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Equitable Distrubution of Water in Upper Godavari Sub Basin: a Case Study from Maharashtra Abstract

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Equitable Distrubution of Water in Upper Godavari Sub Basin: a Case Study from Maharashtra Abstract nd 2 World Irrigation Forum (WIF2) W.1.2.06 6-8 November 2016, Chiang Mai, Thailand EQUITABLE DISTRUBUTION OF WATER IN UPPER GODAVARI SUB BASIN: A CASE STUDY FROM MAHARASHTRA Suresh A Kulkarni1 ABSTRACT Maharashtra state of India is located in the semi-arid climatic zone where assured irrigation supply is essential for optimal crop growth. Presently, only about 20% of the state's cultivable area is brought under irrigation. Since last four decades, the state government has been giving emphasis on water resources development by constructing large and small dams. The state now has the highest number of dams in the country creating a storage capacity of about 40 billion cubic meters. About 70% of surface water storages are used for irrigation. In absence of integrated approach at basin/ sub-basin level, there has been lopsided development and use of water resources in the state. As the basins/ sub-basins are getting closed due to over usage of water, conflicts among upstream and downstream stakeholders and different categories of uses are escalating. Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority was established in 2005 to regulate and ensure equitable distribution and utilization of water resources in the state. Godavari basin, the second largest basin in India covers about half of Maharashtra’s geographical area. Maharashtra part of the Godavari basin is divided into 27 sub-basins. The Upper Godavari Sub-basin is one of the most developed basin in terms of agriculture, urban and industrial growth in the state. Many irrigation projects were constructed in the sub-basin to meet the growing water demand for irrigation, domestic and industrial uses. As the water demand has continually been increasing compared to the availability, the sub-basin has been experiencing water scarcity situation frequently leading to conflicts for water sharing between upstream and downstream stakeholders as also among different categories of uses. The case study presented in this paper briefly describes the role played by the water regulatory authority in addressing and resolving the dispute by framing guidelines towards sharing the available water between upstream and downstream reaches of the Upper Godavari sub-basin. Keywords: Upper Godavari sub-basin, equitable allocation of water resources, Water Resources Regulatory Authority, irrigation and non-irrigation uses 1. INTRODUCTION The Godavari basin is the second largest river basin of India (30.2 million ha) and partly covers six states viz., Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Karnataka. About 49% of Maharashtra’s geographical area (15.26 million ha) comes under Godavari basin. In Maharashtra, the Godavari basin is divided into 27 sub-basins. The Upper Godavari sub-basin has a geographical area of 2.2 million ha and about 8.6 million population lives in 45 towns and 1883 villages. The sub-basin comprises the entire catchment of the Godavari river from its source to Jayakwadi dam including the catchment areas of the rivers Mula, Pravara and all other tributaries which joins the Godavari river in this reach. There are 17 major, 14 medium, and 558 small irrigation projects in the sub-basin with design live storage capacity of 5.48 billion cubic meters (BCM). The location of Godavari basin in India and a map of the Upper Godavari sub-basin is shown in Figure 1. 1 Secretary, Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority, 9th floor, World Trade Centre, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai, India, Email: [email protected] 1 nd 2 World Irrigation Forum (WIF2) W.1.2.06 6-8 November 2016, Chiang Mai, Thailand Maharashta state Godavari Basin Upper Godavari Sub-basin Jayakwadi Dam Figure 1. Location of the Godavari basin and the Upper Godavari sub- basin in Maharashtra state The present case study deals with the equitable sharing of water between 23 major and medium dams located at the upstream of the sub-basin and the Jayakwadi dam located exactly at the downstream border of the sub-basin. The upstream projects are grouped in to five complexes viz., (1) Mula, (2) Pravara, (3) Godavari-Darna, (4) Gangapur, and (5) Palkhed. The schematic diagram of these 23 major and medium dams/reservoirs with their groupings in the sub-basin is shown in Figure 2. The figures in parenthesis show their design live storages. 