Urban Hydrology Study in Suceava Municipality Area

ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY

ABSTRACT OF THE PH.D. THESIS

URBAN HYDROLOGY STUDY IN SUCEAVA MUNICIPALITY AREA

Ph.D. candidate Andrei – Emil Briciu

Scientific coordinator Prof. univ. dr. Gheorghe Romanescu

Iaşi, 2013

1 © Andrei-Emil Briciu

CONTENTS

I. Introduction 4 II. Location and delimitation of the study area 5 III. The current state of knowledge in the international and national urban hydrology 6 III.1. The current state of knowledge in the international urban hydrology 6 III.2. The current state of knowledge in the national urban hydrology 10 IV. The natural environment of the study area 12 IV.1. The geology of the area of Suceava city 12 IV.2. The geomorphology the area of Suceava city 17 IV.3. The climate of the area of Suceava city 27 IV.4. The hydrography of the area of Suceava city 31 IV.4.1. Groundwater 31 IV.4.1. Rivers 34 IV.4.1. Lakes 44 IV.5. The biogeography of Suceava city area 47 IV.5.1. Flora 47 IV.5.2. Fauna 50 IV.5.3. Other life forms 52 IV.6. The soils of the area of Suceava city 53 V. The anthropic environment of the study area 56 V.1. The population 57 V.2. The land Use 57 V.3. The economy 61 VI. The urban water circuit in the city of Suceava 64 VI.1. Overall balance of water 64 A. The inputs 64 A.1. Water consumption 64 A.2. Rainwater 67 B. The circulatory system 68 B.1. Water supply network 68 B.2. Surface runoff 73 B.3. Sewerage network 74 B.4. Groundwater flow 75 C. The outputs 78 2 © Andrei-Emil Briciu

C.1. Wastewater 78 VII. The influence of the Suceava city area on the fluid flow of the homonymous river 83 VIII. The influence of the urban area of Suceava on Suceava River floods 89 VIII.1. The Suceava anthropic torrential basin 89 VIII.2. The comparison of Suceava River floods from Tibeni and Iţcani 95 IX. The influence of the urban area of Suceava on the solid flow of the Suceava River and its urban and suburban tributaries 106 X. The thermal pollution of the natural water courses within the city of Suceava 120 XI. The influence of the urban area of Suceava on the urban snow and ice 143 XII. The influence of the human activity on the physical and chemical characteristics of rivers and groundwater in the urban and suburban areas of Suceava 160 XII.1. Data and methods 161 XII.2. Results and discussion 165 XII.2.1. Physico-chemical characteristics of the urban surface waters 165 XII.2.1.a. Regional analysis 165 XII.2.1.b. Basin analysis 181 XII.2.1.b.1. The urban tributaries of the Suceava River 183 XII.2.1.b.2. Suceava River 187 XII.2.1.b.2.a. Self-purification of the Suceava River water 187 XII.2.1.b.2.b. Future estimates of Suceava River chemistry 193 XII.2.2. Physico-chemical characteristics of the urban and peri-urban groundwater 198 XII.2.2.a. Groundwater in the peri-urban villages 199 XII.2.2.b. Groundwater in the urban area 202 XII.3. Conclusions 203 XIII. Dragomirna Lake - limnological analyses 205 XIII.1. The analyses of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the lake water 206 XIII.2. Sedimentological analyses 208 XIV. Hydrological risks in the area of Suceava city 219 XV. Urban water management in the area of Suceava city 222 XVI. Conclusions 224 3 © Andrei-Emil Briciu

