ROMA URBS ET MUNDUS LIBER PRIMUS Latin School Latin 7 INTRODUCTION I can... -identify the part of speech of a word when it is used in the sentence. -diagram sentence in English, labeling the different parts of the sentence. -read and understand a Latin vocabulary entry. i SECTION 1 Verb ∏ A verb expresses an action or a state of being. Parts of Speech E.g. loves, had seen, will go Adjective An adjective modifies (describes) or limits a noun or pronoun. E.g. good, green, every, strong In both Latin and English there are eight parts of speech. Each part of speech performs a different job in a Adverb sentence. When combined, they allow us to form phrases, clauses, and sentences to express our opinions, thoughts, and An adverb modifies or limits a verb, an adjective, or another needs. adverb. E.g. not, now, quickly Noun A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. Conjunction E.g. slave, Caesar, home, pen, freedom A conjunction joins together words or groups of words. E.g. and, because, but Pronoun A pronoun is a word that takes the place or stands in for a noun. E.g. he, she, they, that, anyone 2 Preposition A preposition shows the relationship between a noun and some other words in a sentence. E.g. for, from, with, in by Interjection An interjection expresses emotion. E.g. Alas! Oh! Oh no! Exercise: Review A 3 SECTION 2 The direct object receives the action of the verb. It is the ∏ person, place, thing, or idea that the action is done to. E.g. The boys throw the ball. Parts of the Sentence A predicate nominative, or complement, is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and restates the subject. E.g. Julius is a senator. An indirect object refers to the person place, thing, or idea to In addition to parts of speech, there are also several whom or for whom the action is done. It indirectly receives important roles that words have in a sentence. These same the action. roles exist in both English and Latin. E.g. Cicero gave me the book. The subject is the person, place, thing or idea that the sentence is about. The noun or pronoun that follows a preposition is said to be the object of the preposition. E.g. The master frees the slaves. E.g. I sent the letter to him. The verb is the action or state of being in the sentence. In most sentences, the verb is what the subject does. A possessive is a person, place, thing, or idea that shows ownership over another noun or pronoun in the sentence. E.g. The dogs run through the woods. E.g. Catiline’s followers did not escape the city. Exercise: Review B 4 puer, pueri (m) - boy ∏SECTION 3 VERBS Latin Dictionary The full vocabulary entry for a Latin verb contains up to four Latin forms, each called a principal part. Each principal part gives important information to conjugate, or form, the verb Entries in different tenses. For now, you will see only two principal parts and the English definition. The first principal part is the present tense, first person singular. The second principal part is called the present active infinitive, and is very In Latin it is easy to tell the part of speech of a word important for identifying the conjugation, or group, to which based on the way the dictionary, entry is written. Each part a verb belongs. of speech has a unique pattern that it follows in a dictionary. E.g. amo, amare - to love When learning vocabulary, it is important to memorize the amo - first person singular present tense, “I love” complete vocabulary entry in order to be able to use the amare - present active infinitive, “to love” word correctly in Latin. NOUNS ADJECTIVES The vocabulary entry for a Latin noun includes four A Latin adjective will have three forms, each of which would elements. The first form is called the nominative singular. and be used for one of the three genders, and an English the second form is called the genitive singular. These terms definition. will mean more later on in the course. The next element is E.g. bonus, bona, bonum - good the gender, which could be masculine, feminine, or neuter. