Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering ProcediaProcedia Engineering Engineering 00 (2011 24) 000(2011)–000 579 – 584 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

2011 International Conference on Advances in Engineering Ontology of graphemes for Latin character recognition

Hacene Belhadefa, Mohamed Khireddine Kholladib, Aicha Eutamenec a*

a,b,cDepartment of Computer Sciences, Mentouri University of Constantine, Road of Ain ElBey 25017, Algeria

Abstract

In this paper, we present a general description of an ontology, describing the different character of Latin language, which is semantically annotated by a domain expert. This ontology represents the typographical description of the analyzed and processed document, by a set of concepts where each concept, represents a grapheme of character and must be designated by a unique number denoting its position or its localization in the document. The relationship between, two graphemes is of spatial type; it represents the connectivity between graphemes in the document to facilitate the recognizing process of characters. Our ontology is generic and can support other languages by enriching it by new specific spatial relationships.

© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of ICAE2011.

Keywords: Character recognition; grapheme; ontology; spatial relationship; typographical features

1. Introduction

The general goal of the recognition of documents; whether printed or manuscript, is to transform them into understandable and usable representation by machine. The process of recognition is not always easy as long as the content of documents can have multiple representations. In the case of printed documents, size, style (Bold, Italic... etc.), the cast of characters and other factors play a crucial role in this process. Images are the basic means for information representation of document content, they are used in many areas in scientific research, medicine, ecology, chemistry, engineering, military science ... Etc. The development of automated systems for image processing, analysis, evaluation, and understanding is an important branch of oriented fundamental and applied research. Over the last years, ontologies have demonstrated to be an important and useful instrument for representing, sharing and reusing knowledge. Evidences for that are: ontology languages allow for expressing rich semantics and provide reasoning capabilities. Ontological knowledge representation has the following advantages: (1) it provides the opportunity to

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +213-31-818494; fax: +213-31-818494. E-mail address: [email protected]

1877-7058 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.2699 2580 HaceneHacene Belhadef Belhadef et al./ etProcedia al. / Procedia Engineering Engineering 00 (2011 24 )(2011) 000–000 579 – 584 establish a common understanding of the considered field of knowledge, (2) it enables us to represent knowledge in a convenient form for processing by automated information processing and analysis systems, and (3) it provides the opportunity for acquisition and accumulation of new knowledge and for multiple use of knowledge [5]. So using ontologies in pattern (document, character, Etc) recognition, we bridge the gap between the needs of new trends of scientific research and proposed solutions in this area.

2. Related work

There has been much research using ontologies to improve image search, but only Belhadef and al., have used the ontologies in character recognition area[1][9], they have described a new process based on ontology, this last is annotated by a human expert and contains concepts representing the graphemes, where each grapheme represents a part of character in the document. In this section we will cite some works but we will not exhaustive, e.g. Hyvonen, et al., use ontologies to aid annotation, user search and browsing [10]. Their technique requires changes to the way the images need to be annotated and the way the users can find the images. Schreiber et al., explore the use of ontologies to index and search collections of photographs [11]. They developed a tool for annotation and searching for specific images. Windson Viana and al., developed a mobile and location based system, called PhotoMap, for the automatic annotation and the spatial-temporal visualization of photo collections using ontology [12]. Juliusz L. Kulikowski developed an approach to computer-assisted image content understanding which is based on using domain ontology as a source of knowledge concerning the external world whose objects are visualized by the image [13]. And the works of Gurevicha I. B. [14][15][5], that are classified very interesting in this domain, we can cite, An Ontological Framework for Media Analysis and Mining, Cell Image Analysis Ontology, Fundamental concepts and elements of image analysis ontology.

3. Character recognition

Character recognition is a synonym for the automatic conversion of printed characters into editable text files. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a process converting scanned printed images, mark, character, illustration or handwritten text into a format that is identifiable by computer, such as ASCII. OCR scanners can read envelopes, full pages of document text including broken characters and also common fonts. OCR scanner converts printed object into bitmap image, while OCR software converts bitmap image into ASCII characters. The ASCII characters then can be imported into a variety of word document, page layout, spreadsheet, database, or graphical processing application. This greatly helps the process of filing millions of paper documents [6].