XVII. Bibliography 225

4 © Andrei-Emil Briciu

I. Introduction

This paper is intended as an advance of the Romanian hydrology in the field of urban hydrology. The urban hydrology studies are few in Romania and this gap is felt in the synthetic interpretations of urban hydrology for understanding the geographic urban landscape. The observation, by author, of the risky hydrological phenomena in the municipality area, where did not exist, until now, a dedicated and complex scientific paper, imposed subsequent detailed field and laboratory analyzes and bibliographical information. All this led to the development of the urban hydrological studies of Suceava, summarized in this paper or described only here. The teamwork together with specialists having different trainings provided a broad horizon of possible explanations for the studied phenomena. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the features of the urban water cycle in the area of Suceava city. The attention has fallen on those subjects more stringent and / or for which there were sufficient data for relevant analysis. Since urban hydrology is nowadays vastly diversified, the current work focuses only on the items of the previously mentioned type, without pretending to exhaust all the aspects of this hydrology. However, we believe that we have captured all the essentials for achieving an overall and accurate view of the urban waters in the study area.

II. Location and delimitation of the study area

Suceava city is located in Romania, Suceava County. Official geographic coordinates of the city are 47 ° 39'5 "N, 26 ° 15'20" E, 325 m altitude. The city borders a town and 6 villages.

III. The current state of knowledge in international and national urban hydrology

5 © Andrei-Emil Briciu

III.1. The current state of knowledge in the international urban hydrology

This subchapter describes the beginnings of the urban hydrology, its development and its ramification, based on international studies. There are detailed, particularly, those aspects of the urban hydrology that will be analyzed later for Suceava city. The focus is on chemical and thermal pollution of the urban waters

III.1. The current state of knowledge in the national urban hydrology

This subchapter describes the contributions of urban hydrological in Romania. Scientific papers studying in the city of Suceava and its neighborhood are briefly listed; these studies have impact on the knowledge of the urban hydrology of Suceava city area.

IV. The natural environment of the area of Suceava municipality

IV.1. The geology of Suceava municipality area

The geology of the studied area is well described by using numerous GIS-based maps. The emphasis is on describing the geological layers in order to further describe groundwater flow.

IV.1. The geomorphology of Suceava municipality area

The geomorphological study describes various morphometric and morphographical characteristics (such as the fluvial topography, the landslides, the slopes and their apects etc..). Here, it is described for the first time the Suceava River longitudinal profile in the homonymous city.

IV.3. The climate of Suceava municipality area

6 © Andrei-Emil Briciu

The climate of the study area has been previously studied specifically for the city in various works, among which "The characteristics of the cold semester in Suceava" (2005) and " The characteristics of the warm semester in Suceava " (2006) by Mihaila and Tanase, but also for wider spaces such as Suceava Plateau: Tanase (2011) - "The climate of the Suceava Plateau – Risky phenomena and implications for the sustainable development." Recent data are briefly exposed in this subchapter, but more details are given in further chapters where the meteorological characteristics are needed in order to best describe the observed phenomena.

IV.4. The hydrography of Suceava municipality area

IV.4.1. Groundwater

Ujvari (1972) characterizes the region's groundwater as developed in Sarmatian sediments of monoclinic structures. Many other types of groundwaters exist here, including alluvial groundwater and enclosed in landslides.

IV.4.2. The rivers

The main river of the study area is Suceava, a 2nd order tributary of the Danube river. Its basin has an area of 2616 sq km (1989 sq km at Iţcani hydrological station, in Suceava city), a length of 172.3 km and a bedslope of 1-2 m/km in the Suceava Plateau. The other rivers are tributaries of Suceava, with small catchments having areas ranging between 8 and 43 sq km: Dragomirna (the largest local tributary, 16 sq km and the largest catchment), Scheia, Podu Vatafului and Paraul Cetatii (the smallest catchment).

IV.4.3. The lakes

7 © Andrei-Emil Briciu

The lakes of the study area are less numerous. The two major types of lakes, natural and anthropogenic, are approximately equal in number, but the volume of water cantoned in the anthropogenic ones is much higher. Natural lakes: Balta Burdujanului, Scheia, Balc, Balcu. Anthropogenic lakes: Dragomirna, Mihoveni, Icar.

