Role of the Osmeterial Gland in Swallowtail Larvae (Papilionidae) in Defense Against an Avian Predator
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59. Chromosomal Studies on Interspeci Fic Hybrids of Butterflies (Papilionidae, Lepidoptera)
No. 6] Proc. Japan Acad., 55, Ser. B (1979) 295 59. Chromosomal Studies on Interspeci fic Hybrids of Butterflies (Papilionidae, Lepidoptera). XV Crosses among Papilio machaon gorganus, P. machaon hippocrates, P. machaon britannicus, P. oregonius, P. bairdii, and P. rudkini By Kodo MAEKI*) and Shigeru A. AE**) (Communicated by Saj iro MAKINO, M. J. A., June 12, 1979) Among six species of Papilio machaon group here under con- sideration, the larvae of Papilio bairdii and P. oregonius grow well on Artemisia plant in the districts of the Rocky Mountains, while the larvae of the following 4 species (P. machaon, gorganus, P. machaon hippocrates, P. machaon britannicus, and P, rudkini) subsist on the leaves of Umbelliferae in the Holarctic regions. A cytogenetical study with particular regard to species-relationship in the above-mentioned butterfly species is to be dealt with as a major subject in this paper. During the past several years our interest has been concentrated around this problem, especially on the significance of chromosomal pairing in male meiosis of F1 hybrids from the standpoint of genic homology. In the previous papers, relevant data have been presented on the meiotic behavior of chromosomes in F1 hybrids produced artificially in the following crosses among Papilio polyctor, P. bianor, P. maackii, P. polytes, P. alphenor, P. hipponous, P. Paris, P. helenus, P, protenor, P, macilentus, P, nepheles, P. aegeus, P. f useus, P. mem- non, P, lowi, P. ascalaphus, P. polymnestor, P. rumanzovia, P. ma- chaon hippocrates, P. machaon, gorganus, P. machaon britannicus, P. xuthus, P. benguetana, P, polyxenes and P. zelieaon (Maeki and Ae 1964, 1966, 1970, 1975, 1976a-d, 1977a-c, 1978a-b, 1979a-b). -
Adult Preference Experiments Suggest Labile Oviposition Strategy
Ecological Entomology (2007), 32, 143–152 Inconsistent use of host plants by the Alaskan swallowtail butterfl y: adult preference experiments suggest labile oviposition strategy SHANNON M. MURPHY Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. Abstract . 1. The Alaskan swallowtail butterfly (Papilio machaon aliaska ) uses three unrelated plant species as hosts: Cnidium cnidiifolium (Apiaceae), Artemisia arctica (Asteraceae), and Petasites frigidus (Asteraceae). The research presented here investigated whether there are any consistent patterns in host choice by P. m. aliaska females. 2. The first two experiments were designed to test if P. m. aliaska host preference is constant or if it changes from day to day. If host preference is labile, the experiments were designed to also test whether a female’s diet breadth narrows or expands over time. 3. The third experiment tested the host preferences of female offspring from several wild-caught P. m. aliaska females. If P. m. aliaska individuals are specialised in their host use, then all of the offspring from a single female would likely prefer the same host-plant species. This experiment was also designed to test the Hopkins’ host selection principle; does the food plant on which a female is reared as a larva influence her future choices when she is searching for host plants for her own offspring? 4. The results from all of these experiments indicate that P. m. aliaska females vary greatly in their oviposition behaviour and in their preferences for the three host plants. Most populations appear to consist of generalists with labile oviposition behaviour. -
