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Plan De Desarrollo De Planeta Rica
TABLA DE CONTENIDO 1. PRESENTACION 2. INTRODUCCION. 3. MISION 4. VISION 5. PROGRAMA DE GOBIERNO. 6. ASPECTOS GENERALES Y ECONOMICOS DEL MUNICIPIO. 7. MARCO CONCEPTUAL. 8. OBJETIVOS A LARGO PLAZO. 9. OBJETIVOS A MEDIANO Y CORTO PLAZO. 10. ESTRATEGIAS. 11. DIAGNOSTICO. 11.1. CULTURA. 11.2. RECREACION Y DEPORTE. 11.3. EDUCACION. 11.4. SALUD. 11.5. GENERACION DE EMPLEO. 11.6. DESARROLLO COMUNITARIO. 11.7. VIVIENDA. 11.8. MEDIO AMBIENTE. 11.9. SERVICIOS PUBLICOS. 11.9.1. ACUEDUCTO. 11.9.2. ALCANTARILLADO. 11.9.3. ASEO. 11.9.4. ELECTRIFICACION. 12. VIAS Y TRANSPORTE. 13. DESARROLLO ECONOMICO. 13.1. AGRICULTURA. 13.2. GANADERIA. 13.3. PESCA Y FAUNA. 13.4. INDUSTRIA 14. DESARROLLO INSTITUCIONAL. 15. POLITICAS SECTORIALES, OBJETIVOS Y ESTRATEGIAS. 15.1. CULTURA. 15.2. RECREACION Y DEPORTE. 15.3. EDUCACION. 15.4. SALUD. 15.5. GENERACION DE EMPLEO Y DESARROLLO COMUNITARIO. 15.6. VIVIENDA. 15.7. MEDIO AMBIENTE. 15.8. SERVICIOS PUBLICOS. 15.9. VIAS Y TRANSPORTE. 15.10. AGUA POTABLE Y SANEAMIENTO BASICO. 15.11. DESARROLLO ECONOMICO. 15.12. ADMINISTRACION, GOBIERNO Y FINANZAS PUBLICAS. 15.13. TURISMO ALEJANDRO CHEIJ NARVAEZ Alcalde MARCOS DARÍO VELÁSQUEZ DAMARIS MORELO CONEO Secretario de Gobierno Secretario de Educación OMAR MARTINEZ MONTIEL MONICA PEREZ HOYOS Director Local de salud Jefe de Desarrollo Comunitario ADEL RAMOS MERCADO RUBIELA TAMAYO OYOLA Secretario de Infraestructura Secretaria de Hacienda JUAN CARLOS NARANJO CHICA ANDRES ÁLVAREZ ,MARTINEZ Jefe Control Interno Secretario de Servicios Administrativos DARIO RIASGOS ABDALA GIRLEZA MORENO -
2019 Colombia, a Country Beyond the Conflict
COLOMBIA, A COUNTRY BEYOND THE CONFLICT 2019 3 Democracy and Institutions Carlos Arturo Ávila García · Juan Camilo Plata Caviedes · Miguel García Sánchez VIGILADA MINEDUCACIÓN Democracy and Institutions 2019 Observatory for Democracy Faculty Department Social Sciences Political Science Direction -Miguel García Sánchez, Ph.D. Universidad de los Andes, Colombia -Juan Carlos Rodríguez Raga, Ph.D. Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Editorial Council -Catalina Barragán Lizarazo Universidad de los Andes, Colombia -Juan Camilo Plata Caviedes, Ph.D. Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Contributors (graduate assistants) Adriana Gaviria Dugand Ana Villalba Castro Carlos Arturo Ávila García Daniel Alejandro Socha Castelblanco Daniela Jaime Peña Fanny Melissa Medina Ariza Juan Andrés Calderón Herrera Juan Camilo Núñez Laura Fernanda Merchán Rincón María Carolina Mesa Mendoza Pedro Juan Mejía Aguilar Wilson Forero Mesa Proofreader Juan Camilo Bierman López Social Media @ObsDemocracia Design @obsdemocracia_uniandes Toquica. Estudio de Diseño www.obsdemocracia.org ISSN: 2539-0465 Cover Image Pedro Juan Mejía Aguilar Julio 2020, Edición 01 Table of Contents 06 033 042 Overall Introduction 1.4. Perceptions regarding 2.4. Trust in local ____ the effort on the part of authorities institutions in order solve ____ local problems 08 ____ Sample description – 045 Special Sample 2019 2.5. Conclusion ____ 035 ____ 1.5. Conclusion ____ 016 048 Introduction 3. Perceptions ____ 036 of institutional 2. Attitudes regarding performance: institutions security 018 ____ ____ 1. Democracy ____ 037 049 2.1. Introduction 3.1. Introduction 019 ____ ____ 1.1. Introduction ____ 038 050 2.2. Trust in the three 3.2. Public safety branches of power ____ 020 ____ 1.2. -
Consol TOTAL 4 Tri 2008
