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Alothman 2012: Najdi Arabic In Digital Vernaculars: An Investigation of Najdi Arabic in Multilingual Synchronous Computer-Mediated Communication A Thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2012 Ebtesam S Alothman School of Languages, Linguistics and Cultures Linguistics and English Language TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………..... 10 LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………….. 12 TRANSLITERATION SYSTEMS……………………………………………………. 14 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS I……………………………………………………….. 15 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS II……………………………………………………….. 16 ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………… 17 DECLARATION……….……………………………………………………………… 18 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT…………………………………………………………. 19 ACKNOWLEDGMENT……………………………………………………………… 20 DEDICATION………………………………….………………...…………………… 21 THE AUTHOR………………………………………………………………………… 22 CHAPTER ONE ……………………………………………………………………… 23 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………. 23 1.1 Preliminaries…………………………………..…………………………………… 23 1.2 Multilingual CMC: A selective history……………………………………………. 24 1.3 Statement of the problem…………………………………………………………... 30 1.4 Aims of the study….……………………………………………………………….. 32 1.5 Research questions………………………………………………………………… 33 1.6 Overview of methodology…………………………………………………………. 34 1.7 Significance of the study…………………………………………………………. 35 1.8 Limitations………………………………………………………………………... 36 1.8 Organization of the thesis…………………………………………………………. 37 CHAPTER TWO……………………………………………………………………... 41 COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION …................................................ 41 2.1 Computer-mediated communication………………………………………………. 41 2.1.1 Definition of computer-mediated communication…………………………….. 41 2.1.2 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)……………………………………………………... 43 2.1.3 Virtual community………………………………………………………….. … 47 2 CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………………………... 51 METHODOLGY …………………………………………………………………….. 51 3.1 Najdi Arabic documentation………………………………………………………. 52 3.1.1 Roman-Morpho Syntactic (RMS) Dialect Survey…………………………….. 52 3.1.2 Informants……………………………………………………………………… 55 3.2 Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis Approach……………………………….. 57 3.2.1The “IRC Language Questionnaire”…………………………………………… 61 3.2.1.1 Internet-Mediated Research……………………………………………... 62 3.2.1.2 The “IRC Language Questionnaire”………………………………………… 65 3.2.1.3 Pilot study………………………………………………………………….... 68 3.2.1.4 Strategy of sampling…………………………………….…………………… 69 3.2.1.5 Validity and reliability………………………………………………………. 71 3.2.1.6 Data analysis………………………………………………………………… 72 3.2.2 Discourse-analytic method……………………………………………………… 73 3.2.2.1 Setting………………………………………………………………………. 73 3.2.2.2 Data collection………………………………………………………………. 77 3.2.2.3 Data presentation…………………………………………………………….. 78 3.2.2.4 Data analysis……………………………………………………………….… 79 3.3 Ethical considerations……………………………………………………………... 80 3.5 Summary…………………………………………………………………………… 82 CHAPTER FOUR…………………………………………………………………..... 84 NAJDI ARABIC ……………………………………………………………………. 84 4.1 The Arabian Peninsula: Historical background………………………………….… 84 4.2 Najd……………………………………………………………………………….. 86 4.3 Najdi Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic……………………………………….. 89 4.4 Phonology………………………………………………………………………… 92 4.4.1 Vowels………………………………………………………………………… 92 4.4.2 Consonants…………………………………………………………………….. 93 4.5 Morphology……………………………………………………………………….. 97 4.5.1 Nominal morphology…………………………………………………………. 98 4.5.1.1 Noun class types……………………………………… ………………… 98 4.5.1.2 Number………………………………………………………………….. 100 3 4.5.1.3 Gender…………………………………………………………………… 101 4.5.1.4 Definiteness……………………………………………………………… 101 4.5.1.5 Indefinites pronouns……………………………………………………. 102 4.5.1.6 Personal pronouns……………………………………………………….. 104 4.5.1.7 Object pronouns…………………………………………………………. 106 4.5.1.8 Demonstratives………………………………………………………….. 107 4.5.1.9 Numerals………………………………………………………………… 108 4.5.1.10 Quantifies………………………………………………………………. 110 4.5.1.11 Adjectives………………………………………………………………. 110 4.5.1.12 Adverbs………………………………………………………………… 112 4.5.1.13 Local relations………………………………………………………….. 113 4.5.1.14 Possessions…………………………………………………………….. 114 4.5.1.15 Interrogatives…………………………………………………………… 115 4.5.2 Verbal morphology…………………………………………………………… 116 4.5.2.1 Verb derivation…………………………………………………………... 116 4.5.2.2 Verb inflection classes…………………………………………………… 117 4.5.2.3 Tense…………………………………………………………………….. 119 4.5.2.4 Modality…………………………………………………………………. 120 4.5.2.5 Aspect…………………………………………………………………… 120 4.5.2.6 Negation…………………………………………………………………. 121 4.5.2.7 Modal verbs……………………………………………………………… 123 4.6 Syntax……………………………………………………………………………… 126 4.6.1 Simple sentence……………………………………………………………….. 127 4.6.1.1 Declarative clauses……………………………………………………… 127 4.6.1.2 Interrogative clauses…………………………………………………….. 