Greek ligatures in early modern printing Griekse ligaturen in de vroeg-moderne boeken
An Index of Greek Ligatures and Contractions, William Wallace, 1923 3
The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek, William H.Ingram, 1966 16
Alphabetum Graecum, Parisiis 1532, Christianus Wechelus 37
Aphabetum Graecum, Lugdunum 1544, Sebastianus Gryphius 76
Alphabetum Graecum, Dionysius Halicarnassu, Menses Graecorum 95 Parisiis 1550, Guil. Morelius
Alphabtum Graecum, Lutetiae 1550, Robertus Stephanus 155
Aphabetum Graecum, Theodorus Beza, 1554, Robertus Stephanus 221
Aphabetum Graecum, Antverpiae 1566, Christophorus Plantinus 293
Alphabeum Graecum, Romae 1771 325
Leo Nellissen januari 2013 www.stilus.nl
AN INDEX OF GREEK LIGATURES AND CONTRACTIONS
INTRODUCTION THIS Index owes its origin to the deciphering of a folio printed in Greek in Paris in 1628. As other books came under my eye, I found that in addition to the ligatures which I had analysed there were still many others, and I was so beguiled by their manifold and often obscure forms that I went far afield in my researches. It was surprising, no less than disconcerting, that with the exception of Proctor, to whom reference will presently be made, no one in modern days had occupied himself with a phase of Greek typography which, owing to its crabbedness and elusive contractions, based no doubt upon the Tironian practices of the scribes, had estranged students from the study of later Greek literature. Beginning with the Baskerville fount of 1763, I worked backwards, over- taking the Paris fount, till, with a Froben as a complication, I was entangled in an Aldine. This led me to Proctor's erudite monograph on The Printing of Greekin the Fifteenth Century, which was of great value, for by its means I was able to verify my own decipherings and at the same time to add to my list fresh examples from the texts and founts which he had analysed. Apart from Proctor's work only three lists were accessible. The first was 1 that of Aldus Manutius (1494-5), who gave clues to the more complicated sorts in one of his founts, adding that he passed over many 'connexiones ' as they could be identified very easily. The next list was that printed at the end of the Greek Grammar of Ramus (Hanover, 1605), in which the Aldine 'con- nexiones' were included and others as well, a thoughtful proceeding if the Grammar was to be of any use, for it was printed almost entirely in ligatures. There were over 300 examples in this list. The last was the GrandePolice of Fournier le jeune, Paris, 1764, which gave 376 ligatures in a fount of 776 sorts. Obviously these lists could print only such sorts as existed in their founts; the Fell types, for instance, had extremely few, a sign that the English printers had begun to discard the ligature in favour of the simple sort. Owing to the melting down of founts containing ligatures, an Index of this kind cannot be printed from type; it has to be copied by hand and reproduced by process from the manuscript. When it is considered that in an old fount there were hundreds of sorts-sometimes over a thousand-it is conceivable that in the preparation of this Index of over 500 ligatures some rare examples may have been overlooked, and therefore any additions will be gratefully acknowledged. When a fresh fount was examined its contractions were " " 1A sort is the printer's term for a single character or piece in his fount. 183 184 WVILLIAMWALLACE compared with those already noted in order to secure accuracy. The deciphering was simple when a modern reprint was available, but the works which afforded the richest harvest were for the most part strange treatises on all manner of subjects, from Astronomy to Gastronomy, which had remained enshrined if not interred in their original garb. In these the open letters of a word threw light upon the ligature, and when these failed, examples and sentences had to be collated. Again, though the meaning of a ligature was clear, its shape was not accepted until a number of specimens in the same book had been examined in order to exclude the possibility of a batter or broken type. This is not the place to discuss what was the unit in a combination sort. My sole purpose is to assist the eye of the student, and purists in typography will perhaps visit me with their censure for including as a ligature a combination which consists of a ' kern' and a ligature. A ' kern '-French, crene or crenage -is defined as ' that part of a letter which overhangs its body, as in a lower-case f,' (Jacobi, Printing, sixth edition, p. 63). But in Greek a 'sort' ' typography is said to be kerned ' when part of the body or shoulder is cut away so as to allow the next 'sort 'to be brought so close that there is no visible space beween the two. Thus sigma alpha or tau alpha (there are many other instances) were frequently kerned so as to present an unbroken continuity, and as they appeared to run into one another they were accepted as ligatured. Hence it is possible that some of the examples were copied from two sorts so neatly kerned that they looked like one. My aim, however, was to reproduce appearances and shapes rather than to split hairs over typographical niceties. Accents and breathings are shown when they form part of the ligature, but in doubt the word itself, and failing it the context, will prove the surest guide. It is rather late in