pater, patris (m) - father

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Index Find Term Introduction - Vocabulary Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Chapter 5 - Third Declension Nouns - Masculine and Feminine Patria, ae (f) - fatherland, country, homeland

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Patricius, i (m) - patrician, noble, aristocrat

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Paucus, a, um, - few, a few

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Pax, pacis (f) - peace

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Pectus, pectoris (n) - chest, heart

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Pecunia, ae (f) - money

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Penates, ium (m pl) - Penates

Household gods

Related Glossary Terms Lares, -um (m. pl.) - Lares

Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Roman Housing Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Per (prep. +acc.) - through

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Periculosus, a, um - dangerous

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Peristylium, i (n) - peristyle

A covered walk way around a courtyard.

Related Glossary Terms Domus, i (m) - house

Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Roman Housing Persevero, perseverare - to continue

Also, to persist, to persevere.

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Perterritus, a, um - frightened, terrified, scared

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Philippus, ī (m) - Philip

The name of several kings from Macedon.

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Chapter 14 Culture: 3rd Punic War Philosophia, ae (f) - philosophy

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Picus, i (m) - woodpecker

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Pietas, pietatis (f) - piety, loyalty, devotion

A characteristic particularly revered by the Romans, pietas included piety, loyalty, and devotion, especially to one’s country, family, and gods.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Chapter 8 - Heroes of the Early Republic Chapter 8 - Heroes of the Early Republic Pileus, i (m) - pileus

A hat worn by slaves during the ceremony of manumission where they received their freedom.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Roman Clothing Pirata, ae (m) - pirate

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Review A Pius, a, um - pious, dutiful, devoted

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Plebs, plebis (m) - plebs, the poor masses

Non-aristocrats, as opposed to the patricians.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - The Cursus Honorum Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Plenus, a, um (+ abl.) - full of, full with

Uses a noun in the ablative case.

Related Glossary Terms Contentus, a, um (+ abl.) - satisfied with, content with, Dignus, a, um (+ abl.) - worthy of, Fretus, a, um (+ abl.) - relying on, leaning on, Indignus, a, um (+ abl.) - unworthy of,

Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Pluto, Plutonis (m) - Pluto

God of the underworld, brother of Jupiter and Neptune. In Greek, Hades.

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Chapter 5 - Dei: Pars Secunda Chapter 5 - Roman Gods and Goddesses Poeta, ae (m) - poet

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Pono, ponere - to place, to put

Third conjugation verb.

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Pons Sublicius, Pontis Sublicii (m) - Pons Sublicius

A bridge over the Tiber.

Related Glossary Terms Horatius, ī (m) - Horatius, Pons, pontis (m) - bridge

Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Heroes of the Early Republic Pons, pontis (m) - bridge

Third declension I-stem

Related Glossary Terms Pons Sublicius, Pontis Sublicii (m) - Pons Sublicius

Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Pontifex, pontificis (m) - priest

A priest in charge of performing sacrifices. Also the Latin word used to describe the Pope.

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - The Kings of Rome Populus, i (m) - people, population, nation

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Possum, posse - to be able

An irregular verb. It is a compound of sum, esse.

PRESENT TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person possum possumus 2nd person potes potestis 3rd person potest possunt

IMPERFECT TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person poteram poterāmus 2nd person poterās poterātis 3rd person poterat poterant

FUTURE TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person poterō poterimus 2nd person poteris poteritis 3rd person poterit poterunt

Related Glossary Terms Sum, esse - to be

Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Irregular Verbs possum, volo, nolo Chapter 14 - Review B Post (adv.) - after, afterward

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Roma Italiam Capit Post (prep. +acc.) - after

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Postea (adv.) - after this, afterwards, later

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Praeclarissimus, a, um - very or most famous

Also, very or most distinguished

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Praeditus, a, um (+ abl.) - endowed with, gifted with

Also, provided with. Uses a noun in the ablative case.

Related Glossary Terms Contentus, a, um (+ abl.) - satisfied with, content with, Dignus, a, um (+ abl.) - worthy of, Fretus, a, um (+ abl.) - relying on, leaning on, Indignus, a, um (+ abl.) - unworthy of,

Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Praemium, i (n) - reward

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Review A Praenomen, praenominis (n) - praenomen

The first name given to a Roman boy at birth.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Praetor, praetoris (m) - praetor

A judicial officer. Part of the cursus honorum.

Related Glossary Terms Cursus Honorum, cursūs honorum (m) - Cursus Honorum

Index Find Term Chapter 7 - The Cursus Honorum Primus, a, um - first

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Principium, i (n) - beginning

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Index Find Term Probo, probare - to find good, approve

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Proelium, i (n) - battle, armed conflict

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Profugio, profugere - to escape, escape from, flee

Third conjugation -io verb.

