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Home , Arsenal Academy, Castle Pinckney, Charleston Arsenal, Chasseur, Coatee, Palmetto Regiment

CHAPTER 51 * *

South Carolina is one of the oldest states of the Union, and in the period before the Civil War occupied a position of leadership, especially in the South, far beyond her resources of population or wealth could account for. The state was divided economically and socially into two regions: the Low Country below the fall line, dominated by a planter aristocracy of wealth and political power; and the Up Country with its gradually emerging electorate of yeoman farmers. Her population in 1860 was 291,300 whites and 402,406 Negro slaves; there were some 141 Negroes to every 100 whites at the time. Although slave ownership was concentrated in the hands of a tiny but powerful minority, the property-owning white electorate as a whole remained unanimously pro-slavery throughout the 1850's. Furthermore, most South Carolinians were avowed secessionists-the state had indicated its sentiment in this direction as far back as 1832 by issuing an Ordinance of Nullification, and again in 1852 at the first Secession Convention. The only difference of opinion among her leaders was one of strategy: some advocating leaving the Union at once, others cautioning it be done only in conjunction with other Southern states. The legislature had in 1850 begun to prepare for secession and war, but its efforts during the next four years were more in the field of rhetoric than realism. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, however, renewed the state's determination to declare itself independent, and the election of Lincoln as President tipped the scales in favor of immediate secession. Charleston was at once the seaport, metropolis and social center of the state. In population it had no near rival in South Carolina and contained the only sizeable number of foreign immigrants in the state. Much of the "foreign" population of the state, and of Charleston itself, had actually arrived generations earlier; by 1860 the flow of immigrants had slowed to a trickle. Many of the older immigrant groups continued to live in distinctive colonies and preserve their native ways. This was reflected in the Volunteer Militia; among the military companies of Charleston were the Irish Volunteers, formed prior to 1822; the Scottish Union , organized in 1807; and the German , which carried its history back to 1775. In any other state in the South it would have been unusual to find such "foreign" companies older than 1840. In the 1850's South Carolina employed the dual militia system. Its beat, or common militia, comprised some 46 regiments of "Heavy Infantry," almost entirely unarmed, ununiformed and untrained. Its Volunteer Militia consisted of around 80 companies of light infantry, - --. -. -- .-

Fig. 364. "Military of Charleston. S.C.," 1861. The multi-national aspect of the militia of Charleston is readily apparent in this contemporary woodcul reprinted from LaBree's Pictorial Barrles. i i riflemen and . The LD or so Charleston compantes were rmrly well organlzea into higher commands; the others were just commencing to emerge from the "independent company" status. There was not, howeveriquite the-sharp distinction between the two classes of militia that was so obvious by the 1850's in man ~yother !states: Sc ~uthCart 'alr~ companies, of which there were over 50 in 1855, wer e conside:red to be :Volunte :erS but st ome were indifferently uniformed and loosely organized. Notwithstanding the presence of thk L$d.common militis divisions, brigades and regi- ments-even in Charleston itself-a start had been made toward the organization of Volunteer regiments and battalions. The 1st Regiment of Artillery of Charleston was the eldest by far, for it was descended from the Charleston Ancient Battalion of Artillery, organized i nd a regiment since 1797. Despite its reduction in companies in the 1830's and the c the regiment to a battalion in 1842, by 1843 it was again designated a regiment. The ~~l~~~ston Rifle Battalion was formed in 1853. and similar Volunteer battalions were established in Columbia (1854) and Beaufort (1858). Several of the independent companies in the state >" , ,. , : , . 'I /I boasted'ancient lineages. - Most unusual of all the South ~amlina'conunands&as the 17th Militia 1nfanVy~c~imentof Charleston, a Heavy Infantry unit, all of whose elements were uniformed volunteers. Some of the companies, furthermore, were amongthe oldest in the state: the German Fusiliers, as has been said, dated from 1775; and five others carriedtheirhistories back to the 1820's or earlier. There was, in brief, no shortage of ancient corps in Charleston nor; for that matter, in the stak '. . I . 1'" at large. . .L:+ y,,,, 'south darolina also boasted one of the celebiated military ackdemies of the South, com- monly called , It dated from 1842 when the legislature converted the Arsenal at Columbia and the Citadel and Magilzine at Charleston into military schools. Originally they were intended as two distinct institutions, but in time cadets attended the Arsenal fdr their first year's instructioh, and then went to the Citadel for the remaining three years. On 28 January 1861 the legislature combined the twd sbhools into the South Carolina Military Academy, but with the provision that each academy was to retairl its original name. Collectively, the cadet corps at both'academies was designaied as the EIattdion of State Cadets. This battalion was apparently never assembled as such during the Civil War, although the cadets of each academy saw periods of active service. Hostilities achially opened on9 January 1861 when the Star of the West was fired on by served by Citadel cadets under Major P. F. Stevens. The last shots of the war in South Carolina were probably those fired at Captain J. P. Thomas' company of cadets, a fed miles north of Williamston on 1 May 1865. ~braham~incoln'selection as President 'in November 1860 was the signal for South Carolina to leave the Union. On'17 December the legislature authorized Governor Francis W. Pickens to call from the militia, or receive as volunteers, men and units sufficient to create an active force of sixteen iilfahtry regiments;four squadrons (or two regiments) of , the 1st Regiment of Artillery of Charleston, .md the artillery. companies'of Columbia, Georgetown, and Beaufort. ' Shortly thereafter--on '20 ~ecember-&uth darolina seceeded, &d a we& later Major Robert Anderson, U:S. Army, made his mjidnight rr .from to the stronger . The die was now cast. * -,,* , ,, Immediately after ~nderson'smove Oovemor "Pickensord ered - elen&&s of the ist Regi- ment of Rifles and the 1st Regiment 6f ~rtillery'to'seize and ga~$son Ca:stle Pinclcney, and Fort < . . ultrie. Within a n he' VoluriteerSMili ngth and were bej :red into active st

