DOCSLIB.ORG

A Large Multi-Target Dataset of Common Bengali Handwritten Graphemes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Large Multi-Target Dataset of Common Bengali Handwritten Graphemes A Large Multi-Target Dataset of Common Bengali Handwritten Graphemes 1,2Samiul Alam , 1Tahsin Reasat , 1Asif Shahriyar Sushmit , 1Sadi Mohammad Siddique 3Fuad Rahman , 4Mahady Hasan , 1,*Ahmed Imtiaz Humayun 1Bengali.AI, 2Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, 3Apurba Technologies Inc., 4Independent University, Bangladesh Abstract Vowel Grapheme Roots Diacritics Latin has historically led the state-of-the-art in handwritten optical character recognition (OCR) re- search. Adapting existing systems from Latin to alpha- a l syllabary languages is particularly challenging due to a g n a sharp contrast between their orthographies. The seg- B mentation of graphical constituents corresponding to characters becomes significantly hard due to a cur- sive writing system and frequent use of diacritics in Consonant h s Diacritic i l the alpha-syllabary family of languages. We propose g n a labeling scheme based on graphemes (linguistic seg- E i ments of word formation) that makes segmentation in- r a g side alpha-syllabary words linear and present the first a n v e dataset of Bengali handwritten graphemes that are com- D monly used in everyday context. The dataset contains 411k curated samples of 1295 unique commonly used Alpha-syllabaryAbugida Gra pGraphemeheme Seg mSegmentsents Bengali graphemes. Additionally, the test set contains 900 uncommon Bengali graphemes for out of dictionary Figure 1: Orthographic components in a Bangla (Ben- performance evaluation. The dataset is open-sourced gali) word compared to English and Devnagari (Hindi). as a part of a public Handwritten Grapheme Classi- The word ‘Proton’ in both Bengali and Hindi is equiv- fication Challenge on Kaggle to benchmark vision al- alent to its transliteration. Characters are color- gorithms for multi-target grapheme classification. The coded according to phonemic correspondence. Alpha- unique graphemes present in this dataset are selected syllabary grapheme segments and corresponding char- based on commonality in the Google Bengali ASR cor- acters from the three languages are segregated with the pus. From competition proceedings, we see that deep markers. While characters in English are arranged hor- learning methods can generalize to a large span of out izontally according to phonemic sequence, the order is of dictionary graphemes which are absent during train- not maintained in the other two languages. ing. text for such languages with numerous applications in 1. Introduction e-commerce, security, digitization, and e-learning. In the alpha-syllabary writing system, each word is com- Speakers of languages from the alpha-syllabary or prised of segments made of character units that are in Abugida family comprise of up to 1:3 billion people phonemic sequence. These segments act as the small- across India, Bangladesh, and Thailand alone. There is est written unit in alpha-syllabary languages and are significant academic and commercial interest in devel- termed as Graphemes [14]; the term alpha-syllabary oping systems that can optically recognize handwritten itself originates from the alphabet and syllabary qual- 1 ities of graphemes [7]. Each grapheme comprises of a along with solutions developed by the top-ranking par- grapheme root, which can be one character or several ticipants. Finally section 6 presents our conclusions. characters combined as a conjunct. The term char- For ease of reading, we have included the IPA stan- acter is used interchangeably with unicode character dard English transliteration of Bengali characters in throughout this text. Root characters may be accom- {.} throughout the text. panied by vowel or consonant diacritics- demarcations which correspond to phonemic extensions. To better 2. Related Work understand the orthography, we can compare the En- Handwritten OCR Datasets. Although several glish word Proton to its Bengali transliteration েপৰ্াটন (Fig. 1). While in English the characters are hori- datasets [2, 6, 20, 22] have been made for Bengali hand- zontally arranged according to phonemic sequence, the written characters, their effectiveness has been limited. first grapheme for both Bengali and Devanagari scripts This could be attributed to the fact that they were have a sequence of glyphs that do not correspond to the formulated following contemporary