MINISTERIO DE MINAS Y ENERGIA OCTUBRE - DICIEMBRE DE 2008 CONSOLIDADO TOTAL DIRECCION DE HIDROCARBUROS OPERADOR DEPARTAMENTO MUNICIPIO P/NP TRAMO TIPO DUCTO IMPUESTO $ 0NNNPCAÑO LIMON - COVEÑAS OLEODUCTO Asociación Cravo - Norte 6.867.527 Total NN 6.867.527 SEBASTOPOL - MEDELLIN TRANSMETANO E.S.P. S.A ANTIOQUIA BARBOSA NP GASODUCTO 48.773.723 Total BARBOSA 48.773.723 SISTEMA DE TRANSPORTE DE LA PROMIGAS ANTIOQUIA Caucasia COSTA ATLÁNTICA GASODUCTO 70.209 ANTIOQUIA CAUCASIA NP VASCONIA - COVEÑAS OLEODUCTO Ocensa 145.258.952 ANTIOQUIA CAUCASIA NP VASCONIA - COVEÑAS OLEODUCTO Oleoducto de Colombia 179.140.000 Total Caucasia 324.469.161 ANTIOQUIA CISNEROS NP SEBASTOPOL - MEDELLIN GASODUCTO TRANSMETANO E.S.P. S.A 81.764.690 Total CISNEROS 81.764.690 ANTIOQUIA GIRARDOTA NP SEBASTOPOL - MEDELLIN GASODUCTO TRANSMETANO E.S.P. S.A 78.289.750 Total GIRARDOTA 78.289.750 ANTIOQUIA MACEO NP SEBASTOPOL - MEDELLIN GASODUCTO TRANSMETANO E.S.P. S.A 117.874.249 Total MACEO 117.874.249 ANTIOQUIA PUERTO BERRIO NP SEBASTOPOL - MEDELLIN GASODUCTO TRANSMETANO E.S.P. S.A 2.027.876 ANTIOQUIA PUERTO BERRIO NP VASCONIA - COVEÑAS OLEODUCTO Ocensa 129.574.150 ANTIOQUIA PUERTO BERRIO NP VASCONIA - COVEÑAS OLEODUCTO Oleoducto de Colombia 159.811.149 Total PUERTO BERRIO 291.413.175 ANTIOQUIA PUERTO NARE NP PURIFICACION - VASCONIA OLEODUCTO Hocol S.A. 932.098 ANTIOQUIA PUERTO NARE NP GUALANDAY - VASCONIA OLEODUCTO Hocol S.A. 970.716 ESTACION DORADA- VASCONIA Hocol S.A. ANTIOQUIA PUERTO NARE NP OLEODUCTO 1.869.566 MANSAROVAR ENERGY COLOMBIA VASCONIA - GALAN ANTIOQUIA PUERTO NARE NP OLEODUCTO LTD. 3.454.199 ANTIOQUIA PUERTO NARE NP INYECC. -
Listing Five Foreign Bird Species in Colombia and Ecuador, South America, As Endangered Throughout Their Range; Final Rule
Vol. 78 Tuesday, No. 209 October 29, 2013 Part IV Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing Five Foreign Bird Species in Colombia and Ecuador, South America, as Endangered Throughout Their Range; Final Rule VerDate Mar<15>2010 18:44 Oct 28, 2013 Jkt 232001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\29OCR4.SGM 29OCR4 mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with RULES4 64692 Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 209 / Tuesday, October 29, 2013 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR endangered or threatened we are proposed for these five foreign bird required to publish in the Federal species as endangered, following careful Fish and Wildlife Service Register a proposed rule to list the consideration of all comments we species and, within 1 year of received during the public comment 50 CFR Part 17 publication of the proposed rule, a final periods. rule to add the species to the Lists of [Docket No. FWS–R9–IA–2009–12; III. Costs and Benefits 4500030115] Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. On July 7, 2009, we We have not analyzed the costs or RIN 1018–AV75 published a proposed rule in which we benefits of this rulemaking action determined that the blue-billed because the Act precludes consideration Endangered and Threatened Wildlife curassow, brown-banded antpitta, Cauca of such impacts on listing and delisting and Plants; Listing Five Foreign Bird guan, gorgeted wood-quail, and determinations. Instead, listing and Species in Colombia and Ecuador, Esmeraldas woodstar currently face delisting decisions are based solely on South America, as Endangered numerous threats and warrant listing the best scientific and commercial Throughout Their Range under the Act as endangered species (74 information available regarding the AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, FR 32308). -