2 nd 2 World Irrigation Forum (WIF2) W.1.2.06 6-8 November 2016, Chiang Mai, Thailand 5 Jayakwadi 4 Dam 3 1 2 2 Figure 2. Schematic of the reservoir complexes in the Upper Godavari Sub-basin considered in the case study The Jayakwadi irrigation project was planned in 1964 and commissioned in 1975. The designed live storage capacity of the reservoir is 2.17 BCM and was planned to Jayakwa irrigate about 0.26 million ha in Marathwada region. However, since 1975 the Jayakwadi reservoir was filled to its design capacity only in 8 years. The Water di Resources Department (WRD) in 2004 carried out a study to assess the sub-basin Reservoi yield based on the latest hydro-meteorological data. Table 1 shows the comparison of the virgin yield and utilization in the upstream dams as per the original planning and r the revised study. Table1. Comparison of the virgin yield and upstream utilzation in the Upper Godavari sub basin as per the planning and the revised study As per As per revised Parameter project report study by WRD (1964) (2004) Annual 75% dependable virgin yield at the 5.566 4.450 Jayakwadi dam (BCM) Utilization at the upstream of Jayakwadi 3.270 4.073 dam(BCM) It can be seen from the Table 1 that as per the revised study the annual 75% dependable virgin yield of the Jayakwadi reservoir was worked out as 4.45 BCM which is 20% less than the project design; while the upstream utilization has 3 Jayakwa di Reservoi r nd 2 World Irrigation Forum (WIF2) W.1.2.06 6-8 November 2016, Chiang Mai, Thailand increased by 25% compared to the project design. Further, the non-irrigation use of water from upstream projects has increased from 247 million cubic meter (MCM) at the time of planning of the Jayakwadi project to 976 MCM at present (Godavari Study Group Report, 2013). This has adversely impacted the yield of Jayakwadi dam affecting significant reduction in the irrigated area as envisaged in the project design. Incidentally, the upstream and downstream sub-basin areas belongs to different administrative regions and thus the conflict seemingly became inter-regional. As the water demand for irrigation and non-irrigation purposes from both upstream and downstream of the sub-basin has continually been rising over the years, conflicts between the regions for water sharing are also escalating. 2. POLICY AND LEGAL PROVISIONS Maharashtra state is at the forefront in the country in introducing various policy measures, acts, institutional reforms and initiatives in the water sector.The 'State Water Policy' formulated by the Government of Maharashtra (2003) envisages that the water resources of the state shall be planned, developed and managed at the river basin/ sub basin level adopting multi-sectoral approach. The policy states that the distress in water availability during deficit periods shall be shared equitably amongst different water use sectors and also amongst upstream and downstream users. In the year 2005, two important acts viz., the Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act and the Maharashtra Management of Irrigation System by Farmers Act were enacted by the Government. Subsequently, Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority (MWRRA) was established to regulate and facilitate, ensure judicious and equitable allocation and utilization of water resources in the state. Due to scanty rainfall during 2012-15, there was a drought situation in most part of Maharashtra state. The live storage in the Jayakwadi reservoir in 2012 was only 3% and there was accute shortage of water for drinking, irrigation, and industry in its command area. The storages in the upstream dams were relatively higher than the jayakwadi. So the downstream stakeholders filed a 'Public Interest Litigation' in the High Court requesting to release water from upstream reservoirs to Jayakwadi. As directed by the Court, the WRD released 298 MCM water from the upstream dams of which 62% had reached the Jayakwadi reservoir. For the subsequent years (2014 and 2015) too when the Jayakwadi reservoir was filled only about 43% and 6 % respectively, the downstream stakeholders filed petition(s) to MWRRA requesting equitable distribution of water in the sub-basin invoking the relevant provisions in the MWRRA Act, 2005. 3. DECISION ON EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER Based on the various petitions filed both by the upstream and downstream parties, the matter was heard and MWRRA issued an Order on 19 September 2014 asking the WRD to release 355 MCM water to Jayakwadi reservoir. In view of the intricacies involved in the matter, the Government of Maharashtra in 2013 constituted a ‘Godavari Study Group’ for formulation of guiding principles towards integrated operation of the reservoirs in Upper Godavari sub-basin (up to jayakwadi dam). The MWRRA in its order adopted the guiding principles of the reservoir operation and equitable distribution of water among the upstream and the downstream reservoirs as proposed by the Study Group Report. The Study Group has proposed operating strategies for the reservoir operation under six different storage level positions to help achieve the approximate equitable and judicious distribution of water in the upstream and the downstream reservoirs for irrigation and non-irrigation uses. This is to be achieved by following a step-by-step synchronization of storages in upstream 4 nd 2 World Irrigation Forum (WIF2) W.1.2.06 6-8 November 2016, Chiang Mai, Thailand reservoirs with that of Jayakwadi reservoir under different annual rainfall situation viz., from bad or low rainfall year (Strategy-I) to good rainfall year (Strategy-VI) as shown in Table 2.
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