datasets of English linear arrangement of unicode characters or phonemes. characters. All these datasets label individual charac- As most OCR systems make a linear pass through a ters or words. These datasets work well for English written line, we believe this non-linear positioning is and can even be adapted for other document recogni- important to consider when designing such systems for tion tasks, setting the standard. Most character recog- Bengali as well as other alpha-syllabary languages. nition datasets for other languages like the Devanagari Character Dataset [1, 19, 12] and the Arabic Printed We propose a labeling scheme based on grapheme Text Image Database [13, 3] were created following segments of Abugida languages as a proxy for char- their design. However, they do not boast the same acter based OCR systems; grapheme recognition in- effectiveness and adaptability of their English counter- stead of character recognition bypasses the complex- parts. Languages with different writing systems there- ities of character segmentation inside handwritten fore require language specific design of the recognition alpha-syllabary words. We have curated the first Hand- pipeline and need more understanding of how it affects written Grapheme Dataset of Bengali as a candidate performance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the alpha-syllabary language, containing 411882 images of first work that proposes grapheme level recognition for 1295 unique commonly used handwritten graphemes alpha-syllabary OCR. and ∼ 900 uncommon graphemes (exact numbers are excluded for the integrity of the test set). While the 3. Challenges of Bengali Orthography cardinality of graphemes is significantly larger than that of characters, through competition proceedings we As mentioned before in section 1, each Bengali word show that the classification task is tractable even with a is comprised of segmental units called graphemes. Ben- small number of graphemes- deep learning models can gali has 48 characters in its alphabet- 11 vowels and generalize to a large span of unique graphemes even if 38 consonants (including special characters ‘ৎ’{ṯ},‘◌ং’ they are trained with a smaller set. Furthermore, the {ṁ},‘◌ঃ’{ḥ}). Out of the 11 vowels, 10 vowels have scope of this dataset is not limited to the domain of diacritic forms. There are also four consonant diacrit- OCR, it also creates an opportunity to evaluate multi- ics, ‘◌뷍’ (from consonant য {gha}), ‘◌쇍’ (from consonant target classification algorithms based on root and dia- র{ra}), ‘৴’ (also from consonant র {ra}) and ‘◌ঁ’. We critic annotations of graphemes. Compared to Multi- follow the convention of considering ‘◌ং’{ṁ},‘◌ঃ’ {ḥ} Mnist [21] which is a frequently used synthetic dataset as standalone consonants since they are always present used for multi-target benchmarking, our dataset pro- at the end of a grapheme and can be considered a sep- vides natural data of multi-target task comprising of arate root character. three target variables. 3.1. Grapheme Roots and Diacritics The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discuses previous works. Section 3 shows the differ- Graphemes in Bengali consist of a root character ent challenges that arise due to the orthography of the which may be a vowel or a consonant or a conso- Bengali language, which is analogous to other Abugida nant conjunct along with vowel and consonant diacrit- languages. Section 4 formally defines the dataset objec- ics whose occurrence is optional. These three symbols tive, goes into the motivation behind a grapheme based together make a grapheme in Bengali. The consonant labeling scheme, and discusses briefly the methodol- and vowel diacritics can occur horizontally, vertically ogy followed to gather, extract, and standardize the adjacent to the root or even surrounding the root (Fig. data. Section 5 discusses some insights gained from 2). These roots and diacritics cannot be identified in the Bengali AI Grapheme Classification Competition written text by parsing horizontally and detecting each 2 the consonant conjunct = ঙ + গ as in Fig. 3b, a sim- plified more explicit form is written inFig. 