IV.5. The biogeography of Suceava municipality

IV.5.1. The vegetation

The flora of the study area includes the following elements: Eurasian, European and Central European, Continental, Pontic, Pontic- Mediterranean and Pontic Submediterranean, circumpolar. Dominant are the Eurasian, European and circumpolar ones (Chifu et al., 2006). According to Borza (1960), Suceava Plateau belongs to the Central European province of East-Carpathian, while according to Savulescu (1940), it belongs to the Dacian province.

IV.5.2. The fauna

The fauna of Suceava city area belongs to the Palaearctic region, the Euro-Siberian subregion (the Central European super-province, with the Dacian and Moldavian provinces) (Constantinescu et al., 2011). The study area lies on the border between the two mentioned provinces, which provides a large variety of animal species.

IV.6. The soils of the area of Suceava municipality

The soils in the administrative area of Suceava are differentiated by the influence of the pedogenetic processes and of the ruling pedogenesis activities that contributed to their formation. The main type of soils is represented by argiloilluvial chernozems.

8 © Andrei-Emil Briciu

V. The anthropic environment of the study area

Archaeological research has shown that the Suceava city is inhabited since the Paleolithic. Daco-Roman settlement in the second and third centuries evolved to become the settlement documented in 1388 as the capital of Moldova.

V.1. Population

The Suceava city population at the 2011 census was 86,282 stable people, but the data also shows that the population including those with temporary home was larger, of 114,000 inhabitants in the same year. Together with the people of other common peri-urban agglomeration of the area, Suceava city reaches about 150,000 inhabitants.

V.2. Land use

In the built area of the city, the land use is as follows: buildings - 6.88 square kilometers, streets - 1.61 square kilometers, sidewalks - 0.12 sq km, industrial zone - 3.15 square kilometers, natural areas (mainly agricultural) - 16.48 sq. km.

V.3. Economy

The last 20-25 years have meant a shift in the national and local economy, which have been adapted to the market requirements. The communist period meant a period of industrial boom for the city of Suceava. Many industries have emerged in this period, of which only some have resisted so far. Big companies today are continuing the past big industries, such as SC Termica SA, Ambro and Bermas.

VI. Urban water circuit in Suceava

VI.1. The overall balance of water 9 © Andrei-Emil Briciu

The total volume of water circulating in the administrative area of the city for one year, based on the calculus of the water inputs, is approx. 577.5 million cubic meters. However, the water circulation is more intense within the city limits because of the greater density of the pipes.

A. Inputs

A.1. Water consumption

The volume of water used per capita population is dependent on the population size of settlements, the services and facilities offered to the population of settlements and the existence of a water supply network in the living space. The centralized water supply of the city of Suceava is performed by SC ACET S.A. Suceava. There are three sources of water supply of the city of Suceava and (to a small extent) and immediate surroundings: Mihoveni source, Dragomirna source and Berchişeşti source.

A.2. Rainwater

Rainfall occuring in the urban areas do not have the same characteristics as those in rural or natural areas. The causes of these differences are the appearance of the urban heat island and the urban air with a large number of aerosols from various human activities, notably air pollution. Rainwater fallen in abundance in the summer months has generated many times in the past flooding in the downtown area due to exceeding the capacity of the city to drain all stormwater (eg summer 2010, especially in the McDonald's area and in other areas where the water discharged through the sewer mouths) (Briciu, 2010b).

B. Circulatory system

B.1. The water supply network 10 © Andrei-Emil Briciu

In 2007, it had a total length of 183 km, with diameters between Ф50 cm and Ф600 cm and was between 88 years and 17 years old. It was partly extended, replaced and modernized (2010-2013). b.2. Surface runoff

Urban surface runoff occurs mainly on roofs and streets and along streets, especially where there exist pluvial drainages. b.3. The sewerage

Centralized sewerage network has been extended since the '60s, along with the emergence of new buildings in the city, especially the blocks. The material used in the communist era sewer networks was mostly concrete, which led to increased pollution of groundwater due to the seepage allowed by concrete and because of the imperfect joints between the concrete pipes. b.4. The groundwater flow

Anthropogenic intervention resulted in two changes of opposite type on groundwater flow. The first modification, present at the city limits, is the creation of groundwater depression cones due to the overexploitation of its 10% city residents (particularly in the NE and SW) which are not yet connected to the central water supply. This type of intervention is in spatial restriction and importance. The second type of change occurs due to massive leakage of water from hydrotechnical networks. Thus, in the city center, in the House of Culture area, in approx. 50 years, the level of groundwaters rose by 8 m.