Codificación De Municipios Por Departamento
Código Código Municipio Departamento Departamento Municipio 05 001 MEDELLIN Antioquia 05 002 ABEJORRAL Antioquia 05 004 ABRIAQUI Antioquia 05 021 ALEJANDRIA Antioquia 05 030 AMAGA Antioquia 05 031 AMALFI Antioquia 05 034 ANDES Antioquia 05 036 ANGELOPOLIS Antioquia 05 038 ANGOSTURA Antioquia 05 040 ANORI Antioquia 05 042 ANTIOQUIA Antioquia 05 044 ANZA Antioquia 05 045 APARTADO Antioquia 05 051 ARBOLETES Antioquia 05 055 ARGELIA Antioquia 05 059 ARMENIA Antioquia 05 079 BARBOSA Antioquia 05 086 BELMIRA Antioquia 05 088 BELLO Antioquia 05 091 BETANIA Antioquia 05 093 BETULIA Antioquia 05 101 BOLIVAR Antioquia 05 107 BRICEÑO Antioquia 05 113 BURITICA Antioquia 05 120 CACERES Antioquia 05 125 CAICEDO Antioquia 05 129 CALDAS Antioquia 05 134 CAMPAMENTO Antioquia 05 138 CAÑASGORDAS Antioquia 05 142 CARACOLI Antioquia 05 145 CARAMANTA Antioquia 05 147 CAREPA Antioquia 05 148 CARMEN DE VIBORAL Antioquia 05 150 CAROLINA Antioquia 05 154 CAUCASIA Antioquia 05 172 CHIGORODO Antioquia 05 190 CISNEROS Antioquia 05 197 COCORNA Antioquia 05 206 CONCEPCION Antioquia 05 209 CONCORDIA Antioquia 05 212 COPACABANA Antioquia 05 234 DABEIBA Antioquia 05 237 DON MATIAS Antioquia 05 240 EBEJICO Antioquia 05 250 EL BAGRE Antioquia 05 264 ENTRERRIOS Antioquia 05 266 ENVIGADO Antioquia 05 282 FREDONIA Antioquia 05 284 FRONTINO Antioquia 05 306 GIRALDO Antioquia 05 308 GIRARDOTA Antioquia 05 310 GOMEZ PLATA Antioquia 05 313 GRANADA Antioquia 05 315 GUADALUPE Antioquia 05 318 GUARNE Antioquia 05 321 GUATAPE Antioquia 05 347 HELICONIA Antioquia 05 353 HISPANIA Antioquia -
Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia
Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 846 Prepared in coopeTation ·with the lnstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico-MineTas under the auspices of the Government of Colombia and the Agency for International Development) United States DepaTtment of State Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia By EARL M. IRVING GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 846 Prepared in cooperation ·with the lnstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico-Min eras under the auspices of the Government of Colombia and the Agency for International Development) United States Department of State An interpretation of the geologic history of a complex mountain system UNITED STATES GOVERNlVIENT PRINTING OFFICE, vVASHINGTON 1975 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Irving, Earl Montgomery, 1911- Structural evolution of the northernmost Andes, Columbia. (Geological Survey professional paper ; 846) Bibliography: p Includes index. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.16:846 1. Geology-Colombia. 2. Geosynclines----Colombia. I. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico Mineras.. II. Title. III. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper ; 846. QE239.175 558.61 74-600149 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402- Price $1.30 (paper cover) Stock Number 2401-02553 CONTENTS Page Pasre Abstract ---------------------------------------- -
Detrital U–Pb Provenance, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry of the Cretaceous Colombian Back–Arc Basin