3a. The same can be seen for diacritics in Fig. 3c and Fig 3d. It can be argued that allographs portray the linguistic Figure 2: Different vowel diacritics (green) and conso- plasticity of handwritten Bengali. nant diacritics (red) used in Bengali orthography. The 3.4. Unique Grapheme Combinations placement of the diacritics are not dependent on the grapheme root. One challenge posed by grapheme recognition is the huge number of unique graphemes possible. Taking into account the 38 consonants (nc) including three 3 2 glyph separately. Instead, one must look at the whole special characters, 11 vowels (nv) and (nc +nc ) possible grapheme and identify them as separate targets. In consonant conjuncts (considering 2nd and 3rd order), 3 2 light of this, our dataset labels individual graphemes there can be ((nc −3) +(nc −3) +(nc −3))+3 different with root characters, consonant and vowel diacritics as grapheme roots possible in Bengali. Grapheme roots separate targets. can have any of the 10+1 vowel diacritics (nvd) and 7+1 consonant diacritics (ncd). So the approximate 3.2. Consonant Conjuncts or Ligatures number of possible graphemes will be nv + 3 + ((nc − 3 − 2 − · · Consonant conjuncts in Bengali are analogous to lig- 3) + (nc 3) + (nc 3)) nvd ncd or 3883894 unique atures in Latin where multiple consonants combine to- graphemes. While this is a big number, not all of these gether to form glyphs which may or may not contain combinations are viable or are used in practice. characteristics from the standalone consonant glyphs. In Bengali, up to three consonants can combine to form 4. The Dataset consonant conjuncts. Consonant conjuncts may have Of all the possible graphemes combinations, only two (second order conjuncts, eg. ষ্ট = শ +ট {sta = śa a small amount is prevalent in modern Bengali.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Talking Stone: Cherokee Syllabary Inscriptions in Dark Zone Caves
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-2017 Talking Stone: Cherokee Syllabary Inscriptions in Dark Zone Caves Beau Duke Carroll University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Recommended Citation Carroll, Beau Duke, "Talking Stone: Cherokee Syllabary Inscriptions in Dark Zone Caves. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2017. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4985 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Beau Duke Carroll entitled "Talking Stone: Cherokee Syllabary Inscriptions in Dark Zone Caves." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Jan Simek, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: David G. Anderson, Julie L. Reed Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Talking Stone: Cherokee Syllabary Inscriptions in Dark Zone Caves A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Beau Duke Carroll December 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Beau Duke Carroll All rights reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not be possible without the following people who contributed their time and expertise.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    INTRODUCTION ’ P”(Bha.t.tikāvya) is one of the boldest “B experiments in classical literature. In the formal genre of “great poem” (mahākāvya) it incorprates two of the most powerful Sanskrit traditions, the “Ramáyana” and Pánini’s grammar, and several other minor themes. In this one rich mix of science and art, Bhatti created both a po- etic retelling of the adventures of Rama and a compendium of examples of grammar, metrics, the Prakrit language and rhetoric. As literature, his composition stands comparison with the best of Sanskrit poetry, in particular cantos , and . “Bhatti’s Poem” provides a comprehensive exem- plification of Sanskrit grammar in use and a good introduc- tion to the science (śāstra) of poetics or rhetoric (alamk. āra, lit. ornament). It also gives a taster of the Prakrit language (a major component in every Sanskrit drama) in an easily ac- cessible form. Finally it tells the compelling story of Prince Rama in simple elegant Sanskrit: this is the “Ramáyana” faithfully retold. e learned Indian curriculum in late classical times had at its heart a system of grammatical study and linguistic analysis. e core text for this study was the notoriously difficult “Eight Books” (A.s.tādhyāyī) of Pánini, the sine qua non of learning composed in the fourth century , and arguably the most remarkable and indeed foundational text in the history of linguistics. Not only is the “Eight Books” a description of a language unmatched in totality for any language until the nineteenth century, but it is also pre- sented in the most compact form possible through the use xix of an elaborate and sophisticated metalanguage, again un- known anywhere else in linguistics before modern times.
