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- UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION
BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD , In the Matter of ,
PHILADELPHIA ELECTRIC COMPANY ) Docket Nos. 50-352 50-353 (Limerick Generating Station, 1 Units 1 and 2) )
AFFIDAVIT OF EARL H. MARKEE . ON BEHALF 0F THE NRC STAFF IN SUPPORT OF
, APPLICANT'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY DISPOSITION OF CONTENTION V-4 I, Earl H. Markee, being duly sworn, depose and state: 1. I am a member of the Meteorlogy and Effluent Treatment Inte-
gration, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation. I have been employed as a meteorologist by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission / Nuclear Regulatory Commission since 1970. A copy of my professional qualifications is attached.
2. I have evaluated the Air and Water Pollution Patrol (AWPP) Contention V-4, which as admitted by the Licensing Board in its Special Prehearing Conference Order of June .1,1983,17 NRC 1423, reads as
| follows: "Neither Applicant nor Staff has considered the potential for and impact of carburetor icing of aircraft flying into the Limerick , Cooling Tower plune(s)." 3. I have also considered AWPP's reworded contention, submitted to. the Licensing Board in a filing of September 30, 1983 and admitted by a ruling from the bench on October 17,1983 at Tr. 4560-61.
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. As saworded the contention reads:
"Neither Applicant nor Staff has considered the i potential for and impact of carburetor icing of '' l aircraft flying into the airspace that may ne affected by emissions from the Limerick cooling towers."
4 4. In evaluating AWPP's contention, I have examined, among other materials filed in this proceeding concerning that contention, the Affidavit | of Maynard E. Smith and David Seymour in Support of a Motion for Sumary Disposition Regarding Contention V-4 and the documents attached thereto.
5. I am aware of several studies which have been conducted to
! determine what if any effects emissions from cooling towers have on i aircraft. The first was performed by Pickard, Lowe and Associates, Inc. and Dr. Charles Hosler, Dean of the College of Earth and Mineral Science
! at Pennsylvania State University, for Potomac Electric Power Company (PEPCO) in connection with that utility's application to construct a nuclear power plant at Douglas Point near Quantico, Virginia. In ' response to a concern expressed by the U.S. Marine Corps that its air operations might be adversely affected by emissions from the cooling towers at the proposed Douglas Point Nuclear Generating Station, PEPC0 submitted a report based on 223 traverses by a Bell 206-B helicopter and 12 traverses by a fixed-way airplane, an Aero Comander 680E, through plumes emanating from the cooling towers of two fossil plants, one in Pennsylvania and the other in Kentucky. The report, which is ' Attachment 1 to this Affidavit, states in relevant part: t "No significant aircraft icing du'*toe water in the Douglas | Point cooling tower plumes is expected to occur. None was I t observed during helicopter and a fixed wing airplane 'j traverses of cooling tower plumes at Paradise [near Central City Kentucky] and Keystone [ located near Shelosta in Indiana County, Pennsylvania]. Five of the fixed wing and 30 of the helice,,ter traverses were made through the visible portion of such plumes when ambient air
- . __ ...... - - 3- - temperature at the traverse altitude was equal to or less than O'C. These temperatures ranged ft om -6 to -12 C during the traverses. No wetting of surfaces was observed in any trtverse. No change in engine performance or vibration was observed during the traverses." Although the helicopter used in the test traverses conducted for PEPC0 has a jet engine, the fixed-wing plane, an Aero Connander 580E, : has a carburetor. In connection with the Douglas Point proceeding, the FAA reviewed the studies performed for PEPCC and concurred in their findings. (Letter form Melugin to Muller dated March 11, 1975; included in Attachment 2, wuich consists of materials relating to the FAA No Hazard Detennination for Douglas Point). 6. I am familiar with the Pennsylvania State University Study referenced in the Affidavits of Messrs. Smith and Seymour at 118 and 9 and agree with the characterizatiens of the study in those paragraphs. 7. I am also familiar with the American Electric Power Study. Paragraphs 10-12 of the Affidavit of Messrs. Smith and Seymour present an accurate characterization of the AEP study. 8 From my direct experience in evaluating cooling towers as a meteorlogist and from my reading of the literature pertaining to that subject I conclude that emissions from cooling towers under normal operation are not significantly different from conditions occurring naturally. i
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COPE!ISSION
BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD '*
In the Matter of
PHILADELPHIA ELECTRIC COMPANY Docket Nos. 50-352 50-353 (Limerick Generating Station, Units 1 and 2) )
AFFIDAVIT OF EARL H. MARKEE i I, Earl H. Markee, hereby certify that the above statements are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief,
i
ffd $ $ s, Earl H. Markee '
Subscribed and sworn to before me this 21st of October 1983
s
| ' I Notary Public
My commission expires:7\\\b
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' ' Earl H. Markee, Jr. Professional Qualifications ; , Meteorology and Effluent Treatment Branch Division of Systems Integration ,-
My name is Earl H. Markee, Jr. I am the senior meteorologist in the Meteorology Section, Meteorology and Effluent Treatment Branch, Division of Systems Integration, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. My duties include evaluation of meteorological
. aspects of nuclear reactor siting and operation. , t I received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics with a minor in physics in 1952 from Gettysburg College. I attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology for one year to obtain the academic background for qualification as a meteorologist in the U.S. Air Force. I ; I was a wing weather officer with the U.S. Air Force until 1956. After i completion of my military obligation. I accepted a position as a research meteorologist with the U.S. Weather Bureau on assignment to the U.S. Public Health Service in Cincinnati, Ohio, where I participated in urban air pollution meteorology research and provided technical assistance to state and local government agencies on air pollution. In 1962, I accepted a position as senior research meteorologist with the Environmental Science Services Administration on assignment to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission at the national Reactor Testing Station in Idaho. My duties included the performance of research in the field of atmospheric i turbulence and diffusion and evaluation of the meteorological aspects of i reactor experiments and siting of these experimental reactors. I returned I to school for one year and received a Master of Science degree in meteorology
' from the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, in 1969. ' In August 1970, I . accepted an appointment to my present position. t . I am a professional member of the American Meteorciogical Society and the Air Pollution Control Association. I have authored eight research papers, - which were published in technical journals, and several other research reports published by the Federal government.
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' UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COPHISSION
BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD ' In the Matter of
PHILADELPHIA ELECTRIC COMPANY Docket Nos. 50-352 50-353 1 (Limerick Generating Station, ) | Units 1 and 2) )
| AFFIDAVIT OF HARRY E. P. KRUG ON BEHALF 0F THE NRC STAFF IN SUPPORT OF APPLICANT'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY DISPOSITION OF CONTENTION V-4 I, Harry E. P. Krug, being duly sworn, depose and state: 1. I am a reactor inspector, assigned at present to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Region Il in Atlanta, Georgia. I also hold ratings as an instrument rated commercial pilot, single engine land and sea, multi-engine. I have given expert testimony in several NRC licensing proceedings including expert testimony on aircraft operations in the proceeding conducted in connection with Pacific Gas and Electric Company's application for an operating license for the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Station. A copy of rqy professional qualifications is attached. 2. I have evaluated the Air and Water Pollution Patrol's Contention V-4, both as admitted by the Licensing Board in its Special Prehearing Conference Order of June 1, 1980, 15 NRC 1423, and as reworded
by AWPP on September 30, 1983 and subsequently admitted by the Licensing Board at Tr. 4560-61. The two versions of Contention V-4 which I have
' considered read as follows: - "Neither Applicant nor Staff has considered the potential for and import of carburetor icing of aircraft flying into the Limerick Cooling Tower plume (s).
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. "Neither Applicant nor Staff has considered the potential for and impact of carburetor icing of aircraft flying into the airspace that may be .- affected by emissions from the Limerick cooling towers." 3. In evaluating AWPP's Contention V-4, I have examined the Affidavits of Maynard E. Smith and David Seymour in Support of a Motion for Sumary Disposition Regarding Contention V-4 and the documents attached thereta. 4. I have studied in detail the paragraphs of the Affidavit of Messrs. Smith and Seymour for which Mr. Seymour is responsible,11 16, 17, 18, 25, 26, 27, 28, and I agree with the statements made there.
| 5. The Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association Handbook for Pilots makes the following statements regarding carburetor icing: Carburetor icing may occur in clear air at temperatures far above freezing, when the humidity is high. Accumulations may occur at temperatures as high as 100*F (38'C) with relative humidity as low as 50 percent. The possibility of carburetor icing is greatest with a combination of ambient temperature below 70 F (21*C) and relative humidity above 80 percent. At about 14*F (-10 C) and colder, moisture becomes ice crystals, which usually pass through the induction system harmlessly. Fuel vaporization and air expansion within the carburetor cause an extreme | temperature drop that will turn any moisture to ice | wheneverthatcoolingeffectreaches32*F(0*C)or colder. Page 129 (1978). 6. Carburetor icing is an occurrence that susceptible | , 1 ; aircraft engines are designed for and for which student, private and 1 commercial pilots are trained and tested by FAA written examinations, and by operational examinations conducted by FAA' licensed flight instructors ,
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' and by FAA flight examiners or their designee. Carburetor heat pennits aircraft piston engines to operate between 0 and 100% humidity.
. Carburetor icing depends upon humidity and temperature and clear visibility is not an indication of freedom from such icing. Carburetor ; icing is cleared by the pilot by using " carburetor heat." Dur'ing power reductions from cruise power, including the j approach to landing, pilots of piston powered aircraft equipped with
.: carburetors are constrained by the aircraft operating manual and the associated aircraft operating checklist to use carburetor heat to detect and melt ice in the throat of the carburetor as it is foming. These procedures are not affected by the presence of moisture from cooling i towers. Conditions causing carburetor icing occur naturally. Any added
, risk of carburetor icing posed to pilots by the presence of moisture in . the air from cooling towers is without significance, as the procedures for clearing carburetor ice of whatever origin are routine. 7. The visible plumes of cooling towers are clouds. 8. Pilots flying through clouds must fly under Instrument Flight
; Rules (IFR). To fly IFR, aircraft having carburetors must have
| carburetor heat to prevent fomation of carburetor ice and to melt carburetor ice should it fonn. 9. Pilots flying aircraft with carburetors by Visual Flight Rules i (VFR) need not have carburetor heat and there may be older aircraft (made before 1960) still being flown that do not have carburetor heat. However, these aircraft are not permitted to fly into'or through clouds. However, should a pilot operating under VFR fly into the invisible plume, the amount of time he or she could remain there would be so short and the amount of water in excess of ambient would be so small that the effect of the invisible plume would have to be considered insignificant. My understanding of AWPP's
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' Contention is that it relates to conventional light aircraft with piston engines having carburetors. To the extent that it might conceivably be interpreted as comprehending ultra light vehicles, which are the subject of new Part 103 of the FAA's regulations (14 C.F.R. Parts 1 through 199), those vehicles operate under visual flight rules (VFR) and are thus not permitted to fly in clouds. Thus, even though they may not have carburetor heat, any risk posed to their operation by cooling tower plumes is not different from the risk they would encounter without regard to cooling tower plumes and the requirements of visual flight rules would assure that they would not operate in airspace influenced by cooling tower emissions. 10. While it may be possible for a pilot operating under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) to accumulate carburetor ice by flying repeatedly through a plume while ignoring procedures calling for the application of carburetor heat, such a deliberate attempt would be a difficult maneuver and in violation of applicable procedures. 11. In ray opinion, carburetor icing from cooling tower plumes does
not constitute a threat to pilots operating according to applicable - regulations and procedures which is different from or greater than the threat posed by conditions occurring naturally.
Harry E. P. Krug ,
Subscribed and sworn to before me this of October 1983
Notary Public
My consnission expires:
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_ PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS OF HARRY E. P. KRUG .
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. I. SUMMARY I joined the NRC in 1974 as Project Manager responsible for the management, organization, technical coordination and presentation of nuclear reactor safety reviews for assigned applications. I have served as Project Manager for the safety reviews of the San Joaquin Nuclear Project, Browns Ferry Unit 3, Hatch Unit 2, Hartsville Nuclear Power Station and the GESSAR 238 Project and a number of technical review
assignments.
My background includes a B.S. in Mechnical Engineering (1955) and a N. $. ir Nuclear Engineering (1961). My 24 years of experience includes 4 years of power plant operation and 3 years of radiation analysis. In 1969 I left Westinghouse Electric Corporation as a Fellow Engineer after 8 years of nuclear reactor analysis and reactor design methods development and technical project coordination. In 1974, I completed two years as Supervisor of Nuclear Engineering for Illinois Power Co. I am a member of the American Nuclear Society and the American Society of Naval Engineers. I hold ratings as an instrument rated connerical pilot, single engine land and sea, multi-engine. I hold a U.S. Coast Guard License as a Merchant Marine Engineering Officer and am a | Professional Nuclear Engineer registered int he state of California.
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' II. EXPERIENCE August 1, 1982-present: Reactor Inspector, Test Programs Section, ' Office of Inspection and Enforcement, Region II. - January 1982-August 1982: Nuclear Engineer, Systems Analysis Section, Accident Evaluation Branch, Division of Systems Integration. Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation. t November 1978-January 1982: Environmental Radiation Analyst. Details to:
November 1980-April 1981: NRC Incident Response Center, Duty
Officer. ,
June 1979-October 1979: Task Force for Lessons Learned as a Result of the Accident at TMI-2. January 1973-December 1974: Supervisor, Nuclear Engineering Group, Illinois Power Company, Deacatur, Illinois.
August 1971 to January 1973: Industry Manager, Atomic / Nuclear Industries, Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota. December 1970-August 1971: Principal Nuclear Engineer, Jersey Nuclear Company, Product Design Group.
November 1969-December 1970: Vice President and General Manager, Nuclear Computations, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. April 1963-November 1969: Fellow Engineer Physics and Mathematics Group, Westinghouse Commerical Atomic Power Department (transferred by Westinghouse from the Westinghouse Astro-Nuclear Laboratory).
, December 1961-April 1963: Nuclear Engineer, Reactor Analysis I Section, Westinghouse Astro-Nuclear Laboratory. July 1960-December 1961: Nuclear Engineer, Systems Evaluation Section, United Nuclear Corporation. ( October 1958-July 1960: Nuclear Engineer, Special Projects Group, | George G. Sharp, Inc., Marine Designers. April 1956-August 1958: Head, Engineering Department of Destroyer- EscortUSSWantuck(APD-125)includingdutiesasRadiologicalSafety Officer and Damage Control Officer. Decommissioning Engineering Officer, and COMPHIBPAC Machinery Officer (Diesel). September 1955-April 1956: Officer-in-Charge, 8-12 Watch (Jr. 3rd Engineer), United Fruit Company, SS Fra Berlanga,12,000 Shaft horse power twin screw cargo vessel.
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' - III. PUBLICATIONS
' " Matrix Exponential Calculations and comparison with Measurement of Isotopic Concentrations in Yankee Core I," by H.E. Krug, R.J. Nodvik, J. Corbett, and N. Azziz. Transactions of the 1969 Annual Meeting of the American Nuclear Socity, Vol.12, No.1,1969. " Simple Closed Fom Expressions for the Psi and J Doppler Functions," by H.E. Krug and J.E. Olhoeft. Transactions of the 1966 Annual Meeting of the American Nuclear Society, Vol. 9, No.1,1966. " Derivation of a Point Kernel for Neutron Attenuation," by H.E. Krug and J.E. Olhoeft. Transactions of the 1966 Winter Meeting of the American Nucler Society, Vol. 9, No. 2,1966.
Comparison of Monte Carlo and Resonance Integral Methods in the Determination of Doppler Effects in Fast Reactors," by J.E. 01hoeft, H.E. Krug, and R.N. Hwang, Proceedings of the Conference on Safety, Fuels, and Core Design in Large Fast Power Reactors, ANL-7120,1965. "Results of Comparisons of Thermal Calculational Models for Heterogeneous Light-Water-Moderated Pu07 -00, Reactor Systems," by H. A. Risti and H.E. Krug. Transactions Of the 1965 Annual Meeting of the American Nuclear Society, Vol. 8, No.1,1965.
" Consideration of the One-Speed, One-Node Time Dependent Diffusion Equations Including Consistent Representation of Delayed Neutron Effectiveness; with Application to the Calculation of the Prompt Neutron Generation Time Using the 1/ Poison Mend," WCAP-2796, May 1965. " Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor DL:Jgn Study," by H.E.Krug, Contributor, WCAP-3251-1, 1964
" Summary of the Characteristics of the KIWI-BLA Rocket Reactor," by H.E. Krug, WANL Report, 1962. "Feasilibity Study of a Cryogenic Nuclear Reactor, by G. Sofer, H.E. Krug, and P. Anthony, NDA-2661-1,1961. ! " Construction and Calibration of a Neutron Howitzer," by H.E. Krug, Master's Thesis, New York University, September 1961. " Cryogenic Reactor for Teaching and Research for Joint Use by New York University and Manhattan College," Heat Transfer Section, by H.E. Krug, | June 1960.
IV. OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS " Activation Source Strength Program, ACT-1, for the IBM-7090 Computer," by P.C. Heiser and L.0. Ricks, WANL-TNR-063,, September 1962, acknowledgement p. 12. " LASER-A Depletion Program for Lattice Calculations Based on MUFT and THERMOS," by C.G. Poncelet, WCAP-6073, April 166, acknowledgement p. 46.
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.,* ATTACHMENT 1
- Dscamber 20, 1974
. - . . ,( UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION'
BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARN
In the Matter o'f ) ) POTOMAC ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY ) Docket Nos. 50-448 ) 50-449 (Douglas Point Nuclear Generating ) Station, Units 1 and 2) )
. - APPLICANT'S ANSWERS TO THE UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS' INTERROGATORIES DATED OCTOBER 30, 1974
1. INTERROGATORY: Identify the person or persons responsible for the technical responses contained herein as follows: . - (a) Name: (b) Employer- (c) Position Held: (' (d) Education: __ (e) Experience (f) Other technical qualifications:
ANSWER: -
' (a) William W. Lowe (b) Pickard, Lowe and Associates, Inc.
. (c) Partner (d) B.S. Ch.E., Purdue University (e) Thirty years of experience in nuclear development and engineering; eighteen years of experience in nuclear power plant safety and environmental effects analysis. u
~ ~ (a) Dr. Charles Hosler '
* (b) Pennsylvania State University ' '
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9 -( (c) Dean, College of Earth and Mineral Science. (d) Ph. D, Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University. (e) Thirty years of experience in meteorology.
(f) Dr. Hosler is the author of many papers, and has
, served on several committees on meteorology and the environment.
