Japanese Papilio Butterflies Puddle Using Na Detected by Contact
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Nombres Comunes: Fotos Del Grupo
Nombres comunes: Mariposas, lepidópteros. English: Butterflies, lepidopterans. Grupo de las mariposas y polillas. Fotos del grupo: Características del grupo: Los lepidopteros (del griego «lepis», escama, y «pteron», ala, debido a que sus alas están llenas de pequeñas escamas que le dan color) son el orden en el que se sitúan las mariposas y polillas. Es uno de los órdenes de seres vivos con más especies, más de 165.000 especies repartidas en unas 127 familias, es decir hay casi el triple de especies de mariposas que de vertebrados. Poseen cuatro alas recubiertas de escamas coloreadas que utilizan en la termorregulación, cortejo y señalización. Salvo los pequeños grupos más primitivos, que poseen mandíbulas, todas las demás especies son chupadoras, poseyendo un aparato bucal provisto por una larga trompa que se enrolla en espiral. Esto provoca que las mariposas solo puedan alimentarse de sustancias líquidas, alimentándose prácticamente todas sus especies de néctar. Son unos de los principales polinizadores de las plantas. Las mariposas vieron su biodiversidad extraordinariamente aumentada con la aparición de las plantas con flor, empezando una coevolución donde plantas y mariposas evolucionaron dependientemente unas de otras. Las mariposas son organismos exclusivamente terrestres (salvo algunas orugas subacuáticas) estando su máxima biodiversidad en lugares tropicales. Su ciclo vital incluye fases larvarias con forma de oruga, fases inmóviles en forma de pupa y el estado adulto. Las orugas ocupan nichos muy diferentes a la de los organismos adultos, evitando la competencia entre ellas. Poseen un aparato bucal masticador y la mayoría de ellas herbívoras alimentándose de especies vegetales concretas, aunque hay especies carnívoras. -
The Evolutionary Biology of Herbivorous Insects
GRBQ316-3309G-C01[01-19].qxd 7/17/07 12:07 AM Page 1 Aptara (PPG-Quark) PART I EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS AND SPECIES GRBQ316-3309G-C01[01-19].qxd 7/17/07 12:07 AM Page 2 Aptara (PPG-Quark) GRBQ316-3309G-C01[01-19].qxd 7/17/07 12:07 AM Page 3 Aptara (PPG-Quark) ONE Chemical Mediation of Host-Plant Specialization: The Papilionid Paradigm MAY R. BERENBAUM AND PAUL P. FEENY Understanding the physiological and behavioral mecha- chemistry throughout the life cycle are central to these nisms underlying host-plant specialization in holo- debates. Almost 60 years ago, Dethier (1948) suggested that metabolous species, which undergo complete development “the first barrier to be overcome in the insect-plant relation- with a pupal stage, presents a particular challenge in that ship is a behavioral one. The insect must sense and discrim- the process of host-plant selection is generally carried out inate before nutritional and toxic factors become opera- by the adult stage, whereas host-plant utilization is more tive.” Thus, Dethier argued for the primacy of adult [AQ2] the province of the larval stage (Thompson 1988a, 1988b). preference, or detection and response to kairomonal cues, Thus, within a species, critical chemical, physical, or visual in host-plant shifts. In contrast, Ehrlich and Raven (1964) cues for host-plant identification may differ over the course reasoned that “after the restriction of certain groups of of the life cycle. An organizing principle for the study of insects to a narrow range of food plants, the formerly repel- host-range evolution is the preference-performance hypoth- lent substances of these plants might . -
Natural History of Fiji's Endemic Swallowtail Butterfly, Papilio Schmeltzi
32 TROP. LEPID. RES., 23(1): 32-38, 2013 CHANDRA ET AL.: Life history of Papilio schmeltzi NATURAL HISTORY OF FIJI’S ENDEMIC SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY, PAPILIO SCHMELTZI (HERRICH-SCHAEFFER) Visheshni Chandra1, Uma R. Khurma1 and Takashi A. Inoue2 1School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, The University of the South Pacific, Private Bag, Suva, Fiji. Correspondance: [email protected]; 2Japanese National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ôwashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan Abstract - The wild population of Papilio schmeltzi (Herrich-Schaeffer) in the Fiji Islands is very small. Successful rearing methods should be established prior to any attempts to increase numbers of the natural population. Therefore, we studied the biology of this species. Papilio schmeltzi was reared on Micromelum minutum. Three generations were reared during the period from mid April 2008 to end of November 2008, and hence we estimate that in nature P. schmeltzi may have up to eight generations in a single year. Key words: Papilio schmeltzi, Micromelum minutum, life cycle, larval host plant, developmental duration, morphological characters, captive breeding INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Most of the Asia-Pacific swallowtail butterflies P. schmeltzi was reared in a screened enclosure from mid (Lepidopera: Papilionidae) belonging to the genus Papilio are April 2008 to end of November 2008. The enclosure was widely distributed in the tropics (e.g. Asia, Papua New Guinea, designed to provide conditions as close to its natural habitat as Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Fiji and possible and was located in an open area at the University of Samoa). -