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum - beautiful, pretty Finally, an English definition is included. E.g. puella, puellae (f) - girl mater, matris (f) - mother senator, senatoris (m) - senator 5 ADVERBS A Latin adverb is identified by the word “adverb” in the definition, along with the Latin form and the English translation. E.g. nunc, (adv). - now mox, (adv.) - soon PREPOSITIONS In addition to the Latin form and the English translation, a Latin preposition will include the word preposition, and the case that should follow it. It is extremely important to memorize the case that follows each preposition, as some prepositions have different meanings if they are followed by the accusative case instead of the ablative case. E.g. sub (prep. + abl.) - under prope (prep. + acc.) - near CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS Conjunctions and interjections are identified by the words “conjunction” or “interjection” in addition to the English and Latin forms. E.g. et (conj.) - and eheu (interject.) - alas Exercise: Review C 6 ∏SECTION 4 Review Introduction .1 Using your knowledge of Latin vocabulary, choose the correct definition for Vocabulary each English word. Question 1 of 4 Urban A. Having to do with the city puella, ae (f) - girl B. Having to do with the country puer, pueri (m) - boy mundus, i (m) - world C. Having to do with roads mater, matris (f) - mother D. Smart pater, patris (m) - father urbs, urbis (f) - city Romanus, -a, -um - Roman Check Answer est - he/she/it is sunt - they are in (prep. + abl.) - in, inside 7 SECTION 5 rule all the territories it had controlled. This period of time is ∏ called the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, Latin was no longer spoken by the common people and began to blend with other local A Short History of the languages, leading to the creation of the Romance languages. The Romance languages include French, Spanish, Italian, Latin Language Portuguese, and Romanian. Though fewer people used Latin in their everyday lives, Latin still remained important for the Catholic Church. In fact, the Catholic mass was spoken in Latin up until the 1960’s, and it is still used currently in the Vatican. Even today, it Latin is the language that was originally spoken by the has uses beyond Ancient Romans. Like English, Latin can trace its roots those of the back to a language called Indo-European. Historians today Catholic Church. still do not know exactly what the Indo-European looked It is used to create like, but many languages such as German, English, and new words, such as Greek can be traced back to it. automobile (auto Latin came to the Italian Peninsula around 1000 BC meaning “self”; and is named after a tribe called the Latins that settled in mobile meaning Italy before the founding of Rome. Originally, only the Italic “moving”) and bus tribes in Northern Italy spoke Latin, but, as Rome began to (omnibus meaning become more powerful, the Latin language spread “for all”). Many English words are derivatives from Latin throughout the Mediterranean World. As the Roman words. Latin is also the official language of Botany and is Empire grew, more people began to speak Latin. Eventually, used in many scientific fields. the Roman Empire became too big and no longer was able to 8 Review Questions 1. From which language can Latin, along with many other languages, trace its roots back? 2. In which year did Latin come to the Italian Peninsula? 3. During which era was Latin no longer a language spoken by the common people? 4. What are the five Romance languages? 5. Where is Latin still used today? 9 CHAPTER∏ 1 I can... -define the following terms: declension, case, number, gender. -identify a first declension noun. -decline a first declension noun. -identify the names and primary uses of the six cases. SECTION 1 parvus, a, um - small ∏ ambulo, ambulare - to walk amo, amare - to love dono, donare - to give Vocabulary laudo, laudare - to praise septem - seven et (conj.) - and semper (adv.) - always ancilla, ae (f) - slave-woman diu (adv.) - for a long time, a long time ago agricola, ae (m) - farmer nunc (adv.) - now femina, ae (f) - woman etiam (adv.) - also nauta, ae (m) - sailor poeta, ae (m) - poet provincia, ae (f) - province regina, ae (f) - queen terra, ae (f) - land, territory, earth via, ae (f) - road, street, way villa, ae (f) - country house collis, collis (m) - hill urbs, urbis (f) - city antiquus, a, um - old, ancient clarus, a, um - famous, bright, clear longus, a, um - long magnus, a, um - big, great multus, a, um - many, much 11 Review 1.1 Use your knowledge of these vocabulary words to determine the definitions for the English de- rivatives. Question 1 of 10 Antiquity A. Something that is old or ancient B. Something that is new C. Something that is dangerous D. Something that is safe Check Answer 12 SECTION 2 Number ∏ The number of the noun gives a rough idea as to how many of something there is. A noun will be singular if there The Latin Noun is only one, or plural if there is more than one. Case Unlike most English nouns, the endings on Latin nouns changed based on how they are being used in the sentence. A noun may not look the same when it is used as the subject of A noun, as you learned in the introduction, is a person, a sentence as it does when it is used as the indirect object.