(a) Sofia M. Laskowski. (b) Pickard, Lowe and Associates, Inc. (c) Associate (d) Ph. D, Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota (e) Fiveyearsofexper,{enceinevaluatingtheenviron- mental effects of power plant operations. For the last four years, Dr. Laskowski has worked on the . development of rathematical models that predict the behavior of cooling tower drift in the environment,
and has designed and developed programs to measure , the presence and effect of cooling tower drift salt
I and natural salt in the environment. ! , (a) Keith Woodard. Pickard, Lowe and Associates, Inc. (b) ,
| (c) Associate. u (d) M.S., Nuc, lear Engineering, UCLA. , (e) Eleven years of experience in evaluating the environ-
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mental and safety effects of large power plant operations. Mr. Woodard has seven years of
experience directing meteorological met;urement and chemical monitoring programs to assess the effects
of power plant operations on the environment and
four years of experience in the development of
computer models to predict spatial distribution of
heat and moisture from cooling tower plumes. He
! has also been Test Director of flight operations to measure cooling tower and stack plume characteris-
tics. ,
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2. INTERROGATORY: Identify tHe cooling tower plumes studies to ( assess the impact of the Douglas Point Station Cooling To'wer Plumes on aircraft operations, as follows:
(a) Name o'! facility:
(b) Location: . | (c) Geographic and Meteorological description of location: (d) Type of facility cooled by towers, i.e., fossil fuel, nuclear, other: (e) Physical dimension of cooling towers studied: ! (f) Volume of effluent emitted from towers studied: (g) Content of plume, including salinity and other chemical content: (h) Temperature of effluent at point of emission:
| ANSWER: The cooling tower plumes studies made to assess the
~ impact of Douglas Point Station Cooling Tower Plumes on air ,,, craft operations are: .- (a) Name of facility: Paradise Steam Plant Keystone Steam Gen-
, erating Station
(b) Location: Near Central City, Near Shelosta, Indiana ( Kentucky County, Pennsylvania
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. ' .- ' Paradise, cont'd. Keystone, cont'd.
(c) Geographic and Generally rolling Rural and hilly. Meteorological terrain in north cen- Climate >may be described description of tral Kentucky. Cli- as humid continental. location: mate may be described Temperature inversions as continental. Com- occur frequently between pared to the Douglas altitudes of 150 and Point site, tempera- 300 m. Wind speed aver- tures are generally ages between 8-10 mph. colder in the winter. Predominant winds are from WSW. (d) Type of coal-fired electric Two unit fossil-fired facility cooled generating unit of electric generating by towers: 1100 MWe capacity. station of 820 MWe per During the test unit. Each unit is period, 1100 MWe served by two cooling capacity was served towers. During the by one cooling tower test period one unit except for heli- and two towers were i copter traverses operating. No. 28 ghrough 39 where two towers served the 1100 MWe -- . unit. _ (e) Physical dimen-
; sion of cooling towers studied:
Height (meters) : 133 99
Exit diameter (meters) : 61.9 43.3
(f) Volume of efflu- -- 42 x 10 cfm of a' 15.6 x 10 cfm of saturated air dur- saturated air per cool- | ent emitted from one tower: ing test conditions. ing tower during test |' conditions. (g) Content of plume, Not measured. Nt. measured. * including salinity and.
other chemical , . " content: 1 . | o . (h) Temperature of 60 to 84 F during Not measured. effluent at tests. point of emission:
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' * It should be noted that for given locations, weather con-
ditions, design objectives and tower type, it makes no difference in cooling towers characteristics whether the
plant it serves uses nuclear or fossil fuel if the heat
load, water flow, and inlet and outlet water temperatures
for the towers are the same.
3. INTERROGATORY: Describe method of assessing plume's impact | on aircraft operations.
ANSWER: The effect of plume impact on aircraft operations
| was assessed by flying both a fixed-wing light aircraft (an Aerocommander 680E) and a helicopter (a Bell.206B Jet
Ranger) repeatedly through the cooling toker plumes. Air- i j craft motion was observed and plume characteristics were measured. Calculations of Taume characteristics were also made. "
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4. INTERROGATORY: If answer to 3 above in whole or in part was . I " aircraft penetration" please answer the following: '
(a) type of aircraft (b) number of penetrations, and aircraft speed during such penetrations
(c) location of penetrations relative to tower, including i vartical and horizontal separation from tower ;
(d) aircraft configurations employed, i.e., gear and J flaps down, less than one engine operating on dual engine aircraft
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- ANSWER: ,
Helicopter , Fixed Wing ; ' (a) Type of Bell 206-B Jet Ranger Aero Commander 680E aircraft
| (b) Number of Total traverses: 223 12 traverses ! penetra- Speed | tions, and indica- Perpendicular (mph) aircraft ted for- to plume 8 140 speed dur- number ward air ing such of tra- speed Parallel to penetra- verses (mph) plume 4 140 tions . hori- zontal 158 100* verti- cal 65 40
(c) Location of See Table 4-1 160 to 1200 ft. above. cool- penetra- , ing tower (see Appandix A) tions rela- -- tive to tower __ including | (, .. ' vertical and horizontal separation from tower
(d) Aircraft con- Normal flight cond Normal cruise configura- figurations figuration tion, except for passes employed at 160 ft. from tower exit which were made with wheels and flaps down
*except traverses 1 through 27 which were at 50 mph *
< The 223 helicopter traverses were made through the visible .u and invisible portions of the plume from a natural draft
| cooling tower which was dissipating the rejected heat from the 1100 elect'ric megawatt coal fired Unit No. 3 at the
Paradise Steam Plant. About 160 of these traverses were in the horizontal direction, at right angles to the long
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axis of the plume and through the plume's apparent-
centerline. In all cases Unit No. 3 was operating at l full power. Twenty of the horizontal and five of ' the vertical traverses were through the dense visible
portion of the plume (called Station 1 on fig. 4-1) and twenty of the horizontal traverses were through the
' portion of the visible plume where it is just beginning I
* to break up and disperse (Station 2). The rest of the horizontal traverses were in the region of partial break
up (Station 3), at the and of the visible plume
(Station 4) , or through the invisible portion (Station 5) .
- These runs were made over a period of about 15 days ; ( ~~ under various winter weather conditions. Horizontal | traverses were made at 100 mph forward indicated air speed
* (except for traverses 1 through 27, inclusive, which
I were at 50 mph) and the ve'rtical traverses were made down-
* ward at about 40 mph indicated forward air speed.
Twenty fixed wing aircraft traverses were made through I
the plume from a Keystone cooling tower to observe ver'tical i air speed and behavior of the aircraft.
"" Table 4-1 gives the results of h rizontal helicopter traverses at Paradise Steam Plant, and Appendix A
. describes the fixed wing aircraft traverses. (
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, t ! .l e a ! Tab' -1
* Bell 206B Jet Ranger Helwopter llorizontal Traverses - Run No. 2 * * - Aircraft Airspeed 50 mph i .
- , Position.of Aircraft at Plume Entry Peak Aircraft Time in Traverse Altitude'Above Distance Acceleration Vertical (g)* Turbulence ' Tower Top Downwind . Numbers Station Upward Downward (sec) (fi) (ft) 1 4 )' .2 .2 10 310 3400 2 3 .2 .16 8 310 2565 i 3 2- .3 .1 13 310 2129 4 4 ' .1 .2 12 310 3400 i." S 3 .4 .2 7 310 2565 !. 6 2 .3 .2 8 310 2129 7 4 .3 .2 16 360 3400 8 3 ' .2 .3 15 360 2565 , 9 2 .3 .2 12 360 2129
, 10 4 .1 .1 30 360 3400 11 3 | ^ .1 .1 8 360 2565 12 2 .3 .2 14 360 2129 I' 13 , 4 .4 .2 15 660 3400 . 14 3 2 .1 14 560 2565 i, 15 2 ! .5 .2 '18 560 2129 .
' Summary of Weather Conditions _ . Ambient pe " Ambient Conditions at Yower Top (437 ft) and at Apptoximate Plume Height ' [t Tower Base Approximate , Dew Air . 4 Run wet ry Altitude Wind Speed Point Temp. Sky Number Time of Day ( C) ( C) (ft) (mph) ( C) ( C) Conditions 1
! 7 - '8 ans 0. 4 1.4 . 437 11.7 2 4. 0 Clear 1 8 - 8:30 am 1.7 3. 2 600 19.7 - 5. O *at center of gravity
; * *Run No.. I was d practice run, not a data collection run. i - 1 ,
I e . m 5 Tablo ' ~
- Bell 206B Jet Ranger Helicopter Horizontal Traverses .
, Run No. 3 , Aircraft Airspeed 50 mph * . Position of' Aircraft at Plume Entrr . Peak Aircraft Time in Altitude Above Distance . Traverse Acceleration Vertical (g)* Turbulence Tower Top Downwind Numbers Station , Upward Downward' (sec) (ft) (ft)
, 16 4 3 None 12 560' 3742 | 17 3 .1 .1 '12 560 2578 ' 18 4 3 ' .1 10 660 3742 ' 19 3 .1 .1 9 660 2578 , 20 4 25 .2- * 18 ,710 3742 21 3 .4 .2 20 760 2578 i 22 4 .3 . .2 18 720 , 3742 23 3 .4 .25 12 710 2578 * 24 4 .4 .2 J8 710 3742 ' 25 3 .3 .3 EO I 910 2578 26 4 .4 14 .3 ' 1060 3742 27 3 .5 ' .3 16 1260 ' ' . 2578
.
.
.
. Summary of Weather Conditions
. Ambient [ Temperatures Ambient Conditions at Tower Top (437 ft) ,. and at Apprbximate Plume Height " **# 88 ~ |-. Approximate Dew Air ;- Run wet Altitude Wind Speed Point T Sky g(C) : Number Time of Day (oC ) (ft) mph (oC ) - (gmp.C) Conditions . 7:15 am 4.1 6. 4 437 9. 8 0. 3 8. 0 ' ' 8:00 am 4. 6 7. 3 1000 25.1 1. 5 8. 0 3 Clear - 9:00 am - 7.1 10.0 . . t 10:00 am; 5. 0 8. 5 ' ' '
*at center of gravity .
------n . Tab 44 - 1 , 4 B311206B Jet Ranger llen. ster Horizontal Traverses - ' - ., ; Run No. 4
. Aircraft Airspeed 100 mph -
' Peak Aircraft Position of Airemft at Plume Entry,r Time in Altitude Distance , Traverse Acceleration Vertical (g) * Turbulence Above Tower Top , Numbers Upward Downwind . Station Downward ~ (sec) _ (ft) _ ft)( ' ' 28 1 .4 .2 5 , 860 180 . 29 1 .6 .5 6 8SO 180 , 30 1 - .7 .2 ' 5 860 180 31 1 .6 .2 5 860 180 j .i 32 1 .7 .6 6 8SO 180 I, 33 1 .8 .5 5 660 180 34 1 .4 .2 5 660 180 < 35 1 .5 .4 5 5S0 180 36 1 1. 0 .3 ' 4 460 180 37 1 .7 .3 . i 3 l' 560 180 38 1 .6 ' .5 |4 560 180 39 1 1. 2 1 .4 4 560 180 ' i ,i - !, Summary of Weather Conditions - .; , Ambient Temperatures Ambient Conditions at Tower Top (437 ft)- at Tower Base and at Approximate Plume Height ** AI" T Approximate Run wet dry Altitude Wind Speed Point Temp. ' ,g Number Time of Day (CJ ( C) (ft) mph ( C) ( C) C6nditions I (. 4 - - 1000 low 0. 0 0. 5 Celling .
; - 1200-1400ft *at center of grayity
.. f
. _ - _ _ . _. - - _ - _ ._- ___ _. . _ _ ._ _ _ .__ _ . -
, "I - ^ . ;* Tabirm- 1 . m
* ' Bell 206B Jet Ranger Het.%er Horizontal Traverses .
- - - ' - Run No. 5 ; . Aircraft Airspeed 100 mph - i Position of Aircraft at Plume Entry - Peak Aircraft Time in Altitude Above Distance i Traverse Acceleration Vertical (g)* Turbulence Tower Top Downwind ; Numbers Station Upward Downward (sec) (ft) (ft) i . ! 40 4 .2 .2 2. 5 1500 4700 - ! 41 3 .3 .1 2. 5 - ' 1060' 3267 , 42 2 .6 .4 6. 5 610 1690 !- 43 4 .4 .2 4 1560 4790 ' , 44 3 .4 .3 5 1260 3267 i 45 i '* 2 .4 .4 5 500 1600 40 4 .4 .2 4 . 1560 4790 !~ 47 3 .5 .4 - 7 1260 - 3267 48 ' ' , 2 .6 .4 3 510 1690 49 4 .4 .3 4 1560 4790 I 50 3 .3 .2 ' | f.5 1260 3267 - , 51 2 .7 .4 660 1690 , 7 . ' ' , 1 . , - ; . .
;
- | . |- - - . - L . Summary of Weather Conditions .\ . ^" I'" i Ambient Conditions at Tower Top (437 ft) ' I - and at Approximate Plume Height ' ft To er se L . Dew Atr , T T Approximate ,. | Run wet Altitude Wind Speed Point Temp. Sky Number Time of Dag ( C) dp)(C (ft) (mph) ( C) ( C) Conditions
5 3:30 pm -1. 7 0. 0 - 437 40.0 -9.1 " -5.9 4:15 pm -3.1 0. 0 1500 - -9.9 -7.5 Celling , - . , 3400ft . , 5:00 pm -2. 0 0. 0 *at center of gravity
______ii '' ~ A. . Tablo O Bell 206B Jet Ranger Helicopter Horizont11 Traverses ', Run No. 6
Aircraft Airspeed 100 mph - ! -
; Position of Aircraft at *Plume Entry Peak Aircraft Time in Altitude Above Distance 4 Traverse Acceleration Vertical (g)* Turbulence Tower Top - - Downwind * ; Numbers . Station Upward Downward (sec) (ft) (h) _ ' 52 4 - ' j. .4 .2 7 1560. 1500 .- 53, . 4 .2 .3 4 1760 - 1500 ;, 54 4 .3 2 ,. 4 1900 1500 ' 55 4 .4 .2 5 ~ 1560 ' 1500 j;' ' 56 4 .3 .3 4 , 1.260 1500
. ?- - - - ...... - . . , . - | ,'l
. . . .. - - . .
; . . . - . j ,
' Summary of Weather Conditions ,
. . . Ambient Ambient bonditions at Tower Top (437 ft) P ' . ' ft T er Base and at Approximate Plume Height ; Approximate . Dew Air ' T Run T,,g Altitude Wind Speed. P,oint ,T entp. Sky : Number Time of Day (9C) ( C) (ft) (mph ) ( C) - ( C) Conditions ' ' 6 - - 2000 a20. 0 -15.0 -11.O Clear -
' . ,
- .
*at center of gravity - - * ,
- = . , . .g
' ]' . . O . n ^ - t Tab 1r ~1 - . Bell 206B Jet Ranger Heheopter Horizontal Traverses ". . I Run No. 8 . Aircraft Airspeed 100 mph ' Position of Aircraft at Plume Entry . , . Peak Aircraft Time in Altitude Above . Traverse Acceleration Vertical (gP Turbulence Distance Tower Top Downwind ;., Numbers . Station Upward Downward (sec) (ft) _ (ft) 4 57 4 .3 .1 ii * .'4 2569 4100 58 3 - ,' .4 .4 5 1660 59 2 .4 1900 ' .4 j. 6 960 60 4 1220 .4 .2 .t 3 2560 j 61 3 .7 4100 ' ' .3 5 1660 1 1000 ' 62 2 .7 .5 ' .5 930 1220 , 63 4 .2 .3 5 2560 - 4100 64 3 .2 .3 . 4 1660 . 1903 65 2' .6 .2 5 960 1220 ! 66 4 .3 .2 . 5 2560 4100 , 67 3 .2 j .!,2,, , None . 16SD 1900 || 68 2 .6 .2 ' 3. 960 1220 69 4 .4 .4 2. 5 28SO 4103 70 - | '3 .5 .3 4 ~ 1760 t , - 1000 71 2 .5 .4 6 1 - 1060 1220 72 4 - .4 L: .3 3 2860 4100 . !, ' :, ' Summary of Weather Conditions -
1- . ;- Ambient
Ambient Conditions at Tower Top (437 ft) . : Temperatures ia . and at Approximate Plume Height . at Tower Base ~ , Approximate - Dew - * T . Air . Run wet Altitude Wind Speed ; . '- Pgint Sky . Number Time of Day (oC ) ( C) (ft) (mph) ( C) (Kemp.C) Conditions ; 8 2:45 pm -3,4 -0.8 437 4. 9 -10.0 -3.3 ! 3:30 pm -3.7 4003 - - -0.8 -12.3 Scattered - - - - clouds L 4:15 psi -1.5 0. 0 '
* . , . at center of gravity . 1 , , , ., A e .m A -
Tab 13 1 - Bell 206B Jet Ranger Heh .pter Hcrizontal Traverses '. . Hun No. 8 (ccnt'd.') * - Aircraft Airspeed 100 mph Position of Aircraft at Plume Entry Peak Aircraft Time in Altitude Above Distance - - Traverse Acceleration Vertical (g7 Turbulence Tower Top Downwind Numbers Station Upward Downward (sec) (ft) (ft)
- 73 3 .6 .6 5 1860 1000 ' 9 74 2 .4 .4 5 1060 1220 75 4 .2 .6 5 - 2860 4100
76 3 . .2 .1 3 1760 1930 77 2 .5 .6 7 960 1220 ' 78 4 .5 .6 7 2760 4100
70 3 . .4 .4 5 1760 1933 * 80 2 .7 .5 6 1060 1220
! | l' .
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' .
' ! : *at center of gravity * - .
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1
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| .
'I n m * m .
* . Table 1 . Bell 206B Jet Ranger Helicopter Horizontal Traverses ' - Run No. 9 . Aircraft Airspeed 100 mph ' ,
Position of Aircraft at Plume Entry Peak Aircraft Time in Altitude Above Distance ;- Traverse Acceleration Vertical (g)* Turbulence Tower Top Downwind Numbers Station Upward Downward (sec) (ft) (ft)
: . } 81 4 .3 .2 4 1360 . j! 6560 82' 2 .5 .2 4 1266 2840 < |' 83 3 .3 .3 4 1260 4520 84 |' 1 5 .4 7 760 1380 | 85 4 .3 .3 5. 5 '1260 6560 86 3 .4 .3 6 1260 , 4520 , 87 2 .6 - .4 6. 5 1260 2840 88 1 .5 .3 , 760 1380 ; 89 4 .4 ' |56 p~ ' .3 1410 6560 , 90 2 .5 ,.3 4 ]i , 1260 2840 ! . ' , . 1 , .
,
f .