Volume 2 Quaternary Chapter 8 Neogene https://doi.org/10.32685/pub.esp.36.2019.08 Detrital U–Pb Provenance, Mineralogy, and Published online 25 November 2020 Geochemistry of the Cretaceous Colombian Back–Arc Basin Paleogene Javier GUERRERO1* , Alejandra MEJÍA–MOLINA2 , and José OSORNO3 1 [email protected] Abstract The geology of the Cretaceous Colombian back–arc basin is reviewed con- Universidad Nacional de Colombia Cretaceous sidering detrital U–Pb provenance ages, mineralogy, and geochemistry of samples Sede Bogotá Departamento de Geociencias collected from outcrop sections and wells at several localities in the core of the Eastern Carrera 30 n.° 45–03 Bogotá, Colombia Cordillera, Middle Magdalena Valley, and Catatumbo areas. The data set supports previ- 2 [email protected] ous studies indicating a basin with main grabens in the present–day Eastern Cordillera Universidad Yachay Tech Hacienda Urcuquí s/n y Proyecto Yachay Jurassic between the Guaicáramo/Pajarito and Bituima/La Salina border faults, which operated Urcuquí, Ecuador as normal faults during the Cretaceous. Limestones are common on the western and 3 [email protected] Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos northern sides of the basin, whereas terrigenous strata predominate on the eastern Calle 26 n.° 59–65, segundo piso and southern sides. After the Berriasian, grabens were connected by marine flooding Bogotá, Colombia during the Valanginian, with two main source areas documented by distinct element * Corresponding author Triassic and mineral contents, one in the Central Cordillera magmatic arc and the other in the Guiana Shield. Some elements present in Lower Cretaceous shales, including scan- Supplementary Information: dium, vanadium, and beryllium, are not related to the sediment supply areas for the S: https://www2.sgc.gov.co/ LibroGeologiaColombia/tgc/ basin but instead are linked to Valanginian to Cenomanian hydrothermal activity and sgcpubesp36201908s.pdf Permian dikes of gabbro, diorite, and tonalite emplaced during the main phase of extension in the basin. -
Colombia's Classroom Wars
Education International Internationale de l’Education Internacional de la Educación Bildungsinternationale COLOMBIA’s CLASSROOM WARS Political violence against education sector trade unions September 2009 Dr Mario Novelli Education International Contents Author’s foreword 1 Introduction 2 Political violence against educators: a growing problem 3 Understanding teachers as trade unionists 4 Background to education unions in colombia 6 Background to political violence in colombia 7 Historical context of state/civil society relations in colombia 7 Paramilitarism and the war against trade unionism 8 Recent political developments in colombia 9 Education and conflict in colombia 11 How are educators’ human rights violated? 13 The facts and figures 13 Political violence against education sector trade unions Political Assassinations 13 Death threats 16 Forced displacement 18 Arbitrary detention 20 Forced disappearances 22 Analysing the patterns of violence against educators 24 What strategies have been developed to mitigate and Manage the violence? 26 National legal and judicial protection measures 26 Setting up of human rights departments in each affiliate 27 International involvement with the human rights movement 27 Colombia’s classroom wars: classroom Colombia’s Conclusions 29 References 34 September 2009 Prepared for Education International by Dr Mario Novelli IS Academie: Education & Development, AMIDST, University of Amsterdam © 2009 Education International ISBN 978-92-95089-02-0 (paperback) 2 Printed in Belgium ISBN 978-92-95089-03-7 (PDF) -
Contribuciones a La Línea En Biosistemas Integrados De La Maestría En Desarrollo Sostenible Y Medio Ambiente, Universidad De Manizales