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Prope (prep. + acc.) - near

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Index Find Term Introduction - Latin Dictionary Entries Chapter 1 - The Cases Propter (prep. + acc.) - because of, on behalf of

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Proserpina, ae (f) - Proserpina

Daughter of Ceres, wife of Pluto. In Greek, Persephone.

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Roman Gods and Goddesses Provincia, ae (f) - province

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Publius, i (m) - Publius

A praenomen for a Roman man. Abbreviated P.

Related Glossary Terms Scipio, Scipionis (m) - Scipio

Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Puella, -ae, (f) - girl

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Index Find Term Introduction - Latin Dictionary Entries Introduction - Vocabulary Puer, pueri (m) - boy

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Index Find Term Introduction - Latin Dictionary Entries Introduction - Vocabulary Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Pugno, pugnare - to fight

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum - beautiful

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Punici, orum (m. pl.) - Carthaginians, Phoenicians

The people from Phoenicia, in Lebanon, or from the city of Carthage, established by the Phoenician princess Dido and colonized by Phoenician refugees.

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Pygmalion, Pygmalionis (m) - Pygmalion

Brother of Dido.

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Pyrrhus, i (m) - Pyrrhus

King of Epirus

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Magna Graecia and the Pyrrhic Wars Quaestor, quaestoris (m) - quaestor

A financial officer. First step on the cursus honorum.

Related Glossary Terms Cursus Honorum, cursūs honorum (m) - Cursus Honorum

Index Find Term Chapter 7 - The Cursus Honorum Quamquam (conj.) - although

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Quartus, a, um - fourth

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Index Find Term Quattuor - four

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Index Find Term Quinimmo (adv.) - indeed, in fact

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Quinque - five

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Index Find Term Quintus, a, um - fifth

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Index Find Term Quintus, i (m) - Quintus

A praenomen for a Roman man. Abbreviated Q.

Related Glossary Terms Fabius, i (m) - Fabius

Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Quod (conj.) - because

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Quomodo (adv.) - how? in what way?

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Quoque (adv.) - also, as well

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Raedarius, i (m) - coachman, carriage driver

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Second Declension Masculine and Feminine Nouns Redeo, redire - to return, to go back

A compound form of eo, ire.

Related Glossary Terms Eo, ire - to go

Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Redono, redonare - to give back

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Regina, ae (f) - queen

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Chapter 9 - Camillus and the Gauls Regnum, i (n) - kingdom, royal domain

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Remigro, remigrare - to move back, journey back

Also, to return.

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Remus, i (m) - Remus

Brother of Romulus, founder of Rome.

Related Glossary Terms Amulius, i (m) - Amulius, Numitor, Numitoris (m) - Numitor

Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Geograpy Chapter 2 - Romulus, Remus, and the Founding of Rome Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Res publica, rei publicae (f) - republic

Literally, “public thing.” Note that res, rei is a fifth declension noun and is declined as follows:

SING. PL. Nominative res res Genitive rei rerum Dative rei rebus Accusative rem res Ablative re rebus Vocative res res

Related Glossary Terms Dies, diei (m) - day

Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Res, rei (f) - thing, matter, situation

Fifth declension noun. Declined as follows:

SING. PL. Nominative res res Genitive rei rerum Dative rei rebus Accusative rem res Ablative re rebus Vocative res res

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Index Find Term Resisto, restistere (+ dat.) - to withstand

Also, to resist, stand up to. Third conjugation verb. Uses a dative object.

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Respondeo, respondēre- to respond, to reply

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Rex, regis (m) - king

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Rhea Silvia, Rheae Silviae (f) - Rhea Silvia

Mother of Romulus and Remus.

Related Glossary Terms Amulius, i (m) - Amulius, Numitor, Numitoris (m) - Numitor

Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Chapter 2 Story Chapter 2 - Romulus, Remus, and the Founding of Rome Rogo, rogare - to ask

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Roma, ae (f) - Rome

The city founded by, and named after, Romulus, on April 21, 753 B.C.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roma Chapter 1 - Roman Geograpy Chapter 2 - Romulus, Remus, and the Founding of Rome Romanus, a, um - Roman

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Index Find Term Introduction - Vocabulary Romulus, i (m) - Romulus

First king of Rome, son of Rhea Silvia and Mars, god of war.