2, , - - : , - t . j , Summary of Weather Conditions
; Ambient I Ambient Conditions at Tower Top (437 ft) ; Temperatures ~ o - j at Tower Base and at Appr' ximate Plume Height Approximate uew air | Hun wet Altitude Wind Speed Point Temp. Sky i Number Time of Day (gC) ( C) (ft) (m?lt _( C) C Conditions i' , 8:15 am -6.2 0. 0 437 1:. 6 -11.8 . ' 9:00 am -5. 5 3300 ' g ' -3.3 17.2 -20.4 -9.5 , i . Char - , , -4.1 9:30 ' -6.0 , 1 -10:45 -4.6 -2.3 1 i , ! *at center of gravity
_ _ . -
i p p R ^ ' Tabi -1 Bell 206B Jet Ranger Helicopter Horizontal Traverses . Run No.10 Aircraft Airspeed 100 mph , . Position of Aircraft at Plume Entry . Peak Aircraft Time in Altitude Above Distance . Traverse Acceleration Vertical (g)* Turbulence Tower Top Numbers , Downwind Station Upward Downward (sec) (ft) (ft)
, 91 4 - None None 1260 5920 92, 5 .1 .2 4 1260 - 9193 1 93 4 - .3 .2 4 1260 5920 94 5 .3 N'one 2. 5 1260 9190 !, 95 4 ' .2 .2 2 1260 5920 ' 96 5 .1 .1 3 1'460 9190 97 4 . .4 .2 3 1260 , 5920 98 - 5 None None 1460 9190 . . I i'.
. - ' . 'j ., .
- .
' Summairy of Weather Conditions ,
Ambient Ambient Conditions at Tower Top (437 ft)
t To er se and at App'roximate Plume Height . Approximate Dew Air, Run wet Altitude Wind Speed Pgint Temp. Sky Number Time of Day (oC ) ( C) (ft) (mph) ( C) ( C) Conditions - 10 8:45 am -4. 0 -2.4 437 19.4 -10.9 -5.6 ' 9:30 am -4. 5 -2.3 1800 23.5 -28.7 ' -3. 6 10:30 a~m - -3.3 -0.8 Clear - 11:15 am -2.8 0. 0 - . *at center of gravity . Ii ai e m % Tabir 1 - '
- ! Bell 206B Jet Ranger Helicopter Horizontal Traverses - | Run No.11 | Aircraft Airspeed 100 mph -
- : 1 Position of Aircraft at Plume Entry : Peak Aircraft . Time in Altitude Above Distance . . Traverse Acceleration Vertical (g)* Turbulence Tower Top Downwind Numbers Station Upward Downward (sec) (ft) (ft)
' I; 99 5 3 .2 5 1760 3800 - 100 4 None None . ' 1760 3000 101 4 None - ' ' None 1760 3000 ; 102 5 .2 .2 3 1960 3800 - |: 103 4 None None 1760 - - 3000 ~ !: 104 5 .3 .2 6 1960 3800 i. 105 4 None None - 1760 3000 * 106 5 .4 .2 4 1960 3800 - 107 4 - . .3 .2 5, 1760 . 3000 108 5 .5 .2 - |48 1960 3800 3 ' 109 4 .4 4 1760 3000 ' ; 110 ,5 .5 .3 . 4 1960 e 3800 : 111 4 .6 .3 5 1760 - 3000 - 112 5 .5 3 3' 1960 3800 F 113 4 - .7 .3 4 1760 3000 ' i. ; 114 5 .4 - .2 6 1960 3800 Summary of Weather Conditions , . .
4 . , I Ambient " pe Ambient Conditions at Tower Top (437 ft) and at Approximate Plume Height . { ft ower se ; uew air T Approximate Run wet Altitude Wind Speed Po, int Tgmp. Sky Number Time of Day (oC ) (ft) (mph) ( C) Conditions h(C) ~ ~ ( C) i. 11:15 am -2.8 0. O 437 9. 3 -12.8 -2.9 ! 11 12:00 Noon -2.9 0. 5 220g 14.8 -17.0 -4.7 Clear . ' - . -1.2 2.7 . 1:15pm , * i
. *at center of gravity , ______. . . __. _ - . __ -
'|. ,' e O 6 - . Tab. . -1 ! Bell 200B Jet Ranger Helicopter Horizontal Traverses - Run No.12 , Aircraft Airspeed 100 mph Position of Aircraft at Plume Entry i, Time in ' Peak Aircraft Altitude Above Distance i, Traverse Acceleration Vertical (g) * Turbulence Tower Top Downw ind Numbers Station Upward Downward (sec) (ft) (ft) ' 115 4 ; .3 .1 5 563 1770 | 116 5 .3 .1 5 860 3230 117 4 .3 .3 5 860 1770 i, 118 5 .2 .2 6 1260 3230 '' 119 4 .2 , .3 4 860 1770 ;j 120 5 .1 .2 3 ' 1260 3230 121 4 .3 ' .1 5 860 1770 - 122 5 .4 .2 5 1260 3230 |: 123 4 .3 .1 3 1060 1770 | 124 5 .2 .1 .| I 1260 3230 !'; 125 4 .5 ' . 3_ 5 860 1770 - 126 5 .4 .1 5 1260 3230 i 127 - 4 .4 .2- 4 860 1770 ! 128 5 .4 .2 7 1000 3230
:; - |, Summary of Weather Conditions
!. - j-~ Ambient " Ambient Conditions at Tower Top (437 ft) [g*Twer se and at Approximate Plume Height . ;!. T T Approximate Dew Air : Run wet y Altitude Wind Speed Pgint Tgmp. Sky jf Number Time of Day (gC) g(C) (ft) (mph) ( C) ( C) Conditions
1 12 12:00 noon -2.9 0. 5 437 15.5 -12.0 3. O ' Clear 1:15 pm -1.2 2. 7 1350 13.5 -11.8 0. 2
. *at center of gravity
, ,
' ;. i i e m % ' a Tabl. -1 '
' Bell 206B Jet Ranger Helicopter Horizontal Traverses - .
> Hun No.13 . Aircraft Airspeed 100 mph Position of Aircraft at Plume Entry Peak Aircraft . Time in Altitude Above Distance Traverse Acceleration Vertical (g)* Turbulence Tower Top Downwind Numbers Station Upward Downward (sec) (ft) (ft)
, 129 4 .1 .3 4 560 2730 : 130 5 .1 .2 1 960 3700 131 4 .5 .2 5 760 2730 132 5 .3 .1 2 900 3700 133 4 .5 .3 6 760 2730 '' 134 5 .2 .3 2 960 3700 1 135 4 .5 .3 5. 5 ,! 760 2730 135 5 .2 .3 3 930 3700 Ii 137 4 . .6 .2 4, 760 273') ,, 138 5 .5 .4 - -!SI 1160 3703 139 4 .4 .2 6 960 |,: 2730 140 S None None .- 1160 3700 ;, 141 4 .3 .1 4. 5 960 ! 2730 142 5 .5 2 5' 1160 3700 1
! Summary of Weather Conditions '| j . - , . p Ambient pe Ambient Conditions at Tower Top (437 ft) and at Approximate Plume Height __ . )'r, ft To e Base T Approximate Uew Air i Run T,,g Altitude Wind Speed Point Tenip. Sky' [: Number Time of Day (9C) ( C) (ft) (mph) _( C) ( C) Conditions
1 13 437 18.1 -6.5 1. 4 . ' - - Clear - 1100 23.2 -8.6 4. 0 -
i ' . *at center of gravity .. N n N Tabl -1 . Bell 206B Jet Ranger Helicopter IIorizontal Trtverses '. Hun No.14 1 Aircraft Airspeed 100 mph -
Position of Aircraft at Plume Entry Peak Aircraft Time in Altitude Above Distance ', Traverse Acceleration Vertical (g)* Turbulence Tower Top Downw ind I' ' Numbers Station Upward Downward (sec) (ft) (ft) - 143 4 5 .1 4 360 1950 144 5 None .1 3 3'60 3200 145- 4 ' .3 .2 5 360 1950 ; 146 5 .1 '' .3 4 460 3200 147 4 .2 None 4 360 1950 i 148 5 None .2 3 460 3200 149 i' 4 .3 2 4 360 1950 150 5 .3 .1 3 460 3200 : 151 4 .5 f.2 4 360 1950 !' 152 5 .1 .4 't 560 3200 ., 153 4 | "' .3 .3 5 360 1950 154 5 .4 .2 3 560 3200 155 . 4 .2 .2 *4 460 1950 , 156 '5 .4 .2 4. 5 660 3200 L 157 4 .4 .2 4 460 1950 j. . 158 5 .2 .4 5 460 3200 !. L ,' Sumina'ry of Weather Conditions . ,. .
, . , Ambient Ambient Conditions at Tower Top (437 ft) Pera fg' Toe and at Approximate Plume Height _ Ba e , Approximate _ Dew Air Run wet Altitude Wind Speed Point Temp. Sky Number Time of Day (oC ) ( C) (ft) (mph) ( C) ( C) Conditions ' - - - 437 14 16.7 -6.5 7. 5 - - - Clear |- 1000 18.3 -7. 0 6. 2 '. ,
' l *at center of gravity
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5. INTERROGATORY: If answer to Interrogatory 3 was aircraft penetration, please describe instrumentation employed to assess the following plume impacts:
(a) turbulence (b) icing (c) overall weather conditions (d) corrosive effects .
ANSWER: Instrumentation used to assess plume impact on aircraft penetrating cooling tower plumes was as follows:
Paradise (Helicopter) Keystone (Fixed Wing Aircraf t) (a) Turbulence Piezo resistive accel- Velocity of aircraft with erometers (Endevoc Corpora- respect to ground: Singer GP tion, Model 2062-200C). Doppler radar model GPK-1000
, The helicopter was instru- Attitude angles: mented to measure vertical, pitch Humphrey Inc. | i axial and transverse -- Model VG24-0809-1 acceleration at the center roll Same as pitch of gravity of the aircra'ft yaw Humphrey Inc. ( for the first 49 traverses. Model DG24-0101-1 For all other traverses, Accelerometer: Stratham there was a vertical Instrument Corp., Model accelerometer at the center No. AJ 43-5-350, range 15g
of gravity and a transverse . and vertical accelerometer in the nose below the level of the pilots' seats, and directly below the air- craft axial centerline.
| (b) Icing Visual observation Visual observation ! (c) Overall At elevations above Dry bulb temperature: I weather ground, measurements ' Rosemount Eng. Co. Model conditions of dew point tempera- No. 102E-2Al; ture and dry bulb Dew point Thermometer: temperature were made Cambridge System Inc. with EG&G Model 110 Model No. 137C-3-S3 **' mounted on the aircraft. * i Wind speed at tower top | and p,lume altitude was ! measured by comparing - i ground versus air speed I on an up and downwind l f run. Near ground level ! N weather conditions were measured by a psychometer (for wet | and dry bulb tempera- I
L,m, . - - -.= - . _-- . : _ : . : . :.: = _ - .._: = - . :______. , ,
' .
.
,( Paradise (Helicopter) Keystone (Fixed Wing Aircraft) ture) and wind speed and direction , indicators. ' (d) Corrosive None effects None
. 6. INTERROGATORY: If answer to Interrogatory 3 in whole or in part was other than aircraft penetration describe in detail the method used and the assumptions on which its validity as a measurement of plume impact on aircraft operations rest. ANSWER: Calculated as well as measured cooling tower plume characteristics were used as a basis for assessing conditions which might affect aircraft operations. Calculations of plume temperature, liquid and gaseous water content and enthalpy as a function of weather conditions and distance and direction from the Douglas Point coolTHg tower exit were done using mathematical methods described in the paper by Halitsky,
| Woodward and Calabrese attached (Appendix B). The validity ; of these methods is illustrated by figures 6-1 and 6-2 which compare computed versus measured plume temperature.
In these figures the calculated plume center line temperature for the weather conditions existing during a test is repre- sented by the solid line curve. The measured values cor- responding to the solid line curve are shown as circled dots. They are the average of the peak temperature measured , for each of a number of traversesumade at the same loca- tion station at several minute time intervals. The station
, numbers refer to location of the traverse with respect to
-
.= a : = . = = = = . _ = - - -- . ~ . .
*
- . .
. - ( the visible plume and are defined in the answer to
Interrogatory 4. The triangular po.ints are the maximum temperature measured-during any traverse at a stated location. Comparison of the circled dots with the solid line curves indicates the methods used to predict plume temperature, except for run No. 10
' where the measured values are- about 1 to 2*F higher than
calculated. El .
Calculations of airborne salt concentration and ground
level deposition rate were made using uathematical methods developed by Austin, Houghton and Laskowski, described in Appendix C (atgached). These methods utilize characterizations of atmospijeric diffusion and drift droplet behavior based on experimental data. All influential phenomena
such as plume interaction with tower wake, effect of natural
precipitation, and droplet evaporation are accounted for. Input information (as to drift rate and drift drop size distribution) is based on measurements which indicate that the drift control
' specification for the Douglas Point cooling towers can be
attained.
| Methods for calculating aircraft icing rate are discussed in
the answer to Interrogatory 13.
. . .
.
(
.
_ r- -,,.y- _- -- ._ ,) , ,, . , ______,_,,, _, ., , , _ _ _, ,, , . , , .