lent of otller "Volu he. goven. -. nor calla

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E as the "I outh Canolina,", th Fig. 366, Washing ry* Charleston, Sbeth C 51. Woodcut from Harpei 's Weekly, 2 February for one year. Recruiting began at once ,ma by early rebruary mere.. naa been msea: 1st Regiment of Infantry (Andetson's 1st Regulars), 1st Battalion of Artillery (Ripley's), and Major Lucas' Dismounted Dragoon Battalion. ' Simultaneously the governor issued a call for eight one-year infantry regimentsi These were raised in the main in rural areas and more by individual volunteering than by the incorporation of existing companies. The number of units'was subsequently increased and resulted in the Ist- 11 th Regiments of Volunteers. On 2; the 2nd (Palmetto) Regir nent was considered a reconstitution of the Palmetto Reg$ment rais,ed in South Carolina in 1$$46 for ttie Mexican War, Seven were organized in time to.- 2-t-A uure paifhi- the . Two other commands were formed in the first four months of the w ar. One *as the I1st (Orr's) Regiment of Rifles, the fmt regiment raised "fo s and dur bing the Hrar.'! It w as made 1 of lheh from the extreme westefn pM of the state. The.A orner-.led. was."--.. *LAme celebrateuA namp~dntTl;u-r Legion, raised and commanded by Coldnel Wade Han ilptoti wh ~icheven tudly comprised ati infantry battalion, a cavalry battalion of four CompanieS,, and two batteries'of artillery. So great was Hampton's popularity that 73 cornpaides are said to have ask ed to be atdmitted 1to its ranl ts. A large amount of money was expend(:d upon ir kent, muc :hof it co:ming fro1n Hmptlon himself. South Carolina had raised the regiments listed above first for its own defense as a sovereign state and later in response to calls from the Confederate War Department. On 30 June Governor Pickens summed up what had been accomplished by that time. Ten infantry regiments had been mustered into Confederate service and seven of these sent to Virginia; three, plus the two regular battalions, were being retained in South Carolina for local defense; four infantry regiments and Hampton's Legion were still being formed. "I can get men a plenty," he wrote, "but the difficulty will be as to arms." These figures did not include the Volunteer Militia under arms-"about 1,800 men, well medand equipped, in the city [Charleston] . . . the best trained troops in the State . . . in many respects equal to regulars." For these Governor Pickens planned "a thorough reorganization."

Actually,~. by then he had released most of the Volunteer Militia from active duty; thereafter, as individuals and by companies, they joined the new war regiments. Only one regiment, apparently, entered Confederate service as a unit: the 17th Militia reorganized as the 1st (Charleston) Battalion in 1862 and was mustered in as such. Some Volunteer corps continued in existence as home guards, seeing intermittent active duty until the end of the war. By the end of September 1861, the South Carolina troops mustered into the Confederate service consisted of 1 legion, 13 regiments of infantry, and 1 battalion of artillery. Of these, the legion and nine infantry regiments were serving in Virginia. In the late summer and fall a reluctance to send troops out of the state appeared as a result of an expected attack on the coast. Seeking a base on the Southern coast, Federal forces seized Port Royal to the south of Charleston, in November 1861 and held the area throughout the war. Such was the alarm over the fall of Port Royal that the Secession Convention was reassembled as an emergency measure. By creating an all powerful executive council it virtually superseded the regular state government. This council revamped the military organization, declared a state conscription, provided for the manufacture of munitions, impressed slaves for military construction, and introduced various harsh measures, much to the displeasure of many individuals in the state. Its rule lasted until December 1862, when the Convention decreed its own dissolution. Despotic as its rule may have seemed, the executive council accomplished a great deal toward placing the state on a war footing. The executive council created two "corps of reserves" for state defense. The first, composed of men between the ages of 35 and 50, was liable for active service anywhere the state needed them. The second corps, intended primarily for local patrol duty, was comprised of men within the age groups of 16 to 18 and 50 to 65. By the end of August 1862 ten regiments of the First conscription law of September 1862, which tehed the organization of the Corps, but an s &ire to be received into Confederate service rvice was for.90 d&, after which those between 35 and 45

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C1. . akeh byihe. council. 11 ordered the fknnation between.thk 'agek'bf 16 rind 65. he companies' t, .- *.,, y had ac&s t6 arbs kept at court hokes, and' .. . : -. - ..j < .,,.. ekks' under threat of ko$rt martial. Doctors,

. . Fig. 367. Charleston Cadets (McClellan ). 1861. Gray chasseur-style with red trim and red forage , leather greaves and white . MI841 US rifles. From photographs. by Frederick P. Todd. ministers and even members of the legislature were liable for service. The only exemptions were judges, council members, and a few other groups. Operations around Charleston harbor began in March 1863 and continued intermittently until the end of the war. Fort Sumter was subjected to three major and eight minor bombard- ments by the Federal fleet and land batteries. This prolonged seige, with other Union pressures along the coast line, demanded that a sizeable Confederate force be kept in that region; and it followed that South Carolina was required to supply a large percentage of these troops. On 18 February 1863, Governor Milledge L. Bonham, in response to a call from General Beauregard, called out the militia ordering regimental commanders to form companies out of those between the ages of 16 and 18, and from 40 to 50. Companies formed out of the districts of the 4th Brigade and the loth, 14th, 15th, and 39th Regiments were placed on duty at Charleston; the remainder of the companies were ordered to hold themselves in readiness to move at a moment's notice. Actually the militia assembled at Charleston were the lst, 4th, and 10th Regiments of the First Corps of Reserves, reported in March 1863 as being under a "new organization." In May 1863 General Beauregard, commanding the Charleston defenses, was ordered to send Gist's and W.H.T.Walker's brigades of some 5,000 men to support General Johnston in the Vicksburg Campaign. To replace these troops, at President Davis' request, Governor Bonharn on 16 June ordered five regiments of infantry to be raised by drafts from the 45 enrolled militia regimental districts, to serve for a period of six months. By September 1863, the 1st-5th Regiments of State Troops were organized and placed on duty in the Charleston area.

, In August 1863 Governor Bonham attempted to organize a small state force of mounted infantry, but met with little success. In the fall the legislature authorized the raising of a permanent volunteer force of at least two regiments of infantry, one of which was to be mounted, and a proportionate force of cavalry and artillery, but efforts to organize these troops seem to have been futile. Brigadier General James Chesnut, Jr., former chief of the Dept. of the Military, on 30 April 1864 was assigned the task of organizing the state's reserve forces, required by the act passed by the Confederate Congress on 17 February 1864. General Chesnut reported on 23 June that he had gathered 37 companies and formed them into 8 battalions. In addition to these, ten companies were formed from the detailed men in workshops and other installations at Columbia. Following the Civil War no active militia organization was permitted in South Carolina until after 1872. Nevertheless, veterans of the Washington Light Infantry of Charleston formed a charitable association early in 1866 and five years later had a rifle club. Other old Charleston commands followed , and in early 1873 some seven such rifle clubs paraded in uniform on Washington's Birthday.