C. Outputs

C.1. Wastewater

11 © Andrei-Emil Briciu

Wastewater is discharged especially through the city wastewater treatment plant, but a significant minority of wastewaters is discharged without any treatment directly into Cetatii Creek. Other wastewaters are discharged accidentally or illegally into other tributaries of Suceava River or into groundwaters.

VII. The influence of Suceava municipality on the homonymous river flow

The influence of the city is shown by proving its perturbing role of the natural cyclicities. The perburbed correspondence between the Suceava River flows upstream the city and into the city are attributed to the Suceava city area.

VIII. The influence of the urban area of Suceava on Suceava River floods

VIII.1. Suceava Antrophic torrential basin

According Briciu (2010), some cities, including Suceava, act like anthropogenic torrential basins, which are defined as basins occurring at the interface between the anthropogenic and natural spheres. The impact of the impervious surfaces in estimated in this subchapter.

VIII.2. Comparison of Suceava River floods at Iţcani and Tibeni

The study of the flood hydrographs from 2 hydrological stations, Itcani and Tibeni, is used in order to prove the influence of urbanized surface runoff on Suceava River floods. The Itcani hydrographs‘ are shorter and sharper, indicating a faster surface runoff.

IX. The influence of the urban area of Suceava on the solid flow of the Suceava River and its urban and suburban tributaries

12 © Andrei-Emil Briciu

The solid flow of the Suceava River, representing the flow of suspended alluvia and the dragged flow, was 15.3 kg/s on average during the period 1966 to 2004 at the station Iţcani. The evolution of the transverse profile of the Suceava River bed at Iţcani is analyzed. The intense anthropization of the Suceava River tributaries riverbeds is discussed.

X. The thermal pollution of the natural water courses in the city of Suceava

Following field studies, we consider that there are 2 types of thermal pollution sources in the area of Suceava municipality: the minor type of pollution (discontinuous) and themajor type of pollution (continuous). The first category includes Dragomirna, Podu Vatafului and scheiarivers and the pluvial drainage with discharge into the Suceava River. The minor type of thermal pollution is discontinuous because it depends on a multitude of small-scale individual events (volumetric and temporal) and are located sporadicaly and relatively diffuse in the affected basin. The major type of pollution is present throughout the year and its character is due to the existence of a continuous strong of thermal pollution. That thermal pollution is carried out by the major untreated discharge of Cetatii Creek and by the WWTP effluent.

The thermal difference between the upstream and downstream Suceava River sections of the city is higher in the cold semester (0.82 ° C) than in the warm semester (0.54 ° C) due to the effect of hot water consumption in winter on the river collecting the wastewaters

In order to monitor the thermal pollution of the rivers in the Suceava municipality area, measurements were made by using automatic sensors (equipped with recording memory) of iButtons type, manufactured by Dallas Semiconductor. The used sensors had a precision of the temperature measurement of 0.06 ° C or 0.5 ° C, 13 © Andrei-Emil Briciu depending on their type. Two campaigns were conducted for monitoring the rivers temperature in Suceava municipality and the surrounding area.

XI. The influence of the urban area of Suceava on urban snow and ice

The influence is shown as being of thermal pollution and chemical pollution type. The thermal pollution is proved by analyzing historical data and own data which indicates the existence of a urban heat island above Suceava city. The chemical pollution is caused mainly by SO2 and NOx pollution, but also by heavy metals. The sources of pollutions are the local industries and the road traffic.