- . Figura 6-1 . -- -- ...... ::.p r. ...niunc- . , t. :..- ...._,..t.. i=E ...... _ < . . . . . Estimated vs Measured :1 mis i - - - -: :- .r- . =_ . a._ . . -. . . .a er:vr"' . .. 7 . _ . . . . ., ?=d.=i Cooling Tower Plume Peak Temperature F.,. : ei=:i=v.....r r. '. ar. Minus Ambient Temperature ._ iiiE
EMEWni"_'. __"".._::fE!=.E=' #M ~.'_ .nir 9:!-4-- . . _ . . -= :-- _Es _. h_ s_2 2.. ~.E=.2==T, ir-i==y _ .: a.: vs Distance from Tower E i_r.4... :_=.;E: .T =in=...... 1 . . ._ su .. J25=fM _ ...... - lie E 5='l'iifdireiiil 3." .....g. . =a.=_ j =. . .,_=_ = . . . =g . . . : ...... h. =.: CURVE59".. . : IS CALCULATED' : . +i=-s=.A. . .,_.. = == . .. .!. ! . .=_.=_..,.=_..=...... ,. POINTS ARE MEASURED ;:.:=.. .n. ir-- = = = = =. ria. ; .-.= -- R_. - : g ._- . - - * n ------e- ~h-- .===:_=p===t: n..=. : :_: . ==::. :.=;1: : ;...... = = . 4 :_ _.. .,,==_, A measured' single maximum peak .:= ===. . . .=3:n n.:;= .r b.. : | = =, _ i . 21,. . _a -- = :r,=== = .; =J=- == ,=. t :n,== - -1. u,g_{ =.-. . : - ...... _ . . o measur . . = . . , . . . _ . . .q...n.r..E...... =. . .,...... ,.. ed . pe..ak,..of averEE.es .:r.:.t...... 3 . _ . . . . 12.. =. __. g:_:._.: ..{...... t.._.._. S.=:=. . i ...-...... t... . _ .. :. r 29:= =s-Ws qir : Mein L-i7 ' _, _ ._@ .i.'.E=E:' : Wi==i:EW-REi!iiiMiRIT 4=-pie._E!w.mE|=iE:~#:+.. . . :! . ., .. .:::: m...... :_ . _ . :.. er:. . . . _ . . n-. = . ;_, _ _. =. _ .. _ . T_. =. .a. y=. . . .. g:.1... . _ , .=_ . :=.. . . r.:;; .,_ .n. . , . . . - I = . _. _ = . = . ,. . . . _ . g _=. . :. . _ . . , . .r. _g :, .u. . =. . r. __.2 ...... :...=..._ .q =..r_.3.. =. - - --4----- ...u j : * = jr e _ ::p::. r:' r : n e; t "i .. _ . . . '. . . ,: =J A --::az..g.n c= : . = - 2 _ _ _ =.- = : E"__3 - rue U . .. = _ . " _ ~ . " . " - . r : ".:=...... =.::= . " . . = _ .-- .== . . . .=j==._=. I:.. c 9 \ : o --- . ':q- , := _ ...... -. . . . , =1=_.=_ . . . 3 . ". := :e.. . -: ::; ; =.=.=y. =_ =._.y.' ". =. - . t .- . . -- .-_ . : . . e. . . .e . ' _ - . .. =.:=u_. . _ ...... |...._... __ _. _=. ;. ;-.t __ u. . - . - .a.-..- . _t : . ~ : = . . =..p _ ..a = == ; _J=.#- . _.r- .- . --- _ -.: :.,:. . i:. = =. ,.a. : r e . == . u.=...--..<_- a : :- -= : =.e :: ..=-- |:r_ . _-:-- = 4.=r e . . . . 1 * ! = e $.b': =r".; ..n:=ti.#if-i=jr 5.P"Mii31%EM-= . Weather conditions: scattcred clouds - 5 e r- ,,ns . .= : - 12 .. 3.__=;,. ;r.g. = = . .a, ===.= =. _ ::. u. =.4, =- === : Stability - unstable * i g: U . o v . e _== . _ .E=,e.:.A., =Er.c : =_.i =. . : e. .=.::m. . =. L. . . :=. .s.. i:=c__. .. . . Air temperature: 30. 2 F (near ground)
I ==: --- : E E=-- - -== e:.- \..====2 :o ==rb=a .tu - =: : =,=.; = w.=t=,. Relative. humidity: 54. 9% (near ground) .2 = =; .. ur. : - : . .. .re.Jr! CO: * " .r Wind speed: 4. 9 miles / hour (tower top) . 1= - 4 :r _=. . .. s . = . r - : == 2. = = - - .. -- r - *;,_.- _2:::: :. . = :. . :. =.- =. .t= 2. :.yC :u == .._,_t._._ -- = l _.;.- - ~ --- < .:n -* - =_. ..y: :. %: g- 7.g=C::f"E= = . . .c: 2_. grf*.e . n --+*= - t-1:- e _ c _ . _ - g .~ =.. - rJur.:t=._=l : N _ . . _ _ _ .. =: - .g .. -*... _ _ , _ , _ = _ . . _ . . : = M_ . . _ r _ . .': .. . . - .. . :n..:- . .n._ .y ~rr -- . ,e . . . - r . , } .a... , -.n ,.g:.. , . .t . p_ _ _...... _ . , = _ . . . e .:.__ . .--\. _ _u. .n .v.r. ra.. t .. r r|~.n.:.._. : _ . _ e ...... _ . . Sd _ -:...... 3_ 1: . . .;;|r.N~EU .a: y,'J;. : "rt.:L -0 . . . . - i a 1- ...... _ ._. .._ . . =. .[:.:::..= . :t- r . 5=I=..-.- ; _ h.2 r,. e . = - :.: =,- = * m = = . == . = = a .-- - - .. \=..a. .:== d .n. . . ; .. :.r.: - -- I N .: -- G . . : :. :cr:= a ;. . . . _- _- :- p ....r| J *:n ::=| as.: .u ~g I:.r r- : J.:- r n=r -|--,-"; . ._.r==:;.:: .V. :. - 1 : . - .. . . . tu ! ..:-b L.gt:-f h:-- . ._ _.r ;1: .---- , .t-c= : = . :: 2 . =_ = , .p. n = a=. u. u. . gm ", := =~im ..=. .p. . .=. a :;:::z. .:.f _ r-- ' . . . . . - ; u.=55 g ,...... _. p=u.1 = = .t--
~ ~ ' ~ -" - ~ ~ . r' - ~ - S' t .;--l=" "-- -- ! . u a. E"=''- ' i E* s=tB h- 0=:E x=1000 ' ~ ' ' = 2' 1000_-:*1=T= . ~ EE '_3000a - -:. n- 2:=: '4000 i i="5000 T'"""6000"ii4:=r?000 :::- : b i . . . . _ . . _= _ +a=iM . . _ . . . W _J - . 2. - . E . -i Distance. from Co.olin. g. "Tower., . feet. . :. ..]3 ~...... , ...... , ...,...,.: . . ,. . .n * .. ; t. . ...a...... r .. .a ...... - . :+ - 7-!r -. : - q...... :-- : :. ,. . .- - . . , . . ...-- . . . --l . .. . . i .: - - ' ' 3" "_'j ,. - a " + :l ..!....i.. : . ! :. . seu 8- - r | r :- :.a , ;. . . . - ...... r -'e": 'r n P' . _ . , . . .. .- .. .._ : ...... u, r. - . ... ,'...... __...!.....!:...-...... +.. 4 .. * "- " . ....n,...#....__- .ej . r ...... , : . : r. . . . ';. . - _ . . . . i . r. - :. ...ia...... n rr - =r-. 3.. - r- ---: = - !" .."- . . - - .. -;.4n : . !:. _ . ,.|- ; ::.-- ;, . - e|.r-. . .rn | : . . : ...... l" .:|:. :e.|- d".n. .- . t: . ;is!:e * F F * . ! ! I 1 * * * ' - ' . ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ' . . _ ...... ~ . +. - - - - - ~ --A--- " ' - *~* ~ * * "~ ' ~ . - . ' . Figuii6 '2 . . - -- -+ :te:.r=:: :=:::_ . a. . :: =-=;. : : . | =.:. . _:=.y: . ;:::- . ... -a ='==g... - "-" . ~ .si: ----:==t' .r Estimattd vs M"sasured . . . . ;=. :.; ...... ==.=a.." . . = =-- - . 9.;: . , - - - .- :------= * - , . ... I Cooling Tower Plume Peak Temperature " ' = ...... ;..!...... -; 1. :.;. ::;' -- . g.. .a, ..;F :..,:. ; = = 52J -;;; ; ;;;; | == r !c t' Minus Ambient Temperature = = = t " = - = - l i . vs Distance from Tower P5E: M a!Mi...... _d!# . . . . C. . ". .h . - _ _ . . . M_ . . . l='k F f=_ =- c.c.!:-;. L. t.. : r.s.=i 't... !!. CURVE IS CALCULATED. .' "=t n:Ps r=E mhsr: .:!: .....: ...... - ...... _ . . . .- - . _ . . !. m.. . =. t =. ,. r : n ! ,...... _ .-. . r. . . = .. r :. =. POINTS ARE MEASURED. -_ ...... =...-._=_=.F.=_=_._+=_....._.'..r=_=..r .. = _ . . . . . :u =. . .:--:. . n. .=. !. ". . =' n .. - --i-----t--- : ; -- n- - :l_= .;r . ir:."--. . : a .r: . =.. :: _:_ .r.r.;._.::=::=.1- --.- = . -. . . ! . . _ :;_=,: =.: =:. :-r-- !- c. . , _ ...... :- -t- . a measured single. ' ::i- . -+- ---maximum_=:===----- peak -- . :m!;a.:.: ==.4u==_=ar..ci=_ _.)... -- "r e :-.-rt.==..:r- :; =-u.=+. - x :- . , nrp- | == : = c. .-- .-- t - := fE --.n=-.::=. .. : . sc . ._: n...... :_ :: m:_c.=:. === ;.n;=;;. : . .. .._- -n : .., i - _ := m-n . . :- : .:-- . O measured peak of averages " =:- -. _ _ _ . - - " ,a -- -- :== =:-_._ ::.:uu.:::a.r:: , = :=r :_. . . . ._ =..r=."===;---- . . . . . _ u _- u= .=.j-=_;.=: ==. =,_.;:.4.--;_:n. 4. .=._+ :==:4.._-a :-- +--- = : ;:t...... /t- : : :.. ; . == - a --- * : . t = . -" - :- n n . . : ..t .:. .. 7r- _ ,:.". ::---t-- --- a.; . :: :::- ::21-t _ r .: -- | t .. : . :. : . : : .;=" ' --r - i -e , '-- = =g;=::.: :.. .:"t :t . a ra.;t :::n__t =::; ; :.;; : .p=: =:;=.== ;g * :J.. .:n=;.[-:.. .. i --+ ;-: . :.r-', , +-" | .r ; . .t.: . - - - * W. -. l :. .r--- . . .1 - - - - CEe u_.._.".". - - ~. . . . _ . ...g.. _ o t= =T :!. :. ? E -GJ.___h..... '. d r. . . Weather conditions: clear ( . - f - R"un" 10 ' _ . . , _ . .. . _. . ._ _ _: : i.=- .>,i- :i.n_. g .:r..- n. .=. .w:t .5.. . .- E...... , _ _ . . =. Stability: neutral r - r: =Eipg Air temperature: 27.5,F (near ground) %- e:-i=7"'t: _=#- - U"%.=r._ _x : is . :i.. _._H. iii=.=._ip. _c..i_4. .=_ . r. i-E =. .E... i_ =.i .e, m _-. _ . . _ _ Relative humidity: 62.5% near ground) ,=. 2.2_ z .u . . . _=1=== = t._ci. =. .q . _ Wind speed: 19. 8 miles / hour (tower top) g 30 ...... , _! =_ . _L. E.. - - - . =.::r;..l: . s:=:==t;;;.:::=._ _ [n. .==. s: pr :.. T=N' : l ... .:=.:-- ; - E F' ===: . u:- i . -t . .- - ._ _ -- t i n=r- =. _ _ _:.= e E -- * r.= .=n ==1.= 1 g -=. - . gy;==.: . = . === :- =: ".:a--ti2[=. u . -r_ r: =L=:=._= ._ E..:-=__=.:.._ _ :- : ::I-- --==.= =f.,==::n=p;;= n .:.:'=.;r=.n .T = r. == ;=: ==:::.== :. -.==: __. _. I:== . - =, .= A - , z2= ==.x=_= 6 =gi : -_.g .i. .;. Q .3..=_ _ n ;, r._ap.=:} ._:= ,,, . , . .. . .; ==.=.:.1=a . :=_. ,,, _ .._ __7 .._. vr1 --_ . .%. _E+._=. .:r_. .:_=_.;.-5_=..__=t=:_5_.g3..=_4 p.=:_ =_:. = - --- W z=- ..:* L L_._._1...._. '::r:.= .= _: t .:- * : ==: - - - - - r t:= . l.; :-;- r I_ . . =rnr,"/3 ::;f = :.::: _ , :- .::- --'f==.=: s " :- . . .,3: ... -i =. a :. =. _ _-E=.- . _ . g n: = ' " " - ._ =rs =..- - - = - : ==.r.= t .r== =------'----r- ~ . .% h, g$r._ _ _ . - _- _=I - > .. . : . r-t=- . .; 't-,1 tn=.- - 2 : _= . . __.==c=-1._. -- : . f.#2 ::. ::-f- . _ . . _ _ . . ..r; : g: F..=n _ d. _ _ . - . , =_r_=.; ._..."t,--:_.. _ . _ . . - . = _ _ . - _ . _ ...... d'd * - :=. :.=. , . .*: = ; J. :: .g3 J.!_=__ ;_=._. ..n. . -- , g. . ;j :?. rt. .:. 9 ... n. . g ==._ : _ . .. .=.L.. ._ . . . . .* . *. 1 _=_.=.f- . . =_1_. ._. . . g. ._ ...... =?,? ::. ... .".. . . . _._ ..z.. _- .' = _ _ =t : . . a..:. ; ;n =: = :.=- . . :. : . . .. ::Jm.h - = gr. y/ g = . _ .#: Se 3 - ~ r - ;. nr = r----j---:r t.gc.=:.= - ---r---___,..m:.:= ;;=_. .==.g=:;;=_4,.;_ _ . . *_ . :-- ei -- :( e _ "_== , . . -- : : .r--- - ur "etr , Q. _; - ( =_r... -". . =. . . . = _=. L. .;n :. g.p .. 2..=. . -. :: :. . . , .=.=,r : . _....: n_=_=__.. r=: . . .k, _ .1= _,=r..m; _ .:. . .n :... _. ;.._.. . p.. . ,._._,__;., V . =_ g-* i g ....;..._.....u.a..._.. | / e ._ . :.m...... - . . . . . _ 3 ;. . . . . :.=.: = _: . . . . . -- ! J2000--i- .-3000-'. ,.-.. 4000 T- 5000_ . 2. . . =g_. =6000.~' 7000 :=;=.80000. =_3 (- p F10004-ii--i ~ 2.-- J - .!:!-9.- J ' 1.;':--- :_ , =_.a--!; :: : - - -- : : . ;4 4 ".;-! .- t : . C ._._.' E C - .:;.'8 = - e - F,- ====.. . : I :--==_.n,r- .__=.=- 2: :_ D .-ilibwe: e: .frain'.'Cculing., ...... ;; = _Tower-feut. a; =ruz --:; =.r_=ur =- rt= = n=4=.= =J= :,.c:arg * -- 3 .o p"_.3::=3..g=._=_:i." =. ~ f.L;3.;= .."i=.. . r, . 3.:.5.:{- g3.:=.:l.:L igg.cu,:=__=. ' [, =. .g,. - __...._.m_.,. _ _ ._ _ _ ._L __: r g =. . , ,, 7,.--1 ==:r--".__. i . . _ ..t. . .. . _ i.___ .l.._.,_ . . _ _ 5 E - :=i := ::i c.=.. .=i=. = __u__ .= . : . p . == t==r :u. r m=rr : =a i ~ ~ : = = n _3. =r=.n=.;i _ = =:- ._=__=_+;=. := .__ _ _==:- = =a.=.=.====.-= 4 a : :: , . = = .b:====:. n- . r:2: : _= .==. = ' 0 "I ..d._"3.._ {5..~:'.T.._2_did. _. .=.:..t'-; m _ __'~"i . _ _ _ -'.T .* .I..: .d._ *E_.fi_*L di 3 . -E_~1'i_r_::.=_:f_ i_ II. 9_ ...... ~_ ._' E. _ _U-~_#''-. .._~i. 'l_E_:i_t__i 5./.. *L $.- _ - - - D ,====:. .- = = _= = _- = ;a . .r- U* C ===:1: -, _ _. . c r. . : : : M--- rt- J J ...A.-- "" _ ..-L::=. : =;=.. .__ : : : . . _ = -- . . =.=.= . .::s .= :.. l== =:. r u=. :.- :=_=_ _: .:: := 1 . _ _,/= .= 1. . -" r .Etaf =p _ .i - - = ...... :. ---t =_:=__4 2 _. 7t . i _." g ~~. i- .=. . t y = :='.: I_-.. . _ . . . i . . . . .,; :.:. :.::.. . .%. . . . J.s _"_. ". h. . r-rs.- , . _ ...... %_: : .. : T=. .._ . ee ..=..*h..._=..=..=._-...-.: .. r. :.: r._==.. . 1. %. . r. : T.. .. : =". J . _ . __ f._._ . . 6- ...... - uR 11 ...... _ -_ JI " . . . . _ _ . . _ . . . . ~ ... , 4 e ._ . _ . . . , . . _ . . _2.. _. - - . . . ._ . . _ . l =.:e_24, =a u.:.. w. 1__. _ . . ..-. :.. 2. ..=. u.__.i,_=_. . .n r . :. . r. . =.:(u .a=. 4...... - p._..._.:.r .._:.. - .- ...... =_== : -' g =1:.* _: 1::: 1=. ::; T =. . _. 4 - T.r=- - 1*: :=i a Ng..- g *L ' L . r: .:g=-_ =:s ' . - '-- i - :: _ _ - .,,,, IT:::p=-= = = . ..:. . --J: % g:- =-: :=e ! -= := . .r :.:= .=:.=- _::r_9u.==c_2= : __ _. _ . ._ : . . - .n- ca a= :=.: .. i ... . n:= e:. :.:c - .=. u = = ::. :: - -- ! __ _ _ _-- =_::::c =. . . . . u. =. g s., == = r ' - -- :: : r. . ge... _L r.r t. 2.man :__g .u =.:., n ..~~_ . :: .:= . = = .,=== ta= :== } . r. :=; :=l === .=:==a =-t=== ==:._ -._ _. . / t . " a. . p. . - ' g - ..g... - d r', -,: . t. - - ';- !v- y* : - - .u* e:. o1 ------~ . * *. *r.| v -' -----. :- .1*=q_ . - Weather conditions: clear g . 0'. =. : .... .- .: ra - - = :1 un ---- v -.-" *::1, , ~ . . . - - ==- 2. a -- n .r_ s - y , g3_ q. . :.. _==a..-=-2 ===Stability: - neutral - u=c_--, . : , ze 2. : .::;n=r : O . : . - : , : = =4 =.- .:;_=u . . .- _ .. g,::. .:.= F :===- .-=~ e :rs=c==*. Air temperature: 32. 9 F (near ground) we g : 7: - ./ l .. ::.; . .. r x , 33_=7 . : = . ! . ...-" . :.4 =r.= :.. . : :== :=n. . .Cr..:,.i. . .- -- .Ir:==..o CeRelatIve humidity: 48. 6o,o (near ground) - .: :,. . .a .- . , _ . = .....a i=.r.;. g3. a- ,. = ::=6uu. -w - . .,., . .= . - .a . . 1. Wind speed: 12.1 miles / hour (tour top) , .- . . , = . . . . ,, . i.- v1.. .u. 1 ~ '":. - ; - _ _.- :P"l,. @. - g Fi. C _ s;"8- 9 R 2=:.q:..7 --- 7 = =:=j:. .a..r.=.. |T":"r.u.g.g_,.:! . : 8: . . . . . "r. n. =. :. : ~. . , n.n- "i:: : . 7. ::. : gt..a ::.r : . 3. e ..'=.I. = . . - __ _ , . ._ , . A : - o n. y a=, = .. .. i n . . . : ..a....- e.. a e!.3=,3 c.: .. .. .; c 5 j tg: : ...g: . : .1;3<. :-r ::.i g- q _2.2.;, ri :. , ; #7 , i . - . .. i . .. . i . : ." t ic.. . .; pr7.n .]r . 2.;;.rcan .se ..a.. ' : :...:.. r! : .l: . C . _. . ' ~ ~ ' ' ; 1 '"r~~|.- E .: ,.-C. . . 1 y . .. , - c.o + , - - -5000 +,..- 6000< | =-7000 1000._: 2000 -"--3000 4000 . m I - d. d 4-7 : '- ' Distance-from Cooling Tow'e'r', -feet '- +--J : .... . : 1. . .: r- ...... :"-! . . :9 . i ; - 1: . ; e i - - r,"fi=-!.' ,; .;.. "4 (.s ].I-' p|. f , . ~-!"; .l; ? ' ai-- (".!-qilj e :j r-i:" " 'j 2 c ". . .: r* 2 4"-:-}8, . . . . . ! .I : ... . ;_l, . . . : . ._2... .: l. . , . ,.. . ., , . . . ". -| . . _.. _ - A. . i . _ ; .. . .. ;..- - , ' g. g...r- ;- . . * . .cr : ...... l.....|.. - 5. - . - - n -- . . .: rr . . 1 n Q:. . 4 . . g, .n . . . .J -. .:- -.|.;- r .:. : -:.r. .= - : g[...... : r -. [ ~ r i .-. .:: . . . T. . .'. :. . ..:...... ,: ...... i,:. . ;: . .. .t. .. t :.i.. ._ _ . _...... _ . _ . . - ...... _. - - . ' e . . i ' i . i 7. INTERROGATORY: In answers to Interrogatories please indicate j the type of weather (a) occuring during tests by aircraft penetration. t and (b) assumed in assessments made on a basis other than aircraft ! penetration. ANSWER: Weather conditions prevailing during helicopter , . penetrations are given.in Table 4-1. Weather conditions pre- vailing during fixed-wing aircraft penetrations are given in Table III oY Appendix A. I Weather conditions assumed in calculating Douglas Point plume characteristics cover the following combinations of conditions: ; , , _ Dry bulb temperature (4) : -- O to 100 in 10'F increments - Wind speed (meters /sec) : 2, 7, & 12 Atmospheric stability: Stable, neutral, unstable Relative humidity (%) : 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 98 . . 8. INTERROGATORY: Please give a narrative and mathematical definition of the term " air turbulence". ANSWER: Turbulence in a fluid (e.g., air) is the short time departure of fluid motion from the average motion. This concept can be given mathematical formulation, but none has been used in answering these interrogatories. Rather, the effects of turbulence on helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft were observWd. 9. INTERROGATORY: State the estimated temperatures of the proposed Douglas Point Nuclear Station cooling towers plumes at point of emission, at representative intervals therefrom, and assuming the following ambient air temperatures: 90' to 110*; ( 70* to 89'; 50* to 69'; 0' to 32*; below 0*; below 0' , e . - ,w-..- ,.-m-w . . - - - -. .-,-,.-.-.-.m , . , - , . . , , - ,-.e------,.-.4 . , . - - - - . - - - - - . . - __ ~ _ ------. . . , . * . . 3 * ANSWER: Estimated temperatures of the cooling tower plume at the tower exit appear in Figure 9-1 as a function of ambient weather conditions. The solid lines of Figure 9-1 are calculated reference design curves which do not cover the complete range of temperatures requested. Values at extremities of the ranges can be inferred and are shown as dotted lines. , . Plume temperatures at various locations downwind frts the tower are a function of tower conditions, (circulating water inlet and outlet temperature and flow rate) and ambient atmospheric conditions including: t (1) wind speed (2) dry bulb temperature (3) relative humidity stability (and related vertical gradients of both (4) . dry bulb and dew point temperature) The interrogatory cannot be answered definitively without specifying all of these parameters. Therefore, calculations have been made covering combinations of the following set of variables based on full power tower operation: Tower inlet minus outlet water temperature (*F) 25.9 , Tower water flow rate (gpm) 619,000 ''' ~ Wind speed (meters /sec) ~ 2, ? & 12 Dry bulb temperature (*F) O to 100 in 10*F increments Relative humidity (%) 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 98 Stable, Neutral, Unstable Stability ., , . s ' * ' -- . . . , _ - - _ . _ , _ . . _ _ _, .._ . _ _ . _ ._ _ _ _ -._ .- -. , , , . ______. _ , _ . . . . . , _ _ * . , . , (' . Figures 9-2 - . % - M e w ( . & O 4 0 $ e' s - ( . . .-. " & . g . * _ , _ _ ------, . -- - - , , _ _ _ _ - ______- _ _ - - ______- ______- _ _ _ _ _ . ______. _ _ . . -_ l + n m m - . - . , ' ~ DOUGLAS POINT. COOLING TOWER REFERENCE DESIGN ~ - . Figure 9-1 ' - . - s - - - - 150 ------_ . . ;; ; _ _ _ . p |: -: : ~ ~ ------' . . .p [i . . _ .._ . _ . . : : , - - -- - . - I - i i i . . . _ _ . . _ . ! :-: _ : : : : : . :|'. _ _.. __. _ . ___ _ i. _ l. J,- ._ . ;t ' | ;;;j - ~ - t_' ~ ' - ' !'' | , 140 ------. - - _ . . . , ; ,|t , , ; ||| j _ ' I - - - - |! / ;- , ~ I '':1 |il|l 1|, I ,. ~ ' g ~ '' ' ' | 1 ------ . . _ _ _ ,t ;i. 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Er., . _ . . . o .c ..c .> c n. : :. .. :: 1., . ::[.:... a:. , . c c t.--e .. . o ...... , . - :-- .:( . .. g) g;.;3; 3: : . :, . : g . . .-..".....c::,_gc...... _...... r...... ce. re-- .. i - - . - . : --- .; , - ! c : 3 : . . . . . | :-- m, . . :..:. . . o . n.. .q .. n ;. . . t : . i . . | ... s : 1, .; . . . . ,. . | ,. . . I .:. "1. : . , , , . .i...... nn.t. .: . .. . .- . .. :. [.e. .r..u._=...... _...... :- [ _nsa:...... _.. _ ' s . . . . ., . . . - ' ! .. i. . . ' ,-(3 )4ualgtuy.DADqyg 0.1tdEJadd!Di'OUllJOBiBIOUmid 17 *' t j 1 , - - - ~ - - , . - - - - _ -. -.: - .