Clothing

Uniforms for the South Carolina militia were officially prescribed in 1840, and these regulations had not been amended by 1860. The state uniforms as detailed therein were almost exact copies of those prescribed for the U.S. Army, only buttons, insignia and pompons differed. Yet, as was so often the case, the uniforms prescribed had little to do with reality; they were rarely worn and then chiefly by higher ranking officers of the beat militia. By 1860 the styles were definitely out of and were being observed in spirit rather than in detail. The reason, of course, lay in the usual provision that Volunteer companies could select what uniforms they desired. And this they certainly did, especially in Charleston. It will not be possible here to describe all the many and varied styles of dress seen in the city during the 1850's. They reflected the national origins of their wearers-French, German, Irish and Scottish--just as they did in other cities with immigrant populations. Here we must confine ourselves to a few of the older corps and to those whose uniforms foreshadowed styles to come. Among the oldest companies in Charleston was the Washington Light Infantry, formed in 1807, the year the British ship Leopard attacked the Chesapeake. By 1856 its dress uniform was a dark blue coatee with three rows of ball buttons connected by black silk cord, wings of blue and white with gold fringe, red , dark blue pants with red and yellow stripes, and a dark blue dress cap with red pompon. Around this cap ran the company's traditional band of leopard skin. The German Artillery (1842) wore a somewhat similar dress but with a leather of the Prussian pattern, while the German Fusiliers probably had the regulation U.S. Army infantry dress uniform of the 1840's with some modifications. One of the interesting new companies of the pre-Civil War period was the Charleston Zouave Cadets, a corps patterned after the Zouave Cadets of Chicago with strong emphasis on physical fitness and temperance. It had two uniforms, both of gray trimmed with red. The first, or "undress," comprised a shell , straight pants, red "cadet" forage cap, and white belts. The second was its "winter" or "zouave" dress---of full chasseur pattern with russet leather and black belts. Officers wore blue frock with both. Outside of Charleston another style of garment was popular: a loose or overshirt with fairly high collar, often pleated in front and probably made of cotton. One example, at least, was gray and trimmed around the with a broad band of green. It made a fine fatigue dress and most if not all companies of Gregg's 1st Infantry wore such . Even before October 1860, the Charleston companies were commencing to think about the adoption of fatigue clothing, and in this they were prompted by the several military outfitting houses in Charleston. Steele & Company, "military hatters," advertised a large stock of forage , adding: "There is no use of being killed in a Ten Dollar ." H. Koppel had supplied "cheap, excellent and serviceable" fatigue uniforms, made of a "Southern fabric," to a half dozen or more companies by December. On the 18th of that month the Charleston Mercury commented that "the majority of our volunteer military companies in Charleston have been, for five or six weeks past, preparing themselves for the contingency of war, by . . . changing their stylish uniforms for more serviceable articles of clothing." Most of the new fatigue uniforms were made of some shade of gray cloth, but there the similarity ended. William H. Russell, the correspondent for The Times of London wrote on 21 April 1861:

At the present moment, Charleston is like a place in the neighborhood of a camp where military and volunteer tailors are at work trying experiments in uniforms, and sending their animated models for inspection. There is an endless variety--often of ugliness-in dress and equipment and nomenclature among these companies. The head-dress is generally, however, a smart cap like the French ; the tunic is of different cuts, colors, facings, and materials-green with gray and yellow, gray with orange and black and white, blue with white and yellow facings, roan, brown, burnt sienna and olive-, frocks, tunics, blouses, cloth, linen, tweed, flannel. The officers are generally in blue frocks, with red , the rank being indicated by gold lace parallelograms on the shoulder straps, which are like those in use in the Russian my.

The troops mustered into state service under the act of 17 December 1860 had been authorized "two of clothes, two caps and two pairs of ," and on 25 January following, the Quartermaster General of South Carolina advertised for "Dark grey cloth, suitable for making uniforms for the troops" and for home sewing "on the one thousand uniforms wanted for Col. Gregg's Regiment." A soldier of this regiment, writing from its Fig. 368. Hampton Legion, South Carolina Volunteers, 1861: Cavalryman, Company C, brown hat, black plume, gray jacket with yellow trim, sky blue , dark blue standard with white designs and letters; Artillerymnn. Barrery A, black oilcloth cover on cap, untrimmed light gray jacket and trousers, red over white guidon with white and red leners; Infantry Colorbearer, brown hat, light gray frock with sky blue collar, cuffs and chevrons, light trousers with black stripe, red , yellow leather gaiters, dark blue Legion Color with white designs, gold fringe, purple rosette and ties on spearhead with gold knots and tassels. From descriptions, by Frederick P. Todd. Fig. 369. Private, "Palmetto Guards," Company A. 1st Battalion South Carolina Siege Artillery, c. 1863. Dark (red?) cap with brass palmetto insignia over crossed cannon and "PC,light gray sack coat with (red?) braid trim on collar and cuffs, light gray trousers. From photograph, by Michael J. McAfee. camp on Sullivan's Island a few days later, told of dress parades being held and added: "One rumor now is that the State will supply each soldier with a uniform." Thus commenced the state's issue of clothing, but nowhere are any of these uniforms described in detail. In February 1861 bids went out for making 1,000 suits: "plain Frock Coats and Pantaloons, of woolen." An early 1861 photograph shows a member of Gregg's regiment wearing a gray single-breasted with edging around the collar, and a gray forage cap with the numeral "1" in front. Estimates of clothing on hand by the state's Quartermaster General's Bureau on 1 January 1862 listed: 4,736 "coats," 1,420 , 4,452 pants, 9,577 ; while a listing of state clothing destroyed by fire at Manassas in 1862 listed: 413 "Uniform Coats," 118 "Uniform Pants," and 288 felt . Between 1 January and 30 June 1862 South Carolina issued her soldiers: 4,830 coats 1,765 caps 3,172 overcoats 2,371 hats 5,210 pants 5,400 prs. of 11,528 shirts 7,500 prs. of shoes These figures (from the Quartermaster General's report) clearly indicate that not all her troops received state clothing. The report does not list jackets, yet they were commonly seen on South Carolina troops in 1861 and 1862.