Research Article Foraging Behavior of the Blue Morpho
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psyche Volume 2012, Article ID 378050, 10 pages doi:10.1155/2012/378050 Research Article Foraging Behavior of the Blue Morpho and Other Tropical Butterflies: The Chemical and Electrophysiological Basis of Olfactory Preferences and the Role of Color Alexandra Sourakov,1 Adrian Duehl,2 and Andrei Sourakov1 1 McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA 2 Center for Medical Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Andrei Sourakov, asourakov@flmnh.ufl.edu Received 31 October 2011; Revised 9 January 2012; Accepted 18 January 2012 Academic Editor: Russell Jurenka Copyright © 2012 Alexandra Sourakov et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Inside a live butterfly exhibit, we conducted bioassays to determine whether the presence of color would facilitate the location of attractants by the butterflies. It was found that color facilitated odor attraction in some species that feed on flowers (Parthenos silvia, Heraclides thoas, Dryas julia,andIdea leuconoe), but not in the exclusively fruit-feeding species, such as Morpho helenor, hence demonstrating that species with different natural diets use different foraging cues. Green, ripe, and fermented bananas were evaluated for their attractiveness to butterflies together with honey and mangoes. The fermented bananas were determined to be the most attractive bait, and the electrophysiological responses to their volatiles were studied in Morpho helenor and Caligo telamonius. -
Red List of Bangladesh 2015
Red List of Bangladesh Volume 1: Summary Chief National Technical Expert Mohammad Ali Reza Khan Technical Coordinator Mohammad Shahad Mahabub Chowdhury IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature Bangladesh Country Office 2015 i The designation of geographical entitles in this book and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature concerning the legal status of any country, territory, administration, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The biodiversity database and views expressed in this publication are not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, Bangladesh Forest Department and The World Bank. This publication has been made possible because of the funding received from The World Bank through Bangladesh Forest Department to implement the subproject entitled ‘Updating Species Red List of Bangladesh’ under the ‘Strengthening Regional Cooperation for Wildlife Protection (SRCWP)’ Project. Published by: IUCN Bangladesh Country Office Copyright: © 2015 Bangladesh Forest Department and IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holders, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holders. Citation: Of this volume IUCN Bangladesh. 2015. Red List of Bangladesh Volume 1: Summary. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Bangladesh Country Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. xvi+122. ISBN: 978-984-34-0733-7 Publication Assistant: Sheikh Asaduzzaman Design and Printed by: Progressive Printers Pvt. -
EU Project Number 613678
EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 7 - REPORT on Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Grousset F, Wistermann A, Steffen K, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/112o3f5b0c014 DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on ORANGES AND MANDARINS – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Background on oranges and mandarins ..................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Data on production and trade of orange and mandarin fruit ........................................................................ 5 1.3 Characteristics of the pathway ‘orange and mandarin fruit’ ....................................................................... -
Ring Roads and Urban Biodiversity: Distribution of Butterflies in Urban
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Ring roads and urban biodiversity: distribution of butterfies in urban parks in Beijing city and Received: 1 June 2018 Accepted: 26 April 2019 correlations with other indicator Published: xx xx xxxx species Kong-Wah Sing1,2, Jiashan Luo3, Wenzhi Wang1,2,4,5, Narong Jaturas6, Masashi Soga7, Xianzhe Yang8, Hui Dong9 & John-James Wilson10,6,8 The capital of China, Beijing, has a history of more than 800 years of urbanization, representing a unique site for studies of urban ecology. Urbanization can severely impact butterfy communities, yet there have been no reports of the species richness and distribution of butterfies in urban parks in Beijing. Here, we conducted the frst butterfy survey in ten urban parks in Beijing