- ' ' . , . * . . . . 10. INTERROGATOFf: State the estimated degree of air turbulence that will be canied by said cooling tower plumes 50,500, 1,500, and 2,000 fee'. above tower outlet when the proposed station is operating at full capacity, both towers are being employed and the area temperature is as follows: 90' to 110*; 70' to 89'; 50' to 69'; 33' to 49'; 0' to 32*; below O' ANSWER: It is estimated that the turbulence in the plume at 500 feet or more above tower cutlet when the proposed station is ope. rating at full capacity will be similar to that at the base of ' or in a cumulus (not cumulonimbus) cloud, irrespective of ambient temperature. Effects of plume induced turbulence on aircraft as a function of distance from the tower is shown in the answer to Interrogatory 4. t No estimates of turbulence at_50 feet above the tower exit have been made. The average , vertical air speed 50 feet abo"e the tower exit could reach 17 mph in the winter. In ! the summer it would be less. Helicopter penetrations closer than about 300 feet and fixed wing pen'etrations closer than 160 . feet above a cooling tower exit were not made. Aircraft behavior during these penetrations is discussed in the answer to Interrogatory 4. It should be noted that the effect of a cooling tower plume on aircraft ope. ration is similar to that of plumes from power plant smoke stacks. This is illustrated by Figure 10-1 which ''' shows measured characteristics and acceleration effects of a stack plume and a cooling tower plume for a typical case. I . . . . _ . .. _ . .. . , . . . - . - - - - ~ . - . . , , , - , _ ~ . . - _ _ _ _ _ . . ._. , , _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ ,, . . - . . - . . Figure 10-1 is a labeled copy of instrument records made during a single helicopter traverse (no.143) which (starting from the left hand edge of the figure and going to the right) passed first through the cooling tower plume and then the stack plume. Seven instrument tracks are shown as labeled on the left hand side of the figure. The cooling tower plume is characterized by an increase in the fast response air temperature (sixth track) and the lack of ! SO (seventh track); the stack plume by the fast response 2 Vertical acceleration at temperature and the presence of SO2 , the aircraft center of gravity (third track) peaked at.about +5g for both the cooling tower and stack plume. Stack plume f peak temperature was about..+4.5'c and the cooling tower plume +1.8'c above ambient as shown on the sixth track from the top. . It should be noted that traverse discussed above was run about 900 feet and 1950 feet downwind from the stack and cooling tower respectively at a location where stack and cooling tower plume were at about the same height. An idea of what the cooling tower plume would be like at 900 feet downwind and 800 feet altitude can be obtained by looking in . Table 4-1 for traverses made approximately at such a location . . . , under similar weather conditions. For example, traverse 125 in Table 4-1 (at 860" altitude and 1770 ft downwind) shows a peak vertical acceleration at the aircraft center of gravity' ( of 0.5g which is about the same as for traverse 143 above. . . . ,p*'* O w - -- - . - - _ . . ..- - -.-_-....,.,_.-.v., m,., , . --_,.. + , . .,___,.__.,___-y, _ _ - - -.- , . , _ . - . _ _ . . . , .- - , . , - - . , . _. . .__ . . . ' Figure 10-1 / .- j Comparison of Stack and Cooling Tower Plume Measurements Run 14 * Traverse 143 , .. . ,- . ,, ,, a ...s _. m. .s m m m, . - Track 1 . i . . - ;' ,d. , .. -FcT_ Plum 6 _f ' stack 1": .: .'i - "- . - - ' - + * t~- vertical a i _ _ . __ a.u - ._a_ 4 . -s.w_ u. w m a u,,r.__ au. ,,m m a..m. .__ ar r, ~ n *m. m,n.T2 - ; ' ' w ,r acceleration, r - . i .... i, . . ,,,, - - a - ; ; - nose: 1. 0 g per W--: a_R - , : p --- .j. - * - '_ ' ' ' ' '- '- * - ' major division '' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '' |, |,', ; -- - - t--' '| | ..5 -l--l4-f ' . . ' ! !| ~~ " '' I. ; - " - 1,' .I Track 2. , - , , , , . . . .m J,1 . .. ior. I- .i . - . - , : -- transverse Z__ J-1/4-sec*1.f- . .'. . _ - . . , m. . , .. . mw . .. . .1 . ;. _ ... . ._m.,_ e - - - m,m.mmu _-- * acceleration, . a;_ - - . . , a. . . . - , . . c . . . . . - n Cycte 1 - _w. u'.a .w - , o- nose: 1. O g per ___ 4 ....._,..-,t . ...;.- .;,w- . . .u. . . . . , Station 4 m - - "' - - ' ' major division "" . . - : ' Alt 800' IIII! ! !II ! | | | I'! I I Heading: NE Track 3 g .,.. . , . . . _ . . , . . . .p,,,.tu ._ w!I!IIII'_I!!|I !!, . .., . .. Time: 3:15pm vertical .e.. . e .:E!. 2 _ -. . * Air speed: 100 mph acceleration, ,I| Q J _ ~ Mgf!C 1g: P ' . '' _ - - - - _ -w ._ r- - - - - ,- .' - center of , ; a " - 1_-".:.3 , ; , 7.:;; , distance downwind . gravity:1. Ogper s . . . , , - . , ...... , _ . . . . _ . . , , . . ., . , ,i cen. te_r_.o. f_t_ower=19. 50.". . .".."."'.3_.> ' . . > . ' major division ' ' - -i-='*------t w ...... distance downwind ! + dil | l'l I I | | | l Il .I I |' 'l' | |- 1.| .|'lIl | 1. i !. jfrom , stacks =,900', j, ", - [ - - .' ' i ' ,. . , . . , . . . ,, Track 4 ,-. . __r.. . #- .' o. s., ", yx,-" - - - - .. .- , -- , , s1ow response , -r> - ,. , .- ,,, u, . .. - , _ >, - . , 2 . . - ,._ ._. ._m .m ., - a------i . .. .m dew point ~sr . s . ,.i , -..m . pp ' , i2 ~ ~ . t mperat e, T . v ii '.M"'t;3fc-- .7Z.i , . . . - N ._ m o.r # _ % - . _ . . - ,- . C):1. 05 ..: .. - _ _, a , m .g,.m i,.- . . . . . # ,.. ., . c . c , ,. . ,, , Per _ _ r- _. .. . m - major division .: .g ,j j | j, g j. .j ..p,g [ 3 .y .j g g g.j j, g | g.q g. g., ;.4gg jgjj ;j;; ,. ,_, ~. . .. . , . - .. , m ,.. ., . . a. ' m.,....- - - - . . Track 5 --4 2 - - - - w- ii . . o-i . -4T,r+2:51 "C , '. M . slow response i-M/% | _ _ ~ . 1 . J'Q._o" g~ ' i ' ' ' ; . .. , . ijiG -M.v*rF T ' . ./ i y(C):1.05 Cper !9rN tempegature, M' I X ' --7' ' ., : . ' . '__ _ __-_!. %.. ,.,s ...... , ,. - ..,..t , . ', .. . ' . . '.' 3 ., .' major division a -* a- - . . f--- .. - . - - =- . h, iWi S . :ll W i l- Illi 1.1 li M l i i.i:i Illlill ~ ' - ', . Track 6' + . '.:.. L ', T. g |n g . . . , ,., - . . . 4 ,-..-...y- -Cm fast response - E...t- W.t.If-- M M-*W*'F.-0*o-M- y .. c.1 , . . . , . . ..1. . , , , . . '. . . .% , .- --- . - , . . , , . , , ,. . , m . .e r temp ature, < . , , ," ,. . . , .__, u ...... -,i. . - , . . x .-.. .,. , . , - , , , . _ u. . . . . i i ; per - ). 1. 5 -, ,. ,im .1 , m.ni ,, , . + . , . 4 .. - m , - ,-, , u .r.. - s - M , . 4 , , - >>. .. i i ! major division e r . # i - ! !-| I l ! i l l ! ! ! ! i l ! ! !. I'| ! I !'l L. l i l l l l l. ill l l': llil - i- i i. J ; _ . iu..t t .e. ' c 2. -'--fGy ' a ;,|;, ': '::; Track 7 -tr A g.r-;. .upg , _u u .c e+ Q ..-p, h }.- -;.i , .- ' ' ' ' ' ,,;, . , , |' . .'... ;', - -- 'L' - - - e -H- SO2 (ppm) .r + u' 'r ' ,. ' ' 7-l+._i-1.2. ,a : ij.Ti-- ;4 : - . _- ! 3.55 ppm per ' ' - M * '- M ' H-'' ' Ti"'+ Q _!iO f N'' - major division , . . -o ( i ,. i e a_ . u _u_. ._:.._. - . . . . _ . - _ - . _ - - - _ - - - , . . - - .is **~L , ...:;L- ..._-__:-__.,-___:_..__.. . . . - - - .______' . . . . . . . , 11. INTERROGATORY: Provide a narrative assessment of the impact of estimated air turbulence associated with or produced by the proposed Douglas Point Station cooling tower plumes on the following types of. aircraft, penetrating said plumes: Aircraft Type T-28 C-ll7 AV-8 H-1 | H-46 ' . ' H-53 | . C-130 : Include in the assessment of estimated air turbulence on such aircraft, penetrations under variable conditions, including, but not limited to, the following: A. Configurations (as applicable) i | (1) normal flight | (2) gear and firps down I B. Speed Ranges -- (1) 80 - 140 knots (2) speeds above 140 knots (3) speeds below 80 knots . C. Operational Difficulties (as applicable) (1) aircraft experiencing engine failure or other power loss (2) aircraft experiencing flight instrument problems ANSWER: Assessment of the impact of estimated air turbulence associated with or produced by the proposed Douglas Point , Station cooling tower plumes on the types of aircraft listed | in various flight configurations, speed ranges and operational., difficulties has not been made in. detail. It is not expected, however, that the cooling tower plume will have an effect on these aircraft under the stated circumstances which is any ( more than that resulting from conditions at the bass of or in a medium size cumulus cloud. Furthermore, since the plume. |- Z L -. _. :_L :: -: .. . ~ i L= ~ :: - :: ' . .L . T - n __ -_ ' ~. ' ~ ' :_::. _._ - . - - - __ ' . . ' . . volume will be only a very small part of the airspace used for aircraft operations, the chance ttat aircraft.will penetrate such plumes is small. 12. INTERROGATORY: Please give a narrative and mathematical definition of aircraft icing. ANSWER: Aircraft icing may be defined as the rate of buildup of , adherent ralid water on aircraft surfaces due to deposition of airborn'e water particles (liquid or solid) or water vapor on such surfaces. As used in the answers to these interrogatories, "significant icing" denotes the degree of icing which would noticeably affect aircraft performance. t A mathematical definition could be expressed in terms of geometrical dimensions, de ity and solid state structure of adherent ice on specific aircraft parts as a function of time. No mathematical definition, however, has been used in answering interrogatories about- icing. 13. INTERROGATORY : State the estimated icing impact of the proposed Douglas Point Nuclear Station cooling tower plumes on the following aircraft components: (a) Structural Components (b) Landing Gear (c) Windshield - i (d) Engine Components Include in the assessment of estimated icing on such components, penetrations under variable conditions, including, but not ''' limited to, the following: .- (a) Aircraft speed ranges as listed in Interrogatory , No. 11. ~ (b) Kircraft penetrations at representative intervals from the tower including vertical and horizontal ( separation therefrom. (c) Ambient temperatures and wind velocities generally prevailing in the Quantico, Virginia area. = . - - - ._.:..-.==-a__ --. ~:. . . . - , - _ . _ . -, - _. - ' . . ' . . - ' ANSWER: No significant aircraft icing due to water in the , Douglas Point cooling tower plumes is expected to occur. None was observed during helicopter and a fixed wing airplane traverses of cooling tower plumes at Paradise and Keystone. Five of the fixed wing and 30 of the helicopter traverses were made through the visible portion of such plumes when ambient air temperat'ure at the traverse altitude was equal to or less than O'C. These temperatures ranged from -6 to -12*C during the traverses. No wetting of surfaces was observed in any traverse. No change in engine performance or vibration was : observed during the traverseb. These observations are consistent with expectations based on a consideration of the conditions necessary for aircraft icing, compared to the conditiens which exist in a cooling tower plume,. Because the liquid water drop sizes in a cooling tower plume are smaller than in clouds and because the plume temperatures are higher than ambient where plume liquid water concentrations | are about the same as in clouds, the icing rate in plumes is expected to be lower than in clouds. In any - | . event, since the plume dimensions are small and aircraft 1 residence time in plumes is short, significant icing from ' ' ' ' , cooling tower plumes is not expected to occur even under j favorable icing conditions. 1 . . . . . , ...... , .. . , ., . , . , . - _ . - _ _ _ , , _ _ , _ , _ . . _ . . . - - - - - , . . ,.___._,______.___,___,_..__a._.______,_. , , _ , _ _ _ _ _ , ._ _ . ' > . . | . * r . * 1 c For example, it is estimated that if an aircraft were to , fly down the center line of a visible plume for five miles following its meandering and rising trajectory during ! conditions favorable for icing, ice accumulation on that I part of the aircraft having the highest icing rate (e.g. rotor tips) would be less than 0.1 inch if the aircraft were traveling 100 to 150 mph. The residence time for the aircraft in the plume under these conditions would be 2 to 3 minutes, whereas normal plume transit times are expected to be 10 to 30 seconds. Further, plumes as long as 4 to 5 miles coupled with condition't favorable for icing are rare (occur less than 14 of the etme during a year) and it would be even more unlikely that an' aircraft would, under these rare conditions, stay in the plume for several miles. ' Since significant icing is not expected to occur even under worst case conditions, estimates of icing on specific air- , | ' craft components at various plume locations and under various aircraft operating and weather conditions have not been made. The rate of icing on an object due to liquid water particles in the plume can be characterized by the following equa- (1) (2) (3) tion - u a . | C '\ > | * w e- -* , e e e- e o . * . . . ( . cue * w 'I.F. = x CF P ice where I.F. = ice formation rate (inch / min) 3 e = liquid water concentration (g/m ) | _ w. = I u drop velocity relative to the object | (ft/sec) i ' i = collection efficiency of object for each given size and density of droplet as a function of u, the object shape and di- mension and the density and viscocity , of the air' (l)(3) ! - 3 p = ice density; 0.917 g/cm ice - ( -4 3 CF = conversion factor = 7.2 x 10 (inches . m . sec/ft. cm3 . min) For 'the case of cooling towe'r plumes, c, depends on the cool- - l ' ing tower operation characteristics, on the ambient weather ; conditions and on the location of the object in the plume. | : This relationship applies only when atmospheric and object temperature are conducive to adherent ice formation on the ! object. (, | ' References (1) Ranz, W. E., Principles of Inertial Impaction, ..s Technical Report No. 1, U..S. Public Health Service Research Grant S-19 Dec. 1956. (2) Hosler, Ch., Dean, Penn. State Univ., private communications. (3) Golovin, M. N. and Putnam, A. Am, " Inertial Impaction on Single Elements", I&EC fundamentals, Vol. 1, pp. 264-273, Nov. 1962. . . w'- - + ?i - - - - ^ ------* . . . ' (. . 14. INTERROGATORY: Assess possible augmentation effects on normal weather conditions encountered in the Quantico, Virginia area, of the proposed Douglas Point Station cooling towers. Please assess particularly augmentation during an inversion condition. ANSWER: Experience with existing natural draft cooling towers and calculations indicate no significant changes in weather conditions in the Quantico, Virginia area will , occur due tb cooling tower operation. Basically this is because the quantities of heat, moisture and drift from the towers represent only a small fraction of the total quantities from natural sources in the area. . | During inversion conditions, which may be accompanied by naturally occurring ground fog, the tower would not con- ( , tribute to the fog. The elevated release point and the buoyancy of the plume would cause the plume to rise to at | | least 1500 ft. During such stable atmospheric conditions very little downward mixing of the plume would occur. A potential for augmentation of natural fogging at ground level due to tower operation exists during higher wind ~ speeds with neutral to unstable atmospheric conditions when the plume rise is not as pronou,,nced and vertical mixing is enhanced. However, calculations of the spatial '- ' ' distribution of cooling tower water for each hour over a ( . . ** _ _ . , , . . ,- - - .m r-%--, y " - --w-m + ------T m-*------' 'F~ "' ~ ~ ^ -~~~ ~-' - . _ ' . . . . - ,- . year's period (using weather conditions measured at the , Douglas Point site) show that there was only one h ur when the increase in relative humidity above ambient I due to tower operation was as great as 0.1% in the vicinity of MCAS Quantico when natural relative humidities were above 954. This is an insignificant increase. Thus, angmentatiqn of fog during other than inversion conditions is not expected to occur. 15. INTERROGATORY: Assess the corrosive effects of 'the saline and other chemical content of the plumes to be omitted by the proposed Douglas Point cooling tower on aircraft structural materials such as magnesium, magnesium alloys, alluminum, alluminum alloyG: ANSWER: Chemicals other tHIh natural. sea salt are not expected to be in cooling tower- plumes in significant quantities. . Plume borne natural sea salt will contribute only a small fraction to the total sea salt exposure of aircraft operating in the vicinity of Douglas Point and at MCAS Quantico. Airborne sea salt concentration near the ground at MCAS ! Quantico due to operation of the Douglas Point cooling | towers is estimated to average less than 0.04 ug/m I} ' ' " whereas naturally occurring sea alt concentrations i picked up from the ocean, bays and the river are expected ' . . ; 1 ~ X, ! . . - - - . - - - - , : . -. |J .L_..:: '. - . . _ - _ _ _ _ . - _ _ . -- _ _ _ _ . . . .. to be much higher (e.g. on the order of .1 to 2 ug/m in a total airborne particulate concentration of more than , ; 20 ug/m )3 . Thus airborne sea salt concentrations at the Air Station will be dominated by natural sources and the contribution from Douglas Point is expected to be insignificant. . The estimates of the distribution of salt from the Douglas Point towers are based on measurements of drift rate at the Homer City cooling tower, the drift control specifica- tion for the Douglas Point cooling towers and a mathematical t model which predicts dispersion of drift in the acmosphere. The methods for calculating drift distribution are described in the answer to Interrogatory 6. Air in the Quantico air space above 1500 feet is expected to contain an average of more th'an 0.5 to 1 ug/m3 of ,,, (2) salt from natural sources. By comparison such concen- trations of sea salt in cooling tower plumes which intersect that air space (at 1500 elevation or more) are expected to vary between a maximum of 2 ug/m3 in the spring and 35 ug/m3 in the summer and fall. Aircraft would not usually intersect such a plume which, at these concentrations, is ..s less than 1000 feet in diameter. .But* if they did, ( . + - - - - . - ,- - - - , - . . , , . . - _ . _ _ _ . _ . . . _ _ _ _ . . _ . , _ _ _ _ . . ______. _ _ _ . , . . . _ _ _ . _ _ . ______. . . . . _ . _ . . _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ ._ _ . , _ . . . . . 