Contribuciones a la línea en Biosistemas Integrados de la Maestría en Desarrollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Manizales RUTH LILIANA CHÁVEZ OTÁLORA JOSÉ ALFREDO ESPINEL PUERTO UNIVERSIDAD DE MANIZALES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS CONTABLES, ECONÓMICAS Y ADMINISTRATIVAS MAESTRÍA EN DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE Y MEDIO AMBIENTE MANIZALES 2019 Contribuciones a la línea en Biosistemas Integrados de la Maestría en Desarrollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Manizales Proyecto para optar al título de Magister en Desarrollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente, de los estudiantes: RUTH LILIANA CHÁVEZ OTÁLORA JOSÉ ALFREDO ESPINEL PUERTO Directora: GLORIA MARÍA RESTREPO FRANCO Ph.D. Línea de investigación: Biosistemas integrados UNIVERSIDAD DE MANIZALES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS CONTABLES, ECONÓMICAS Y ADMINISTRATIVAS MAESTRÍA EN DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE Y MEDIO AMBIENTE MANIZALES 2019 Acta de calificación Contribuciones a la línea en Biosistemas Integrados de la Maestría en Desarrollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Manizales RUTH LILIANA CHÁVEZ OTÁLORA JOSÉ ALFREDO ESPINEL PUERTO Tesis para optar el título de: Magister en Desarrollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente Nota de aceptación Jurado: __________________________________ Jurado Agradecimientos Los autores agradecen a la Dra. Gloria María Restrepo Franco, asesora de nuestro trabajo de investigación por su valiosísima dedicación, orientación y acompañamiento; los cuales fueron fundamentales para alcanzar los objetivos propuestos. Tabla de contenido Lista de figuras ................................................................................................................. -
Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia
Republic of Colombia PCC COFFEE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE PAISAJE CULTURAL CAFETERO- Management Plan Unofficial Translation Coordinating Committee: Ministry of Culture Colombian Coffee Growers’ Federation Bogotá, September 2009 1 1 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 5 2. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE COFFEE CULTURE LANDSCAPE 2.1. DESCRIPTION ........................................................................ 2.1.1. The human, family centered, generational, and historical efforts related to the production of quality coffee, within a framework of sustainable human development ................................................................... 11 2.1.2. Coffee culture for the world ......................................... 16 2.1.3. Strategic social capital built around its coffee growing institutions 29 2.1.4.The relationship between tradition and technology: Guaranteeing the quality and sustainability of a product 34 2.1 2.2. THE PCC’S CURRENT STATE OF CONSERVATION 2.2.1.The human, family centered, generational, and historical efforts related to the production of quality coffee, within a framework of sustainable human development 2.2.2.Coffee culture for the world 2.2.3.Strategic social capital built around coffee growing institutions 51 2 2 2.2.4.The relationship between tradition and technology: Guaranteeing product quality and sustainability 53 2.3. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE PCC ............................................... 56 2.3.1.Developmental pressures 2.3.2. Environmental pressures -
Código Dane Municipio Departamento Corredor