the day to asperse the practices of the early designers of Greek founts or to quarrel with their type-setters. Litera scripta manet. What the ' litera ' meant is the whole function of this Index. The compositor who read otov as we prefer it had no scruples about printing it as Olovand otov in one and the same line. Compare xi. 20 and 21. In one fount dpapo-Kcw occurred with a different ligature for each ap, as though the breathing demanded discrimination. The compositor merely picked up the sort that was nearest. There are dozens of instances of misplaced accents and breathings, of different sorts and different ligatures for the same letters in one line of print. The crux in xix. 18 might weigh against accuracy in transcription. But it is just these liberties which the fifteenth-century compositors took which disconcert the scholars of the twentieth. Examined in the light of scholarship the ligature is wide of the mark in the placing of a circumflex over a short vowel, but the contraction exists in print. What happened was this. The compositor had to get in the words Xa,/dtver' oiv, but in order to justify his line he left out the space and ran two words together. So he kerned omikron and tau, put the apostrophe and breathing over omikron, and the circumflex on top. A short vowel circumflexed is, like metal on metal or colour on colour in heraldry, pour enquerir, and an Index of this kind, if it is to serve its purpose, must contain examples of inconsistencies and perversions, for it is these, far more than the stereotyped ligatures, that are difficult to interpret. INDEX OF GREEK LIGATURES AND CONTRACTIONS 185
Ligatures are more easy to read when they are detached from the words in which they occur, and therefore when a syllable or word has a variety of ligatures, as iii. 1 to 8. the reading is given once only so as to avoid crowding and repetition. Detached specimens of a single sort, such as ii. 18, or xviii. 13, are written on the same line. The sorts in brackets show the manner in which symbols and contractions are combined with sorts, as in xi. 23 and xxiii. 12. The sort viii. 2 is an example of an apostrophe and rough breathing kerned, though it looks like an error in transcription. It is the unexpected that complicates deciphering, especially in founts of small size, and it is safer not to pillory the inter- pretation of a ligature without patient inquiry, for, however wrong the compositor, the scrupulous transcriber cannot be held accountable for breaches of scholarly decorum. The pitfalls are many, but it is hoped that this farrago literarum will be of some use in allaying the apprehensions of those who have been deterred from investigating early books printed in Greek owing to the forbidding aspect of their typography. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. V. Scholderer of the British Museum for his interest and advice, and for his calling my attention to some examples which I had overlooked. WILLIAM MWALLACE. 186 WILLIAM WALLACE
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iv v vi r ayov er' f Ycii
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e 5 67 S Pf e/. 6c(, 2W) X19K' v V- OLV Go OW Kfoc 8'7Y Xa>KXJ Kv Ktl( 25 ..00? KUelI r11 INDEX OF GREEK LIGATURES AND CONTRACTIONS 189 x XIxi Xllxii iit ~.urlv 8 ou (xii - '3" 09 4AA w 7o.9Ito2Us' " OU1 Tu C .. .-LVO XSXL WI ov. X \CY4 t a iAV X\oyow (xJL rouC ,o10 ovso uti/ [, Cr 2.,u COXoo ovT 0^S ^ f^ /% r? '* Y J \CA^ov ,r oy a i4'v 01. 010 Tr L 2A Tt' $t1 Oa [Otv TTX rrfi -VO XLII TrE J.HS.^to L^.ov o 0 XLIII. J.H.S.-VOL. 'L 190 1WILLIAM WALLACE xiii xi', I (X 0EL 7nE~ pemf ire rreo v XITfqr0 7T7 3 ireo d'q JAELOY .7r7-n ? ii Tt'r itx, reoc aeai J.4%, crO V 1TLJ I 7-rq ~slo 7ThIM~ ' 6T) 7rV7 7TqV 7TO -if Ir~ 7T10 OS irXr 6-~w I ""9C Qe, C d1gA o'&X dxk 690 e7 7riTIO 20 q0Cg jI dad\p 7r7(o TOI arom 69" 2r5w Irer 61A d4K0 T-EL T6 INDEX OF GREEK LIGATURES AND CONTRACTIONS 191 xvi .xviixviii X6VI IV XVIL o Jo'o (t 6t' Nv " G CO q rV ' auam 6aOroi qmqe x -rX 6'XU cmajq 6OJTrcX qC 6TE 6 XCu ac ao o-ht qIw 6o-ow 6n r ZZ?, 0Th.a CrC 10 t s , t g c ?-r 7 S 1C cw cfr7o cS?oC ro-TO Tr 5ctn U qp e91 Tadrre cao7to 66 fon o T Era 2 0 J 6'6Kv ? cf rM jg 66o eg axt oravc (66oWI 1rToLt @45-0 66o 6J9W<0;o rcxuxra o2 192 WILLIAM WALLACE xix I TrV - r Tri L~r' Troi -r rTO fat Ir 7t t trt S U Tr\ UV . CUfJ TA TOuto tu lv -n'4 -rl LC uir TO C-p c '11\ Ih -rei \5 Treo tiTo TV p iv To Wi UOrL rO7C 20 u3j rob q)4)p -hroy-r4oe i$pr QQ14 I 0 I TV 25 INDEX OF GREEK LIGATURES AND CONTRACTIONS 193 ^ x? 4- +S XXIrI XxLl+1 )^ X^P -e ^' tW WL A ^ XeV i \ -h Xe s>o)8uv )( e^ [i ) Y X0? [Ir 6oC7WY X2 I [ Y [rco o >W t XP1 XW xU WVILLIAMWALLACE. 1902-1923. INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 INGRAM, WILLIAM H., The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 7:4 (1966:Winter) p.371 ALPHABE TVM GRAECVM. LitcrarumGraecarum appcllationcs Sc pronunciationcs. Dc carundcm diuiiionc, 8c fingiiiarum c6 cinnitatccx Dionyfio HaljcarnaiTco. Mcniium Graecorumdcrcriptio, Sccolh" tio cum Latinis• Omnia nunc priinum cx optimisaudori- bus defcriptajG.MorcIio audorc• aGJt^ou ^^^-^. PARISIIS Apud Guil.MorcHum,cx aducrfo xdis Rcmcnfium• 15$?