Insignia

An entire chapter could be devoted to the coat of arms of South Carolina. The arms adopted in 1776 were unusually complex and overflowing with symbolism. By 1850, for practical use on insignia, the device had been simplified into three main elements: a palmetto tree, two oval shields bearing mottoes and resting against the tree, and the ground on which these stood and which usually bore the date "1776." The palmetto was the most important and indispensable element, and was widely used on state insignia, buttons and flags. A full scale palmetto, worked in bronze, stands today on the capitol grounds in Columbia in memory of the of the Mexican War. Rectangular and circular belt buckles, and circular breast plates, bearing the palmetto device exist in several variations. The device was also used in cut-out form as a hat insignia (replacing the national "eagle"), on of forage caps, and elsewhere. For some reason, the palmetto device used on South Carolina military buttons differed from the usual belt and cap plate insignia in several details. Going back to the original design, the button makers picked up "twelve spears proper, and bound crosswise to the stem of the Palmetto, their points raised." These they reduced to two, crossed and tied to the trunk of the tree. They also found specified in the old arms "a tom-up oak-tree, its branches lopped off, prostrate" (symbolizing England), lying at the base of the palmetto, and put in what looked like a stick of cord wood to represent it. The "1776" was omitted, as were the oval shields, unless what seem to be cocoanuts hanging from the tree on some buttons are meant to be shields. The state button with the palmetto and motto "Animis Opibusque Parati" originated with the Nullification issue of 1832, when South Carolina threatened to leave the Union and establish herself as an independent nation. These buttons, designed and ordered as a badge of defiance and for use in the state's contemplated army, were adopted for the militia after the Nullification matter had been settled. The 1839 dress regulations for the militia prescribed gilt convex buttons, seven-eight's of an inch in diameter with the "palmetto device," for artillery and general officers of cavalry. The same button, but silver plated was ordered for field officers of cavalry and infantry; silver plated flat buttons three-quarters of an inch in diameter, with the palmetto device, were prescribed for infantry company officers. The palmetto button was widely worn through the 1850's and the Civil War. Russell of the Times, mentioned earlier, reported the soldiers he saw in Charleston in April 1861 wore "lead buttons stamped with the palmetto-tree." Battlefield recoveries of them are frequent. Exam- ples manufactured in Waterbury, Conn., and other places in the North, in Europe, and in South Carolina itself during the Civil War, are found in present day collections. Although a dozen or more variations in design have been pointed out, the palmetto button as worn in our period fell into two basic types. Both showed the palmetto, the arrows and the log, and both carried the motto in a semicircle around the bottom. But one type bore the letters "SC," separated by the trunk of the tree, while the other did not. The reason for the two types is not known. Two quite different and rare South Carolina buttons (Albert, SC 77 and 78) remain unidentified. During the Civil War an oval brass belt plate was produced bearing the letters "SC"; it closely resembled the regulation U.S. Army plate in size and construction. Several Volunteer Militia commands used distinctive insignia. On the front of the dress caps of the Carolina Light Infantry were the brass letters "CLI" within a wreath. The Georgetown Rifle Guards wore "GRG" on their caps beneath a plain palmetto; the Lafayette Artillery had a brass rectangular belt plate with "LA" in white metal on either side of a palmetto; whereas the Washington Light Infantry used a brass five-pointed star on the rear of their caps to retain its leopard skin band. The early volunteer regiments were issued a brass "SCV" pin with which to fasten up their felt hat brims. According to the Charleston Daily Courier of 1 May 1861, when the first South Carolina troops arrived in Richmond "the magic 'S.C.V.' on the headpiece [was] current everywhere for a julip." Following secession it became popular for civilians in South Carolina to wear a "secession cockade." Contemporary engravings show them fixed to the left side of dress hats and doubtless they were worn elsewhere, perhaps even by military men. There is one in the Battle Abbey, Richmond, Va. It was made of palmetto leaves (now yellowed) and light blue silk, and had a small brass state button in the center.

Small Arms and Accouterments

In a fitful manner, during the decade or so before the Civil War, South Carolina had striven to build up an arsenal of . This unusual step was occasioned, of course, by her threats to secede from the Union and assume responsibility for her own defense. Until then, in common with other states, she had relied solely on the general government for weapons and accouterments. The legislature, noted usually for its parsimony, in December 1850 took some steps to prepare for secession and possible war. Taxes were increased by 50 percent, a Board of Ordnance was created and given $300,000, and some reorganization of the militia was attempted. One outcome of this effort was an agreement with William Glaze and Benjamin Flagg, the former of Columbia, to manufacture small arms within the state. A contract was awarded for sabers, swords, muskets, rifles and pistols; the firm procured the required machinery through Flagg, who came from Millbury, Mass., named its plant the Palmetto Armory, and commenced production in 1852. The weapons were manufactured in that year and in 1853, when production ceased. During the Civil War the factory was in operation, but no small arms were made there. It was eventually destroyed by Sherman's forces in 1865. The exact number of each kind of actually produced at the Palmetto Armory is open to some question, but William A, Albaugh I11 and others have estimated it to be 6,000 smoothbore muskets of the Model 1842; 1,000 Model 1841 rifles; 2,000 Model 1842 single-shot pistols; and possibly a few Model 1840 heavy cavalry sabers. Workmanship was of high quality and today Palmetto Armory weapons are eagerly sought after by collectors. . '

In addition the Palmetto Armory (or William Glaze & Co., as the firm was also called) contracted to convert flintlock muskets then in the South Carolina State Arsenal (almost next 'L , door, in Columbia) to percussion. As many as 5,000 muskets may have been converted in .I y 1852 under this contract. At this point the state ran out of funds and ended its program of rearmanent . The general government maintained an arsenal at Charleston, as well as the fortified works of , Fort Moultrie and Fort Sumter, all in Charleston Harbor. Stored in the were 17,413 muskets of various models, 2,817 rifles and other small arms, accouterments, and 133 pieces of ordnance. The Arsenal was seized by state forces on 31 December 1860, and from these stocks South Carolina secured about 15,000 immediately serviceable muskets and rifles. On 15 July 1861 Governor Pickens summed up the state's situation in small arms for the Confederate Secretary of War. By that time his only reserve consisted of several thousand flintlock muskets which he was having convened and rifled as rapidly as possible for the state's own use that fall. About 11,000 serviceable muskets and rifles were in the hands of South Carolina troops or in the State Arsenal at the end of 1860; Charleston Arsenal had netted about 15,000 more. Of this supply over 20,000 had been furnished regiments mustered into the Confederate Army and since left the state. Only 2,719 muskets and rifles were reported as being on hand on 1 January 1862. Under the energetic efforts of Captain T. W. Radcliffe, who had been appointed as General Agent for the state, several thousand arms which were rightfully state property were collected and hundreds of rifles and doublebarrel shotguns were either purchased or donated by patriotic citizens. A total of 2,535 new Enfield rifles were purchased in Europe. At the end of August 1862, Colonel James Chesnut, Jr., Chief of the Department of the Military, reported that 11,936 muskets and rifles had been procured since 1 January 1862, and that 7,397 had been issued, with 7,710 remaining on hand. From 1 January to 1 July 1862, the following arms were issued by South Carolina to troops sent into the Confederate service:

8 19 Enfield rifles 322 percussion cavalry pistols 141 "State" rifles 332 flintlock cavalry pistols 1,246 rifles, caliber .54 9 Colt navy revolvers 2,321 percussion muskets 1,7 14 cavalry sabers 955 Model 1842 percussion muskets 123 double-barrel shotguns 1,201 altered muskets 5,795 bayonets 40 cadet muskets 1,083 saber bayonets 254 Minie muskets 170 carbines

In February 1862 David Lopez, who had been appointed as General Superintendent for the manufacture and repair of small arms, was instructed to purchase all available machinery and stock necessary for this purpose. A temporary shop was established on the grounds of the "New State House" in Columbia and by 15 August Lopez was able to report that 1,833 muskets and rifles had been repaired and altered to percussion, 874 double-barrel shotguns repaired, and that 1,000 pikes and staves had been manufactured. The only official attempt to manufacture shoulder arms in South Carolina during the Civil War took place at the State Works in Greenville, where the state spent over a half million dollars to build a factory. In early 1862 Lopez arranged for the transfer there of machinery and stock which had been evacuated from Nashville, Tenn. to Atlanta, Ga. Much of the machinery was damaged, and some parts were lost in its removal. An armory was erected, and work got under way in the fall of 1862, continuing for two years. The State Works manufactured shot and shell, gun carriages, and artillery equipment of all sorts. To Greenville came George W. Morse, a mechanical genius, who had been Superinten- dent of the Nashville Armory. At the State Works, Morse produced for South Carolina about 1,000 breechloading rifled carbines. This carbine, with an overall length of 40 inches, was brass framed and had a butternut stock and full length forestock. It embodied the "inside lock" of the smoothbore musket, caliber .71, also made at the State Works, and took a rim-fire metallic cartridge, caliber SO. It was usually marked with a serial number only, but some are known to have been stamped with "Morse" on the brass frame. The Morse "inside lock" musket resembled the Palmetto Armory musket and was marked "Morse's Lock, State Works, Greenville, S.C." To carry the carbine cartridges, black leather cartridge boxes, about 10.5 X 3.75 inches, with brass belt loops, were made; inside were 12 tin tubes, each within a leather sleeve. They were apparently worn in pairs on a web belt, an example of which is extant in the Val Forgett collection (1962). Powered by coal rather than water, the State Works proved to be unprofitable. Skilled labor was difficult to get and late in 1864 the entire plant was offered for sale. What remained of the operation was removed to Columbia.

Colors and Flags

A large number of South Carolina flags survive, but most of them are the sort presented to Volunteer companies of the 1850's and early 1860's. Entirely unregulated, these banners have little in common except their sentimentality and origin in some ladies' sewing circle. Most bear a painted exhortation to loyalty and valor: "Where Honor, Liberty and Our State Calls," for example, or "Guard This Till Our Country's Free; Guard It, God Will Prosper Thee," or, most intriguing of all, "Give Us a Place in the Picture Near the Flashing of the Guns." Flags bearing the state arms or parts thereof were quite uncommon before 1861. In the Mexican War South Carolina's Palmetto Regiment carried a regulation regimental color of blue with the national arms. Not until January 1861 did the legislature, through a joint committee, formally select a state flag; being by then a separate nation South Carolina had to have a national banner. As reported in the Charleston Daily Courier, the choice of the flag did not proceed smoothly. The committee's first announcement described a white flag having a green palmetto tree in its center and "a white crescent in the left upper comer on a square blue field." Further discussion followed especially about the relative virtues of white and blue fields. For a time, apparently, a yellow flag was considered, but on 28 January the committee adopted a blue flag "with a golden Palmetto, upright, upon a white oval in the centre thereof, and a white crescent in the upper flagstaff corner." Two days later a resolution was adopted by the legislature providing that the design be simplified to a white crescent and white palmetto on a blue field. This is the state flag today. For some months palmetto flags were carried by South Carolina regiments as their colors and at least one example survives today. The first color of Gregg's 1st Volunteer Infantry, used between February and May 1861, was made of two layers of silk; the obverse was white, 1 embroidered with a green palmetto in the center and a golden crescent in the dexter corner; the reverse was green, embroidered with a large laurel wreath; the fringe was green. The Hampton Legion, while in Richmond, was presented a color by President Davis; it was carried during much of the war. This was also a double flag and very heavy. Its fabric was satin, one side being blue and the other "solferino," and its devices resembled those of the 1st South Carolina, above. Contemporary pictures show still other palmetto flags in military use. Battle flags of at least six volunteer regiments survived the Civil War. All were of the Army of Northern Virginia pattern and presented no unusual features. Several carried battle honors.