    [Show full text]
  • A Practical Sanskrit Introductory
    A Practical Sanskrit Intro ductory This print le is available from ftpftpnacaczawiknersktintropsjan Preface This course of fteen lessons is intended to lift the Englishsp eaking studentwho knows nothing of Sanskrit to the level where he can intelligently apply Monier DhatuPat ha Williams dictionary and the to the study of the scriptures The rst ve lessons cover the pronunciation of the basic Sanskrit alphab et Devanagar together with its written form in b oth and transliterated Roman ash cards are included as an aid The notes on pronunciation are largely descriptive based on mouth p osition and eort with similar English Received Pronunciation sounds oered where p ossible The next four lessons describ e vowel emb ellishments to the consonants the principles of conjunct consonants Devanagar and additions to and variations in the alphab et Lessons ten and sandhi eleven present in grid form and explain their principles in sound The next three lessons p enetrate MonierWilliams dictionary through its four levels of alphab etical order and suggest strategies for nding dicult words The artha DhatuPat ha last lesson shows the extraction of the from the and the application of this and the dictionary to the study of the scriptures In addition to the primary course the rst eleven lessons include a B section whichintro duces the student to the principles of sentence structure in this fully inected language Six declension paradigms and class conjugation in the present tense are used with a minimal vo cabulary of nineteen words In the B part of
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal for a Gurmukhi Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)
    Proposal for a Gurmukhi Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR) LGR Version: 3.0 Date: 2019-04-22 Document version: 2.7 Authors: Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel [NBGP] 1. General Information/ Overview/ Abstract This document lays down the Label Generation Ruleset for Gurmukhi script. Three main components of the Gurmukhi Script LGR i.e. Code point repertoire, Variants and Whole Label Evaluation Rules have been described in detail here. All these components have been incorporated in a machine-readable format in the accompanying XML file named "proposal-gurmukhi-lgr-22apr19-en.xml". In addition, a document named “gurmukhi-test-labels-22apr19-en.txt” has been provided. It provides a list of labels which can produce variants as laid down in Section 6 of this document and it also provides valid and invalid labels as per the Whole Label Evaluation laid down in Section 7. 2. Script for which the LGR is proposed ISO 15924 Code: Guru ISO 15924 Key N°: 310 ISO 15924 English Name: Gurmukhi Latin transliteration of native script name: gurmukhī Native name of the script: ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ Maximal Starting Repertoire [MSR] version: 4 1 3. Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It 3.1. The Evolution of the Script Like most of the North Indian writing systems, the Gurmukhi script is a descendant of the Brahmi script. The Proto-Gurmukhi letters evolved through the Gupta script from 4th to 8th century, followed by the Sharda script from 8th century onwards and finally adapted their archaic form in the Devasesha stage of the later Sharda script, dated between the 10th and 14th centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • LAST FIRST EXP Updated As of 8/10/19 Abano Lu 3/1/2020 Abuhadba Iz 1/28/2022 If Athlete's Name Is Not on List Acevedo Jr
    LAST FIRST EXP Updated as of 8/10/19 Abano Lu 3/1/2020 Abuhadba Iz 1/28/2022 If athlete's name is not on list Acevedo Jr. Ma 2/27/2020 they will need a medical packet Adams Br 1/17/2021 completed before they can Aguilar Br 12/6/2020 participate in any event. Aguilar-Soto Al 8/7/2020 Alka Ja 9/27/2021 Allgire Ra 6/20/2022 Almeida Br 12/27/2021 Amason Ba 5/19/2022 Amy De 11/8/2019 Anderson Ca 4/17/2021 Anderson Mi 5/1/2021 Ardizone Ga 7/16/2021 Arellano Da 2/8/2021 Arevalo Ju 12/2/2020 Argueta-Reyes Al 3/19/2022 Arnett Be 9/4/2021 Autry Ja 6/24/2021 Badeaux Ra 7/9/2021 Balinski Lu 12/10/2020 Barham Ev 12/6/2019 Barnes Ca 7/16/2020 Battle Is 9/10/2021 Bergen Co 10/11/2021 Bermudez Da 10/16/2020 Biggs Al 2/28/2020 Blanchard-Perez Ke 12/4/2020 Bland Ma 6/3/2020 Blethen An 2/1/2021 Blood Na 11/7/2020 Blue Am 10/10/2021 Bontempo Lo 2/12/2021 Bowman Sk 2/26/2022 Boyd Ka 5/9/2021 