and estimated butterfy species richness. Subsequently, we examined the distribution pattern of butterfy species and analyzed correlations between butterfy species richness with park variables (age, area and distance to city center), and richness of other bioindicator groups (birds and plants). We collected 587 individual butterfies belonging to 31 species from fve families; 74% of the species were considered cosmopolitan. The highest butterfy species richness and abundance was recorded at parks located at the edge of city and species richness was signifcantly positively correlated with distance from city center (p < 0.05). No signifcant correlations were detected between the species richness and park age, park area and other bioindicator groups (p > 0.05). Our study provides the frst data of butterfy species in urban Beijing, and serves as a baseline for further surveys and conservation eforts. China is a megadiverse country but is rapidly losing biodiversity as a consequence of socioeconomic development and expansion of urban land since the 1990s1,2. -
Role of the Osmeterial Gland in Swallowtail Larvae (Papilionidae) in Defense Against an Avian Predator
Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 44(4), 1990, 245-251 ROLE OF THE OSMETERIAL GLAND IN SWALLOWTAIL LARVAE (PAPILIONIDAE) IN DEFENSE AGAINST AN AVIAN PREDATOR ANDREA JO LESLIE 316 N. Fleming Rd., Woodstock, Illinois 60098 AND MAY R. BERENBAUM* Department of Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois, 505 S. Goodwin, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3795 ABSTRACT. The importance of the osmeterial gland, a universal characteristic of larvae in the Papilionidae, in defense against vertebrate predators has rarely been ex amined. In this study, third and fifth instar larvae of Papilio polyxenes with and without a functional osmeterium were presented to Coturnix coturnix (Japanese quail), a rep resentative avian predator. Virtually all larvae were rejected by C. coturnix irrespective of osmeterial function. Larvae of P. cresphontes with functional osmeteria were also universally rejected by C. coturnix; in contrast, larvae of P. glaucus were readily con sumed. In view of the fact that osmeterial secretions in these three species are similar in composition, they are unlikely to playa major role in determining palatability of these species to this avian predator. Additional key words: Papilio polyxenes, Papilio glaucus, Papilio cresphontes, Co turnix coturnix, palatability. The osmeterium, a Y-shaped eversible gland located mid-dorsally behind the head, is a universal characteristic of swallowtail caterpillars (Papilionidae). Its function has long been assumed to be defensive (Merian 1705, as cited in Crossley & Waterhouse 1969). There is indeed evidence of the efficacy of the osmeterial gland and its secretions against invertebrate predators. Eisner and Meinwald (1965) demonstrated that Papilio machaon L. larvae use osmeterial secretions to deter ant pre dation; Damman (1986) determined that the presence of a functional osmeterial gland of Eurytides marcellus (Cramer) reduces predation by ants and small spiders, and Chow and Tsai (1989) showed that Papilio memnon L. -
Geographical Diversity of Japanese Papilio Butterflies Inferred from the Number of Contact Chemosensillum on the Fifth Foretarsal Segments Takashi A
& E sity nd er a v n i g d e o i r e B d Journal of f S o p l Inoue, J Biodivers Endanger Species 2015, S1:007 e a ISSN: 2332-2543c n r i e u s o J Biodiversity & Endangered Species DOI: 10.4172/2332-2543.S1-007 Research Article Open Access Geographical Diversity of Japanese Papilio Butterflies Inferred from the Number of Contact Chemosensillum on the Fifth Foretarsal Segments Takashi A. Inoue* Japanese National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ôwashi 1–2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan *Corresponding author: Takashi A. Inoue, Japanese National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ôwashi 1– 2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Tel: +81-29-838-6106; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: August 01, 2015; Accepted date: October 09, 2015; Published date: October 07, 2015 Copyright: © 2015, Inoue TA. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract The numbers of contact chemosensillum on ventral side of fifth foretarsal segments of Japanese Papilio butterflies were determined by scanning electron microscope observation. P. bianor, P. helenus, P. protenor and P. memnon exhibited geographical diversity for this character among mainland Japan, Amami Islands, Okinawa Islands and Yaeyama Islands populations. This characteristic was useful for reconfirming the geographical variations proposed by the wing color patterns and genetic characteristics of each these species. This characteristic also uncovered hidden geographical variations and phylogenetic structures of P. machaon, P. xuthus, P. -
'The Devil Is in the Detail': Peer-Review of the Wildlife Conservation Plan By