• ^j^OZ')C^ 3 tlTERARVM GRAECARVM numero ijuatuor Sc viginti, Figura. Nomcn. Sonus, AcccL^ , Alpha BjSfi BHTOC Vita bjUCufon, rytr Gamma g Dclta d c cxilc - Zita 2 Ita i ^ . Thita th / lota i Cappa k ^ ^^ Lambda l MV m Ny Xi 3C G micron paruuni l^iiJ Rno r '^ Sigma f 7 tif t ^ Ypfilort y exiic Phi ph,f ch Ufii Omcga riiaSui 4 ALPHABETVM DipHthongiduodccinij& quidroncnt. cu 3: a af,a\i it i^^g• ^ olong^ iv ef^cii VI ylong. 0/ i log. if,iu OU OU,U. 63L» oFjOU. Qux ruperfcribuntur literis^ ^Acutns *Aoyoc'\ invl.fy!. Accetus J Grauis ^ ^^ inpenul. '^ C.Circuflexus ifOiu.'^ aut antep• cAfper * o^S•^ Initio diiiionisa Spintus crenuis * iyci^ vocali incipicn- iis,auta^. Apoilrophos',auerfio, mutiUtiouc,nota cft fimilisrpirituitcnuiin iincvocis,ad pronun Giaiionemquc nihil attinet: tantum indicium eft abicifcaelitcric, proptcr vitandam icquetis vocalis colliiione,7n5t^'4//to\/,pro 7<, Qus rubfcribuntur ieu adfcri- bunturliteris. Pundam longiufculum rubfcnptnm litc- 'risaH ne alia non requirut,qaain fi fimpHces eiTenr. Poil literam pundam mdeat rcntentiam abfolutam-fi faperius veldnplex rcribatur,tii5 in totumabiolutam/cdadhiicpendentc. Se- uiuc GRABCVM. s jnicircuius icem ad litera: finem mcbra ora- lionis diftinguitjvr apud Latino5. AIjI rame rationevctcra excpiaria rctiner. nam fcread fincm abrolut^erentcntia^ruperiuspundiaha- bcnt. 5 notacft intcrrog3tionis,qii2e eft Latinis ? Exempium in quo ad Icgendum iinc litera- rum nexu*compendioue'pueri fe exerceant. ^y , iriOLcBn- 0OV.i\3ir6iHSccC-l\iiOL^ aov^yivnUHTO) ^ kjjlu Toyk^Tcp ^ KOLi izrl ?. ^ e'- TffjtfilnTioyMs \{[ ( , €?, ^^ '/. /6 • ornatum fcripturae Graeci vtuntur. ' cc/ GRAECVM. Scu 8 ALPHABETVM ^ S' ^ 'Vd^oxT - , ';^ Koc^ciiri S|j 2\^\ ' '^/ ^». - cl ccciii (n/,>9 IjoV ,>9 ^>'^ ^ , OTroctV (TJi 7 oucfliifKii (fii €<:5-^ , )0f^^ , 7}6 ^^ 1? ( ' Slg. Q^tp Ay 0- rvi§i Kv^iQ^ 'nw / ^Silu)^Hoc(J^v «5«';2: • (\}'\. 4'^(\^( tiCCiOiT z^Hcrm GRAECVM. 9 )» zs-cuSbcavr.iCiZTouAiu-Klw olvt.kac^zz^" DE SINGVLARVM LITE- rarum appellationcSc fono- Grajcarumliterariimongine ad Hebnos rcferri Jpfse appellationes ,& ordo indicat• A'A$a;ex Hebrxo nominc Aieph , deind; a!eph3,& fyncope alpha^nomcn habec Sono re^podet Latino.ln id enim verritur, itcc^ aSa!iO?,abacus,^cS(ra , mufa: ita & Gracci a vertenccs ifi mutant.Cafar/jxi^iritp. Ab hit iuslueriefigura a-iquoties coniuncla penta- gonum pentalphasppellaruc, quaii quinquies alpha r^petirum.Quoniam auccra prima htc rarum cft ,idco alpha primuni fcu capnt Sc ini tiumdieJturJnracris,Ego fuvnocdc , eft, principium & finis.&Mariialis,Alphapena' lacoruin,id cft,primus. BHTZiiiabHebr^o beth homen habet,addi- taformaliliteraa^SHTa.rcfpondec uconfona ti,vt nuncproferimus.o'im vtb enunciabar, codera cniraibno bini Latinurr),& ^ Gras . ALPHABETVM cum protaca fuiiTc «tatc Cjccronis, cx cpifto^ laadP2EtiinicoIIigicur,Iib-9.Cuni loquimur t€rni,nihil,inquit,flagitij dicimus:at cum bi- niyObfccEnum eft '-xcis quidern,inquies. Ex verfii ttem Cr^tlni^oJl' H\i%oc ^ «TrtpSa- 2>^ ShSh Ai)/a>f; Sac/li'^et.llle,inquit,tanquani ouis bebcdices inccdic. Bc vocemeiTc ouiu, non vc,nemo ignorat.Non dubium alium fuif fe cius ibnum quam nunc cft,forta(rc iam no- bisignoturn,& mcdium intcr confonantcm & b.Nam PlutarchuSjDioDj&alij hiilorici ;p blatino nunc 6 vfurpant^vrcum fcribunt Fa bms ,oJS /> longius rccefsit anominc Hcbro Guimcl. Indc appellatur digama AEolicum, quafi dupiex gamma,quod Latinorum F & no & figura rcfpondct, quo vtcbatur itiitio di dionum a vocali afpirata indpicntium,iteqi in mcdio,fi vocalium concurfus effet , XlO n, FON dicctes , vndc noftrumouum,8c OIX Sonat vt gLatinum. F I s,vndcouis. ^ >/,K,%,aut hagioS'fi tamcn fcquatur alterum |, ibnat molIiu5,vt rcferrc vidcaturjarfiA@-^, angclos.avfli)/x^coi>,anangason.(ic cnim po|| 'vGRAECVM; li j/fonatperindc acnoitrum g.ar^J<(5;,anchu- ia.Av/v|, iynx.In quibusGcIliusne^atvcrum eflc, fcd vt appellat,aduitcrinum. Nam (1 ca liceraciicr,inquic,!ingua palatum tangerct. I- taquetradunt Varroncm voluiife vbi nos po nimus antcg vcl c.vetcresloco n,g Gr^co- rummorefcripfiflCjVC vbi nos angulus,i!Ii ag gulus,agguil!a,aggerunt,agceps,agchiies,&c. quaeomnia Accius poctainfcribcndo fcrtur obreruaiTe. , 3 nominc Hebrseo Daleth feu de- lcthjvndc deIetha,Sc fyncope deka.Nam afpi racio Hcbraso rum tenuitcr fiEpc alio idioma- te redditur.fonat vt noftrumd, niG quod vo- Itint quidam rnollins pronunciari,vt ad acce dat« Ab eius figura aftrumc/I^AT<5)Z>^nuncupi tum eft,& figura triangularis 2.^^(/?. /^,•^ cenue,pecLiiiarc nomen non hi bct. NamHcbrsis nullaeft litera qiiie huic rcfpondeat. nifiarpirarionem Hebra?oru mol lem accipias,Hc,quam Grsci m vocalcm mii-» taucrint € dicentcs^vt heth dixcrunc. Tcnuc&cxile appellatur excollatione cu H,qaod veluti ii Jnplcx eft.Valet e breue:tame inucnitur redditu-a Graecisproi Latinobrc- ui.BritanijC^eTOvV. DomitianuSjc/lo^i^cavor• ,i ALPHABETVM CzpitoViiim jH0C7!^TCi)\ici). Z4Ta,a nomine Hebr^o ziijn longjus re-^ ccfsic.valetjVt omnesfcribut, potius inuerfo ordinc d i.Nam ^ noti idephyms ronat, icd dfephyruspotius.vc nec 4 litera duplcx fp fonar,fed pr,ttcm |,non Ccy iedcs.Addc^Fabiusiucundifsimahanc cflc. Grxcis liccra tcftatur, qua nulla ait apud nos dulcius fonare.Latinihac afciueruc intcrfuas pcre^rinim . aljquandotamen duplki iTicd•^ dunt,'7n)cJt'j6),patriiro dicentcs• olim nota fuit afpirationis, vndc in notis numerorum antiquitus apud 8; n^inoc^lJyid cft,ccntum'dcfignabat,qu prima cracl.ircra vocis tpiocZy , quam tum ficfcribc- banr,H .Vndc ctiam Latini fuam afpiranone func mutuati.Poftca crcfcente li- tcrarumnumcro,acafpirationelitpris fup.er-• icripta,pro c vocali loga vfurpari ccepit:quod quidem nunc i longi fonum refert . Vctc- ribus fme dabio c langum fonabat :qnod & voxouiuCHjdcqiiain diximus indicat, Non cnim bi oues fonant,fed bee, quafi e du- plex fic.Varroquoqjaitdc^e ruft.i.