ORDER OF BA'ITLE: VOLUNTEER MILITIA

Charleston Light Dragoons (merged into 4th Vol Cav Regt, 1862) Full dress: dark green coatee, wide red plastron, red collar and cuffs, brass bullet buttons, white cloth epaulets; dark green pants with red stripes, or white ; leather cap. brass visor, crest and gorget-shaped plate with national eagle, white horsehair plume. Farigue dress: all white summer uniform worn. 1860: gray jacket, pants and cap; detalls not clear. German (Charleston; merged into 3rd Vol Cav Regt. 1862) Fatigue dress (no details) adopted in 1860. Smndnrd: blue with palmeno in wreath and designation on obverse, painting of soldier and "1859" on reverse. Rutledge Mounted Riflemen (merged into 7th Vol Cav Regt (1864) Fartgue dress: gray jacket, pants and forage cap; brass "R.M.R." on cap. Smith breechloading carbine, Colt navy revolver. MI856 light cav saber. Charleston Rifle Bn Charleston Regt of Rifles 1st Regt of Rifles CS sew: 3 mos, 1861 (Included Washington Light Inf, Moultrie Guards. German Riflemen. Palmetto Riflemen, Meagher Guards, Zouave Cadets, Carolina Light Inf) Comps distinctively uniformed; in 1860 adopted fatigue uniforms, usually of gray. Issued gray "winter uniforms" in Jan 1861. F'resented white regimental color Feb 1861 bearing state arms on obverse and laurel wreath and designation on

1st Regt of Arty (De Saussun's; Wagener's; disb) (Included German Arty, Lafayem Arty, Washington Arty. Marion Arty, Corps of Pioneers)

17th Militia Inf Regt (reorgan) 1st (Charleston) Inf Bn (Gailliard's; merged into 27th Inf Regt) CS sew: 1862-1863 (Included Charleston Riflemen, Palmeno Guard, Irish Vols, Montgomery Guard, German Fusiliers, Union Light Inf, Cadet Riflemen, Sumter Guards, Emmet Vols) Comps distinctively uniformed; in 1860 most adopted fatigue uniforms. ORDER OF BATTLE (continued)

Vols, Charleston Fi Department (Included Vigilant Rifles, Phoenix Rifles, Aetna Guards, Marion Rifles)

Columbia Vol Bn (Included Richland Vol Rifles, Governor's Guards. Carolina Blues. Richland Guards. Columbia Flying Arty, Emmet

St. Helena (or Beaufort) Vol Bn (Included St.'Helena Mounted Riflemen, Beaufort Vol Arty) (There were, in addition, about 50 Vol comps scattered over the state; 2 at least dated back to the 18th century.)

MILITARY SCHOOLS

State Cadets (Thomas'), Arsenal Academy (Columbia) Bn State Cadets (White's), Citadel Academy (Charleston) Uniforms same for both academies. Full dress: cadet gray tail coat, 3 mws of buttons with black herring-bone braid on . chest, cuffs and tails; gray pants with black ship, or white linen pants in summer; black beaver dress cap, patent leather trim, palmetto insignia and black pompon. Fatigue dress: cadet gray jacket and pants with black stripes, gray forage cap

with black band. Gray vest. black lined, authorized. Faculty wore blue frock coat. sky blue pants, blue forage cap. ' . Kings Mountain Military School (Yorkville)

FIRST CORPS OF RESERVES

(Issued state anns and clothing.)

1st Regt (Charleston Reserves; De Treville's) (7) days, 1862; 90 days. 1863 2nd Regt (Cash's) 90 days, 1862-1863 3rd Regt (Elford's) 90 days, 1862-1863

5th Regt (Bacon's) 90 days, 1862-1863 6th Regt (Secrest's) 90 days. 1862-1863 7th Regt (Wilson's) 90 days, ,1862-1863 8th Regt (Witherspoon's) 90 days, 1862-1863 9th Re@ (Williams') 90 days. 1862-1863

1 l th Regt (Ryan's) 90 days, 1862-1863

STATE TROOPS accouterments. Issued knapsacks, haversacks and canteens by CS Ordnance Bureau.) 1st Regt (Robert's; organ from 1st-6th, 8th. 9th, 42nd Regts of Militia) 6 mos, 1863-1864 2nd Regt (Fort's; organ from 7th, 10th-15th 39th, 43rd Regts of Militia) 6 mos, 1863-1864 3rd Regt (Carew's; organ from 16th-19th. 31st-33rd Regts of Militia) 6 mos. 1863-1864 4th Regt (Witherspoon's; organ from 20th-25th. 27th-30th, 44th Regts of Militia) 6 mos. 1863-1864 5th Regt (Wiliams'; organ from 34th-38th. 40th, 41st, 45th, 46th, 26th Regts of Militia) 6 mos. 1863-1864 ENROLLED MILITIA COMMANDS IN ACTIVE SERVICE

Harlce's Legion (disb)

VOLUNTEER LEGIONS

Hampton Legion Inf ( Bn enlarged to regt 1862) Comps distinctively dressed at first, some in gay frock coat, others in green blouse; brown felt hat, looped up on left side, commonly 'worn. No comp flags carried after midJuly 1861; bn color blue with white palmetto and crescent, reverse solferino (fuchsia) with designation inside wreath. Cav Bn (transferred to 2nd Vol Cav Reg1 1862) Comps distinctively dressed. Arty Bn (uaosferred out 1862) Washington Any Vols (Hart's Btry) wore gray forage cap, jacket, and pants; had oval waist belt plate; comp presented silk swallow-tail guidon with embroidered palmetto on one side, and "Right Shall Make Might! Washington Artillery," on the other. Holcombe Legion (Steven's) Inf Regt (Elliott's, Crawley's) 1862-1865: gray jacket. pants. and cap; some wore hats. Initially armed in 1861 with percussion and flintlock muskets, and some Mississippi rifles; replaced largely with Enfield rifles in 1862. Cav Bn (Shingler's; expanded and designated 7th Vol Cav Regt 1864)

VOLUNTEER CAVALRY

2nd Rep (Butler's; formed from 4th Cav Bn and Cav Bn Hampton's Legion)

, 2nd Bn: see 8th and 14th Cav Bns 3rd Regt (Colcock's; formed from 8th Cav Bn) 3rd Bn: see 4th and 10th Cav Bns 4th Regt (Rutledge's; formed from 10th and 12th Cav Bns) Armed with Enfield short pattern rifles. sabers, and some revolvers. 1864: received government McClellan pattern

6th Regt (Aiken's; also known as 1st Rcgt Partisan Rangers; fonned from 16th Cav Bn) 1864: anned with Enfield rifles and sabers. ORDER OF BAlTLE (continued)

7th Regt (Haskell's; formed from Cav Bn, Holcombe Legion) 8th Bn (also called 2nd Cav Bn; merged into 3rd Cav Regt) 10th Bn (Adams'; also called 2nd Cav Bn and 3rd Cav Bn; merged into 4th Cav Regt) 12th Bn (Emanuel's; also called 4th Squadron; merged into 4th Cav Regt) 14th Bn (Felder's; formerly called 2nd Cav Bn: also known as 1st Cav Bn; merged into 5th Cav Regt) 1861-1863 15th Bn: see 15th Heavy Arty Bn 16th Bn (also known as 16th Bn Partisan Rangers; me~gedinto 6th Cav Regt) 1% Bn (Trenholm's; formed from Kirk's Squadron De Saussure's Squadron Dismounted Dragoon Bn: see 15th Heavy Arty Bn