‘The devil is in the detail’: Peer-review of the Wildlife Conservation Plan by the Wildlife Institute of India for the Etalin Hydropower Project, Dibang Valley Chintan Sheth1, M. Firoz Ahmed2*, Sayan Banerjee3, Neelesh Dahanukar4, Shashank Dalvi1, Aparajita Datta5, Anirban Datta Roy1, Khyanjeet Gogoi6, Monsoonjyoti Gogoi7, Shantanu Joshi8, Arjun Kamdar8, Jagdish Krishnaswamy9, Manish Kumar10, Rohan K. Menzies5, Sanjay Molur4, Shomita Mukherjee11, Rohit Naniwadekar5, Sahil Nijhawan1, Rajeev Raghavan12, Megha Rao5, Jayanta Kumar Roy2, Narayan Sharma13, Anindya Sinha3, Umesh Srinivasan14, Krishnapriya Tamma15, Chihi Umbrey16, Nandini Velho1, Ashwin Viswanathan5 & Rameshori Yumnam12 1Independent researcher, Ananda Nilaya, 4th Main Road, Kodigehalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560097, India Email: [email protected] (corresponding author) 2Herpetofauna Research and Conservation Division, Aaranyak, Guwahati, Assam. 3National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, Karnataka. 4Zoo Outreach Organization, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. 5Nature Conservation Foundation, Bengaluru, Karnataka. 6TOSEHIM, Regional Orchids Germplasm Conservation and Propagation Centre, Assam Circle, Assam. 7Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, Maharashtra. 8National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka. 9Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru, Karnataka. 10Centre for Ecology Development and Research, Uttarakhand. 11Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. 12South Asia IUCN Freshwater Fish -
Spatial Distribution of Butterflies in Accordance with Climate Change In
sustainability Article Spatial Distribution of Butterflies in Accordance with Climate Change in the Korean Peninsula Sangdon Lee * , Hyeyoung Jeon and Minkyung Kim Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, College of Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; [email protected] (H.J.); [email protected] (M.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 February 2020; Accepted: 3 March 2020; Published: 5 March 2020 Abstract: The effects of climate change are becoming apparent in the biosphere. In the 20th century, South Korea experienced a 1.5 ◦C temperature increase due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. If the changes continue, it is predicted that approximately 15–37% of animal and plant species will be endangered after 2050. Because butterflies act as a good indicator for changes in the temperature, the distribution of butterflies can be used to determine their adaptability to climate patterns. Local meteorological data for the period 1938–2011 were used from the National Forest Research Institute of Korea. Local temperature data were additionally considered among the basic information, and the distribution patterns of butterflies were analyzed for both the southern and northern regions. Southern butterflies (with northern limit) tend to increase in number with significant correlation between the temperature and number of habitats (p < 0.000), while northern butterflies (with southern limit) show no statistical significance between the temperature and number of habitats, indicating their sensitivity to temperature change. This finding is in accordance with the conclusion that southern butterflies are more susceptible to climate change when adapting to local environments and expanding their original temperature range for survival, which leads to an increase in the numbers of their habitats. -
Dieker & Fartmann.Pmd
© PENSOFT Publishers E. Kühn, R. Feldmann, J.A. Thomas & J. Settele (Eds) 2005 From larval ecology to distribution pattern: a case studyStudies in on threethe Ecology swallowtail and Conservation butterflies of Butterflies in Europe 49 Sofia – Moscow Vol. 1: General Concepts and Case Studies, pp. 49-51 From larval ecology to distribution pattern: a case study in three swallowtail butterflies Petra Dieker & Thomas Fartmann University of Muenster, Institute of Landscape Ecology, Department of Community Ecology, Robert-Koch-Str. 26, D-48149 Muenster, Germany Contact: [email protected]; [email protected] The immature stages are the most vulnerable parts in the life cycle of a butterfly due to their low mobility (Porter 2002, Fartmann 2004). Hence, the larval ecology is often the key to the understanding of a species’ distribution and abundance. We studied the larval habitat preferen- ces of two east Asian swallowtail butterflies (Papilio maackii and P. xuthus) and the Eurasian P. machaon and their implications for distribution patterns. The study area of about 7.5 km² is located in the Lazovsky State Nature Reserve in the southern Sikhote Alin mountains (Primorsky Krai, Russian Far East, 134°E/43°N) at an eleva- tion between 500 to 700 m a.s.l. The region is affected by a monsoon climate with warm, humid summers and cold, dry winters (Chochrjakow & Schochrin 2002). In summer 2003, during the flight period of P. xuthus, P. machaon und P. maackii, potential larval host plants on the gravel banks of the rivers Kyevka and Tchornaya were checked sys- tematically for eggs and larvae.