4. Ontology

The term "ontology" comes from the field of philosophy that is concerned with the study of being or existence. In philosophy, one can talk about ontology as a theory of the nature of existence. In the context of computer and information sciences, ontology defines a set of representational primitives with which to model a domain of knowledge or discourse. The representational primitives are typically classes (or sets), attributes (or properties), and relationships (or relations among class members). [7] The preceding definition leads to a set of definitions that can be used as a basis for algebraic formulation of the term Ontology and its components [4]: Definition 1. A term is a triple τ = [η, δ ,Α] , τ ∈ Τ , where η is a string of characters containing the name of the term, δ is a string of characters containing its definition and Α is a set of attribute domains A1, A2, ..., An, each associated to a value set Vi. Definition 2. relation φ : Τ → Τ , φ ∈Φ , : is a function from Τ to Τ such that for every term τ1∈Τ, Hacene Belhadef et al.al./ / ProcediaProcedia EngineeringEngineering 0024 ((2011)2011) 000579– –000 584 3581 there is a term τ1 = φ(τ1 ),τ2∈Τ. Definition 3. A semantic relation σ between two terms is a relation that belongs to the set of semantic relations Σ = {Hypernymy, Hyponymy (is-a), Mereonomy (part-of), Synonymy }, Σ ⊂ Φ . Definition 4. A spatial relation ρ between two terms is a relation that belongs to the set of spatial relations Ρ = {adjacency, spatial containment, proximity, connectedness}, Ρ⊂ Φ. Definition 5. An ontology is a Θ=[ Τ, Φ] , where Τ= {τ1,τ1, ....,τn } is a set of terms, and Φ= {Φ1,Φ2,...... ,Φ n}, and ∃φi ∈( ∑∪ Κ ) .

5. Grapheme

The grapheme is the fundamental unit of a writing data; it is the smallest unit of meaning graph whose variation changes the value of the sign in writingb. For ideographic scripts, it can represent a concept. In phonographic writing, it represents an element of achieving sound (syllable, consonant, and letter). So in alphabetic writing, the grapheme is commonly referred letterc. In our work, we show the interest of using the graphemes as features for describing the individual properties of Handwriting (Part of character). Each grapheme is produced by the segmentation module [2] of a recognition system. At the end of a segmentation step, the document can be viewed as the concatenation of some consecutive graphemes (Fig. 2). The handwritten document D is thus described by the set of graphemes Xi D={ Xi , i:1 to n} (1)

A subset of successive graphemes, may construct a word Wj, or a single character Ck:

Wj={Xi, i:1 to m, m

Ck={Xi, i:1 to p, p

6. Our approach

The main goal of image analysis ontology (IAO) development, especially character recognition in document is formal description of knowledge on the processing, analysis, and recognition of images accumulated and used by experts [5]. Our approach is based on the architecture of a new system of character recognition manuscript, which was described in [1]. Our contribution is located between the step of feature extraction and recognition step, it is expressed by instantiating the ontology already created by a domain expert (see Fig. 1). In this figure we show just an excerpt of the global ontology representing all the Latin alphabet. In this ontology, we implemented all possible relationships, which can be found between the different graphemes that build the characters; these relationships are of spatial type (Just-below, Next-left…Etc). For example, the grapheme Tal-trunk can have multiple relationships with graphemes: Bar, Arc, etc.... to form respectively the characters L and P.

b wikipedia c http://alis.isoc.org/glossaire/grapheme.fr.htm 4582 HaceneHacene Belhadef Belhadef et al./ etProcedia al. / Procedia Engineering Engineering 00 (2011 24 )(2011) 000–000 579 – 584

Fig. 1. ontology of graphemes represents the alphabet of Latin language

Fig. 1 presents our ontology that created under protégé editord . "Protégé" is the best known editor and most widely used, it is open source, developed by Stanford University, it has evolved since its first versions (Protégé-2000) to integrate from the 2003 web standards including OWL semantics. It offers many optional components: reasoners and graphical interfaces. In the Fig. 2, we show an example of the different graphemes that form the word “LIRE”, specially the character “L” that is composed by two graphemes such as Tall-trunk and Bar, respectively numbered by number 1 and 2. The relationship between the grapheme number 1 and 2, is clearly depicted in Fig. 3, and the corresponding code of this relationship is shown below. LIRE

Grapheme 1 Grapheme 2 Tall trunk Grapheme 2 Bar Bar

Fig. 2. Segmentation of the word “LIRE” by graphemes features

d http://protege.stanford.edu/ Hacene Belhadef et al.al./ / ProcediaProcedia EngineeringEngineering 0024 ((2011)2011) 000579– –000 584 5583

RDFe description of data type property “ next_left “ betwen the classes: “tall_trunk" and” bar”

"is a" relationship "instances" relationship

Fig 3. Spatial relationship between graphemes

7. Conclusion

The work presented in this paper presents a new and original vision, to solve the problem of character recognition, our idea is expressed through the creation of an ontology that represents the contents of a document written manually or automatically (by seizure). This ontology transforms the image-version of document to a representation of concepts and spatial relationships. The idea here is not limited to the representation of the content but rather the exploitation of side semantic of this content, taking advantage of all the benefits of ontologies, including the formulation of local queries which are necessary for making intelligent decisions, or creating the web services that can work above. The development of ontologies in this area can be used to provide image analysis automation support and efficient use of modern methods and techniques for image analysis and pattern recognition. In a future work, we plan to use the matching operations with external resources such as WordNetf, using dedicated similarity measures.

e Resource Description Framework f WordNet : A lexical database of English language: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/ 6584 HaceneHacene Belhadef Belhadef et al./ etProcedia al. / Procedia Engineering Engineering 00 (2011 24 )(2011) 000–000 579 – 584

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