VOLUNTEER ARTILLERY

1st Bn (Regulars; expanded) 1st Regt (Calhoun's, Rhen's) Gray jacket or frock coat, pants, and forage cap, all trimmed wtih red; officers wore red cap with gold braid trim, and white linen suits with brass bunons, as undress in summer. 1864: 3 comps armed with Enfield rifles and Springfield muskets. 2nd Bn (Lamar's; expanded) 2nd Regt (Frederick's) Dec 1863: armed largely with converted muskets, in good condition, and some cadet muskets; accouterments in good

3rd Regt (Butler's; formerly 1st [Regular] Inf Regt) 3rd Bn (White's; also known as Palmetto Bn Light Arty) Dec 1863: Comp E anned with Austrian and other muskets; Comp I anned with Mississippi rifles in bad condition. 15th Heavy Arty Bn (Lucas'; formerly Dismounted Dragoon Bn) Dec 1863: largely armed with muskets in good condition. 18th Heavy Arty Bn (Manigault's; South Carolina Siege Train)

VOLUNTEER INFANTRY

1st (Regular) Regt (Anderson's; converted to 3rd Vol Arty Regt Initially uniformed in dark gray frock coat and pants. 1st Regt (Gregg's; mustered out 1861; reorgan) Initially wore gray single-breasted frock coat, pants, and forage cap, all trimmed in blue; by 1862 most of regt won gray jacket, pants, and cap, with blue trim. First color carried had white obverse with embroidered green palmetto and gold crescent; reverse was green with laurel wreath and designation; green fringe. 1st Regt (Hagood's) Issued "short gray blouse" in April 1861, and partly armed by the state. Carried flag presented by ladies of Barnwell until 1862, afterwards carried ANV battle flag. 1st Regt (Rifles (Orr's Rifles) 1st Bn (Charleston Bn Gailliard's): see 17th Militia Inf Regt. VOLUNTEER MILITIA 1st Bn Sharpshooters (Abney's; merged into 27th Inf Regt) 2nd Regt (Palmetto Regt; Kershaw's; consol with 201h Inf Regt and part of Blanchard's Reserves 1865) 1861-1865 Initial color white; obverse had white palmetto embroidered on a blue union and crescent in opposite comer; reverse had designation inside wreath of honeysuckles and roses. 2nd Regt Rifles (Moore's; formed from 5th Bn Rifles) 2nd Bn Sharpshooters (Smith's; disb) 3rd Regt (Williams'; consol 1865 with 8th Inf Regt, 3rd Inf Bn, and part of Blanchard's Reserves to form [New] 3rd Inf Regt) 3rd Bn (Laurens'; merged into [New] 3rd Inf Regt) ORDER OF BATTLE (continued) rr-4th Regt (Sloan's; disb) 1861-1862 4th Bn: see 13th Inf Bn 5th Regt (Jenkins') 1861-1865 5th Bn Rifles (also called 1st Inf Bn; reorgan as 2nd Regt Rifles) 1861-1862 6th Regt (Winder's) 1861-1865 6th Bn (Byrd's; consol with 9th Inf Bn to form 26th Inf Regt) 1862 7th Regt (Bacon's; consol 1865 with 15th Inf Reg; and part of Blanchard's Reserves to form [New] 7th Inf Regt) 1861-1865 7th Bn (Rion's; also called Enfield Rifles) 1862-1865 8th Regt (Cash's; merged into [New] 3rd Inf Regt) 1861-1865 9th Regt (Blanding's; also called 2nd Inf Regt; broken up) 1861-1862 9th Bn (Smith's; also called Pee Dee Legion; consol with 6th Inf Bn to form 26th Inf Regt) 1862 10th Regt (consol 1865 with 19th Inf Regt to form Walker's Inf Bn) 1861-1865 Comps A,B ,E, and K uniformed themselves; government furnished "good serviceable" uniforms to othercomps. Comp A armed with Enfield rifle, Comp B had Mississippi rifle, Comp E had Harpers Ferry rifled musket; others had smoothbore muskets; after Nov 1864 entire regt had Enfield rifles. 10th & 19th Consol Regt (temporary organ) 1863 1lth Regt (Hayward's; also known as 9th Inf Regt) 1861-1865 1lth Bn (Eutaw Bn; merged into 25th Inf Regt) 1862 12th Regt (Dunovant's) 1861-1865 In mid-1864 principally armed with rifle musket, cal .58. One comp had muskets, cal .69; one Whitworth rifle in regt. Men wore camidge box on shoulder belt, waist belt, knapsack, haversack, cap pouch and bayonet scabbard. Apparently some belts made of canvas. 13th Regt (Edwards') 1861-1865 Adjutant wore double-breasted gray coat with gold braid and 9 small brass buttons on under-seam of each sleeve. 13th Bn (Manison's; also called 4th Inf Bn; consol into 2 comps which became Comps I and K. Hampton Legion)1862 14th Regt (McGowen's) 1861-1865 15th Regt (De Saussure's) 1861-1865 16th Regt (Greenville Regt; consol 1865 with 24th Inf Regt to form 16th & 24th Consol Regt) 1861-1865 Dee 1861: regt poorly armed; no bayonet scabbards or cartridge boxes. 17th Re@ (McMaster's) 1861-1865 Dec 1861: regt (7 comps) armed with 75 percussion muskets and 415 unserviceable flintlocks, 75 cartridge boxes and bayonet scabbards, and no knapsacks. 18th Regt (Wallace's) 1862-1 865 19th Regt (Moragne's) 1862-1865 Clothing issues in 1862 included caps, hats, jackets, and pants. 20th Regt (Boykin's; consol 1865 with 2nd [Palmetto] Regt and part of Blanchard's Reserves 1862-1865 to form [New] 2nd Inf Regt) 21st Regt (Graham's) 1861-1865 Comp B wore gray single-breasted frock coat in 1861; officers wore double-breasted frock coat, blue pants, and blue forage cap trimmed with braid. 22nd Regt (Abney's) 1862-1865 23rd Regt (Hatch's; formed by addition of 3 comps to Hatch's Bn Coast Rangers) 1861-1865 24th Regt (Capers'; consol with 16th Inf Regt to form 16th & 24th Consol Regt) 1862- 1865 25th Regt (Simonton's; formed by expansion of 1lth [Eutaw] Bn) 1862-1 865 26th Regt (Smith's; formed by consol of 6th and 9th Inf Bns) 1862- 1865 27th Regt (Gailliard's; formed by consol of 1st Bn Sharpshooters and 1st [Gailliard's] Bn) 1863-1 865 Hatch's Bn (Coast Rangers; merged into 23rd Inf Rego 1861 Manigaub's Bn (inf, cav, arty comps; broken up) 1861-1862 Palmeno Regt of Sharpshooters (Jenkins'; also called 1st Regt Palmeno Sharpshooters) 1862-1 865 Walker's Bn (formed by consol of 10th and 19th Inf Regts) 1865 ORDER OF BATTLE (continued)

