Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora Instituto De Ciências Humanas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Da Religião

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Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora Instituto De Ciências Humanas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Da Religião UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE JUIZ DE FORA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA DA RELIGIÃO José Abílio Perez Junior ESTADOS EMOCIONAIS (BHĀVA) E EXPERIÊNCIA ESTÉTICA (RASA): OS CONCEITOS CENTRAIS DA FILOSOFIA DA ARTE INDIANA E ALGUNS DE SEUS DESDOBRAMENTOS JUIZ DE FORA 2015 JOSE ABÍLIO PEREZ JUNIOR ESTADOS EMOCIONAIS (BHĀVA) E EXPERIÊNCIA ESTÉTICA (RASA): OS CONCEITOS CENTRAIS DA FILOSOFIA DA ARTE INDIANA E ALGUNS DE SEUS DESDOBRAMENTOS Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós - graduação em Ciência da Religião, do Centro de Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciência da Religião. Orientador: Volney Berkenbrock Juiz de Fora, 2015 RESUMO Iniciamos apresentando, em nosso primeiro capítulo, o texto inaugural da filosofia da arte indiana, o Nāṭyaśāstra de Bharatamuni, com nossa atenção voltada aos capítulos I, VI, VII e XXXVI, os quais constituem, ao nosso ver, o núcleo da doutrina central da estética indiana, no que tange às artes performáticas em geral, incluindo dança, teatro e música, assim como implicações no campo da poesia, escultura e artes visuais. Tal núcleo pode ser relacionado aos conceitos de estados emocionais (bhāva), experiência estética (rasa), planos expressivos (abhinaya) e mímese (anukīrtana) influência se exerce tanto no campo especulativo, quanto no âmbito das formas e estilos artísticos. Em nosso segundo capítulo, abordamos duas vertentes medievais que retomam o pensamento de Bharata e desenvolvem doutrinas especulativas, em estreita conexão a dimensão da soteriologia, central para o pensamento indiano como um todo. Temos, assim, o que chamamos de poética da paz, no xivaísmo de Abhinavagupta, em contraste com a poética do amor, do vaixinavismo de Rūpa Gosvāmin. Em nosso terceiro capítulo, dirigimos nossa atenção ao âmbito mais concreto das poéticas, formas e movimentos artísticos. Sob esse escopo, desenvolvemos três tópicos: i) a aplicação da poética de Bharata no poema Xacuntalá Reconhecida de Kalidasa (poeta de corte do século IV d.e.c) e o contraste que se pode estabelecer com a poética grega de Aristóteles; ii) o processo de classicalização de alguns estilos de danças indianas, em meio às transformações sociais que tomam lugar no período pré-independência (segunda metade do século XIX e primeira do século XX d.e.c), marcado pelo nacionalismo e pela absorção do vitorianismo; iii) a centralidade da poética de Bharata no processo intensamente assimilacionista que resulta na linguagem comercial do cinema de entretenimento de Bollywood. Nesses três tópicos de nosso último capítulo, fica constatada a abrangência e centralidade dos conceitos empregados por Bharatamuni no âmbito da produção e compreensão da arte indiana. Palavras-chave Nāṭyaśāstra – Rasa – Bhāva – Bharatamuni – Estética Indiana ABSTRACT On the first chapter, we explore the foundational text of Indian Aesthetics, the Nāṭyaśāstra, attributed to Bharatamuni (sec. II B.C.E to II C.E.). Our attention is on chapters I, VI, VII and XXXVI from the treatise, where one can find some of the main concepts of Indian philosophy of arts, namely: emotional state (bhāva), aesthetic experience (rasa), expression planes (abhinaya) and mimesis (anukīrtana). Such conceptual framework extends its influence over both the speculative and practical fields related to Indian arts. The second chapter is dedicated to two medieval developments of speculative thought, named, the aesthetics of peace, based on śanti-rasa, that characterizes the doctrine of the Kashmirian and shaivist philosopher Abhinavagupta; in contrast to the aesthetics of love, centered on śṛṅgāra-rasa, from the eastern vaishnava theologian, Rūpa Gosvāmin. On the third chapter, the focus is on more concrete applications of the poetics of rasa, including three topics: i) the perfect congruence between the poetics of Bharata and the artistic creation of Kālidāsa (court poet from the IV C.E.). Also we can contrast this congruence to what would be expected from an artwork that followed the Greek poetics described by Aristotle. ii) the second topic is an exposition about the classicalization process that takes place inside the intense Indian social reformism of the second half of XIX and the first half of XX centuries of the C.E., deeply marked by Nationalism and Victorianism. Inside this context, we can notice the centrality of the concept of aesthetic experience (rasa) on different discourses on art, even from the opposite points of view represented by Rukmini Devi and Balasaraswati. iii) finally, we focus on the entertainment industry of Bollywood, which idiosyncratic language among world cinemas can be explained by the centrality