Back Mr. Rudkin: Differentiating Papilio Zelicaon and Papilio Polyxenes in Southern California (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Zootaxa 4877 (3): 422–428 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4877.3.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E7D8B2D6-8E1B-4222-8589-EAACB4A65944 Welcome back Mr. Rudkin: differentiating Papilio zelicaon and Papilio polyxenes in Southern California (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) KOJIRO SHIRAIWA1 & NICK V. GRISHIN2 113634 SW King Lear Way, King City, OR 97224, USA. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6235-634X 2Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Cen- ter, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4108-1153 Abstract We studied wing pattern characters to distinguish closely related sympatric species Papilio zelicaon Lucas, 1852 and Papilio polyxenes Fabricius, 1775 in Southern California, and developed a morphometric method based on the ventral black postmedian band. Application of this method to the holotype of Papilio [Zolicaon variety] Coloro W. G. Wright, 1905, the name currently applied to the P. polyxenes populations, revealed that it is a P. zelicaon specimen. The name for western US polyxenes subspecies thus becomes Papilio polyxenes rudkini (F. & R. Chermock, 1981), reinstated status, and we place coloro as a junior subjective synonym of P. zelicaon. Furthermore, we sequenced mitochondrial DNA COI barcodes of rudkini and coloro holotypes and compared them with those of polyxenes and zelicaon specimens, confirming rudkini as polyxenes and coloro as zelicaon. Key words: Taxonomy, field marks, swallowtail butterflies, desert, sister species Introduction Charles Nathan Rudkin, born 1892 at Meriden, Connecticut was a passionate scholar of history of the West, espe- cially the Southwestern region. -
2017, Jones Road, Near Blackhawk, RAIN (Photo: Michael Dawber)
Edited and Compiled by Rick Cavasin and Jessica E. Linton Toronto Entomologists’ Association Occasional Publication # 48-2018 European Skippers mudpuddling, July 6, 2017, Jones Road, near Blackhawk, RAIN (Photo: Michael Dawber) Dusted Skipper, April 20, 2017, Ipperwash Beach, LAMB American Snout, August 6, 2017, (Photo: Bob Yukich) Dunes Beach, PRIN (Photo: David Kaposi) ISBN: 978-0-921631-53-7 Ontario Lepidoptera 2017 Edited and Compiled by Rick Cavasin and Jessica E. Linton April 2018 Published by the Toronto Entomologists’ Association Toronto, Ontario Production by Jessica Linton TORONTO ENTOMOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION Board of Directors: (TEA) Antonia Guidotti: R.O.M. Representative Programs Coordinator The TEA is a non-profit educational and scientific Carolyn King: O.N. Representative organization formed to promote interest in insects, to Publicity Coordinator encourage cooperation among amateur and professional Steve LaForest: Field Trips Coordinator entomologists, to educate and inform non-entomologists about insects, entomology and related fields, to aid in the ONTARIO LEPIDOPTERA preservation of insects and their habitats and to issue Published annually by the Toronto Entomologists’ publications in support of these objectives. Association. The TEA is a registered charity (#1069095-21); all Ontario Lepidoptera 2017 donations are tax creditable. Publication date: April 2018 ISBN: 978-0-921631-53-7 Membership Information: Copyright © TEA for Authors All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be Annual dues: reproduced or used without written permission. Individual-$30 Student-free (Association finances permitting – Information on submitting records, notes and articles to beyond that, a charge of $20 will apply) Ontario Lepidoptera can be obtained by contacting: Family-$35 Jessica E. -
University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
TOOLS FOR BIODIVERSITY ANALYSES USING NATURAL HISTORY COLLECTIONS AND REPOSITORIES: DATA MINING, MACHINE LEARNING AND PHYLODIVERSITY By CHANDRA EARL A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2020 1 . © 2020 Chandra Earl 2 . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my co-chairs and members of my supervisory committee for their mentoring and generous support, my collaborators and colleagues for their input and support and my parents and siblings for their loving encouragement and interest. 3 . TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 3 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 5 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 6 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 9 2 GENEDUMPER: A TOOL TO BUILD MEGAPHYLOGENIES FROM GENBANK DATA ...................................................................................................................... 12 Materials and Methods........................................................................................... -