CÓDIGO DANE MUNICIPIO DEPARTAMENTO CORREDOR 13052 Arjona Bolívar 13188 Cicuco Bolívar 13212 Córdoba Bolívar 13244 El Carmen de Bolívar Bolívar 13248 El Guamo Bolívar 13430 Magangué Bolívar 13433 Mahates Bolívar 13442 Maria la Baja Bolívar 13468 Mompos Bolívar 13654 San Jacinto Bolívar 13657 San Juan Nepomuceno Bolívar 13780 Talaigua Nuevo Bolívar 13836 Turbaco Bolívar 13838 Turbana Bolívar 13894 Zambrano Bolívar 47555 Plato Magdalena MONTES DE 33 47707 Santa Ana Magdalena MARÍA 70702 Betulia Sucre 70110 Buenavista Sucre 70230 Chalán Sucre 70204 Colosó Sucre 70215 Corozal Sucre 70233 El Roble Sucre 70235 Galeras Sucre 70418 Los Palmitos Sucre 70473 Morroa Sucre 70508 Ovejas Sucre 70523 Palmito Sucre 70670 Sampués Sucre 70713 San Onofre Sucre 70717 San Pedro Sucre 70742 Sincé Sucre 70823 Toluviejo Sucre 5038 Angostura Antioquia 5040 Anorí Antioquia 5045 Apartadó Antioquia 5051 Arboletes Antioquia 5107 Briceño Antioquia 5120 Cáceres Antioquia 5134 Campamento Antioquia 5147 Carepa Antioquia 5154 Caucasia Antioquia 5172 Chigorodó Antioquia 5250 El Bagre Antioquia 5361 Ituango Antioquia 5480 Mutatá Antioquia 5495 Nechí Antioquia BAJO CAUCA ANTIOQUEÑO - SUR 55 DE CÓRDOBA CÓDIGO DANE MUNICIPIO DEPARTAMENTO CORREDOR 5490 Necoclí Antioquia 5647 San Andrés de Cuerquía Antioquia 5658 San José de la Montaña Antioquia 5659 San Juan de Urabá Antioquia 5665 San Pedro de Urabá Antioquia 5686 Santa Rosa de Osos Antioquia 5790 Tarazá Antioquia 5819 Toledo Antioquia 5837 Turbo Antioquia 5854 Valdivia Antioquia 5887 Yarumal Antioquia 5895 Zaragoza Antioquia -
Multi Source- Ash Fallout Hazard Map in Western Caldas Department (Colombia)
IAVCEI 2013 Scientific Assembly - July 20 - 24, Kagoshima, Japan Forecasting Volcanic Activity - Reading and translating the messages of nature for society 4W_4D-P2 Date/Time: July 24 Poster Multi source- ash fallout hazard map in western Caldas department (Colombia) Carlos Borrero1, Ana M. Garcia2, Hugo F. Murcia3, Carlos M. Jaramillo4 1Dept. of Geological Sciences, Caldas University, Manizales, Colombia, 2Consultant Geologist, Manizales, Colombia, 3The University of Auckland, School of Environment, Auckland, New Zealand, 4Consultant Geologist, Manizales, Colombia E-mail: [email protected] In order to prepare the emergency plans for management of volcanic risks for the western sector of Caldas department (Colombia), a regional scale evaluation of the ash fallout hazard was intended for Corpocaldas (department environmental agency). The regional and local stakeholders were interested in a unique scenario related to the co-existence of three different sources of ash, from north to south: Cerro Bravo, Nevado del Ruiz and Santa Isabel volcanoes, which are located at the Central Cordillera in middle Colombia, and they are part of the most northern volcanic complex of the Northern Volcanic Zone in South America. The background definition of the ash fallout hazard is quite variable for the different sources, the Cerro Bravo and Nevado del Ruiz volcanoes have geology-based hazard maps with variable age constraining of their events; and Santa Isabel volcano has only an UNDRO indicative hazard map without any age data. Actually, the Nevado del Ruiz Volcano is the only active of these three volcanoes since 1984. The recent 2012 activity of Nevado del Ruiz volcano showed a different dispersion of the ash fall from its former hazard map, due to the changes of wind direction by the restricted plume heights during the VEI 1 to 2 activities in 2012 the dispersion changed dramatically to N-NW and W directions affecting mainly the western zone of the Caldas department.