4 ' - . ( . they would be in it less than a minute (usually less than 10 seconds), so that the contribution of plume borne salt to total sea salt exposure for aircraft flying in the Quantico area is expected to be insignificant com- pared to that from naturally occurring sea salt concen- tration in the air at flight altitutes. It should be noted for comparison that airborne sea salt concentrations above the open seas with 25 to 40 mph ' winds reach concentrations of 30 to 100 ug/m up to the (3) (4) cloud base and that cgpcentrations several hundred 3 , yards from the seashore can_ reach more than 100 ug/m ( (5) with onshore winds of 10 to.20 mph. References t (1) Douglas Point Environmental Report, Potomac Electric l ' Power Company, 1973, Chapter 5. (2) Byers, H. R., J. R. Sievers and B. J. Tufts, " Dis- tribution in the Atmosphere of Certain Particles capable of Serving as Condensation Nuclei," in ! " Artificial Stimulation of Rain," Proceedings of the First Conference of Physics, Clouds and Preci- - s pitation Particles (H. We1ckmann and W. Smith, , editors), pages 47-70, Pergamon Press, New York (poblished 1957). ( . % - - .--- - ,- . . . . _ ,-, - _ _ _ _ ------+ . , - - - _ _ - - * l | e , e - . ' (. (3) Woodcock, A. H., " Salt Nuclei in Marine Air as a Function of Altitute and Wind Force," Journal of Meteorology, Volume 10, pages 362-371, (1953). (4) Junge, C. E., " Air Chemistry and Radioactivity," International Geophysics Series, Volume 4, ; Academic Press, Chapter 2, 1963. , (5) DeVine, J. C., "The Forked River Program: A Case | Study in Salt Water Cooling," GPU Service Corpora- tion; paper presented at the Cooling Tower Symposium, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, | t. | February, 1974 (to be published in the proceedings ( of the symposium). 16. INTERROGATORY: Assess the impact of repetitive exposure of such aircraft structural materials to said chemical content, in terms such as, number of aircraft penetrations permissible before washing or other treatment required to offset corro- sive effects of such exposure. ANSWER: Since, as indicated in the answer to Interrogatory 15, the exposure of aircraft structural materials to chemical content of the cooling tower plumes from Douglas Point is estimated to be only a small fraction of such exposure due to naturally occurring chemicals in the atmosphere (par- ticularly natural sea salt) , no washing or other treatment **' to offset corrosive effects of such exposure would appear to be indicated other than those which are normally used. ( . . - . . . = , , . . . ' - December 20, 1974 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION '' . 1 BEFCRE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD In the Matter of ) ) POTOMAC ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY ) Docket Nos. 50-448 ) 50-449 (Douglas Point Nuclear Generating ) Stations, Units 1 and 2) ) AFFIDAVIT OF WILLIAM W. LOWE City of Washington ) : ss.: District of Columbia ) t WILLIAM W. LOWE, being. duly sworn according to law, ' deposes and says that the answers contained in " Applicant's ! Answers to the United States Marine Corps' Interrogatories dated October 30, 1974," are true and correct to the best of - . his knowledge and belief. 1 / 4*t $$ William W. Lowe Pickard, Lowe and Associates, Inc. Sworn to and subscribed before | me this 20th day of December, 1974. | , f **\ $ g d *, h [ k Q y .- , Notary Public ''- , 75 , | My Commission expires July 31 ! ( , | . .-.-...... - . . . . ,- - -- . ,_ _ i . , , Dacamb2r 20, 1974 . . UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION , BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD In the Matter of ) ) POTOMAC ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY ) Docket Nos. 50-448 ) 50-449 (Douglas Point Nuclear Generating ) Station, Units 1 and 2) ) : . ! | CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE | I hereby certify that copies of " Applicant's Answers to the United States Marine Corps' Interrogatories dated , October 30, 1974", dated December 20, 1974, were served upon t , the persons on the attached Service List by deposit in the ( United States mail, postage prepaid, this 20th day of December, t 1974. J sw . I. Thomas A. Baxter ' . S S g e - . 4 | _ ,. . . . . --- - _ _____ --. . . . - . . . UNIIED STATES OF AMERICA ' ( ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD . In the Matter of ) ) POTOMAC ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY ) Docket Nos. 50-448 ) 50-449 (Douglas Point Nuclear Generating ) Station, Units 1 and 2) ) SERVICE LIST Elizabeth S. Bowers, Esquire Edward Lawson, Esquire Chairman Assistant Attorney General Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Tawes State Office Building U. S. Atomic Energy Commission 580 Taylor Avenue Washington, D. C. 20545 Annapolis, Maryland 21401 Robert M. Lazo, Esquire Frederick S. Fisher, Esquire Atomic Safety and Licensing BoBrd Assistant Attorney General U. S. Atomic Energy Commission- Commonwealth of Virginia Washington, D. C. 20545 __ Supreme Ocurt - Library Building 1101 East Broad Street Mr. Glenn O. Bright (. ., Richmond, Virginia 23219 Atomic Safety and Licensing Board U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Philip J. Mause, Esquire Washington, D. C. 20545 Environmental Defense Fund, Inc. 1525 18th Street, N. W. - Dr. Richard F. Cole Washington, D. C. 20036 Atomic Safety and Licensing Board U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Frederick L. Kelly, Esquire Washington, D. C. 20545 Chesapeake Bay Foundation P.O. Box 1709 Dr. Walter H. Jordan Annapolis, Maryland 21404 881 W. Outer Drive Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 Robert A. Vanderhye, Esquire 7807 Cliffside Court Docketing and Service Section (21) Springfield, Virginia 22153 office of the Secretary U. S. Atomic Energy Commission William H. Carroll, Jr., Esquire . Washington, D. C. 20545 Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps Counsel for the Commandant - David E. Kartalia, Esqvire (6) Washington, D. C. 20380 * office of General Counsel - Regulation U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Washington, D. C. 20545 ( . . , - . . , , , - - . - - . - ? ---,7,- , , , . , - . , - - . - , ------, -(. . = = *~~ ^ ' ' ~ ' ' ~ ' " ~ ~ ' ~ ^ ' ' ' - ' ~ ' ~ ^ . . * - . . ' ' . . . , . , . i . - , ,, + . .,'**,i , , , , - . f. . , , . . . ATTACHMENT 1 - APPENDIX A .~ . * . ( . c .. . . . 4 - . . COOLING TGiEK PLC2 .TD AIR NAVIGATION PEPCO DOUGIM POINT . Report to. . t William W. Love , - , _t . . - by , C. L. Hosler | Consulting Meteorologist 1 . * . e e . . . e / \ . * ~ ^ ' * " " * " * ' I# ~ ~ * _ ! 9*. _ ...... _ _ . , _ . . . * - * . .' . i e' . .. g , , , .. ., ,. , , , . , i ,y , ~ . | 4 This statement is with reference to the.effect on serial navication of two 550 ft. coolin,; towers spaced one tower diameter apart to' handle two 1100 megawatt nuclear units at the Fepco Douglas Point Project. The state- ment is based upon the five years observations from the ground and the air at the Keystone Power Plant in Pennsylvania; two years of observations from the ground and the air of the Homer City and Con.maugh Plants in western , Pennsylvania and. numerous serial and surface observations for short periods of time in continental United States. England and Europe. In connection with a number of anticipated large cooling tower | ' installations those observations were made and correlated with. theoretical calculations based on physical prine,iples to determine the appearance and environmental impact of the plumes from such cooling towets. These remarks I are confined solely to the effects of cooling tower plumes on air navigation. Ninety-five percent of the time the only visible phenomenon related | * | ' to the cooling towers will be a thin wisp of condensed water vapor extending for a few hundred feet from the towers and disappearing (see Figure 1). The remaining 57 of the time, mostly in the early morning hours and in the winter, the visible plumes will extend to varying heights and distances from the tower depending upon the ambient temperature and saturation deficir. On rare occasions perhaps two or three times per year the plume will be continuous from the top of the. tower to heights of as much as 6,000 or 7,000 feet resembling a small cumulus congestus cloud. This will ord 6arily bc ,,, . during periods of precipitation and lo/CIdw cloudiness and may well be completely A obscured by natural existing clouds. On a similar number of occasions pu year (two or three) the plume will rise to some intermediate level frca ' 2,000 to 6,000 feet, level off, and extend downvind for distanceu as grent , . . . _ _ ...... __ _ _ _ . . . . . * . . - . - - - . . . . _ . . , , - _ . , - _ , . . . _ _ . _ . . , _ _ +. , , _ _ , , - . , , y_._,,_ ___ . , _ . , , , . _ . _ _ _ , __ _ , . , , . .. ,_ ,. _ _ , _ __ _, ; . ' * - . . - . . ) ,, . , ,.').., .. , . , ' , ;. ,' , . . . . i . . . , ,, , , , , . . ' . . 2 . . , as 10 miles (see Figure 2). This will aise be during periods of precipita- tion and low cloudiness and generally speaking the cloud or plume will be - .. indistinguis.hable froa natural clouds and show up simply as a dark streak beneath the overcast. Titis visible plume has no special properties whi:h it will distinguisn/ from natural clouds e:::ept perhaps its location over and downwind of the power plant. We have made numerous observations of all of the characteristics cf this cloud that we also measure in natural clouds. These observations' include the amount of liquid water in the cloud, sizes of the water droplets in the cloud, dimensions of the cloud, and the vertical | and horizontal motions in the cloud. ' The most appropriate characterization of what happens in the rjaing portion of the plume above the towerturould be to liken it to a small - cumulus cloud. The liquid water contant, the drop size distribution, and the motions experienced are almost identical. On 14 occasions we have ;i;ruMw penetrated' the cloud at distances from a low as 50 meters above'the top b it oll'*f * of the cooling tower and up to 360 meters above the top of the cooling tower. In none of these cases did the pilot and crew experience anything that could even be called moderate turbulence and on most penetrations only a slight uplift was detected. The four penetrations where the maxinum upward vertical velocities were obtained are shown on Table I. Thirse data were taken in 1972. On April 5,1972 when three of the measurements taken in Table I were made the plume bent over and a number of traverses were . ' ' - ' ; made longitudinally through the horisor.tal part of the plume. Table II | shows the highest vertical velocities encountered during the penetrations | ' - on April 5 which occurred during penetrations 9, 10, and 11. It can be seen that the vertical velocities were 1.3,1.5 and 1.5 ceters per second ! respectively. * | . w e-~m---+c 1,,,r-%.m- -,-,-r----,-w-y - - , - w-rmv-w w, % . ..e , ,._,,_,w---,,_,,.,,w , -,g,__,.___., ,,,,,,,y ,,__,, ,,_% , _ ,,, .- - . - . - . _ . . ._ _. - _- -- . _ . _ * Ia * - i' . ':, p . , . , , , , , , ' , , , , * , . . e , . . 3 | - tinder most circumstances the vertical velocity diminishes with height above the teuer. In this respect the penetration on April 9, 1972 shown on Table I is unusual in that it shows 2.6 meters per second' at a , . height t: 360 meters. When there is no visible pitzee, there will still be . a detectable updraft over or downwind of the towers. Because of the lack of latent heat release in the dry plu:se. vertical velocities will fall off faster than in the visible pitane and will be less than shown in Table I. ., . Detailed droplet spectra have been taken in all of these penetra- tions and they show very clearly that almost all the drops are condensate drops and even in the core of the plume almost all of the drops are less 100 microas in diameter. Most of the drop,s are in the very snait drop i ! sites of a few microns up to 50 orf0 microns in diameter. Few if any of . these will be collected on a air fgli passing through a cloud. Fifty percent or less of the 100 micron drops will be captured. The liquid water content of the cloud rarely exceeded a few tenths of a gram per cubic meter and the largest liquid water measured was 1.4 grams per cubic meter. These are rather low 1'iquid water contents and coupled , ( vith the very small drop size distribution the result is thet deposition 1Wuid water on the windshield or air foil of an aircraft passing through tha plume is usually not noticeable. At no time in the many pcuetrations did the windshield become completely vst. On two occasions tiny drops were seen to strike the windshield and imaediately evaporate. Thus there is no danger at all in chie plumes as a result of icing on the aircraft. Another .. factor that of course legislates against shy icing problem is that it is very difficult to stay in the plune for more than a few seconds evou ac speeds as low as 100. miles per hour. One of the difficulties we had in ( . + ...... -1_...... _ ...y...~. _ _ _ . _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ __ __ ' * * .g ' , making tha measurecents w:s etsying in tha plume far a meaningful Icngth of time so that we could make the measurements of the cloud properly. These penetrations were all made with a twin-engine aerocommander containing . special instrument: tion for cloud physics as well as extra navigational aids and turbulence measuring equipment. In su: mary, the vertical motions in the plumes above the very large natural drnft cooling towers are of sufficiently low magnitude and short duration as to prorient no significant hazard to aircraft operating in or around them. The liquid water content and drop sizes are so small and the , ability to stay in the cloud is so limited that there is no possibility of signifi' ant icing or ice accumulation in the plume. Thus, the only significant effect of the plume on af.r r.avigation is to reduce visibility during those few occasions when extended plumes occur. These occasions t_ | all correspond to periods when there are almost certain to be low clouds andprecipitationnaturallypresInt. The plume from the cooling tower has no special properties that will distinguish it from the natural clouds except its location. On the few occar.ic.ns a year when the plume levels off immedfstely belcw the natural cloud base, there will be the effect of lowering the cloud beso by as much as a few hundred feet. Because of the penetration schieved by these plumes, this phenomenon will alucys occur at ari altitude above 1500 feet and usually above 2000 feet. Thus in no case would this tend to increase the number of hours when ceilings would be - below mini.eum. It should be emphasized that penetrations were naade were as low as 50 meters above the towers. At these altitudes any condition of ..s concern would be exaggerated as compared to what one would er. counter at a height of severs 1 hundred meters above the towers. - ...... , * . - - e. e -e -e , se ' , - - - - _. , - n ,,,. -,-,---,v,.-, , - , , - - - - , s ,,,,.,,.,,.c, -,-m---, -, * - - - - - a__.____ -- _ _ _ . _ _' .- _ _ . ~ _ _ _ . _ _ , _ _ . . _ , _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ - - _ . - - . - - . . * TABI.E I * ~' * . Hsximum Observed Vertical Velocities '( at Keystone Pouer P2 ant Cooling Towers * . % * Altitude Vertical Velocity ed b'w- Date (meter,sg above tower) * (m/sec) dWeMy * - 4/5/72 50 3.2 . 4/5/72 50 . 3.0 . . 4/5/72 50 2.9 - 4/9/72 360 , 2.6 . . .. . - - . . . . , ~ . * . . , ' - - . , ,' . - . . . , , _ . . . - . - - . . .- . * * * . . . ,- . , ,. , ' ' * - . '. . . . . TA.BIJLII . , (. Vertical Velocities.in Horizontal Part * of Bent Over Plume - ...... ~ 4/5/72 Penetrations . ~ Vertical Velocity of Air ** - , Altitude Penetration # (meters above tower) (m/sec) . . 130 - 1.3 - 9 , , , ** 10 - 130 15 , 1.5 | 11 150 * - | .. . ~ ! ~ *The 1:lume was rising almost vertically from tower exit to point of; penetration ' by aircraft. *** - , , , ' ' " ** Vertical velocity of air within'the humid plume with respect to the , ~ . ambient air at that altitude.*** .- , *** Notes added from conversation with C.S. Hosler 12/18/74. . . . * C ., - . 1 . . _ % * = . . I e . g , . . . . , . *3 -_- -, ______. . ._. __ _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ - - = ~ ~- _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _._ _- . ______. _ _ _ . _ . _ _ _ ',- I ' e ^ ^ . . 1 - . ~ Table HI* ' - Keystone Generating Station: Ambient Weather Conditions During Tests - ' - Penetration . ' . Ambient at Hel t of Penetration * ElevaLon(2) i lative wina speed Date Number of Traverses (1) above ms1 Temperature, C . Humidity, % m/sec . , (meters) . . - 4/5/72 , 3 ~ 473 -2 68 4. 7 . . ! '' .- 4/9/12 1 783 -9.5 98 5. 0 . | l' . ,. - .. . 4 . . . , ' . ( } Includes traverses during which all pertinent data was measured , (2) Tower top is 423 meters above m.s.t. ;. . . t *Added12/11V74 from data provided by Dr. Hosler. ' . . ,, i - . t , 1 - ! SML ! :' _ _ _ _ . ______r .. . . 