XII. The influence of the human activity on the physical and chemical characteristics of the urban and suburban rivers and groundwater in the area of Suceava city

XII.1. Data and methods

For quantifying the environmental pollution record in urban areas, we analyzed data from official state measurements and carried out physical and chemical measurements of groundwater and rivers. The analyzed parameters in the present study are: pH, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, BOD5, permanganate index, COD-Cr, COD-Mn, ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, total nitrogen, orthophosphate, total phosphorus, electrical conductivity, TDS, sulphates, sulphides, chlorides, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, zinc, detergents and phenols. By own measurements we analyzed the characteristics of Suceava River and its tributaries and of the groundwater for the following parameters: temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, copper, sulfates, sulfides, free chlorine, bromine, iodine, iron, chromium manganese, orthophosphate, nitrite, nitrate, zinc and aluminum.

14 © Andrei-Emil Briciu

XII.2. Results and discussions

XII.2.1. Physico-chemical characteristics of urban surface water

XII.2.1.a. The regional analysis

The physico-chemical analyzes of the surface water have been carried out for each pollutant in order to identify the overall impact of the pollutants in the study area. Chemical analyzes in the 3 weeks of field sampling revealed high levels of concentration of pollutants in the wet season (snowmelt + rainfall in March, rainfall in May) and lowest in the dry season (October-November). The higher was the Suceava River monthly flows (corresponding to the 3 weeks of analysis), the higher was the heavy metal pollution of the river water.

XII.2.1.b. Basin analysis

A series of meteorological parameters of the study area (temperatures - maximum, minimum and average -, rainfall, sunshine duration, cloud cover and wind intensity) were analyzed for each measurement day of the chemical quality of water (in the three weeks of water monitoring). Their fluctuations were monitored to see if the local meteorology influences the observed concentrations of pollutants.

XII.2.1.b.1. Urban tributaries of the Suceava River

On Cetatii Creek and Scheia there was observed a very strong correlation between rainfall and the evolution of orthophosphates.

XII.2.1.b.2. Suceava River

XII.2.1.b.2.a. Self-purification of the Suceava River

15 © Andrei-Emil Briciu

There was observed, based on own field observations and measurements, a self-purification of river water in themiddle of the city, especially for nutrients. Downstream the city, Suceava River water poluution increases again due to wastewater disposal from Cetatii Creek and the city‘s Wastewater Treatment Plant. The self-purification is probably due mainly to the hydraulic jumps of the river inside the city and to the iron-rich streambed and river water.

XII.2.1.b.2.b. Future estimates of Suceava River chemistry

In order to create short, medium and long-term forecasts of the Suceava River water chemistry chemistry under the influence of homonymous city, we performed a comparative analysis of the overall quality of the river at Mihoveni and Tisauti measuring points (2006-2011).

XII.2.2. Physico-chemical characteristics of urban and peri-urban groundwater

The pollution of surface waters and groundwater is a phenomenon specific not only to Suceava city and to its rural extensions, which acts as a compact area, but also to the Suceava peri-urban region.

XII.2.2.a. Groundwater in peri-urban villages

We analyzed the groundwater pollution in the suburban villages Patrauti and Adancata. The rural settlements have a different pollution profile, with less heavy metals.

XII.2.2.b. Groundwater in the urban area

The most powerful urban groundwater pollution occurs in Suceava River floodplain. The main polluters are CET, Ambro, the wastewater treatment plant and the former landfill of the city.

XII.3. Conclusions

Following the analyzes, the following conclusions can be summarized:

1. Suceava River is more polluted downstream the homonymous city.

2. Suceava River tributaries are polluted to varying degrees, the more polluted being the Cetatii Creek.

3. The increase in chemical water pollution in the tributaries occurs from upstream to downstream.

4. There is a difference between the concentrations of pollutants in the dry season (autumn) and wet season (spring and summer), the rivers being more polluted in spring and summer.