^HA^ca pras vocc appellatas clTe mcc cnuncicnt. a , ^ c GRAECVM• 15 Antiqui Gr^ci qui res Romanas tra6^arut,fc >c vbi Latinis eft e longiim quantirate feu sc^ centu,Hrcribiint. Nam Pompcius7n;|U7n'r@-' dicunt,AureliuSjOa^'HA/o?. IrcmqucLarini ff Grsecum in c longG verterunt. Demofthcncs cnini dicut,quod illi ab Hebraeo Tbctbjaddita formatiua a,5w'n)c.va!cr th,i.t afpiratu , vt rcfcrat quafi anrcrisftrepituin-«9ia5rc^,theatron. I f 5Trat,ab Hebrxojod , pro d vfurpato^ valeti noftrum.vertcrunr etiam/nonnunqua quod Latini dixerunt perc brcue. Caeteruna apud Graecos nunquam confonas efl: vc apud Latinos; ita quod in aliis bnguis per i confo- nancem cffertur,pluribus fyllabis efferre co• guntur.Nam Hcbraei Icfuh diiryMibice pro^ nuncianr^Grsect tribus fyllabis ^, Litini lu^iustribusryllabis , Grseci quatuor enun- cianr,i«A/c^Iun!us,roovio?. KoJ^mroc.^h HebraeOjCao feu Capii. vafet noftnjm,iterr k/eu q.KH^cr,cera . Nam quod Larini per q effeninr , Grsci per n red^-^unt• Quirites,Kmf/7Zti-Torquatus,Tc^K0L'aZr, Sc iinc y,Aquilius,o:K/A/o;.uccum o, Quintus, . 14 ALPHABETVM KoiVTf^^Eius fonus non muUturjVtc apucf LaJ tinoSj quaecunquc vocahs fequatur. Poft^^fo- nare vt g,in y admonuimus.Inucniutur * ci noftru c per y reddidiiTe, «(xASmo^pro Gal binius.Ji)/a/>t€fo/ pro Sicambri Aa.uSiTbccxHebrxo nommeLamed. vndc lameda, & fyncope intcrpafito jS, Valct 1 noftrum. Gracci aliquando fequcnte l,per ?\^/xfi(rbdCranftulcrunt,ManIius/>taA?^io^ fcribrntes.slnucniturtamen apud Plntarchum.Ab huiusliterx forma € irtfiffiguradidacft. iviiJ longius ab Hcbraeo nominc Mcm rcccf iit. Valet m noftrum. Moiefta litera eft in pro ranciaiido,ri finiat didione.idco Graecisnui"• U diftioin ca terininatur,quod & ait Fabius. ^l/abHebraso Kum ctiamabeil nominc• Sonat Latinu• Fabtus delitcrarueuphonia, Quid,inquir,qnod plcraqj nos illa quafi mu- gicreliteracludifnus m,qua nullu Gra:ccvcr- bucadit^atillrf;iucunda5: in fineprqcipue quafi tinnienteilliuslocoponuc^quae eft apud no$ rarirsima tn daufulis. Qvioties ante g aut c apudnos ponitur,Gracci reddulper)/, ^rab HcbrsEo Sin du^um videtur . Latini nomcn inucrtimus ix dicentcs . Sonat , Cmc cs,(i| /XiKfcu,pcculiarc nomcn non habctrnam Hcbrseorumlitcranon eft huic rcfpond^n?. ^^ dicitur, id cft, paruum^idcollationcm cum6),ideft,cum omagno.fonat vco brcue. 6€cc>thcos. Grxciquodlaiini pcr ubrcuedi cunt,aliquando pcr rcddut ; Publicola enim dicunt,& Numitor in)zr\iKo\y.^ , . Xlidh Hebraco Pc nomcn habct . Sonat LatiDum.-JTOTW^jpatcr, . P*5 ab Hebrso Reslofigius rcmotum no- mcn babet.Valec r noftrum , & apud Graecos pcrpctuoinitioafpiratur: &inmcdiodi(5lio- nis geminatum prius tenuc cft, poftcrius afpi racur.lta quodnos Romadicimus,Graeci fcribunt. X a Samcch Hebraec-,fa(3a quadam li- tcrarum mutationcac traicftione. SonatiLa tinum.0'aTffif,iatyrus,'5J'/c'U)|:/,Pifo• Tav/^apud Hebratos idemnomcn habct 6 ALPHABETVM TafreuTau.valettLatinu^Tizii-Pff^patcr.Si ta.• mcn prxcedat r/onat molIius,8c quafi oyVoJv •ra,panda. quod fit ad vitandam vocis afperi- tatcm.fuauius cnimfonat, fipandaquampan taomninoproferas, tenue ^-. , iimp^ex nomen non ha- ^er,nec Hebra^is litera eft quae huicrefpon- deac Valet y,qaod a Grsecis mutuati funt l a- tini,vnde 8c y Grsccum vocant, qui etiam hac literam in fuum fermonem traducentes pcr u rcddiderunt,Ti,tu,o'i/?,rus.Grc^ci quoc•, La- linnmbrcucii reddentes,i>fcriprcri]nt .Ro- inul^,^*6)/>tt5Ac?.Tignrini,T/ru^zvo/,Fau^atus, (puu>s\/?i . Tcmie dicitur collationc cum di- impropria i( quae phthongo , ampliori vccc qiiam proferri debet. habet ab HebrscoPbc , quodSc pc dicitur,eftquc illis vna utera. Valet ph, feu f Latini!.(ro^&,rorbia.^6^,fLir.Sic enim iraf feruntLattni . GrxciquoquenoOra nomina Gra?ce rcribentcs,prof,c|) rcribnt.Fabius.^cpa C/of.FiguluSjCp/r^Aof.SignifcrjO^j/i/c?)^^. X xrapud Hebricos nihil fiabet qiiod ri nar eft {\t . Nomen formarnm admodum , ^ c.valct ch/cu c afpiratum. Latini cadcm fi- G R C ; 17 giira fuum ix notant : vnde crror icribcndi x^us natas eft . cnim Latinum fimilc cft chi Gr«co,&' latinum rho Graeco. " nec ab Hebraeo nomcn habct/ed ad for msm |,77, ^rnominatum cftiValetpf. /ui>d:,o magnum . iic dicitur collatione cumomicrOji.paruofcubreui.^Taleto longu. ^HT&fyrhctor^avTsi^/orjAntonius• Dediphthongis propriis. AI diphthongns fonat ae Latinum. ae• uum.xa<@(;^,Ccefar.Gallicc benc cxprimimus^ cum dicimus, faire,plaiiir, & mclius vtranquc literam pronunciamus in aider,main,rain.La tini olim quoque ai proa^ fcripferunt : vnde aulai & tcrrai diuiijm remanferut,& alia apud vctcrcs. ibnat affeuaUjU conibnantc,id eft,mc« dioquodam modo intcrv confonantcm& f, Idfonatquod au in auc,dctradoe. Quam La tini habcntdiphthongum au,Graeci ^ c* nunciant,8c illi contra. !5,2•?. , aula,Claudius,o/(/? nunc vt ilongum profcituriquod teporc Ciccronis cx vocc bini Latina,& Gr^« ^ "" ' ^ . 