Related Glossary Terms Amulius, i (m) - Amulius, Mons Palatinus, Montis Palatini (m) - Palatine Hill, Numitor, Numitoris (m) - Numitor

Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Geograpy Chapter 2 - Romulus, Remus, and the Founding of Rome Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Rubicon, Rubiconis (m) - Rubicon

The river marking the boundary between Italy and Cisapline Gaul.

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Camillus and the Gauls Rus, ruris (n) - countryside, country

Also, land of fields. When going to or coming from the word “rus” no preposition is used.

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Sabinus, i (m) - Sabine

A member of a neighboring tribe in Latium.

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Romani et Sabini Saepe (adv.) - often

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Saguntum, i (n) - Saguntum

A city in Hispania.

Related Glossary Terms Hispania, ae (f) - Spain

Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Secundum Bellum Punicum Chapter 13 - The Second Punic War Sal, salis (m) - salt

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Salveo salvere - to be healthy

In imperative used to mean hello.

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Saturnus, i (m) - Saturn

Father of Jupiter and his siblings. In Greek, Cronos.

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Dei: Pars Secunda Scelestus, a, um - wicked, evil

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Scelus, sceleris (n) - crime, sin

Crime, sin, misdeed, heinous act

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Scipio, Scipionis (m) - Scipio

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, a famous Roman general known for his victories in the Second Punic War.

Related Glossary Terms Cornelius, i (m) - Cornelius, Publius, i (m) - Publius, Zama, ae (f) - Zama

Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Secundum Bellum Punicum Chapter 13 - The Second Punic War Scribo, scribere - to write

Third conjugation verb

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Scutum, i (n) - shield

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Se - himself, herself, itself, themselves

An accusative or ablative reflexive pronoun, used when an object is the same as a third person subject.

Related Glossary Terms Suus, a, um - his/her/its own

Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Dido et Aeneas Chapter 13 - Secundum Bellum Punicum Secundus, a, um - second

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Sed (conj.) - but

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Sedeo, sedēre - to sit

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Semper (adv.) - always

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Senator, senatoris (m) - senator

A member of the Roman senate, a former magistrate.

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Index Find Term Introduction - Latin Dictionary Entries Septem - seven

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Septimus, a, um - seventh

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Index Find Term Septimus, i (m) - Septimus

A praenomen for a Roman man.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - The Cases Servius Tullius, ī (m) - Servius Tullius

Sixth king of Rome.

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - The Seven Kings Chapter 6 - The Kings of Rome Servus, i (m) - slave

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Sex - six

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Index Find Term Sextus, a, um - sixth

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Index Find Term Sextus, i (m) - Sextus

A praenomen for a Roman man. Abbreviated Sex.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Chapter 10 - Vocative Sicilia, ae (f) - Sicily

An island off of the coast of Italy; the first Roman province.

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Roma Italiam Capit Chapter 12 - The First Punic War Sine (prep. +abl.) - without

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Solium, i (n) - seat, throne

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Sollicitus, a, um - worried, anxious, nervous

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Somnium, i (n) - dream

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Soror, sororis (f) - sister

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary SPQR - Senatus Populusque Romanus

“The Senate and the People of Rome”

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Latin in Every Day Speech Stola, ae (f) - stola

An ankle length tunic worn by adult women.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Roman Clothing Sub (prep. +abl.) - under

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Index Find Term Introduction - Latin Dictionary Entries Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Sum, esse - to be

Irregular verb

PRESENT TENSE

SINGULAR PLURAL

1st person sum sumus 2nd person es estis 3rd person est sunt

IMPERFECT TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person eram erāmus 2nd person erās erātis 3rd person erat erant

FUTURE TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person erō erimus 2nd person eris eritis 3rd person erit erunt

Related Glossary Terms Est - he/she/it is, Possum, posse - to be able, Sunt - they are

Index Find Term Chapter 4 - The Irregular Verb Sum, Esse Chapter 7 - Review A Chapter 8 - Future Tense of Sum Chapter 11 - Irregular Verbs possum, volo, nolo Chapter 14 - Review B Sunt - they are

Present tense, third person plural of the irregular verb sum, esse

Related Glossary Terms Est - he/she/it is, Sum, esse - to be

Index Find Term Introduction - Vocabulary Supero, superare - to overcome, to defeat

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Suus, a, um - his/her/its own

A reflexive-possessive adjective, used only when something belongs to the third person subject.

Related Glossary Terms Se - himself, herself, itself, themselves

Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Sychaeus, i (m) - Sychaeus

Husband of Dido.

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Tablinum, i (n) - tablinum

An office or study.

Related Glossary Terms Domus, i (m) - house

Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Roman Housing Taceo, tacēre - to be quiet

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocative Tam (adv.) - so

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Review A Tanaquil, Tanaquilis (f) - Tanaquil

Wife of Tarquinius Priscus and queen of Rome.

