Grammatography : a Manual of Reference to The
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'"^ SivO. UTAH Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Brigham Young University http://www.archive.org/details/grammatographymaOOball ' GRAMMATOGRAPHY MANUAL OF REFERENCE TO THE ALPHABETS OF ANCIENT AND MODERN LANGUAGES 133922 BASED ON THE GERMAN COMPILATION r. BALLHOEK 0Zt LONDON TRUBNER AND CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1861. I •. •• : : • . :.. ;^ -; >: * ' . • ' ^ •• '*, • / • •,• : » * » • ': PREFACE. - The Geamma^iography is offered to the Public as a compendious introduction to the reading of the most important ancient and modern languages. Simple in its design, it will be consulted with advantage by the Philological Student, the Amateur Linguist, the Bookseller, the Corrector of the Press, and the diligent Compositor. Although substantially based on " Ballhorn's Alphabete," a German com- pilation, which, in the space of a few years, passed through nine editions, the present manual has in several articles been very considerably improved and enlarged. Of the new observations which have been inserted, some may prove useful even when this work shall be consulted by the side of the respective Grammars. With regard to the Asiatic Alphabets, it may be stated, that the continued efforts to obtain trustworthy specimens have, in some instances, led to highly satisfactory results. In preparing the type of the Chinese characters, the lateral "Tones" have been adjoined to the 214 symbols of pronunciation. These additions will enable the student, instructed by native teachers, to re- member with greater facility the varying articulation of vowel-sounds. The publishers entertain the hope, that the present work, an humble attempt to assist in the furtherance of philological pursuits, will obtain the encouraging consideration of competent scholars, whose suggestions, available for future editions, are respectfully solicited. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Page Page Afghan (or Pushto) .... 28 Hebrew (Judaeo- German) 13 Amliaric 23, 24, 25 Hebrew (Current . ..... hand) , 14 Anglo-Saxon ..... 73 Hungarian ... 68 Arabic Illyrian 20, 21 .... 63 Arabic Ligatures .... 21, 22 Irish .... 73 Aramseic . Italian (Old-) . .9 . 9 . Archaic Characters . 8, 9 Japanese , 34 Armenian ...... 53 Javanese 46, 47, 48 Assyrian Cuneiform .... 7 Lettish 69 Bengali ....... 45 Mantshu . 50, 51 Bohemian (Czechian) . 67, 68 Median Cuneiform 6 Bugis 45 Modern Greek (or Romaic) . 57 Burmese ...... 41 Mongolian . 52 Canarese (or Carnataca) . .42 Numidian . 8 Chinese .... 30, 31, 32, 33 Old- Slavonic (or Cyrillic) 58 Coptic 29 Palmyrenian . 9 Croato-Glagolitic 60 Persian 27 . Persian . Cufic .9 Cuneiform . 5 Cyrillic (or Old Slavonic) ... 58 Phoenician . 8 Czecliian (or Bohemian) . 67, 68 Polish . 65 . (or Danish . .71 Pushto Afghan) 28 Demotic . ... 8 Romaic (or Modern Greek) . 57 . Russian . Estrangelo . 9 ... 61, 62 Ethiopic .... 23, 24, 25 Runes .... 75,76 Etruscan ...... 9 Samaritan . 15 Georgian ...... 54 Sanscrit 35, 36, 37, 38 German . 70 Servian . , 63 Glagolitic ...... 59 Slavonic (Old-) . 58 Gothic 74 Serbian (or Wendish) 66 Greek 55 Swedish . .72 Greek Ligatures ..... 56 Syriac . 16, 17, 18, 19 Greek (Archaic) 9 Tamil . 39, 40 Gujerati (or Guzerattee) . 43 Telugu . , 44 Hieratic ....... 8 Tibetan .... 49 Hieroglyphics ..... 8 Turkish 26 Hebrew .... 10, 11, 12 Wallachian . 64 Hebrew (Archaic) .... 8 Wendish (or Serbian) 66 . Zend . 41 Hebrew (Rabbinical) . .13 .... PERSIAN CUNEIFORM CHARACTERS. There are two main families of Cuneiform Characters which, before the expedition of Alexander the Great, were in use nearly in all Asiatic Conntries, snbjected to the (Achae- menides) Persian Kings. One of these, the Arian arrow-headed, is here given, and is a pure alphabet of fixed characters, which was made use of by the old Persians, proper, and is now read with tolerable accuracy. The other, however, not yet deciphered with sufficient certainty, was employed, with some modifications, by at least five different nations, the Babylonians, the Assyrians, the Medo- Scythians (the second in the