General Notes
GENERAL NOTES JOllrnal of the Lepidopterists' Society 50(1), 1996, 87-89 FENNEL (FOENICULUM VULGARE) , PRIMARY HOST PLANT FOR THE EASTERN BLACK SWALLOWTAIL (PAPlLIO POLYXENES ASTERIUS) (PAPILIONlDAE) ON THE EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA Additional key words: life history, parasitoids, secondary plant chemicals, The eastern black swallowtail, Papilin polyxenes asteril1s Stoll, is a common butte rfly that occupies a wide variety of habitats such as fields, gardens, wastelands, and marshes. Its geographic range extends from Quebec west to Colorado and south to the mountains of northern South America (Opler & Malikul 1992). It is one of several species of the machaon-complex whose larvae feed primmily on plants in the subfamily Apioideae (Api aceae = Umbelliferae) (Berenbaum 1981a). Hosts of the black swallowtail include many plants in the family Apiaceae and a few plants in Rutaceae and Asteraceae (= Compositae) (Munroe 1960, Wiklund 1975, Ber enbaum 1978, Scott 1986, Scribe r & Finke 1978). Queen Anne's lace or wild carrot, Daucus carota (L), is a common umbellifer on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. It grows along roadsides, in fallow fields, and in waste places throughout the eastern United States. Queen Anne's lace often has been reported as the primary host plant of the eastern black swallowtail (Scriber & Finke 1978, Blau & Feeny 1983). Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare Miller, is a perennial plant in the Apiaceae. It has decom pound leaves and filiform segments, with compound umbels of small yellow flowers; it blooms from June to September depending upon weather conditions. Fennel is known to be a host plant for the Old World swallowtail, Papilio machaon L, and the anise swallow tail, Papilio zelicaon Lucas (Berenbaum 1981h, Wiklund 1975, Scott 1986). -
Butterflies from the Middle Eocene: the Earliest Occurrence of Fossil Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera)
THE PEARCE- SELLARDS Sctks NUMBER 29 BUTTERFLIES FROM THE MIDDLE EOCENE: THE EARLIEST OCCURRENCE OF FOSSIL PAPILIONOIDEA (LEPIDOPTERA) Christopher J. Durden and Hugh Rose 1978 Texas Memorial Museum/2400 Trinity/Austin, Texas 78705 W. W. Newcomb, Director The Pearce-Sellards Series is an occasional, miscellaneous series of brief reports of museum and museum associated field investigations and other research. Its title seeks to commemorate the first two directors of the Texas Memorial Museum, now both deceased: J. E. Pearce and Dr. E. H. Sellards, professors of anthropology and geology respectively, of The University of Texas. A complete list of Pearce-Sellards papers, as well as other publica- tions of the museum, will be sent upon request. BUTTERFLIES FROM THE MIDDLE EOCENE: THE EARLIEST OCCURRENCE OF FOSSIL PAPILIONOIDEA (LEPIDOPTERA) 1 Christopher J. Durden 2 and Hugh Rose 3 ABSTRACT Three fossil butterflies recently collected from the Green River Shale of Colorado extend the known range of Rhopalocera eight to ten million years back, to 48 Ma. Praepapilio Colorado n. g., n. sp., and P. gracilis n. sp. are primitive Papilionidae related to the modern Baronia brevicornis Salvin, but they require a new subfamily, Praepapilioninae. Riodinella nympha n. g., n. sp. is a primitive member of the Lycaenidae, related to modern Ancyluris, Riodina, and Rhetus, in the tribe Riodinidi. INTRODUCTION With approximately 194,000 living species, the Lepidoptera is, after the Coleoptera with some 350,000, species, the second most diverse order of organisms. It is underrepresented in the fossil record (Scudder 1875, 1891, 1892; Handlirsch 1925;Mackay 1970;Kuhne 1973; Shields 1976). -
Black Swallowtail, Papilio Polyxenes