5. Concerning the synthetic indicators of pollution levels, pH and dissolved oxygen – it is to be noted that the highest values occur during Monday because of the remaining wastewater with pollutants during weekend.

6. Pollution from urban area comes mainly from urban sewage and economic activities along the river.

7. The pollution from the agricultural areas nearby the city affects the water quality within the city, in a differentiated manner for each hydrographical basin in part and depending on the absence or presence of rainfall.

8. There is a strong and statistically relevant self-purification phenomenon of the Suceava River, which is caused by the existence of the hydraulic jumps and of the Iţcani and Burdujeni bridge pillars and by Suceava River alluvium (rich in iron). The self-purification is the most powerful for nutrients – total phosphorus and total nitrogen. 17 © Andrei-Emil Briciu

9. The self-purification of the Suceava River is stronger in the cold semester due to the increased concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water.

10. The future projections show that future developments of Suceava River flow will increase the water quality for summer and winter months, while during spring and autumn the river will have water quality values similar to those of the present or slightly above or below the current ones (Briciu et al., 2012).

11. Given that, in the future, there will be a reduction in the amount of (semi)treated discharged wastewater and/or an increase in the quality of the discharged wastewaters, most pollutants will reduce, such as the detergents, ammonia and total phosphorus (the reducing volume of wastewater is more effective in reducing Suceava River pollution than the increasing water quality of the discharged wastewaters) (Briciu et al., 2012).

12. In the urban area, there is a groundwater pollution with nitrites from human and animal manure, with nitrates from chemical fertilizers and with phosphorous from fertilizers and detergents in the absence of sanitation.

13. The groundwaters of the suburban areas are generally more polluted with nutrients than the groundwaters in the urban area. However, the last ones are more polluted with heavy metals and have a big chemical consumption of oxygen and a high electrical conductivity, especially in the industrial area and in the former landfill area, which is an ecological disaster.

XIII. Dragomirna Lake - limnological analyses

Dragomirna Lake, also known as Lipoveni Lake, is a man-made dam lake located in NE administrative area of Suceava city. The dam was built on the Dragomirna River, a tributary of Suceava River, between the Pătrăuţi and Cocârlău hills. The dam body lies between 300 m (base) and 322.4 m (crown) altitudes.

XIII.1. The analysis of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the water

The analyzes of the lake water chemistry and biology of Dragomirna Lake used in this study are from the SGA Suceava official tests. The physical-chemical characteristics of the lake-water inputs system can be classified in 2 major situations: 1. Dragomirna and Suceava Rivers have similar characteristics, but different from those of lake; 2. The waters of the 2 rivers have different characteristics and the lake has intermediate values between the received inputs.

XIII.2. Sedimentological analyzes

Laboratory analyzes of the lake sediments of Dragomirna were performed on 2 columns of sediment extracted by using 2 types of core drills: the gravitational corer and the Russian corer. Samples were taken in February 2012 in the central part of the lake of Dragomirna.

The most relevant results are shown by the Lost On Ignition X-Ray Fluorescence and Particle Size Distribution methods. The LOI shows a greater organic content in the lowest sediments, probably due to the low depths of the old lake. The XRF results of the Pb and S concentrations can be used to identify the 80‘s and 90‘s, when the air and water pollution in Suceava city area was at its maximum. The PSD results of the two sedimentary cores clearly indicate a shift in the particle sizes in

XIV. Hydrological risks in the area of Suceava city

The hydrological risks are classified depending on their spatial distribution and also depending on their temporal occurrence.

XV. Urban water management in the area of Suceava city

The urban water management in this city is particularly evident in the form of the drinking water wastewater and warm water distribution and treatment control and in the form of Suceava River riverbed regularization. The management of these items is defective, even if it is in continuous improvement.

XVI. Conclusions

The urban water circuit of Suceava city area is a complex one, with many particular inputs and outputs that clearly distinguish it from the nearby rural areas.

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