Boyd Ty 11/29/2021 Boyzo Mi 8/8/2020 Brach Sa 3/7/2021 Brassard Ce 9/24/2021 Braunstein Ja 10/24/2021 Bright Ca 9/3/2021 Brookins Tr 3/4/2022 Brooks Ju 1/24/2020 Brooks Fa 9/23/2021 Brooks Mc 8/8/2022 Brown Lu 11/25/2021 Browne Em 10/9/2020 Brunson Jo 7/16/2021 Buchanan Tr 6/11/2020 Bullerdick Mi 8/2/2021 Bumpus Ha 1/31/2021 LAST FIRST EXP Updated as of 8/10/19 Burch Co 11/7/2020 Burch Ma 9/9/2021 Butler Ga 5/14/2022 Byers Je 6/14/2021 Cain Me 6/20/2021 Cao Tr 11/19/2020 Carlson Be 5/29/2021 Cerda Da 3/9/2021 Ceruto Ri 2/14/2022 Chang Ia 2/19/2021 Channapati Di 10/31/2021 Chao Et 8/20/2021 Chase Em 8/26/2020 Chavez Fr 6/13/2020 Chavez Vi 11/14/2021 Chidambaram Ga 10/13/2019
    [Show full text]
  • Kharosthi Manuscripts: a Window on Gandharan Buddhism*
    KHAROSTHI MANUSCRIPTS: A WINDOW ON GANDHARAN BUDDHISM* Andrew GLASS INTRODUCTION In the present article I offer a sketch of Gandharan Buddhism in the centuries around the turn of the common era by looking at various kinds of evidence which speak to us across the centuries. In doing so I hope to shed a little light on an important stage in the transmission of Buddhism as it spread from India, through Gandhara and Central Asia to China, Korea, and ultimately Japan. In particular, I will focus on the several collections of Kharo~thi manuscripts most of which are quite new to scholarship, the vast majority of these having been discovered only in the past ten years. I will also take a detailed look at the contents of one of these manuscripts in order to illustrate connections with other text collections in Pali and Chinese. Gandharan Buddhism is itself a large topic, which cannot be adequately described within the scope of the present article. I will therefore confine my observations to the period in which the Kharo~thi script was used as a literary medium, that is, from the time of Asoka in the middle of the third century B.C. until about the third century A.D., which I refer to as the Kharo~thi Period. In addition to looking at the new manuscript materials, other forms of evidence such as inscriptions, art and architecture will be touched upon, as they provide many complementary insights into the Buddhist culture of Gandhara. The travel accounts of the Chinese pilgrims * This article is based on a paper presented at Nagoya University on April 22nd 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • Neural Substrates of Hanja (Logogram) and Hangul (Phonogram) Character Readings by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Neuroscience http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2014.29.10.1416 • J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29: 1416-1424 Neural Substrates of Hanja (Logogram) and Hangul (Phonogram) Character Readings by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Zang-Hee Cho,1 Nambeom Kim,1 The two basic scripts of the Korean writing system, Hanja (the logography of the traditional Sungbong Bae,2 Je-Geun Chi,1 Korean character) and Hangul (the more newer Korean alphabet), have been used together Chan-Woong Park,1 Seiji Ogawa,1,3 since the 14th century. While Hanja character has its own morphemic base, Hangul being and Young-Bo Kim1 purely phonemic without morphemic base. These two, therefore, have substantially different outcomes as a language as well as different neural responses. Based on these 1Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea; 2Department of linguistic differences between Hanja and Hangul, we have launched two studies; first was Psychology, Yeungnam University, Kyongsan, Korea; to find differences in cortical activation when it is stimulated by Hanja and Hangul reading 3Kansei Fukushi Research Institute, Tohoku Fukushi to support the much discussed dual-route hypothesis of logographic and phonological University, Sendai, Japan routes in the brain by fMRI (Experiment 1). The second objective was to evaluate how Received: 14 February 2014 Hanja and Hangul affect comprehension, therefore, recognition memory, specifically the Accepted: 5 July 2014 effects of semantic transparency and morphemic clarity on memory consolidation and then related cortical activations, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Address for Correspondence: (Experiment 2). The first fMRI experiment indicated relatively large areas of the brain are Young-Bo Kim, MD Department of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, Gachon activated by Hanja reading compared to Hangul reading.