A Horticulture Information article from the Wisconsin Master Gardener website, posted 10 July 2015 Black swallowtail, Papilio polyxenes The black swallowtail – also called the eastern black swallowtail or American swallowtail, and a variety of other colloquial names such as parsley worm – is a common butterfl y found throughout much of North America. Papilio polyxenes is one of many species in the largest genus in the butterfl y family Papilionidae (swallowtails). It ranges from southern Canada to northern South America, but is most common east of the Rocky Mountains. There are several subspecies that occur in Mexico, Central America and South America. It has been designated as the state butterfl y of Oklahoma. Adult black swallowtails are usually found in open areas, such as Black swallow tail is a common butterfl y thoughout eastern North America. fi elds, meadows, parks, wetlands, prairies and sunny backyards. Females tend to be larger than the males, with a wingspan of 3¼ to 4¼ inches. The wings are black with yellow, blue, orange and red markings. On the upper surface there are two rows of yellow spots along the edges, with a powdery iridescent blue area between the two rows and a red eyespot (red circle with a The male blackswallowtail has more black bulls-eye) near noticable yellow and less blue on the wings. the margin of each hind wing. The yellow spots are typically large and bright and the blue not very prominent on males, while females have smaller and lighter colored yellow spots but a prominent The female black swallowtail has more blue area (although some blue and less yellow on the wings. -
The Evolutionary Biology of Herbivorous Insects
GRBQ316-3309G-C01[01-19].qxd 7/17/07 12:07 AM Page 1 Aptara (PPG-Quark) PART I EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS AND SPECIES GRBQ316-3309G-C01[01-19].qxd 7/17/07 12:07 AM Page 2 Aptara (PPG-Quark) GRBQ316-3309G-C01[01-19].qxd 7/17/07 12:07 AM Page 3 Aptara (PPG-Quark) ONE Chemical Mediation of Host-Plant Specialization: The Papilionid Paradigm MAY R. BERENBAUM AND PAUL P. FEENY Understanding the physiological and behavioral mecha- chemistry throughout the life cycle are central to these nisms underlying host-plant specialization in holo- debates. Almost 60 years ago, Dethier (1948) suggested that metabolous species, which undergo complete development “the first barrier to be overcome in the insect-plant relation- with a pupal stage, presents a particular challenge in that ship is a behavioral one. The insect must sense and discrim- the process of host-plant selection is generally carried out inate before nutritional and toxic factors become opera- by the adult stage, whereas host-plant utilization is more tive.” Thus, Dethier argued for the primacy of adult [AQ2] the province of the larval stage (Thompson 1988a, 1988b). preference, or detection and response to kairomonal cues, Thus, within a species, critical chemical, physical, or visual in host-plant shifts. In contrast, Ehrlich and Raven (1964) cues for host-plant identification may differ over the course reasoned that “after the restriction of certain groups of of the life cycle. An organizing principle for the study of insects to a narrow range of food plants, the formerly repel- host-range evolution is the preference-performance hypoth- lent substances of these plants might . -
Amphiesmeno- Ptera: the Caddisflies and Lepidoptera
CY501-C13[548-606].qxd 2/16/05 12:17 AM Page 548 quark11 27B:CY501:Chapters:Chapter-13: 13Amphiesmeno-Amphiesmenoptera: The ptera:Caddisflies The and Lepidoptera With very few exceptions the life histories of the orders Tri- from Old English traveling cadice men, who pinned bits of choptera (caddisflies)Caddisflies and Lepidoptera (moths and butter- cloth to their and coats to advertise their fabrics. A few species flies) are extremely different; the former have aquatic larvae, actually have terrestrial larvae, but even these are relegated to and the latter nearly always have terrestrial, plant-feeding wet leaf litter, so many defining features of the order concern caterpillars. Nonetheless, the close relationship of these two larval adaptations for an almost wholly aquatic lifestyle (Wig- orders hasLepidoptera essentially never been disputed and is supported gins, 1977, 1996). For example, larvae are apneustic (without by strong morphological (Kristensen, 1975, 1991), molecular spiracles) and respire through a thin, permeable cuticle, (Wheeler et al., 2001; Whiting, 2002), and