128 4.6.1.3 Construct………………………………………………………………… 129 4.6.1.4 Modification…………………………………………………………….. 130 4.6.1.5 Conditional clauses……………………………………………………… 131 4.6.2 Complex sentence……………………………………………………………. 132 4.7 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………… 134 4 CHAPTER FIVE…………………………………………………………………… 139 IRC PARTICIPANTS: SOCIAL DIMENSIONS AND ATTITUDES 139 TOWARDS USING NAJDI ARABIC ONLINE…………………………. ……... 5.2 Background CMC research………………………………………………………. 140 5.3 Results of the “IRC Language Questionnaire”…………………………………… 143 5.3.1 Participants’ social profiles……………………………………………………. 144 5.3.2 Participants’ internet usage……………………………………………………. 145 5.3.3 Participants’ choice of script and language…………………………………… 147 5.3.4 Social context of Romanized NA in CMC……………………………………. 155 5.3.5 Participants’ attitudes towards the use of NA online…………………………. 159 5.4 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………. 168 CHAPTER SIX……………………………………………………………………….. 171 ORTHOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF NAJDI ARABIC ONLINE……… 171 6.1 Orthography in CMC……………………………………………………………… 172 6.1.1 Conceptual basis of orthography: A terminological framework………………. 172 6.1.2 The sociolinguistics of writing systems………………………………………. 175 6.1.2.1 The development of new writing systems………………………………. 175 6.1.2.2 Digraphia………………………………………………………………… 177 6.1.2.3 Sociolinguistic issues of writing………………………………………… 182 6.1.3 Adaptation of writing systems in CMC………………………………………. 183 6.1.4 Romanized Arabic systems……………………………………………………. 186 6.2 Methodology………………………………………………………………………. 188 6.3 Results: Romanized NA in IRC…………………………………………………… 189 6.3.1 Romanized NA: Consonants………………………………………………… 189 6.3.1.1 One phoneme-to-one grapheme correspondence………………………. 189 6.3.1.1.1 Digraphs………………………………………………………….. 193 6.3.1.1.2 The pharyngealized voiced interdental fricative / d ˤ /....................... 193 6.3.1.1.3 The dental-alveolar affricates /ts/and /dz/........................................ 194 6.3.1.1.4 Geminates.......................................................................................... 194 6.3.1.2 One phoneme –to- two or three graphemes correspondence...................... 195 5 6.3.1.2.1 The voiced uvular fricative / ɣ/................................................................ 196 6.3.1.2.2 The voiced velar stop /g/................................................................... 196 6.3.1.2.3 The voiced dental fricative / ð/........................................................... 198 6.3.1.2.4 The voiceless uvular fricative /x/............................................................ 198 6.3.1.3 Two phonemes –to- one grapheme correspondence.................................. 200 6.3.1.4 No phoneme –to- one grapheme correspondence...................................... 201 6.3.2 Romanized NA: Vowels………………………………………………………. 202 6.3.2.1 Short vowels…………………………………………………………….. 203 6.3.2.2 Long vowels…………………………………………………………… 204 6.3.2.3 Trends of vowel representation in Romanized NA................................... 206 6.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….. 207 CHAPTER SEVEN…………………………………………………………………. 212 CODE-SWITCHING AND SCRIPT-SWITCHING IN NAJDI IRC …………… 212 7.1 Code-switching and CMC……………………………………………………….. 215 7.1.1 Code-Switching: A terminological framework................................................... 216 7.1.1.1Code……………………………………….……………………………… 216 7.1.1.2 Code-switching…………………….…………………………………….. 217 7.1.2 Code-switching vs. borrowing............................................................................. 218 7.1.3 Analytical approaches to code-switching............................................................ 222 7.1.3.1 Linguistic approaches to code-switching................................................... 222 7.1.3.2 Sociolinguistic approaches to code-switching............................................ 224 7.1.3.2.1 Gumperz: Situation-Metaphor—We code and they code................. 224 7.1.3.2.2 Myers-Scotton’s Markedness Model ………………..…………….. 226 7.1.3.2.3 Auer’s Conversationalist Approach................................................... 227 7.1.4 Code-switching in CMC……………………………………………………….. 233 7.2 Methodology……………………………………………………………………... 240 7.3 Morphological integration of borrowings................................................................. 242 7.3.1 Morphological integration of borrowings: Roman script.................................... 243 7.3.1.1 The definite article...................................................................................... 243 7.3.1.2 Prepositions................................................................................................ 245 7.3.1.3 Pluralisation................................................................................................ 245 7.3.1.4 Possessive constructions............................................................................
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