    [Show full text]
  • OSU WPL # 27 (1983) 140- 164. the Elimination of Ergative Patterns Of
    OSU WPL # 27 (1983) 140- 164. The Elimination of Ergative Patterns of Case-Marking and Verbal Agreement in Modern Indic Languages Gregory T. Stump Introduction. As is well known, many of the modern Indic languages are partially ergative, showing accusative patterns of case- marking and verbal agreement in nonpast tenses, but ergative patterns in some or all past tenses. This partial ergativity is not at all stable in these languages, however; what I wish to show in the present paper, in fact, is that a large array of factors is contributing to the elimination of partial ergativity in the modern Indic languages. The forces leading to the decay of ergativity are diverse in nature; and any one of these may exert a profound influence on the syntactic development of one language but remain ineffectual in another. Before discussing this erosion of partial ergativity in Modern lndic, 1 would like to review the history of what the I ndian grammar- ians call the prayogas ('constructions') of a past tense verb with its subject and direct object arguments; the decay of Indic ergativity is, I believe, best envisioned as the effect of analogical develop- ments on or within the system of prayogas. There are three prayogas in early Modern lndic. The first of these is the kartariprayoga, or ' active construction' of intransitive verbs. In the kartariprayoga, the verb agrees (in number and p,ender) with its subject, which is in the nominative case--thus, in Vernacular HindOstani: (1) kartariprayoga: 'aurat chali. mard chala. woman (nom.) went (fern. sg.) man (nom.) went (masc.
    [Show full text]
  • Recognition of Online Handwritten Gurmukhi Strokes Using Support Vector Machine a Thesis
    Recognition of Online Handwritten Gurmukhi Strokes using Support Vector Machine A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology Submitted by Rahul Agrawal (Roll No. 601003022) Under the supervision of Dr. R. K. Sharma Professor School of Mathematics and Computer Applications Thapar University Patiala School of Mathematics and Computer Applications Thapar University Patiala – 147004 (Punjab), INDIA June 2012 (i) ABSTRACT Pen-based interfaces are becoming more and more popular and play an important role in human-computer interaction. This popularity of such interfaces has created interest of lot of researchers in online handwriting recognition. Online handwriting recognition contains both temporal stroke information and spatial shape information. Online handwriting recognition systems are expected to exhibit better performance than offline handwriting recognition systems. Our research work presented in this thesis is to recognize strokes written in Gurmukhi script using Support Vector Machine (SVM). The system developed here is a writer independent system. First chapter of this thesis report consist of a brief introduction to handwriting recognition system and some basic differences between offline and online handwriting systems. It also includes various issues that one can face during development during online handwriting recognition systems. A brief introduction about Gurmukhi script has also been given in this chapter In the last section detailed literature survey starting from the 1979 has also been given. Second chapter gives detailed information about stroke capturing, preprocessing of stroke and feature extraction. These phases are considered to be backbone of any online handwriting recognition system. Recognition techniques that have been used in this study are discussed in chapter three.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Research
    Review Of ReseaRch impact factOR : 5.7631(Uif) UGc appROved JOURnal nO. 48514 issn: 2249-894X vOlUme - 8 | issUe - 7 | apRil - 2019 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ AN ANALYSIS OF CURRENT TRENDS FOR SANSKRIT AS A COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE Manish Tiwari1 and S. Snehlata2 1Department of Computer Science and Application, St. Aloysius College, Jabalpur. 2Student, Deparment of Computer Science and Application, St. Aloysius College, Jabalpur. ABSTRACT : Sanskrit is said to be one of the systematic language with few exception and clear rules discretion.The discussion is continued from last thirtythat language could be one of best option for computers.Sanskrit is logical and clear about its grammatical and phonetically laws, which are not amended from thousands of years. Entire Sanskrit grammar is based on only fourteen sutras called Maheshwar (Siva) sutra, Trimuni (Panini, Katyayan and Patanjali) are responsible for creation,explainable and exploration of these grammar laws.Computer as machine,requires such language to perform better and faster with less programming.Sanskrit can play important role make computer programming language flexible, logical and compact. This paper is focused on analysis of current status of research done on Sanskrit as a programming languagefor .These will the help us to knowopportunity, scope and challenges. KEYWORDS : Artificial intelligence, Natural language processing, Sanskrit, Computer, Vibhakti, Programming language.