7 ...... { . . . . . * . t < ...... c ...... - . . . . . - . , ...... - - ...... ,, ;.._...... - . ' . v t .. . . u.a .. . r. : . ~ -" - ? .'rr @.'.a .?,,y ..R..;h'ipt :w.:?i.t.%.M:W '.. y i.3 ~ _.,.: '.3.p.- ..;|2.. G;, , , ,1 , C. ;;,'t%.. .i,C.d.). ~::. .p.p . ; ,, :?s. f-;.:'a. ,%.. Q...... p...... 4 , M. .:p.: yp .: ...... c ...... * * * ' *f* . .. .' d.4 .', . .g.. S# , ,h ,E ' _ #.*?,,",~,,, .,,e 7,') *. [yf .y' ~~ ...... p- {' < .,. .,;,i . * - f. ,I | . .. -?, ., -m ;: .- . . w J. ; .: s. .v, p * . > . . , .n.w. .- ~; . . . y c. . .. r.i-. .. ,. ., . . . .. s ,. .; .~ . . . .s * .:; s 2... a . ..w...... s.+. . . . ~ . . . . - s ., . s e. d- . 4 t.*a..*. : . ;. . - . . . .g t . .; :g.M*.;; .rs. p . h.s, :] < . .; :: . 6 : . ; , ? . & . ;. . r ~ :p,r; ...... ; .. g . . .,.?:s; . .e . . J.- .? ,. . . .a ., :ag . .- e. ~.:,% ; .:,,.. r. i. .y . ;..s .y ; - - ,. ... s . .m giga .g .; . ;:.::,...sg . |..Y .>- n:p. :..-i N , e . .. a n y .s.*W~;, y*,. .- . . . * {. . y .. , ..e.cq ;.... =. sp..y y.f:,,,. . .,. - ...... 4.. . .,1J:. 0.; ;s4 j, * %.* .a ! ; ,. :., - '' g . ._. .e 5 - .a.... : , M; ,,; ,,4 J 19.,. . . ry.. .. p ..|., r p -:..+. -;s.V.!.;,,. . , .L,q . . - , e. .a . ,: . . .., .. - . .- . , ...... a. .f.~p',..e.,e..,;... . ;.: . . . . .u; v - ...... -r .; ;. a ...... < . . . . .t -~ u. ; ;. 5,. ., .,..a ...... , . . . . - . .:r ~ ..w t- c . , .. . -<- . . ' '.* ...... - . . : ...... - ,.s .. . , ...... ,% ...... :. . . . % r. . . , i...... ,9 ...... : - *- ..,...v..~- * T., . ..% . . .- o. ? f. t. '< a h . t. - i.ag, 8 . , .a ...... , . ,...... , ., .%.: ...... , . . ...n....''..+.-...... - . .a.... - ..,...w< . ;. . g.. ., ..r...... b 1 ...... g..v.....- , - * - . . - , * . :: . .c . . 'Y.* ~,A".c y. -*-.. . . ' . . - ~ . . . .& r, .e.n! . . s . - . . : .,7, . . ~ . , ' ~ . * *~ .. ... , ...... ,. .. . v g ..m...... ,*... |w:2 . 2.:. 7 , ',: 3%*: f.. w% .~. 3 . ,: . h ~~ y;,. w.w.t*W .'. . eW..< .... '; , %..:. , . 7.m , . .., .,L ~~L t, _. h:L % - .:S ~' gure 1. Typical visible plumes from large natural draft cooling towers (- (near Morgantown, West Virginia). Figure 2. Infrequently observed bent over plume merging with overcast on day with rain (Homer City, Pa. ) . v .1, ...... s. t ...... :...... > ...... , . . . , . . . . . , . .. : .e. ..,. . .:...... 2. . . , . . . .. , , . . . m. . -. ... -. '... . .*4 . * ; . 4. . . '' + ~r , 1.} M ;.. : ** . :, . . - .- - ...... ,A . , . , j* .- . sy , . , . i ...... < c . -. . re. - * . A. E s ; hp ...... L. ' . * . . _ Qt . *. . . . t "''' * : 5 - % b ,, *- . , g g , d s-**8""'" . * v ...... , ...... " . , ...... , , .: . g .4 M .',... ;} .- , . . . _ .. , . - ., . .. . .- .s.. .. t, . . . - ...... -- , , . . + - .. ._ .,. , w. . . : ... '. - . .f3 - . . . . . * - .+ 1|, . . 4. .s ...... v.- .W' _; - %g . , ...... a ...... oa...-. -==.- . . . . . - . . . . . , , . . . . . ,, . m _ _ .-. - .. . . _ _ _ - _ _ . - _ - - - . _ _ _ _ - - - __ . -. _ , - * i ,s s . . .. g. , , . . . , , ;i ,' 7 " , ~ | . . Appandix B . . . . . , . . .( * - \ . PREDICTION OF TEMPERATURE AND Po!5TURE O!5TR18UT!0M5 Ill C001.!NGT 'OWER PLUME 5 * . . . ., . . . . . . Richard V. Calabrese James Halltsky Keith Woodard University of Massachusetts University of Massachusetts pickard. Lowe and Assoc.. Inc. Amherst. Mass. Amherst. Mass. dashington D. C. 1. INTRODUCTION visible plume. WesselsandWisse(1971)have Cooling towers remove heat from power considered the dispersion of excess plume plant condenser cooling water primarily by enthalpy using Gaussian dispersion in plus:e cross evaporation. and release this heat and moisture sections. Althougn such a model allows calcula. into the atmosphere in the form of a warm moist tion of ground fogging and considers the invisible plume. The air-water mixture leaving the top of plume region. it is only applicable to strong the tower contains liquid water drops and water winds where the effects of the initial jet region vapor. As the mixture rises into the at=osphere any be neglected. In addition they have not considered temperature and moisture gradients and is carried downwind, additional condensation in the atmosphere. Kaylor et al 0973) have occurs due to entrainment of cooler amotent air. accounted for the effects' of the real jet and The liquid water dro:s nay subsecuently fall to the variation of diffused quantities in the plume I the ground, or may re-evaporate as further dilution cccurs. The suspended liquid droplets cross section but have not included atmospneric gradients of temperature and moisture. form the visible part of the csoling tcwer plume. ' However, there also exists an invisible plues The model presented here yields infor- :ur.:u. m g t*e visible plume and extending - astion about both the visible plume and the in- farther downwind. It may be defined as the visible plume, especially with respect to region where the air-water vapor mixture has - potential for fogging by increase in relative i larger mixing ratios and higher temperatures than humidity at ground level. The medel*erchasizes ( the an6fent air. . the real characteristics of the pliste in the initial jet phase by incorporating a mootfication i The environmental impact of cooling l tower plumes may be caused by both visible and of an empMeal utnod by Halitsky OM for invisible plures. The fonner contributes uncondensed effluents released vertically into directly to visibility reduction, while the lat- a horizontal wind. A Gaussian plume is ratened ter may lead to other undesirable effects such to the jet plume at the end of the jet regien and as increased frequency of fogging icing of near- then allowed to expand according to pub 11sned by roads and structures, and adverse effects of data on sigma g o th pu m W . Re snape higher humidity en vegetation. Essentially, the . of the plume centerline is determined from the properties of interest are the local nixing ratio Briggs 0969) plume rise fonnula with the and local te:perature in the plume. If these are Myancy Mux deh in tems M W censity difference between the tower effluent and the known. psychrometric conside~ rations yield the atmosphere at tower exit. Excess humid air local liquid water content. a basic parameter enthahy and man # water are consened in for evaluating visibility reduction due to fog. planes normal to the plume centerline, tne dis- , If the anblent terperature and humidity distri. I Persed quantities being added to the ambient butions are also known, the potential for fogging values determined from the profiles of ter:erature due to radiative cooling may be studied. and soisture at the point of interest. Therno- A moist plume s.#el should provide dynamic considerations then allow prediction of for the dispersion of enthall.y and roisture in a temperature liquid water. and water vaeor dis- plume originating in a jet from a finite ape'rture tributions in the plume, predictions for the * and expanding along a curved centerline in an combined plume of several towers at one site are atmosphere having arbitrarily'specified tureu. achieved by considering an approximate * 1ence and vertical gradients of temperature and ' equivalent jet" having mass, momentum and heat - | humidity. fluxes equal to the sum of the individual tower Several investigators have described fluxes. A sedification of the mooel to obtain an the behvior of cooling tower olures. Csanady estimate of the eUect of imgular tenain u 0 971). Wigley and Slawsen (1971 and 1972) have also discussed. described the rise of a moist piece. Baker 0967) 2* has presented an erstrical formula to calculate 015PER510N MODEL * the length of the visible plume ontv. Hanna 0972) Slawson et al 0 973), and 5:epnen and In considering the simultaneous ( Moroz (,1972) have develo;ed theoretical models dispersion of enthalpy and roisture, it is assumed which, although realistic in sneir a:proacn do that both quantities are dispersed oy the same not account for variation of entna'ny and mechanism. Therefore the dispersion model will moisture in the plurre cross secticn and therefore be developed for an arbitrary cuantity, v wita only yield infomation about the length of the the results being related to the quantities of i 1 -- . : ~- - _ . - . . - - . . - _- -- ._: : -:=-:__- = .. --. . _ - __ .--_ _-_ -. - ._- . _ . -- _-- * . - , '. ' - - * ' . . 1. , ,. , 3 i, , . - , . ,* . . - * * . . , , - . . , c.. .gI. *, i | . ,. - * = 3..(w ' . . . , , , * interest 1 ster. selftsky(1966)develooedan ' * aspirical recei for estir.ating concentrations in 4 6(R-Rg ):g R,g = (R -4RR,3 + 3R,4] . , isothermal Jet plumes b ' * (2) ( data on jet espansion. yHe considering later showed pub (Halitsky 11sned 4 3 3 1967 and 1968) that this met. nod could be extended , , gg + 2II -2Rc R *Rc c ]/" to heated Jets if the path of the plurie centerline was described by an appropriate forwala. Observations of cooling tower plumes reveal that the initial jet region is not * According to Halitsky (1966). the circular but ellipsoidal in cross section. the real jet phase may be divided into two distinct major axis being in the crosswind direction. regions, the zone of establishment and the e: tab- It is assumed that the degree of flattening is a 11shed jet. In Halitsky's Fig.1. the zone of function of atmospheric stability and can be , establishment is characterized by an inner cone estimated by the ratio of crosswind to vertical * , whose radius R,. diminishes to Zero at the end difpersion esefficients as given by the Pasquill I of this region, where axial distance S = 5 . The charts of sipa growth. If conservation of mass . 1 in cross sections normal to the plume axis is | velocity in the inner cone is equal to the tower considered we may deffne crosswind and vertical exit velocity. V,. and all diffused quantities jet radit t,y in the cone retain their initial values. The jet R = Ra /o g (3) is assumed to be circular in cross section with y y.E g R,= A o /sy fts outer boundary expanding linearly at rate a' where R. e and e are evaluated at the axial to radius Aj at the end of the zone of distance Sf With these definitions, the distance ; establishment. The concentration distribution in R'from the plume axis to the jet plume boundary any cross section is assumed to be trapezoidal. along a radius passing through any point of - The established jet region begins at interest (y.z) in a given plume cross section is .the end of the inner cone and is characterized by 2 2 2 decay of both excess velocity and concentration - g.,(((2-h)2,I),yb},1/2 g4) along the plume centerline. The established jet 3 3 3 - 1(3*h)3Iy +,I I .i terminates at $2 with radius R when2 the excess 6 z axial velocity falls to within ten percent of the The corresponding radius of the inner cone. Rg . wind speed. Again the cross secti on is asstaner may be described in ar similar maaner. circular and the pitane expands linearly, but at a rate s . The concentration distributions in- With these definitions, the dilution * j D(= 9,/$ ) may be wrftten as fo11aws: - . planes normal to the plume centerline are assuned I ( to be triangular. In zone of establishme'nt: The values of S . R ' j 3 3,. 32 ' E2 ' D=1 *-jb ' t , R, = d o, R, = N o, (8) - . .. t .- . --- . - - - . ______; - __ _ _ w--v---_e , - . - -- - ____- ___ . _ . _ _ _ _ - ' * ' - * - - . ) i ' s 'i, . * . . i, ; . . * . C.* ..'i . . . . . - ,. [t. ', . , . . , e i - , ' 1 . If Eqs. 6. 7 and 8 are used to match the axial The enthalpy. definedon a wet basis, ts. for . concentrations at S = $ . the simple plume will unsaturated conditions . , 2 expand from station $2 ****'dI"8 ** ( . N = [C,,(T-Tg ) + r C,g(TDA # I =R/#*# I (9) e# y2 # '3"82/ 8 + o*' (16) +r1+rC,,(T-7I3/U"I0 - 'ashere o' and ej are the Pasquill signa values dere the heat of vaporization.1. is a function of the dew point temperature. T . The reference latan at the distance 3-52 . - tamoerature, T . is usuaHy tada as zero segnes - R 3. RISE F. For saturated conditions, the dry bulb and dew The shape of the clume centerline is point terceratures are equal. If liquid water is present . described by the generalized Briggs plume rise ' formulas N=([C + (r+1)C'g](T-Tg ) + rl}/O m t) 07) h=h+aF I/3 2/31 y-1 s (10) The int'f al . excess concentrations of and a = (3/2y2 )1/3 - py) sofsture and enthalpy are then defined oy N * N * NIA ) -where y is the entrainment coefficient and F is e o s . N the buoyancy flux. A value of a = 1.6 is sug- N' = p,N'-p(h,)M(h,) (19) gestcd by Briggs. The point of maximum rise is taken to be X = 31* for unstable ano neutral where M(h ). p(h ). H(h ) are the ambient values s s s conditions, where 1* is given by Eq. 3-35 of of moisture concentration, density, and enthalpy . Briggs (1969). A modification of Eq.12 for evaluated at the height of the tower. Idhen neutral conditions is given by Briggs' Eq. 4-34. these excess quantities are dispersed accorcing .The distance to maximum rise for stable conditions to the appropriate dilution factors and acced is 8tven by to the background concentrations evaluated at X=2.4V(g/T)(30/32) (12) the appropriate height above ground, z. we where T is the arbient temperature at tower height ebtain W mistm countntkn W )p and , and 80/3r is the gradient of potential tempera- enthalpy concentration (p,Hp ) in the plume . ture in the atmospnere. The buoyancy flux is - 4=N,/D+M(z) (20) den ned by - pN =N/0+p(z)M(z) (21) e ', F = (1-0,/p)gV,R,2 (fi) PP ( The Cune density, mistm cenntn- where o is the ambient density at tower exit tion, and ema4y am related to We gen- It should be noted that even if.the tower exit ture, dew point, and mixing ratios by Eqs. e4 to temperature is very close to the arcient temocra- 17. In addition, the vapor mixing ratio is a ture the buoyancy flux may be considerable since function of the dew point as described by the the saturated tower air is considerably lignter sola) humidity chart. Therefore simultaneous than the, ambient air due to its high water vapor solution of these equations allows calculation of content. - T , 7,P r p, and a . Briggs' formula; were developed for P P dry plumes and may not describe the path of the The visible plume is characterized moist cooling tcwer plume accurately. However by 1, > 0 and r, = r,. where r, is the saturation if the two-thirds distance law is assumed to vapor mixing ratio at trcplume temperature. T . ! apply, as suggested by Slawson et al (1973), a P ' suitable value of y may be selected to orovide The invisible plume is described by 1, = 0 and e.better fit. A knowledge of both I and h allows In the invisible plume the relative ' calculation of the axial distance, S. 'p 3 *~ _ _ . , , . . _ _, , . - _ _. - . - - _ . . - - - * - * . - .V e / .. , a 't 4 ,i .. *} g , 4, '' ; i y t * ,... , , . , ...... ' - in'hfily areas ignores the fact that the wind may calculat:d quantitics can be substitut:d for | . follow the c:ntours of the land. However such an the single tower values and the equivalent . estimate will be conservative in that it does not jet can be treated as a single tower for use account for the accitiona* dilution afforded by la the dispersion andel. -( the interaction of the wind with the local Very seldom will there be a * situation in which only one cooling tower is in Calculations were performed for a operation. Therefore the case where the plumes 270 tel power plant contain1ng~ one bank of from several closely spaced towers merge must anchanical draft twers of the following speciff- be considered. Even if only one bank of cations: nurber of cells = 12. cell diameter = mechanical towers were present the combined 9,d5 m. tower height = T7.9n. cell exit velocity = plume from the individual cells is initially 5.76 m/sec circulating water flow rate = rectangular and not circular as assured by the 183.330 GPff, and heat dissipated in tower = - model. An enuivalent jet of circular cross section risy be defined such that the exit area 1.9 x 10 STU/hr. The tower exit conditions, of this jet is greater tnan or ecual to the sisa which are a function of a.htent temperature and of the areas of the individual cells. It is humidity, were calculated using the s:ethod assumed that this jet originates at an elevation of Leung and riocre (1971). Reference araient equal to the height of the towers and that en- conditions were taken at the elevation of the trainment of arbtent air from between the towers tower exit. The temperature lapse rate was occurs at this het ht. This assurotion is not assumed equal to -0.03 01, and +.02) C/m for realistic as the p unes from the individual stabilities 8. D. and F respectively. Relative towers will not ceraine until they have risen a humidity was assumed constant with height. The considerable distance. Mcwever for situations equha jet ana was cnosen such that a = 1. where the length of the visible plume is large * compared to the tower spacing, we can obtain an N. I shs the kn@ of W dsWe estimate for the properties of the combined plisse as a function of ambient temoerature and relative humidity for stab (11 ties 8. D. and ,j,,,* * - F and wind speeds of 2. 