paleontological evi- some of which have filamentous abdominal gills that are sim- dence. Synapomorphies linking these two orders include het- ple or intricately branched (Figure 13.3). Antennae and the erogametic females; a pair of glands on sternite V (found in tentorium of larvae are reduced, though functional signifi- Trichoptera and in basal moths); dense, long setae on the cance of these features is unknown. Larvae do not have pro- wing membrane (which are modified into scales in Lepi- legs on most abdominal segments, save for a pair of anal pro- doptera); forewing with the anal veins looping up to form a legs that have sclerotized hooks for anchoring the larva in its double “Y” configuration; larva with a fused hypopharynx case. -
Natural History of Fiji's Endemic Swallowtail Butterfly, Papilio Schmeltzi
32 TROP. LEPID. RES., 23(1): 32-38, 2013 CHANDRA ET AL.: Life history of Papilio schmeltzi NATURAL HISTORY OF FIJI’S ENDEMIC SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY, PAPILIO SCHMELTZI (HERRICH-SCHAEFFER) Visheshni Chandra1, Uma R. Khurma1 and Takashi A. Inoue2 1School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, The University of the South Pacific, Private Bag, Suva, Fiji. Correspondance: [email protected]; 2Japanese National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ôwashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan Abstract - The wild population of Papilio schmeltzi (Herrich-Schaeffer) in the Fiji Islands is very small. Successful rearing methods should be established prior to any attempts to increase numbers of the natural population. Therefore, we studied the biology of this species. Papilio schmeltzi was reared on Micromelum minutum. Three generations were reared during the period from mid April 2008 to end of November 2008, and hence we estimate that in nature P. schmeltzi may have up to eight generations in a single year. Key words: Papilio schmeltzi, Micromelum minutum, life cycle, larval host plant, developmental duration, morphological characters, captive breeding INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Most of the Asia-Pacific swallowtail butterflies P. schmeltzi was reared in a screened enclosure from mid (Lepidopera: Papilionidae) belonging to the genus Papilio are April 2008 to end of November 2008. The enclosure was widely distributed in the tropics (e.g. Asia, Papua New Guinea, designed to provide conditions as close to its natural habitat as Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Fiji and possible and was located in an open area at the University of Samoa). -
Japanese Papilio Butterflies Puddle Using Na Detected by Contact
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Naturwissenschaften (2012) 99:985–998 DOI 10.1007/s00114-012-0976-3 ORIGINAL PAPER Japanese Papilio butterflies puddle using Na+ detected by contact chemosensilla in the proboscis Takashi A. Inoue & Tamako Hata & Kiyoshi Asaoka & Tetsuo Ito & Kinuko Niihara & Hiroshi Hagiya & Fumio Yokohari Received: 11 July 2012 /Revised: 1 October 2012 /Accepted: 3 October 2012 /Published online: 9 November 2012 # The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Many butterflies acquire nutrients from non- where the concentrations of K+,Ca2+, and/or Mg2+ were nectar sources such as puddles. To better understand how higher than that of Na+. This suggests that K+,Ca2+, and male Papilio butterflies identify suitable sites for puddling, Mg2+ do not interfere with the detection of Na+ by the Papilio we used behavioral and electrophysiological methods to butterfly. Using an electrophysiological method, tip record- examine the responses of Japanese Papilio butterflies to ings, receptor neurons in contact chemosensilla inside the Na+,K+,Ca2+, and Mg2+. Based on behavioral analyses, proboscis evoked regularly firing impulses to 1, 10, and + + 2+ these butterflies preferred a 10-mM Na solution to K ,Ca , 100 mM NaCl solutions but not to CaCl2 or MgCl2.The and Mg2+ solutions of the same concentration and among a dose–response patterns to the NaCl solutions were different tested range of 1 mM to 1 M NaCl. We also measured the ion among the neurons, which were classified into three types.