of the concept of mood – a common parlance word for aesthetic experience (rasa) and emotional state (bhāva) – largely used by technicians and artists from the cinema métier. Keywords Nāṭyaśāstra – Rasa – Bhāva – Bharatamuni – Indian Aesthetics] José Abílio Perez Junior Estados emocionais (bhāva) e experiência estética (rasa): os conceitos centrais da filosofia da arte indiana e alguns de seus desdobramentos Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós - graduação em Ciências da Religião, do Instituto de Ciências Humanas, da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor, Área de concentração: Ciência da Religião Aprovada em ___de _____de 20__. BANCA EXAMINADORA ____________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Volney Berkenbrock Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora ____________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Faustino Teixeira Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora ___________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Clodomir de Andrade Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora ___________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Lucia Abaurre Gnerre Universidade Federal da Paraíba ___________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Rubens Turci Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro DEDICATÓRIA Aos meus filhos, Oruan, German, Dandara e Luara. Luzes de minha vida, flores de meu jardim. AGRADECIMENTOS À Capes, pelo financiamento concedido durante toda a pesquisa; Aos professores e alunos do PPGCIR – UFJF, pelo apoio incondicional em cada um dos momentos de meu trabalho; À minha família, pelo suporte durante todas as noites insones, especialmente aos meus filhos, por terem suportado os longos meses de minha ausência em trabalho de campo. Ao meu pai, José Abílio Peres, à minha mãe, Heloísa Helena da Costa Peres, à minha irmã, Fabiana Costa Peres, à Carolina dos Santos Bezerra Perez, e às Crianças, Oruan, German, Dandara e Luara; Aos professores Dilip Loundo, Makarand Paranjape e Purushottama Bilimoria, pela introdução aos estudos dos paradigmas indianos; Aos professores Volney Berkenbrock, Faustino Teixeira e Clodomir de Andrade, do PPGCIR, pelas valiosas contribuições dadas ao trabalho; Ao amigo Rubens Turci, a cujo entusiasmo e fé credito boa parte da inspiração que conduziu à proposição do projeto inicial de pesquisa; A Lúcia Abaurre Gnerre, com quem compartilho a mesma inspiração pelas terras do Oriente; Ao amigo Julio Reis Simões, pela alegria e irreverência com que sempre nos restitui a fé; Ao amigo Lúcio Valera (Loka Sakśi Dasa), pelos animados diálogos até a madrugada, sobre temas acerca da filosofia indiana; A Gisele Lemos, pela fraternidade que sempre nos uniu; A Fernanda Winter, pelas confidências e incertezas partilhadas; A Emerson Sena da Silveira e a Antônio Celestino, por uma atuação administrativa que sempre visou e se empenhou em resolver problemas, sem jamais criá-los; À Sociedade Internacional para a Consciência de Krishna, especialmente ao templo de Delhi, pela Prassada; À escola de dança e gurukula Rudraksha, dirigida pelo coreógrafo Bichitrananda Swain, pela acolhida e fraternidade cultivadas durante toda a minha estada; Ao guruji Padmā Chanara Dehury, pelas aulas de percussão clássica, bem como pelas lições de vida e introdução ao universo da cultura indiana; Também agradeço à bailarina de Odissi, Swini Gautam, discípula do guru Padmā, colega de práticas, por ter concedido seu tempo para o ensaio no templo de Konark; A Andrea Albergária e Kamalakshi Rupini, também do estilo Odissi, pela fraternidade e companheirismo com que me acompanharam durante vários pontos de minha caminhada; A Raga Kaur e Coleena Shakti, do Odissi e também do estilo Kalbeliya, pelo apoio ao meu trabalho fotográfico; Ao pandit Dinesh Chan Parashar, sua família e equipe, pela amigável acolhida em seu Radhika Palace; Ao Pushkara Sangha, pela confiança que depositaram em minha pesquisa; Ao avadhani Dr. Ganesh, por suas fundamentais colocações acerca da interpretação do Natyashastra. ÍNDICE DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Título da imagem Página Figura 1. Expressões faciais baseadas em estados emocionais 102 (bhāva) específicos Figura 2. Expressões faciais baseadas em estados emocionais 103 (bhāva) específicos Figura 3. Poses e gestos manuais (mudrā) relacionados a estados 105 emocionais (bhāva) específicos Figura 4. Poses e gestos manuais (mudrā) relacionados a estados 106 emocionais (bhāva) específicos (ii) Figura 5. Poses e gestos manuais (mudrā) no estilo de dança Odissi 107 Figura 6. Mandakini Phalke, no papel de Kṛṣṇa Gopala, ensaia 297 expressões faciais baseadas em estados emocionais (bhāvas) específicos SUMÁRIO Página 1 INTRODUÇÃO 11 2 A ORIGEM DA DOUTRINA DA EXPERIÊNCIA ESTÉTICA (RASA- 27 VĀDA) NO TRATADO NĀṭYAŚĀSTRA DE BHARATA: CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO E CONCEITOS CENTRAIS 2.1 Situando o Nāṭyaśāstra no interior
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