8 ALPHABETVM cajSivet vfitatum conftat.lociim eiusinjSci* tauimus.Tradunc veteres vbi ilongu eirec,Va lerium femper ei rcripfiiiejitemque vetuftio'^ res Latinosrextarcqucin vetuftis infcriptioni bus hac rcripruram,Celcberrimeis veis.Pari- fonum huius diphthongi referunr,cum vi num dicunt du vein, & cum fameni , feim ,5c c^tcra. Et; fonat efreii eu , vc! potius mcdium co^ rum:id prorfus quod cufonat in eua , a detra- do.Alitcr Latini fuum euproferunt,quod -* men Graeci per A; reddunt:vt& Latini Oj pcr eu'£5^o?,curus. TeutoneSjTev/TTivfef-AIiquado pro u vocali ivfcnbunt, l ueius,A«;K/of • Ot Oi minc vt i longum proicrtur-videtur o• Iini id fonaflc quod GalHs oi , vtcum dicunt moindre,ayinoit,ehoifir.Lar;ni per oereddut, (poo^?hcb\xs'Ko oe latinum per oi icribuiit.Coelius,iioA^o?.Pae ,^ quae etiam reribendi ratio vc oi pro oe pingerctur,veteribus vfitatafuit , vtadno- taiit Grammatici Ov nunc profertur vt u Italicu, id ci>, ou• cjv} ^\3 logous . Latini nune no habec diphihong'im quac huic rcfpondeat• Tradunt graecvm; 19 tamen aiiquado pro u longo oii fcriptuni af> antiquisfuiiTe. Mirum cft hicalicerfonartf quam in ^^^. enim vt af pro- nunciamuSjiic ovof^icd u fcuou^cum analo- gia pronunciadum fuiiTct vt ou in ouis,dc- tra6lo is.Grxci ferc h&c diphthongo rcddunt vocalc u Latinum',TuIlius,Ti3rM/of. lunius, iOi/^ifli.BrutuSjjS^iSTT^itemquc confonantc crefccnrcnumcrofyllabarum. Valcriuscnim [€'.&^ ,Hduti]]f i\uiicoi,quca etiamPIutarchus fcribit €- . Etiam vbi b eft latinum , Gabinius^ > a,id cft alpha iota fubfcripto/onat vt a 16- gum^cpiAiu:. ,phiIia.OIim iotaipfum litcris ad . 10 ALPHABETVM fcribcbatur, non rubfcribcbatur, fcd minori forma quam pr^ccdens litera*quafi dimidiatu crat ,. Q^x fcribedi ad latus confuctudo remaniitin icribedis literis capitalibus A»• icainaliis (,*• K,id eft,ita iotafubrcripto , fonat vt i lon- gum.T^2i/UH,ticimi. 6i;,ideft,omcga iotarubfcriptOjfonat -• gum.T!^^ ^ logo t(,idcft,y pillon & iota,ronat y longum.af- ^"iji3t,harpya» UVyia cft, ita y piilon.cdft plcnc diphtho gumjiffcuiujvconfonante. lonum propria diphthonguscftjfaolaex iu.tmn mutato,qd illis pcculiarceft.Hy^oV^> ifehomin. Ot/jid cft ,o mega & y pfilon , edit & ipfa pleniim ,feu ou,vt quod eft in ouum, detradoum. Dc iis quae fuperrcribunturlkcris. Accentas faftigianonnullis dicuntur,alii5 acumma,aliis apiccs. Hoc nomihc trcs habct. peculiariter fic appcllatos Grspci ; acutu ' qui i finiftra in dcxtram afcedit.Syllabas diaio- GRAECVM. num occupatjvItJmam,^oc.DcnuIcima,^ui^w 2>Kfa7ZD^.antcpcnultimam ,^» Graucm,\quiafiniftrain dcxtram dcfccn- dit. SyllabatTi occupat tantum vkimam.TO• Circunflexutn^, quafi cxacuto&grauicom• pofitum,quodLatiniruafiguraapcrtiusoftcn dunc*. SyIIab.\s oceupat,vltimam ^•& pc nultimam » Spiritus,qujflarus funtadinitium diitiona i vocali incipientium. Eorum alter cenuis,al- tcr afper dicitur. Duplcx corum figura eft. v- na qui capicalibus litcris adiungutur:& ij cx in duas partcs : fa Altcra figura femiciTCuIos rcfcrt : vt ' tcnuis fit. * afpcr. Notandumaiitcm AEolcs vitan tcs fpincus arpcritatcm,djeamma fuo F pro arpiracione ufos.vt prc ^,^^ dixc" riint,quod nos per confonantem reddimus, vefpera. Tradiint vetcrcs 5 accetuum &rpirituum notAs non rupcrfcripfiirc Jiteris• fcd tantuaccentu afpcrum figura vna culitcrisfcribebac,HEKATON'Eiusin vocali tantum vfus eft , 5c in litcra initio didionis in & medio gcminata , vbi prior cxili , poftc- riorflatili rpiritupronuciatur.Cicero ,Qujn cgo ipfCjinquitjCumrcircixiita maiorcs locu- 3 :% ALPHABETVM tos eiTe^vt nufquam nifi in vocali afpirationc vterentur^loquebarfic vtpuIcros,Cetcgos, triumpoSjCartagincmdicere.AliquanclOjidqj fero , conuitio aurium cum cxtorta mihi vcri- tasciret,vrum loqiiendipopulo coneefsi/cii tiam mihi rcferuaui. DE LITERARVM DIVI- fione Sc vocalitate exlibro Dionyfij Halicar. naiTci r^S^ )^{<( ovoijuirtiy. \/ soiy^e.oc ^ -'^^ ^/cZd^^f>i^ouf (^^^ Jli^ olc mQii(pmH -^^ A^//jS« [UCC '\\} (^<^ Jli oujtf• ^^^i AQiiiuzTocvnnx.'^^<1(16'1^^^^^7 o\H%tyocg iy>T^Aeiy , il -" 7{ , ^ yhyfik!)f^7^o'o{3,HrirJV7V3fJ '^ ccKAcuy ^iXCdfj <\\* Si UifJocTivsiig 2' ciJli "/ TaV^fie>- SioQ:^t(:{r^ (fowiT/izoyK^ilTTty ihQi fi^^ioocB' Si ysipcu € * >^7€- ^(; c/Ii :>& . VOU ^ ^ /'? soiyiia,^ ^',-^, kcu (/ oiKeioli^uc-HiJuiJcAi ocTnl')^ \7\ ^ (}[\ €<:>3^ ,(i\eiKvuvcu c^ (pCuVH^ af>«V,>6) '^'/.' - ((. 4 24 ALPHABETVM U.OC -* ix/ifCbveiO D toZtdc ^ ' - • ^ \^^ ^ Jli'jjuiKHTy \1 oc^KOTTHfTe K^ (^^, <^ uSi 90lwQ£ia1^)o(p(^^u. ^^', olc ')^^ ^, 6 Tfj /, ca7ZX(/lov< ^; '^TO-mvvirtu* ^ky^TWL f^ ^ ^i & Tj-Ae^ro^;, xm -^ (pt ^ ^ tc|, oy^aao . siuoc ,xm 7rft^s"€M€i %€/Aw, liwWi TDU.hicAi S' f .'25%^ ^ ^€i'Aw ^^^ ,-- graecvm: 25 &^.'^ ^\ n^^iu/tJtg^Kj (J^^uJ6f^fJp^ * 'vy ci\f ( 4? ' 0'Jlikmt ';^ ' si^a k^n^iaub ^oi^oy,(fCovmyTZ)ylA^oiw y^uuoJ* TZbyoivTH^viytg' yidM.oKTZ} TP^J '/ b ;S5 oce^^l^^-y QVT^ycuj^.i^j ^ihyocT^Oi,^ re ^ 1P ^ »9 ' '. J/a c/Ie 2-/357' ,•,€ { ;coa5' ' yu^ -. ) (. Sl^-r>avv ,>9 Mcm \cf,^&wvi7iiV' nSlg,'^ ^ \'^^ 2. y^J^y^c^ ^ocQcuc ^^^'^.^/^ c- 7i\doig, o(Jltf/^ (flom 7 c/ )' • *'^ ,'^ yAiidjJf? '7r€i? 7»^^ /cy ocvi ^^. £> r^ ocQ-n^loLS ^ ' 7>\^, Zij^M ^i C^y(Xy ^. r€ ALPHABETVM ^ 6^.. ^'^/'^^^^' |)5? ' /), ?/ AujiccTOU Si mv&iJ ) ' /(>/^ . Ja^oJei /(^ , xm Kb i^ c/cy )//?. ^yoiw im.Kcuody ^xravicoi e^SvTO - ^^^,vigcdjls^ ^^^ .€ Jli cia&iy ^ Jll oi^.Cdjj y^^7i.yO 2.H - ' iiiok^) ' , ^^\ r , iGRAECVM; 27 ^^^^. :3S 1 2^ioc ' , ilJ\\ ^ cAii 2)7;)•4'9'^\'€ td' ? 7" ,(- 2>' ^^^ 2>^ ( 'J^ }(,^^ '^OTrcy TivJJi. ^/ .v( cc;» ^7^7 )(_ei- Ae6;fjaK^6)^,2)V)9 ^' >9 y'',o^D^yscx •2/€5«$',^'7^£^:^ ^^^ fA''S7f>ca;'J^75V,(rbi . ocJ^.OL ^ ^^ uca^cd TseJ^ ^ m^r^eiJlo nocm cJO ^ueTi^ M^^ ' 4'A07w2<: . 4^AOiJ }/^ ?