LOCAL DEFENSE TROOPS

Pee Dee Legion (mustered into active serv; designated 9th Inf Bn) Arsenal Bn (Charleston; Trezevant's) Bureau Bn (Charleston) Cunningham's Bn Fin Bn (Charleston) Naval Bn (Charleston)

RESERVES AND DETAILED MEN

1st Bn (Williams') 2nd Bn (Barnet's) 3rd Bn (Gill's) 4th Bn (Williams') 5th Bn (Brown's) 6th Bn (Memwether's) 7th Bn (Ward's)

Thomas' Regt of Detailed Men and Arsenal Cadets (Columbia)

Union South Carolina

No organization of white troops was raised within South Carolina for the . Union sentiment was largely confined to a small number of individuals, scattered throughout the state. Probably in no other state was there such a unity for the cause of secession. In the spring of 1862 Major General David Hunter at Port Royal, without express authority from the War Department, raised the 1st South Carolina Volunteer Regiment, the fmt regiment of Negroes in the Civil War. There is some evidence that Hunter originally proposed to outfit the command in Zouave dress, with "baggy red trousers and braided jackets." On 3 April he wrote the Secretary of War: "It is important that I should be able to know and distinguish these men at once, and for this purpose I respectfully request that 50,000 pairs of scarlet pantaloons may be sent me; and this is all the clothing I shall require for these people." War Department approval was slow in coming and by 4 August the regiment had not been paid, its officers had not received their commissions, and there appeared to be no prospect that they would be officially mustered into service. On 10 August Hunter disbanded the regiment except for one company. Three weeks later the War Department authorized Hunter's successor, Brigadier General Rufus Saxton, to recruit Negro troops, and Captain Thomas Wentworth Higginson of the 5 1st , : Massachusetts was appointed colonel of the new regiment. The 1st South Carolina Volunteers was organized with Hunter's disbanded troops as a nucleus and mustered in on 7 November 1862, the first regiment composed of former slaves to be officially raised, and the second of all Negro regiments in the Union Army. Higginson found the scarlet pants worn by the men of Hunter's old regiment "intolerable to my eyes." On 21 January 1863 he noted that the regiment had been promised "pay when the funds anive, Springfield rifled muskets, and blue trousers."

ORDER OF BATTLE M I (All regts were issued US reg inf clothing unless otherwise noted.) VOLUNTEER INFANTRY, AFRICAN DESCENT

1st Regt. a.d. (Hunter's; disb) 1862 IiIi/ Issued full red pants, US fatigue blouses, and probably black felt hats; unarmed. 1st Regt, a.d. (redesig) 1862-1864 33rd Regt, U.S.C.T. 1864-1 866 Initially wore full red pants; replaced by sky blue pants in 1863.1863:Austrian, Prussian and Saxon rifled muskets. 1864: Belgian or French rifled muskets. 2od Regt, a.d. (redesig) 1863- 1864 34th Regt. U.S.C.T. 1864-1866 1863: Austrian, Russian and French smoothbore muskets. 1864: Enfield rifle. 3rd Regt, a.d. (consol with 4th Regt and redesig) 1863-1 864 21st Regt, U.S.C.T. 1864-1866 18&: Springfield rifled muskets. 4th Rcgt, a.d. (consol with 3rd Regt) 1863- 1864 5th Regt, a.d.: failed to complete organ

U.S. COLORED TROOPS RAISED IN SOUTH CAROLINA

Btry G, 2nd Regt Light Arty, U.S.C.T. 103rd Regt Inf, U.S.C.T. 104th Regt Inf. U.S.C.T. I 128th Regt Inf, U.S.C.T.

SOURCES

Charles Edward Cauthen. South Carolina Goes ro War, 1860-1865, (University of North Carolina, James Spmnt Historical Publications, vol. 32). Chapel Hill, N.C., 1950. "Report of the Chief of the Department of the Military," 30 August 1862, in Journal of the Conventions of the People of South Carolina, Held in 1860,1861 and 1862, Together with the Ordinances. Reports, Resolutions, etc., published by order of the Convention. Columbia, S.C., 1862. Ellison Capers, "South Carolina." in Confederate Military History. Atlanta, Ga., 1899, vol. V. Captain Fitzhugh McMaster, USN, Ret.. "4th Cavalry Regiment, South Carolina Militia. 1841," in Military Collector & Historian, XXXIII, 123; "17th Regiment, South Carolina Volunteers, 1861-1865," in Military Collector & Historian, XXXI, 85. A. S. Salley, Jr.. compiler, South Carolina Troops in Confederate Service, 3 vols. (series not complete), Columbia, S.C., 1913-1930. Report of the Historian of the ConfederateRecords to the GeneralAssembly ofSouth Carolina, Columbia, S.C., 1900. Year Book, City of Charleston, 1883, Charleston, S.C., 1883, pp. 542-549. Frederick P. Todd, "Notes on the Organization and Uniforms of South Carolina Military Forces, 1860-1861 ,"in Military Collector & Historian, 111 (195 1). 53-62. The Uniform of the Militia of South Carolina, as Prescribed by the General Assembly, at Its Session of 1839, Columbia, S.C., 1840 (as a separate), and reprinted as an appendix to The Militia and Patrol Laws of South Carolina to December 1859, Columbia, S.C., 1860. The Military Gazette, New York, IV (1861). 74.

We are indebted to Mrs. J. S. Land, former Curator of the Confederate Relic Room. Archives Building, ' . Columbia, S.C. and to Captain Fitzhugh McMaster, USN, Ret. for their assistance in many ways.