triglot inscriptions of Persepolis and Bisutun), the Susians and the Armenians. Almost in each of these five sorts of characters can be distinguished three styles, the Archaic, theLapidary, and the Cursive. Form Value Form Value Form Value Form Value a t m before i s (sh) yyt s^yyy y<5^ ^ ?Y i yyys^ t before i ^<- 111 before u y-y z g' <?Y u yyy- t before u 5^< 11 -y< z\ k th h ys^ y<y y<- .y <5^< d r thr (tr) <y q w ^y yy «yy kh <^y (111 -« r' y< i-p, q <yy- O" ^ P ff f ^^y d, h <s^ gh y« f -y^ V <« b, u, m, i point for separating k' s^y b Q (s) w- y^ A words. -<^ 0-' -yyy m 6 MEDIAN CUNEIFORM CHARACTERS Form Value Form Value Form Value Form Value -T a 5^y t s^ys^y phi 2<1- VO -Bit a ^-yy ta yy y y^ s ^i: i -f^ ti -yy< y^i -t sa i ^< til -yyy yo 21 Sll < u ^ys^ th -^yy- r ^<yy s' yy thi ra s'a u y^ '^Yn y q -iiy thii -yyy< ri <y- s'i qu I'll z tt:h 5^5^y P -y'Sy y^ yy k pa ro za -n- . :y ^ys^ yy y '^T ka 5^y- pi ^1 hi yy h m^^ ku j^yy- pe <ti^ fi ha -t:^ kh y?^ pu i: fc -5^y n y <m klia y ph m V <- ui < klm -y plia ^tVy vu s^yys^ 111 ASSYRIAN CUNEIFORM CHARACTERS Form Value Form Value Form Value Form Value TV >+ >y ( ch > n 1- J^-4 V r [ t Y \ »^YY a, ya <• [ 1' ly- fj L ^T w iy > r rsli I t, s £: i ^y <y-H-<y ) ) f (Is, z, g, kh s^T ^y <^f i dsh or j / ^ ^KT \ !*n ^y \ mft t<y (.1 ^ >r >y- \ ^ 1, AAA vy- \ V \ ^ \ "^^ \ k n h i, y ^\ y- i JUUI i, it hii, V, y 2yy m; ' V sh ^y; y ;y 5r<y W 1 f +<y V U Dy ny WH 1 I :<yy \ ^y ( kh s^yyy w-< Ay i^y 1 TO > / m, V >+f<y V 1' a V, h, a, r ry a, z TU-f »^<'< -:y *^-< nue uu 1 i j VjHf- y<Y V ch \ V YUSh \ \ <Ty 1 1 8 OLDEST CHARACTERS ilrrangement Hieroglyphics Hieratic Demotic Phcenician Numidian Early - Hebrew Aleph • • • • X f -t • • 2 Beth n ^ ^ 9 Gimel ;i t 7 1 1 1 Daleth rj 1 I • • • ^ ^ n He C71 ? ^ Vav 1 7 7 I Zayin I a A, A . n Cheth . n ft ^ ^ ))) B to Teth J © O •» Yodh . IZ ^ ^ . 1-X 2 Kapli ^-^ 'fl )f oy ^ Lamedh L 4 y /. ^ V AA/WA i Mem A•v/^y^A f2 ^ ^ '^7 ^^ 2 Nun • • • 'z V ) D Samek n X. AAM t^ ^ y Ayin ^r- ^U u O • ^ Pe 1 > -n ) Tsadhe . V\A- ^ r r . Q'oph P V V V i7 n Resh r\ R u ^ ^ Shin tvw ^J ^^^ t^ ^ ^ . w Tav n . -^ h xt xt .... • • • I 5 ' 9 OLDEST CHARACTERS Aramaic Estrangelo Palmyrenian Kuiic Old-Heller,ic Old-Ilalic Etrurian \* 4 4 'T> Pi A\ H ni d^R^ L /\ iJ :n :5 J ^ ^ ^ ^ 9i S A X ^ rri"\ ( 7 ) ) A 1. p' Q ^ B "I h A fi^ /^ A 1 ^ -r\ >i A d q^ ^ ^• 3 3E a FM 7 1 a 1 1 :i =1F 1- + L ^ / 7. 1 I J / NHth''^ VX . .... C— H J 3 3 e E| • - .... • . .... s 8 f n .^ Ji 6 B H B.H a h e 1 i \} X 6 L © 9 ^ ^ ^ > D J ^ 8 7 JXHj H VJ 1 3 >l k >l K 1 "^^ 3 1 A J / U L X ^ J 1 Ih J ^ m m) /V w\ Mwl" ^"^ ^ tJ o M J 7 A/ M n \ ) 1 ^ r u 1 1 t I ^3 b f 1 1 ) u c () ^ J^ 90 , n r " i O O A :s J n r o) T ' r ^,V ^ ^ ^ b ^ ^ A 1', ^ 3 9 Q A PT <l V o \ "^ A q a D P S s ^ ^ ^ ^ J S ^ aa M 2 S 5 s V X V J" M ^ T t Y u n V ^ J -Y V V, u • • • .... ^ V Y V / — : 10 HEBREW ————— Pronun- Numer.- Form Name ciation value NOTES. The Hebrew Alphabet, like ail Semitic al- Spintus leni8 s Alepli 1 phabets, consists only of consonants, 22 in number, some of which, however, have also i Beth b bh 2 2i the force is right of vowels. Hebrew read from \ to left. Because at the end of the lines, words y Giniel g gli 3 cannot be divided , the following dilatable cha- *' Daleth d dh 4 racters (dilatabiles) were employed to help to justify, or fill up the lines; but now the prac- n He h 5 tice is all but obsolete. ^ Vav w 6 tz: m S r-i r-i >^ ^ r- 1 Zayiii S soft f CONSONANTS. Chetli eh 8 Notes on Pronunciation. T' ^ is the softest guttural, an emission of the £0 Teth t 9 breath scarcely to be heard, the Spiritus lenis of the Greeks , similar to - , but much ' ^ Yotlli J 10 softer. before a vowel, is our aspirated h (the Spi- •^ Kapli k kli 20 PI i linal X ^? ritus asper of the Greeks); but after a 1 vowel, at the end of a syllable, it is a Laiuedh 1 30 h guttural, and, at the end of words, it Mem ni 40 often supplies the place of a vowel. a, linal U y 1 ) is a guttural g, accompanied by a gra- Nun 11 50 ting or rattling sound a softer breathing J, linal 1 ; 2) 1 like s. In reading and transcribing hebrew Samek s 60 D words, it is now usual to onnt y and s, Ayiu guttural • 70 e.