5. and 8 m/s. Jogs Consider the case of n towers and la some of the curves are due to the approzi- let subscript E represent the equivalent jet. motion to the molal humidity curve used in the * 'The radius of the equivalent jet. Rg , must be t oosputar program, assused according to the particular tower con- Visible plure length is seen to be figuration. Then the ratio of the equivalent _ strongly dependent on ar.aient temperature and jet area to the combined area of the individual humidity, varying inversely with the former - towers is and directly with the latter. The dependence ( * .en wind speed is not so obvious. For unstable and neutral conditions light winds allow the 8 = k/yy JA)io \(23)' plume to rise high to cooler elevations, thereby - inhibiting evaporation and producing lcng The somentism balance is plisses, whereas strong winds produce small rise, a * * thereby keeping the plume in wanner regions with l EEE NE (24) gnater tenecy to namate. % latter i 1 (fe,A Vooal* , effect is augmented by the increased dilution resulting from increased wind speed. Therefore the la th of the visible plume secreases with The mass balance on"' seisture is a - "r +18 increas ng wind speed. For stable conditions. | lume lengths are insensitive to wind speed. - * A | 11 p,A,V,['8o o, i **O"b". ight winds produce lar e plume rises to warser , regions where poor axia dispersion due to '- g * . * speed is balanced by increased evaporatien due to I'A * E E tesperature, whereas strong winds keep the plune ,8EAYEE * , low in a cooler enviren=ent where the strong L1+rg+1E .I * dispersion due to speed is again balanced by less where * evaporation due to te=perature. The lengtn of . .* the visible plume increases as the atmossnere a . becomes more stable. However, the invisible EE oot lume will not be as readily detected at ground Q=AI* iIfIAYI $evel as for unstable conditions since the. .. The second term on the left hand side of Eq. 25 degree of radial dispersion about the plume centerifne decreases. The points discussed above accounts for the entrainrent of araient air. All , - ambient quantities are evaluated at the tower 'show the importance of having accurate knowledge height. The enthalpy balance, which also accounts of the ambient profiles of temoerature and . for entrainment of ambient enthalpy, is sofsture when calculating visible and invisible , plume properties. Fig. 2 shows the size of the visible (p,A 888Y H ), + o q N = p A V NgggE (26) i = i[1 plume and the vertical beundary radius (Q.5 eg ) l of the invisible plumes for a 0 staoility (s The densities and enthalpies can be related to i atmosphere. 40'F a-aient temperature. 90 percent | temperatures and mixing ratios with Ens.14 to 17. Therefore Eqs. 24 to 26 can be solved simultane. relative humidity, and a wind speed of 5 m/sec. ously for T . T The corresponding liquid water concentration g CE' 'E'8E ' *"d YE . These # 4 . - g e e g g g & W y. ae 49*- %9 O ' 4 - .. - - - , . , , _ , - , ------, - - - , ' , . - , , , . - - - - m-- - y. g -g-,,,., ..--,v _ , . -m,,,w -y- ,_y--,,y- , - - , - - - , , - - , - - - - ., . -u2 _ _ _ - __J 4 * - * - . i ' - ', . . , , ./. . ' ' , , ',;., , ,, , .j . . , , ...... * *- . O , R 1 d . ~ i. i. 3 .( E o 0 " =* > * ee > > . O e i $ . g R ; . R . E * ,. _ $ * 5 a g _ - : I . 2 R. - . o o a 1 1 1 - " . - . ; . , - > > 8 > . - . . * | R , . . _ ,e _ ' ' . *[ i X * > " $ $ - - - .g g * * . > > , . . - - . . = ~ , . . .. s - O A .s as ' * ~ - 11 n j IT.- f;i. , . .j . * . . . , . i 3 * * . | . . E - I - % . - 8 g ' - Ms 2g og - , ~ . . . . , , - - , * j * SJfl3fJ8dul81 $US[M h 5 .._ ,_m,,,,,__,,,..,,_.,,,,_,,,.,,,.,..g~,,aw., .._,..,m _,r_,.,, = . . - . - _ _ ..-_. - _ . . _ , _ , , _ , , _ . , _ , _ . , _ , . _ _ . , ______. . . ..e . , ,, * * * * . ' ** * ' . . ,, , , ., ' . . , , . , . , . . , , ' . , . , _ ' . .. .* . . * - s . . . . , , . *- , ' ( * =. . ___--- . , 4 ,e",==______tavistele Plume 300" & me Anne s' //fI // / //s , , - - E / p,# p / // / ////i' / . / Visible Plume , , , / "***_m_mm t. 100- 1 / s ,p** f OL 0 200 M e60 860 odDO 12'00 . 14'00 Disonnes Downwind, meters . * . - , * 3.0= . . * > - j . 59 |2.0- '. '* ' * ! - I . 1.0= - N . - . . 0 200 4bo 800 abo 1000 1$10 lb FIpro 2. PLUME BOUNDARIES AND" AXIAL LIQUlO WATER CONCENTRATION * * ' * ' ( T=40 F. Relative Humidity = 90E V-5 m/s, D Stability ) . .. .. * * . . . . .* along the axis is also shown. Condensation is Asdifent profiles of ten:perature and seisture seen to occur very close to the tower exit. . were not reported so it was necessary to assume Although not shown in Fig. 2. the invisible atmospheric stability and temperature lapse rates plume extend.s very far downwind. For the case ( .02 and .01 C/r :sith C and D stability . . given, the relative humidity at the plume center- respectively). Since the reference height for line is still one percent above ambient 8000 meteorological data was not given it was assumed meters downwind. For cooling towers located on to be at the elevation of the top of the tower. level topography, the increase in relative The spacing between the three natural draft , humidity at ground level will be of the order of towers was also not specified; therefore it was a few percent. It will be highest for unstable - necessary to assume several values for a. the atrJospheres when the bottom of the plume is equivalent jet area ratio, when more than one brought to the ground close to the tower. tower was in operation (given by n in Table !). . flechanical towers, having lower emission heights, f' * T 1 sh the the r . are seach sere suscentible to ground level fogging than the larger natural-draft tcwers. If towers W d a are located in hilly areas the increase in the first two entries but poorly for the latter two. For the 3/4/71 observation it seems un- g nd level relative humidity can be consider- reasonable that the reported plume 1er:gth should ** be so small, given the low amoient terceraturd and 7. COMPARISON OF ML PREDICTION $ it!TH high relative hunidity. The 9/7/72 data are also CBSERVATIONS epen to question. The plume length ooservation At present only limited data on was made at a different tire than for the lengths of visible pluks are available in the towr operating conditions and no infomation literature. Most are frag .entary and tnerefore is given as to tne crientation of the wind to . of little use for redel verification. To the the axis through the base of the three towrs. . authors' knowledge, no data are available for It should be noted that, at the hign wina speeds the invisible plure region. Slawson et al (1973) reported, plune ccantrash c:ay have occurred. have reported a few observations of the length The model does not account for this. of the visible plu e for strong wind conditions . . . . at the Paradise Steam Plant. The results of four of these observations are cercared with values predicted by the sedal in Table !. 8 g . ._ ; - 1rX -__ -- - J' .' Y _ _J . __ _ __ = :: T * :_ _ _ _ . _ _u__ X L * * - * * ~ - . - ' : .- . ., , . i t. i , , , . . , . .,. , s's* - - , , , - . . TABLE I . . . . | . CDPFARISON OF OBSERVED A*:0 PRID!CTED PLUME LENGTHS (, DATA 0F SLAW 501 ET AL (1973) * . I3I a V, . TfI T r let(2[ V Stab Observed Jet Area Predicted Date Time e/see F F pa/kg 5 m/sec l',"8th , Ratio a th 2/10/71 0653 1 2.5 79.0 13.4 0.87 51.0 11.8 O $32-566 1 565 0750 ' 3/2 /11 1010 2 2.5 73.6 44.9 4.54 72.4 7.3 0 106-167 1 150 1050 . 2 115 3/4/71 0640 1 2.5 72.3 19.1 1.88 85.7 7.0 D 300-465 1 1500 0720 - 0g00 9/7/72 3 3.8 95.9 69.0 13.0 85.3 5.0 C 200 1 835 - 1 , 9815-0942) . . 3 425 [1 Calculated from reported virtual temperature Calculated fron T and r . 8 365 L(23 Assured since no data reported - - gradients of temperature and moisture 10 DE also assumed , . On the basis of the frapnentary data 3DENCLATURE - of Table !. the ability of the redei to give = realistic predictions of plume procerties is en- A area of mission aperture couraging but not conclusive, reyer et al (1974) * * 8ient in Briggs plume rise , $' , t.ava conducted a large nurser of tests on = sechanical draft towers at the FEPC0 Senning b distance from plu:ne axis to a point Road site, but the data were releases so recer2y (y,z) in the plume cross section * specific heat of dry air that sufficient ti:ne has not been available to pa (' cospare observations with our mooel predictions.' C = specific heat of liquid water hoped that tAis will be done in the near C = specific heat of water vapor . D = dilution 8. COtCLU5!0N5 F = buoyancy flux . || = enthalpy of humid air on wet basis . A model has been developed which en- g = acceleration due to gravity ables.the prediction of the distrioutions of h = height of plu::ie centerline = tamperature and rioisture in both the visible and h height of cooling tower . invisible portions of a cooling tower plume. s flesodel accounts for the real jet prooerties of g = Ifquid water mixing ratio the plure as well as dispersion due to atmos- M = concentration of moisture a =. solecular weight of air pheric turbulence. Araient profiles of tempera- a ture and moisture are considered and an equive- my = selecular weight of wa'ter ' lent jet is defined to account for the comoined = plume from several towers. n nun 6er of cooling towers O m, volumetric flow rata = | . The length of the visible plune R boundary radius ' depends strongly on arbient te .perature and R' = boundary radius in flattened jet plume = relative humidity. Accurate knowledge of tne Rg universal gas constant ambient profiles of te.serature anc ecisture is = relative humidity needed to obtain reasonable crecictions. The Ni model cannot be fully valfdated until mo e r = water vapor mixing ratio , 5 = longitudinal coordinate along curved accura'te data becces available for both the j g visible and invisible plume regions. y . (em$prYture = . Tg reference temperature for enthalpy T * d'" ''I"* **"D'''*"'' , , O V = velocity I = downwind coordinate y = lateral or crosswind coordinate, norir.41 '' to wind and direction of emission ( 3 = vertical coordinate, normal to wind in direction of emission e = equivalent jet area ratio I 7 ,- ,. - - - . -. - _ , _ , ' * * ' ' ,' . % * * * , , .. , 1* .. .' , , ' ' . .) , ' . - - , , a * s' tangent'of angle between jet plume .. * boundary and axis at a given station y = plume entraineent coefficient *( 1 = heat of vaporization of water p = fluid density - - e ,a = standard deviations of Gaussian concen- y 2 * tration distributions t = $ concentration of an arbitrary property . ' (amount / volume) . Subscripts . . , | a none * in anbient background or atmosphere . a = on plume axis t = in inner cone , = * ! E in equivalent jet ' a = excess quantity or in zone of establish- ment ! '' ,1 = in established jet * p = in pluce - y .= in crosswind direction - , , . 3 = . in vertical direction a = in to er emission acerture 1 1 = juncture of rene of establishment and estabitshed jet 2 = juncture of established jet and sisple . - plume - - . REFERENCES . Baker, K. G. (T967) Chem. and Process Eng., 56-58 Briggs, G.A. (1969) Plume Rise U.S. Atomic . ; Energy Ccmission No. TID-25075. - ' Csanady, G.T. (1971) 'J. Aool. tiet. 10, 36-42. ' I Na11tsky, J. (1966) Air and Wat. PoTTut. Int.4. * 10, 821-4.1 - Na1Ttsky,J. 1967) Atm Env. 1 183. . * Nalitsky, J. 1968) Atm. Env. 7,,419-22. - C Nanna, 5.R. (1972), J. Appl. Met. 11, 793 99. Kaylor, F. B., Petrillo, J.L., TsaC Y.J. (1973) - * * CEP Cooling Tower Syw:esium Series, pp. 36-a2. Leung, P., Moore, R.E. (1971) J. Power Div. ASCE - Proc. 97 749-66. . Meyer, J."F.,, Eagles T.W., Kohlenstein, L.C., . . Eagan, J.A., Stanbro, W.D. (1974) Mechanical * Draft Cooling Tower visible Pluee Behavior: , Measurements, flodels, Precictiens, presented . at Coo ~ fng Tower Environ.-ent-1974, !! arch 4-6, . 1974. University of Maryland. Slawson, P.R., Coleman, J.H., Frey, J.W. (1973) . .. Sane Observations of Coolleg Twer Plume . Behavior at the Paradise Stets Plant. - Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals. * Alabama. - - Stephen. D. W., Moroz, W.J. (1972) Eng. Research ~ ' Sull. 5-107 Pennsylvania State t'niversity. . Turner - D. 8. (1969) vorktock of At csoreric ,, ; * Dispersion Estimates, Pubite Health Service Pub. No. 999- AP-26. . Wessels H.R.A., Wisse - - J.A. (1971) Atm. Env. 5 . 743-50. * Vigley T.M.L. , Slawson, P.R. (1971) J. Appl. Met. .. 10 253-59. . - Vi (*T.H.L. , Slawson, P.R. (1972) J. Appl. . , , . - Met.),J,,,335-40. , . \ - . | . ' . . . . ! . . I * - - - - . ;.. - .. 2 - [. : - . .-: L . . -- _ - _ .- , , / , | i- ' ATTACHMENT 2 . , - , : . . - Docket Nos. 50-448 ' ' 5 * and 50-449 DN - 1 Hr. Richard P. Skully . Director of Flight Standards Service Federal Aviation AAm{nistration ' Washington, D. C. 20591 - - J . Dear Mr. Skully T- b.u . . . : < y. .- ....:....+r.: . .- TheRegulatorystaffoftheNuclearRahulat'oryCosibsiok1EpEasantly conducting an assessment of the environmental 1spect due to the con- struction and operation of a proposed nuclear power plant at a location 4.5 miles southeast of the Marina Corps Air Station, Quantico, Virginia. The site is located on the Maryland short of the Potomac River and is > known as the Douglas Point sita., . . . _ .. e Comments received on the Commission's Draft Environmental Impact , Statement (DES) from the t'a==anding Officer of the Marine Corps Air ' / Station indicated their concerns that flight operation in the vicinity ( may become hazardors, primarily as a result of the atmospheric turbutmaan and aircraft icing from operation of the two large natural draft , - cooling towers proposed for the site.p,., J. . . . ,...... , i Enclosed are rarious documents which identify, describe, and evaluate the predicted environmental affects of the proposed Douglas Point Nuclear Power Station, the Marina Corps Air.3tation' concerns and the applicant's response to those concerns, and some additional related information obtained by the Regulatory staff. It is requested that your offica - review the enclosed information and provide the Regulatory staff with an analysis of the risk to aircraft flight operations in the vicinity of the proposed site and$ if necessary, provide written testimony and expert witnesses to present that analysis at the Commission's administrative | ! hearing for the Douglas Point project. If possible, it is requ.ssted | that your analysis of the risk to aircraft be provided by March 12, 1975. Mr. Hugh Thompson of g staff is the Environmental Project Manager for this project and can be reached at 443-6950 to provide any ampf.stanca , - ' that you may need. : c.i.~ i - - . L. ':.inC . . A . _. ! , -. * - . __ ~ - . - . , ., _ .______. _. * . , . O , - .k i r~ Mr. Richard Skully -2- S . . .- I This letter confirms the meeting held with Mr. J. Kroft of the FAA ' and Mr. H. Tho:nson of the Regulatory staff on February 14, 1975. Your assistance in this area is greatly apprer. lated. Sincerely, gig at qirdBy@l P. Muller . ' H. I Z ..-e.=en Daniel R. Muller, Assistant Director for Environmental Projects . ! Division of Reactor Licensing Enclosures 1. Douglas Foint Draft Environ- * , mental Statement ' i _ ,T ' ' '. '' ' 2. Commanding Officer. U.S. Marina - , ~~ * Corps Air Station, Quantico Itr. - ( dtd. 26 June 1974 w/ endorsements ' - 3. Peittion of the United States ' ' " Marine Corps for Leave to Intervene . dtd 30 Sept. 1974 - 4. Interrogatories submitted by tha , U. S. Marine Corps dtd 30 Oct. 1974 F 5. Applicant's Answer to the U.S. Marina ,., Corps Interrogatories dtd 20 Dec.1974 .' ~ ^ ' 6. ' ' Dept. of the Arag, Agency for - Aviation Safety, 1tr dtd 20 Nov. 1974 ~ ~ , ' ~~ ce w/o enclosures ;;r -- . Mr. Fred Meister FAA , .. . ". . ' Hr. Ben Harlass, MRC . - . .. , . - . - - * .. , s. a .,. ' . . ' ' ' .. . ," .- - , g . ', * q . , . , - O - _ ...... - - . . ------.....e..-- ;- a ~ . ,. _ , _, _ - - - - - .___- __------_ __ _ _ . . . . = . ------. . _ _- ._ - .. . - _ - - -_ . . - - =- . ATTACHMENT 2 , ( ' DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION * FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION ' WASHINGTON, D.C. 20591 March 11,1975 [ %, ' .' . 1 ~' | Mr. Daniel E. Muller - [ .,p % % / - ' Assistant Director for r b., L Environmental Projects Li J - Division of Reactor Licensing MAR 171975 * 9 United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission ...... m - Washington, D. C. 20555 ; /g . . .e Dear Mr. Muller: N, s p ' Your letter of February 24 requested a Federal Aviati ii' Nstration analysis of the risk to aircraft flight operations in the vicinity of the Douglas Point Nuclear Generating Station cooling towers. - _ Our evaluation is based upon a review of the flight test data contained in the Potomac Electric Power Company's answers to the United States Marine Corps Interrogatories. It is also based upon the assumption that the phenomena created by the Douglas Point Station will be the same as that of the Central City, Kentucky (Paradise Steam Plant), and the Chelasta, Pennsylvania, (Keystone Steam Generating Station) plants. The vertical, axial, and transverse acceleration recordings in the flight , test reports would not, in our opinion, create any greater hazard to aircraft operations than the turbulence encountered in operating near tall trees, hangars, bluffs, etc. , during periods of strong gusty wind conditions. - , Further, helicopters certificated to the requirements of Parts 27 and 29 of the Federal Aviation Regulations must be tested under conditions far greater than those found in the aforementioned flight tests. A study of the icing potential data supplied by the Potomac Electric Power , Company indicates that.there would be a greater icing hazard in flying I through normal cloud formations than in operating within the plumes created by the cooling towers. In summary, it is our opinion that the proposed station would not create a hazard to flight operations. However, we are not in a position to speak to the.other environmental issues raised in the Marine Corps Interrogatory. If we can be of further assistance, let us know. Sincerely, " | . , - ' & C f. - 1. . ' O.R.MdIUGIN,JRr Deputy Director, Flight Standards Service 2 Di' 6 Enclosures (returned) 2d ' t t i ''g .. . -. . ...y...- .- . , . . - - . . . . . , ...... - . . . . . - . . , . ~ . . * '' ~' - _...... ------. . - - . --