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - The Kings of Rome Tandem (adv). - finally, at last

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Tarde (adv.) - slowly

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Review A Tarentum, i (n) - Tarentum

A Greek city in Southern Italy.

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Roma Italiam Capit Chapter 10 - Magna Graecia and the Pyrrhic Wars Tarquinius Priscus, i (m) - Tarquinius Priscus

Fifth king of Rome.

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - The Seven Kings Chapter 6 - The Kings of Rome Tarquinus Sextus, i (m) - Tarquinius Sextus

Son of Tarquin the Proud.

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - The Seven Kings Tarquinus Superbus, i (m) - Tarquinius Superbus

Tarquin the Proud. Seventh and final king of Rome.

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - The Seven Kings Chapter 6 - The Kings of Rome Chapter 8 - Heroes of the Early Republic Te - you

The accusative or ablative form of tu.

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Index Find Term Tectum, i (n) - roof

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Telum, i (n) - weapon

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Templum, i (n) - temple

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Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Tempus Fugit

“Time flees” or “Time flies”

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Latin in Every Day Speech Tempus, temporis (n) - time

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Chapter 6 - Third Declension Neuter Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Teneo, tenēre - to hold

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Terra, ae (f) - land, territory, earth

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Terreo, terrēre - to frighten, to terrify

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Tertius, a, um - third

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Index Find Term Tiberis, Tiberis (m) - Tiber

The river on which Rome was built.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Geograpy Tibi - to you

Dative form of tu (you)

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Dido et Aeneas Titus, i (m) - Titus

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Toga praetexta, -ae (f) - toga praetexta

A toga with a broad purple stripe, worn by high government officials and children.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Roman Clothing Toga virilis, togae virilis (f) - Toga virilis

Also known as the Toga Pura or the Toga of Manhood, it was pure white, and worn by adult men.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Roman Clothing Toga, ae (f) - toga

A garment worn by Roman citizens.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Roman Clothing Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Totus, a, um - whole

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Trans (prep. +acc.) - across

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Tres, tres, tria - three

M. F. N. Nom. trēs trēs tria Gen. trium trium trium Dat. tribus triubus tribus Acc. trēs trēs tria Abl. tribus tribus tribus

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Tribunus, ī (m) - Tribune

The Tribune of the Plebs was an officer who served the interests of the Plebeians.

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - The Cursus Honorum Triclinium, i (n) - triclinium

A dining room.

Related Glossary Terms Domus, i (m) - house

Index Find Term Chapter 4 - Roman Housing Troia, ae (f) - Troy

A legendary city in Asia Minor. The Romans traced their roots back to the Trojans through the legendary hero Aeneas, and his son Ascanius. Ascanius was also known as Iulus (Julus) and was claimed as an ancestor by Julius Caesar himself.

Related Glossary Terms Aeneas, Aeneae (m) - Aeneas, Anchises, Anchisae (m) - Anchises, Andromache, An- dromaches (f) - Andromache, Ascanius, i (m) - Ascanius, Caesar, Caesaris (m) - Cae-

Index Find Term Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Tu - you

The pronoun tu, which means you, is declined as follows:

Nominative tu tui Genitive (gen. of tuus, a, um Dative. tibi Accusative te Ablative te Vocative tu

Related Glossary Terms Te - you, Tibi - to you, Tuus, a, um - your, yours (singular)

Index Find Term Tullia, ae (f) - Tullia

The name of a girl from the gens Tullius, most famously the daughter of Cicero.

Related Glossary Terms Cicero, Ciceronis (m) - Cicero

Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roman Names Tullus Hostilius, i (m) - Tullus Hostilius

Third king of Rome.

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - The Seven Kings Chapter 6 - The Kings of Rome Tunica, ae (f) - tunic

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Roman Clothing Turnus, i (m) - Turnus

Prince of the Rutulians, a tribe in ancient Italy, who fought against Aeneas.

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Tuus, a, um - your, yours (singular)

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Index Find Term Ubi (adv.) - when, where

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Ultimus, a, um - last, final

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Umquam (adv.) - ever

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Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Vocabulary Undique (adv.) - on all sides

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Unus, a, um - one

M. F. N. Nom. ūnus ūna ūnum Gen. ūnīus ūnīus ūnīus Dat. ūnī ūnī ūnī Acc. ūnum ūnam ūnum Abl. ūnō ūnā ūnō

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Urbs, urbis (f) - city

Third declension I-stem

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Index Find Term Introduction - Vocabulary Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Ut (conj.) - as, when

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Dido et Aeneas Chapter 13 - Secundum Bellum Punicum Uxor, uxoris (f) - wife

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Vocabulary Vae Victis

“Woe to the conquered!” The words spoken by the Gallic chief Brennus when the Romans complained that the scales were not equal as the Gauls weighed out Roman gold.