    [Show full text]
  • The What and Why of Whole Number Arithmetic: Foundational Ideas from History, Language and Societal Changes
    Portland State University PDXScholar Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Fariborz Maseeh Department of Mathematics Publications and Presentations and Statistics 3-2018 The What and Why of Whole Number Arithmetic: Foundational Ideas from History, Language and Societal Changes Xu Hu Sun University of Macau Christine Chambris Université de Cergy-Pontoise Judy Sayers Stockholm University Man Keung Siu University of Hong Kong Jason Cooper Weizmann Institute of Science SeeFollow next this page and for additional additional works authors at: https:/ /pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/mth_fac Part of the Science and Mathematics Education Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Sun X.H. et al. (2018) The What and Why of Whole Number Arithmetic: Foundational Ideas from History, Language and Societal Changes. In: Bartolini Bussi M., Sun X. (eds) Building the Foundation: Whole Numbers in the Primary Grades. New ICMI Study Series. Springer, Cham This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Authors Xu Hu Sun, Christine Chambris, Judy Sayers, Man Keung Siu, Jason Cooper, Jean-Luc Dorier, Sarah Inés González de Lora Sued, Eva Thanheiser, Nadia Azrou, Lynn McGarvey, Catherine Houdement, and Lisser Rye Ejersbo This book chapter is available at PDXScholar: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/mth_fac/253 Chapter 5 The What and Why of Whole Number Arithmetic: Foundational Ideas from History, Language and Societal Changes Xu Hua Sun , Christine Chambris Judy Sayers, Man Keung Siu, Jason Cooper , Jean-Luc Dorier , Sarah Inés González de Lora Sued , Eva Thanheiser , Nadia Azrou , Lynn McGarvey , Catherine Houdement , and Lisser Rye Ejersbo 5.1 Introduction Mathematics learning and teaching are deeply embedded in history, language and culture (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Writing Systems Reading and Spelling
    Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems LING 200: Introduction to the Study of Language Hadas Kotek February 2016 Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Outline 1 Writing systems 2 Reading and spelling Spelling How we read Slides credit: David Pesetsky, Richard Sproat, Janice Fon Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems What is writing? Writing is not language, but merely a way of recording language by visible marks. –Leonard Bloomfield, Language (1933) Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems Writing and speech Until the 1800s, writing, not spoken language, was what linguists studied. Speech was often ignored. However, writing is secondary to spoken language in at least 3 ways: Children naturally acquire language without being taught, independently of intelligence or education levels. µ Many people struggle to learn to read. All human groups ever encountered possess spoken language. All are equal; no language is more “sophisticated” or “expressive” than others. µ Many languages have no written form. Humans have probably been speaking for as long as there have been anatomically modern Homo Sapiens in the world. µ Writing is a much younger phenomenon. Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems (Possibly) Independent Inventions of Writing Sumeria: ca. 3,200 BC Egypt: ca. 3,200 BC Indus Valley: ca. 2,500 BC China: ca. 1,500 BC Central America: ca. 250 BC (Olmecs, Mayans, Zapotecs) Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems Writing and pictures Let’s define the distinction between pictures and true writing.
    [Show full text]