^ ^ ,(>- / 'feT ^ ) 7) >9 ^,) ;^ ^ TZJt 2^ Is^ ^ i^H\(i)y,zr\Uo olt } ^/' --'^^^ >67) , Jll (fbtji^r, <18^ oC9^i(rc^'>{gLis:oL, MoQi^-i^^* ^ ' niw JluJocc[My ^^ €^ caqucpoOrcmumdiifoIuatur . Elemcntorum autcm atquc litcrarum non vna omnium na• tura^fcd earum interfcdiffcrcntiacft. Prima vt Ariftoxcnus muficus ccnfct quidcm, , qua alise voccs conficiunt^alix ftrepitusivocesqui dem quac vooales nuncupantur, ftrepitus aute rcliquae omncs . rjifFerentia feeunda cft ,qua litcrarum aliar pcr fc ipfa? ftrcpitus quofdam GRAECVM• 29 cfficcrc poffuntjftndorejaut (jbilium^cxcrca tioncm ,aut quae funt id gcnus ibnorum alio- rum fignificantia: aliae autcm funt omnis cx- pertes vocis &ftrcpitus,ncc fc ipfaj poilunt fono proferri.Et has quidc mutas nonulli ap' pcllarut^reliquas vcr6 fcmiuocalcs. Qui au- tcm tres in partc s tribuerunt primas & clcme tares vocis vircs , vocalcsquidem Rominauc- runt,quae & pcr fc ipfas voccm cdunc , Sc cum aliis iudsejfuntqj perTc abfolutse. Scmiuoca- Ics autc ,quae cum vocalibus quidcm mclius cf fcruntur,pcr fe vero deterius,& non pcrfedc. Mutas vero jqusencquc pcrfcdas ,nequc fc- mipcrfedas voccs pcr fc ipfac habet, fcd cum aliis pronunciantur» Numcnis autem carum quis , cft far cilc ad amufsim diccrcrcum & ca rcs maiori- bus noftris dubitationcm multam attulcrit. Alij cnim trcdccim cxiftimarunt omnia cflc vocis elcmcnta, rcliquaautcm cx eis ' ijta ciTc . Alij plura ctiam quam viginti qua- luor,quibus nunc vtimur . Quibus dc rcbus cuniidcratio grammaticae arti & mctricae, fi quis vclit , etiam phUQfophiae conucnietior cft . nobis autcm fatis cft qui non , pauciorcs quam24,nequepluresponimus, dcmonftra- rc vocisinitia,quasqucci accidut diccrCjfum- ' ' ptoavocalibusinitio. ~ 30 ALPHABETVM Suntveroe:snumero7:du2equidemIdn- gs,« &: a),tres biteporaneieja^/^y^quiE & pro•* ducuntur& corripiuntur:quas quidam bitcm porancas ,vt dixi,alij mutabiles vocant. Pronunciantur autcm easomnes artcriaca hibente fpiritum , Sc orc fimpliciter confor- matOjiinguaqiie nihilmolicntc,fed quiefcete. Vcruntamen quielong^funtj&exbitempora neis qusE prodiide^eiFcruntur,rpiritusfiftula diilenfam & continuam capiunt tbreu^s vcro fcu qusebreuiter enunciantur,concifim,& v- no rpiritiis i6lu»artcriaquc paululum mota,ef- fcruntur.Earum igituroptim^ runt,& vocem fuauiisimam edunr,& quae longsc ,& cx bi teporaneis quse efFercndo producuntur : quia diuturnam vocem cdunt,8c fpiritus tonum n5 intercidunt • Deteriores autem funt brcucs, auc quie breuiter dicuntur : quia vocis exiguae funt,& fonum veluti caftrant. Earum quae long^ funt , vocalifsima eft fli, camproducitur.enunciatur cnim orelargitcr didu£lo,5: ie furfum rpiritu in coslum efFere- cft infernc' tc. Secunda , quia ad linguam infimami*oni fequentis impctum fuftinet, kd nonrurfum,orcq; medioeritcr aperto . Tcr- tia 6) . in ea enim os rotunde componitur ,Sr hbiacomprimuntur,fpirituquc oris cxtrcmu percutitur.Ea autem minus vocalis eft u.nam GRAECVM• 21 •labiiscomprcrsis infignitcr/uiFocatur^Scan- guftus fonus emittitur. Poftrema omniiim cft l.nam eirca dcntes fpiricus pulfatiir,paululum apcrtoore,& labiis non clarum fonum cdcn- tibus, ' Ex breuibus autem neurra bene fcnatjfed minus o, qnae vocaljseftmale fonans.nam os melius quam altera difiugit , (ed ifium propi- us arteriamfumit.Ac vocalium quidem litcra fum eaeft natura. Semiuocalium vcro ifta.Nam cum odo iinc cx numero, fimplices quide funt quinquCjA, /i>tjy,fj(r:tres dupliccSj^jl^^-^ias appellat du- plices,auc quia funccompoiitse quide ex , ^ ( & (/I:| cx R & (r:4 cx ^ & /u.,ore labiis compreiTo,^ cum naribus vi•• * - ccmfuampartito. . 31 ALPHABETVM vjinguafpiricuscurfumoccludentc, & lo* num ad nares traducente. ^jCxtrcmolinguae fpiritum refcrientc , Sc in caliim iuxta dentcs cleuantc (Ty linguafurfumin coelum reduda, fpiritu vcro percinsmedium gradicntc,&circaden- testenucm & anguftum cxpclicntc iibillum. Tresreliquqfemiuocalesmixtumaccipiuc ftrcpitum ex fcmiuocalium vna,qu2e cft , & tribusmutiSyqusefuntX/, /,. Ea:runtcon-. formationcs literarum fcmiuocalium. Poflunt autem nonlimiliteraurcs commo ucreomncs.Eas enim permulcct A,cftquc fe- miuocalium iuauirsima.cxafperatautcm (>,ca- rumque qui cum ca ciufdem gencris funt, gc- nerofirsimacft. medio vcroquoda modo quas pcr nares profcruntur afficiiint,^ , & y, qua; veluti cornutosfonoscdut-.infuauis autem& iniucunda eft(r,& riabundauerit,valdcniole- ftaeft.videturenim fibillus vocem potius fe- rinam & brutam attingcrc,qu^m rationalcm. Itaqucex veteribusnonnuHi ea raroSccautc vtcbaiitur.iljntetiam qui odas intcgras fecc- runt iinevllofigma• Cxtcru cx tribus aliis literis,quae dupliccs appcllantur ^ aurcs magis quam alia: dcmuU cct.nam|intcruenicntefi ,& interuenietc zr,qu3c duae tcnucs funt, fpintu rcddit . Hasc G R C : Jj autcm tacitefpiritu denratur,eftque/ii/gene- ris gencroiifsima . Ac de fcmiuocalibus qui-» demcotfint dida . Ex noiiem autem cjuae mutae appellantur,' trcs iencs funt,tres denfxj&tres medicT.ienes quidemJK,z7,:den3e,,: cummuncs cum vtrifque,)/.S,(A.Proferucur autem carum fin- guise hocpado : Tres quidem labiis rummis zr,$,€,cam orc compreiTo prorumpensexarteria fpiritusfc cxpedit .Etexiis quidem tenuiseft 7j,denfa C|),ambarum media .c(i cnim akera tenuior, altera autem denfior. Hsec quidem vna eft co iugatio triumlitcrariim mutarumjquie fimi- li conformatione tenuitate 6c denfitatcdi- uerficenunciantur. Tresaliae profcruntur lingua ori rummo adnixaadiablimiores dentes, deindearpiritu fubpercuira,ciquc exitum circa dcntes concc dentejnimirum Tj6,2.. diffcrunt autem & hsc deniicate &tenuit3te.ex iis enim tcnuis eft r, afpirata f5,media vero feu promifcua (. Hsec fecunda cft coniugatio litcrarum mutarum. Tres aucem rcliquse mutae efferunrur Ijn- guavcrfus coeiumiuxtaguttur crcda,8c artc- riafpiritui ruccin^^tc,qu£e funt , \^, con- formatione intcrfenihil diffcrence5,praeter- quam quod ? tcnuitcr profcrtur, ^ aipiratc, C ' 34 > MENSIBVS y moderatc, & mcdio quodam intcr eas mo- do• Itaque harum optimse funt qnae multo:fc- cundx, qLix medioidcterrimaequse tenui fpi- riiupronunciatur.haecenim folamfuam vitn habcnf.afpirata: vcro/piritus quoque addita- mentum ,vt propcmodum cae pcrfcdifsimas Cnt. MENSIVM GRAECORVM deferiptiOjCorumquc cum Latiniscollatio," Grajcorummenfcscum Romanorum men iibus,nee dierum numero, ncc initio fupputa di conueniunt:quod illi ad Lunie curfum co putarentur , Latini ita dercriberentur , vt ad folis curfum annuum quadrarent. Phmiismcnfis Graecorum proximus crat folftitioseftiuo, inchoabaturque prima noua luna quae proximc folftitij dicm fequebatur: quaequiadiequodam ccrcofingulis anhis occurrit , perpctua menfium 8c dierum ratio Graecorum cum Latinis coniun6lorum prae- fcribi nequitmecob id roIum,fcdetiam pro- pter vndecimdics3cquadrantem,quibus ta- tini ii menfcs totidem Grxcorum exuperac. Annus enim menfibus Romanorum dcicri- ptus,355 diescotinef.Gr^coru autc,3^4.Ita* quc cu neutra iiipputatio ad folis curiu plenc GRAECrS. 31 accedat,Latinoru tamenpropius,quippcquai dici tanrum quadranlem, aut paululo minus, relinquaf. quiquidem quatuorannis fingulis diem unum conftituitjfacitqueannumbiiTcx tilcm,id eft,maiure vno dic rcliquis. Gr^co- rum vcro fupputatio pra^ter quadrantcm vn- dccim dies omittitiqui in odcnnium 90 dics faciuc.itaquc Grseci odauo quoque anno trcs menfes dieru triginta fingulos intercalabanr• AnnuscrgoGrarcorumcum fit tantu354 dicrum,(&mcniiumduodecim,neccirceilir>e- fcs inacqualibus numero dicbusfuiirerfcxqui• dem 19 dierum,8crex 30. Fcrcur autcm Solon primus poftremum menfisdiem ftaruiiic appclladum hlw v£oc#: fcq-jcnrcm autcm vi^/xia/Oci/jquimenfisrcque tisdicsprinius cft. Alceini icaque tnenfcs crant 29 & 30 die- rum. QuJ aurem vndccim Sc quadrans rclin- qncbancur perannos 8, 9odics conficicbanr, ideft,tres menre.s,auos poft duodecimum mc fcm anni ^^^^^ adiungcbant,Sc Q^.oappc\hb3, CsEterum,vt diximus, mitium Grsecorum menfiuquoniam idcm non cftquodLatinorii, hinc fir vt ide GrqcoTu menfis nunc vno,nuc alio Latino nominc a dodis rcdditus fit^quod quidcmexfcqucnti defcriptionc paccbic. 35 DE MENSIBVS Sumatur itaquc poft folftitium aeftiuu, pri- mav€0/uUi>/(Z,noualuna;8c illicprimi Graeco• rum mefis primus dies notetur, & rcliqui de- inccpsrficque qui dies dicbus rcfpondcant, & qui menfes menfibus,apparebit. nniitaque 1549 /olrtitium aeiliuu proxi me fequens \iL•lC fuit V 1 1 Cal.liilij,id cft, 2^dielunij:hincaurpicemurprimummefcm. Sed prius intclligcndum cft Grxcos mcnfem in trcs dccadas diftribuere.,quarum pnma his verbis 1^^'>,(€\. (0'^ 7»?,t<;rdam ^ (J)5iiOViP?,dcfignabant; qua- ii dicas mcnfis ftantiSjmcdij^Scdcfincntis.De-. indcprimae dccadisprimumdiem ', fccundum »^^,^^ - ^^^ & fic dcinccps 3)3.$€€(3 te dccadis primu ',- itjl (^ ^oSv7T)?,fecundum ^ hSh Jlincc Sccser, vCqucza^iioJSbCykueiKO^ilw . Terciaedecadis primum '^^, vcl zr^coriw ^'mei^yCccundum,2.&JuaSidJlly c\l^ocdp^^cc, Vcl ctiam primum^dic appellabant, tnftitutionc Solonis ,vt feranr, JliiiaTlw (pefvovTCyiccudum c^voJtIw (p^ivov- 2?,vfque ad poilrcmum eodcm modo :qucm tyUju j^ ncxM dicebant.Sic ergoannum dcfcri- bebant• ' GRAECIS.^ yj PRIMVS MENSIS. E<9i'n)/^jSjcia'^dierum30 cratjVt impar pari numeronotareturrparvcroinipari. fic cnim tradunt, I ^^(^ vii Cal. lulij . 1549 I €& vi 16 lunij 3 "^^ 27 4 hoc\'if iiij 28 6 '^ Pridie 30 7 (/(^ Cal. lul• \ iul• ' 8 oyc/iCH Ira/xivi^ vi X ^^ 3 2.^(^ iiij 4 II ^)['/^> iij ^ II cr.(\jT(^ocaxh(iiihCC Prid. 6 13 ' ^ JKkoc Non.iul. 7 14 (/] cf\l/^ viij 8 15 'sr£/U^7T 17 2.4 (/7-5/? XV i^ \% DE MENSIBVS 25 €;<3/& xiiii ip ^5 xiii 23 27 ^ ,^^»? xii 21 28 "J/th /? xj 2.2, 2p e/I^JTi^ (polVofTCC X 2:5 50 mydivix ix 24 Dicitur& ii dies \ £<, feii fcu ( ^^ieiiSu j^cficdeinceps vt diximus. SECVNDVS MENSIS• UiTOLycHvic^fj 2pdierumeft. 1 ^ viii 15 lu!• 2 6\('$'€// vii 25 vi 3 JmiVa/Aivif 27 4 ^^^ V 23 5 ^e/ZTifiH iVa/xiW iiii zp ^ ^/^^^ Jii 30' 7 Prid. 31 8 ^orc/lcw iVa/JLii/ii Caled.Auguft. i 9 €<1^^ iiii ^ jo \6 tK7iii7[l 21 MkoJth (^\/ Pridie 12, 11 c/vvi(pf^lcvZ idusScpt.i^ Scptcm. 2> orc/loMCpS^ovT'^ xviii 14 24 xvij \^ 15 25; ?7/? xvi i(f 2(^ •^/12 6/? XV 17 27 €^77< ^/? xiiij^ 18 28 ^' ( xiij 19 25) 561;> ^? 30 eyH)9V^Oc xi 21 Dicitur &. iidks eiKacf[i ^Ccn ^ dna^yVt fapra. QVARTVS MENSIS. 7(^ icjdierum. k ^ X 2^ 2 JlQ^Ti^ocm^mv ix 2,3 3 '^ viij 2,4 4 vij 2,5 iS 5 ^•^^],^^ vi 42; DE MENSIBVS QJINTVS MENSIS. Uvocvi4'tci^}o dicrum eft- \ ^ xij n 2 ^\^1^.{ z-l 3 '^i7msoc[xi\i\i X 15 4 ''^ ix 24 5 2^ 6 '^^ vii id" 7 eS(/lo]ttw l7a/>t€i/i< vi 17 8 3yc/IOH $•/^ 1 8 9 ^v'THkcc^Vi iiii 29 10 iij 30 II. z7fi:i7WCu&iiAe- 21 oyc/IcH /•2>? iij 13 ^(^ PriJ. ji 14 Si^T^ '^^'''5'''? IdusDccemb• 13 xix 14 1<5 Xviij JJ 17 ' ^ xvij '36• 18 (/6^4(?.^^; xvi 17 tviixxuvioc XV j8 Dicitnr S: 21 dics 73-^^ ) QVacA/, fcu vc in rcliquis mcn-» >7^^ , & iibus. SEPTIMVS MENSIS• nca'«cA€r/^3o dicrum eft. i ^ xiiij jp I ^^, xiii 10 xii 3 ^^^ ii 4 ^{^J^T'Uciva xi li 5 '<\.^' %^ 6 ix 14 ^ viii 7 <^ 25^ 8 <^^ vij 5• ^ WiUevi/ vi 17 10 ^.