Related Glossary Terms Brennus, i (m) - Brennus, Gallia, ae (f) - Gaul, Gallus, i (m) - Gaul

Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Camillus and the Gauls Valeo, valēre - to be strong

In imperative used to mean good-bye.

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Index Find Term Chapter 10 - Vocabulary Valorosus, a, um - brave, courageous

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Vehiculum, i (n) - vehicle

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Veii, Veiorum (m. pl.) - Veii

An Italian tribe.

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Camillus et Galli Chapter 9 - Camillus and the Gauls Venus, Veneris (f) - Venus

Goddess of love, wife of Vulcan. In Greek, Aphrodite.

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Roman Gods and Goddesses Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Verbero, verberare - to beat, hit

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Verbum, i (n) - word

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Index Find Term Chapter 6 - Vocabulary Vergilius, i (m) - Vergil

Publius Vergilius Maro, a famous Roman poet who wrote the great epic poem the Aeneid about the travels of Aeneas and the Trojans from the destroyed city of Troy to Italy.

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Dido et Aeneas Chapter 11 - The Story of Dido and Aeneas Vesta, ae (f) - Vesta

Sister of Jupiter, goddess of the hearth. In Greek, Hestia. Priestess of Vesta were called Vestal Virgins and it was considered a great honor to serve Vesta.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Romulus, Remus, and the Founding of Rome Vester, vestra, vestrum - your, yours (pl.)

Related Glossary Terms Vos - you (pl.)

Index Find Term Vestimentum, i (n) - clothing

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Via Appia, ae (f) - Via Appia

The most famous road built by the Romans.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Roma Chapter 1 - Roman Geograpy Via, ae (f) - road, street, way

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Vicinus, a, um - neighboring

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Victoria, ae (f) - victory

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Index Find Term Chapter 8 - Vocabulary Video, vidēre - to see

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Index Find Term Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Chapter 3 - Second Conjugation Verbs Villa, ae (f) - country house

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Chapter 4 - Vocabulary Chapter 4 - Roman Housing Vinum, i (n) - wine

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Index Find Term Chapter 14 - Vocabulary Vir, viri (m) - man

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Vocabulary Virtus, virtutis (f) - courage, virtue, bravery

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Index Find Term Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Vita, ae (f.) - life

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Vivo, vivere - to live

Third conjugation verb.

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Vobis - to/for you, you (pl.)

The dative and ablative form of vos.

Related Glossary Terms Vos - you (pl.)

Index Find Term Volo, velle (irreg.) - to wish, want, be willing

An irregular verb, usually used with a complementary infinitive.

VOLŌ - PRESENT TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL

1st person volō volumus 2nd person vīs vultis 3rd person vult volunt

VOLŌ - IMPERFECT TENSE SINGULAR PLURAl 1st person volēbam volēbāmus 2nd person volēbās volēbātis 3rd person volēbat volēbant

VOLŌ - FUTURE TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st person volam volēmus 2nd person volēs volētis 3rd person volet volent

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Ablatives Chapter 9 - Camillus et Galli Chapter 11 - Irregular Verbs possum, volo, nolo Chapter 14 - Review B Volsci, orum (m. pl.) - Volsci, Volscians

A tribe that inhabited a region in southern Latium that was later subjugated by the Romans.

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Index Find Term Chapter 9 - Camillus and the Gauls Vos - you (pl.)

Vos is the personal pronoun used for second person plural. It is declined as follows:

Nominative vos vestri Genitive (gen. of vester, vestra, vestrum) Dative vobis Accusative vos Ablative vobis Vocative vos

Related Glossary Terms Vester, vestra, vestrum - your, yours (pl.), Vobis - to/for you, you (pl.)

Index Find Term Vulcanus, i (m) - Vulcan

God of fire, son of Juno and Juppiter. In Greek: Hephaestus.

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Index Find Term Chapter 5 - Roman Gods and Goddesses Vulnero, vulnerare - to wound

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Index Find Term Chapter 11 - Vocabulary Zama, ae (f) - Zama

A town in Numidia. The site of the final battle of the Second Punic War where Hannibal was defeated by Scipio Africanus.

Related Glossary Terms Hannibal, Hannibalis (m) - Hannibal, Scipio, Scipionis (m) - Scipio

Index Find Term Chapter 13 - Secundum Bellum Punicum Chapter 13 - The Second Punic War