^^^ i8 ji \\ ^iKOt ^ n\'i 19 II 2lA;T.Wi iii 30 13 Imlzrl M\i 2p c/1 61^71^ 10 cA€Ka/TttiV«/>tlv5< vi 57 11 AC^r/uSi.cfmoc iiij 29 13 ?maSiiA€Ka iij •- 30 14 /^ Pridic 31 15 ,^ JiiKOC Calcnd.Fcbr. i ^ JliKx iiii 2 e^Ao/>c«'^'2ri c/Ika iij 17 3 18 oyxfloH izTi 2.it{OC Pridic 4 jc) c* Jzri cHiKa Non.Febr• 5 20 ? viij s 21 Ii/vo/th <:/2>? vii 7 >22 ofc/low (p(5^ovZ? vi 8 23 ^ (6] 24 ^ (^& 15 ( 2( ^ ? Pridic 12 27 7.57? IdusFcbr^ 13 28 61;|./ xvi 14 Dicitur & 2i ^^ c]iii(i\i 8c -^^ / eiKoiSbi^yz fupra. NONVS MENSIS. ^]!3<| 30 dierum eft. 1 Nii/>tWa xiiii ^(5' 3 ' xij 18 GRAECIS• 4S DE MENSIBVS Dicitur & 21 dics ^ / e/Kicc/I/ /cii DECIMVS MENSIS. Moca;f;^^ , i9 dicrum cft. I ^ GRAECIS. 49 ] ^^ 16 T€T«^tH ^ Pridic ii 17 yi'^ Idus 13 28 (^ (pSivcvr^ xix 14» Z5> xviii 15 Dicitur&ii dics-sr^c^TH €227/ £/7 ^fcu VNDECIMVS MENSIS. X ^ xvii 16 4 Tiioifn hciub^ xiiii ip xiii 2,0 5 ^^^^ 5 €{i77i /€^ xii 21 7 xi 22 8 or(/IoJt $"^< 2.3 \r^ 2-4 j? 11^\ ^ 10 ^^ viii 25 ^'ij 1 1 uSi Mkoc ^^^^ 2.6 ix Mkoc vi 2.7 J4 €^ 7H 4^i c/ieiia ip 15 7€//^^!2.^ iii 30 3r i5 ?R7ncu^(/IeKa . Pridic 17 (/14•2] (/^ Cal.Maij I Maij 18 tfMnizr] JlUoi vi i. 19 civdCTH imolinOi J 55 DE MENSIBVS GRAECIS. 5 DE MENSIBVS Caetcrum horum \i mcnfium interuallo lu dationcsrculunaE nouae interfuerunt trcde- cim,quod accidcrc nonnunquatradunt Grse- ci.Cofidcraautem, quam apte incipiat a neo mcnia 3nnus,& in eandcm finiat. Qui autem noftrorum menfiumdies Grae corum fapputationi hocqnno rcfpondentjfc* qucntianno iidem non reipondebuntjpro- pter aflcruatos illos vndccim dieis reliquos in odauumantium. Itaq-,annii^5oprimus die^ anni Grajcorum erit,i4'Iunij,qui eft xviij Ca lend . lulijjid eft, dies proxime fequens pbft rc mum dicm anni fuperioris •] autem an- nus 1 dic Iunij,id eil,iiijNon.iunias• Annus 1551 incipict 3 die Iunij,& finiet iz Maij. Annus i^^i incipiet 13 die Maij, 8c finiet i3ecimoitcmMaij,quo anno niimcrantur dies duodecim propter biircxtum,qui eo annoin•' tercalatur Latinis. Annus 1553 incipiet vndccimo die Maii,,8c finiet vigeiimo nono die Aprilis. Annus 15^4 incipiet vlcimo die Aprilis, &finicti8 Aprilis. Annusi555incipietdie April.dccimono no,& finict fcptimo Aprilis. Annus 1556'incipiec o6tauo die Aprilis,&: finicc vigeiimo rcptimo Marcii: quiannuscft GRAECIS. ^3 biirextiijsLatinorum,vt& Graecorum, Atq; hic annus intcrcalaris eft.eft cnim Oi^auus ab eovndeannu incoepimus dercribcrci549« I- taqj hoc anno ad fuos duodccim mefes adiu- gcnccrcs€ujS:A//aVi',id eftjintcriealitios /eu incercalarei^iingulos ^odierum, reliqui enim funt odics vndecim die5, 8c totidem quadran tes*.qui fimal iandi^o dies conficiunt, id eft, tcr trigintadies'fic ergo defcribenteos. zt^Stp? } dicrum. 1 ^ vMartii 8 % ^^' iJij z^ 3 iii 3^ 'iVauivoy Pridie 4 ^ 31 5 7riixis\.lsoc^iriS . Calend• April , t 6 'iiiTHkocixiy^ iiii 1. 7 // ^'^ iii ; 8 o)/c/IcJi l^oc^iv^ Pridie 4. 9 c^vaTHiS^/uevii Non.April. ^ jo <(1.1^'^ viii ^ XI <^^' yii ' 7 * 61;7^<&•< Vl 8 13 ?/47 J9 ci ^fofl yviij < 10 moig{cumco7H 6 (p,^tmZ>g 11 ,' 8 23 oyJloH 6> 24 ^./1/^> : xiii 20 25 €;iTf/ 5'75? 2r 25 ?<^'"^? xi 22 2.7 .''? 23 28 /^^'? 24 19 (flQjri^.cfBivovipg viii 25 30 miUHoc vii 2^ Dicitur & 21 Itr) ^/ jf uM 2.inoc vi xj (fiinx 1 civxTH izyl cfliKCC 2,0 2 &]/> 23 25 €;tTw ''? 6 (pfi/VcvY? 27 (pSivcvy^i 3© m . Dicitur & 21 ^^ !75•< dKacili 5c ^^( /x€Ta eincii^^vt fupra. ^ '^i ^ 30 dierum cft. 16 DE MENSIBVS 3 <\/*9 Pri(£; 4 yr^>a)7«i^i£/lka^€(rSyr? Non.Iun. YiTn^uSiMKOc 13 7 i^. ] (\}(. vi 8 15 ^€?{2.« a 17 'k&SoixniM iij ( , jj 18 oyjlonu&icflix/uc- * j^ ip cinarPia^cfliHOC Idus 13- io ^Raj/eu^xos-K xviij 14 tT (/ /^? xvij u 2i cii^aTTj '? xvi j^ 2^3 0)/^2; XV 24 ^,&' xiiij 8 2 eiiTH //? xiij 19 ;^^ ^ xij 20 2-7 xi ^i 28 ^/7}3•//2)?' 2,1 2P «/^'? ix 23 30 ?VJi)^V3(% viij 14 Dicitar & iidies eiaoc(f[l y{c\x ^ dtiaStx^vt fupra. Videsquam apte buius annio6laui jqui Grascoru anni vcrtetis vltimus eft, meiis po- ilremus dics vniuerfj fiipputationi couenia?. GRAECIS: S7 Oilcnniumenimincaeperam' a i^dielunij, &ini4 finimus , intcrcalatis mcnfibus tri* bus ,quosvndecim dies& quadrans odauo quoqueanno conficuint. Supereft vcintelligas annumi545? ,vnde ineipimuSjprimumeiTe illorumodo,adquo- rumfinemiicincercalandum. Repctamus itaquc ab initio Grxcorum an nos.Pnmus annus vnde numerare incoeperut Graeciannos,primuseftprimie Olympiadis, qui annusfuit aborbec6dito,vt vera fuppu- tatio dodorum haber, 3188, id eftjanno fecun do regni loathan in Iud3,& tertio anno regni Pekanin lfraeI,anno regni Affyrioru 44, 3 Troia capta 407,8^ regni Amulij Syluij apiid Latinosannoii. qui abell ab anno Chnfti nato,primo fcre medio(qui mundi crat 39^2,, 56" & paulo pluSjid cft,oIympiadis anno 3 )aa nis :qLios fi addas ad annos Chrifti 1549, anni Graeeorum erunc a pnmx Olympia- disannoprimo,232i;quosiidiuidaspero(So, vt intelligas quotus annus iir ifte i) 4 9, o6ten nij embolirmalis, reperies primum eiTejScari' num ^48,eum fuiiTc ad que tres menfes Grae ciaddideruntjid eft,embolirmon in eum inci diire,quarationctrespoftrcmos menfes an- no i555intcrtcxuim', qui vtillc ,intcrpoiitis annisfcpcem,intercalaris efl•. SS DE MENS. GRAECIS Exhacnoftrafupputationc fperoftudio• fos aliquam vcilitatepcrcjpturos ad chrono- logias GrsecorumintelligendaSj& do6lorum hominnm interpretationes menfiu GraccorCi percipiedas.Na ctiai nterdodoi:n6 benc co uenit.Na quifquis Iibelli audor fueric dc mc• fibus AtticiSjTheodoro Gazae adfcripti , is a Galeno nonhabuit quod diiTcntircr,qiii fcri pfit€oH