Proceedings of the ALCADl '92 International Conference on Speleo History Karszt cs Bar lan g, Budapest. Hungary, 1992. pp. 3-12.
SHORT COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF CAVE AND KARST RESEARCH ON THE TERRITORY OF THE ALPS, THE CARPATHIANS AND THE DINARIC ALPS TILL 1914
Denes Bald's
The Alps, the Carpathians and the Dinaric Alps are flourishing of these branches of science. On the one one of the most varied geographical complexes of hand they provide an open-air laboratory’ with a great Kurasian Mountain System created by the Cretacco- variety of richly formed karsts, and on the other, the Tertiary earth movements. The total extension of important cultural centers of the area (Vienna. Buda the three mountain regions is about 750 000 kmw. pest. Graz, Trieste. Brno) with their universities, 210 000 knr is the territory of the Alps, the section geological and hydrological institutes were also situat of the Dinaric Alps extending from the Sava-Idrija ed in this territory. The central part of the ALCADl Valley to Albania is 150 000 km~, while the Carpa area (Eastern Alps, the Northern part of the Dinaric thians makes a curve. 1 500 km in lenght and 100-150 Alps and the greatest part of the Carpathians) formed km in width, spreading over a territory of 220 000 a political and economic unit till 1914. that helped km~. The basin area closed around by them is 170 000 the systematic research on the karst and caves situated km“. In the followings the names of the three moun here. The ALCADl territory in a narrow sense will tainous areas will be abbreviated by the mosaic word: be discussed in this historical summary. “ALCADl" formed of the first syllables of the words. The three mountain regions of complex structure Parly knowledge o f caves. spontaneous cave visits have a significant amount of carbonate rocks, partly in highly folded and overthrusted mountains, partly Just like in other territories in the ALCADl area in forms of planinas or island-like uplifted plateaus. prehistoric man got into connection with caves, too: Die Dinaric Alps is the richest in carbonate forma dry cavities supplied him with a dwelling place and tions. about 38% of its surface is dominated by lime offered hunting spoils (cave bear) for him already stone and dolomite (57 000 km“). The Alps is the next several thousand years ago. Archaeological excava one with its 17% proportion (36 000 km“). while the tions brought out bone remains and instruments prov Carpathians is comparatively poor in carbonates: 4% ing the presence of early man in caves. Famous caves (9 600 kmw). however, the proportion of limestone in from archaeological point of view in the territory are: the North-Western Carpathians (Slovakia) is as high Geldloch. Konigshohle in the Alps. Szeleta and Bii- as 10%. dospesl in the Biikk Mountains of Hungary, the As a result of favorable climatic circumstances and Baradla Cave at Aggtelck. etc. other conditions the ALCADl area abounds in caves. Man o f historical age visited caves for several More than one thousand caves were known as early purposes. Some lived there as hermits, e.g. the Carthu as the 1890-es and the number increased threefold till sian monks in the Kartauserhohle of Ixnver-Austria 1914. According to the 1990 survey the number of between 1512 and 1790. or. to mention 1-aszlo Batori. caves in ALCADl territory is about 65 000: 30 000 of a Hungarian hermit living in the cave named after him them is situated in the Alps, 17 000 are to be found in the Buda Mountains around 1450. Caves of the in the Carpathians and in the island-mountains closed Carpathians gave shelter to the escaping inhabitance inside, while about 18 000 ones arc in the Dinaric Alps. during the Tatar invasion and the Turkish menace These three territories played important part in the (Torocko Caves, Selim Cave). A huge amount of birth of general speleology and karstology, and in the human bones was found in the Bene Cave of North-
3 GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION OF KARST AREAS IN THE ALCADI AREA
EASTERN ALPS and MORAVIAN HIGHLANDS. Northern Limestone Alps (Nord- liche Kalkalpcn): 1. Steinemes Meer, 2. Hochkonig, 3. Tennengebirge, 4. Dachstein, 5. Totes Gebirge, 6. Hochschwab, 7. Schneealpe, Rax, Scluteeberg, 8. Wienerwald, 9. Leith a (Lajta) Gebirge, 10. Klaminkalkzone. 11. Central Stvrian Karst (Grazer Itmu/llf linn Herglandl. Austrian Southern Alps: 12. Lienzer Dolomiten, 13. Gailtaler Alpen, 14. Villacher Alpe, 15. Karawanken. - Eastern Italian and Sloi'enian Alps: 16. Ml. Ciaorlecc, 17. Ml. Prat, 18. Mt. Bemadia, 19. Julian Alps, 20. Kainnik Alps, 21. Pohorje. Upper Austria: 22. Waschberg. - Moravia: 23. Moravian Karst.
S n l/ h u r g Iti .ilisl.i V.l/I 'u/MNiy |
I Scusicdlcrll crln'
K l a g c n f u r l
Zagreb Trieste
DINARIC ALPS.63. Karst (Kras! Mountain, Sarajevo 64. N'otranjsko, 65. Dolenjsko. 66. Cicarija, 67. Istra, 68. Cres Island, 69. Krk Island, 70. Great Kapela, 71. Little Kapela, 72. Velebit Mts., 73. lJcko polje, 74. PljeSevica, 75. Grmec. 76. Zagora Mts., 77. Dinara planina, 78. Livanjsko polje, 79. Cvrsnica, 80. Vlasic, 81. Hjelasnica.
4
\ CARPATHIANS. North-Western Carpathians: 24. Liltle Carpathians, 25. Little Fatra, 26. Tribec, 27. Great Fatra, 28. Low Tatra, 29. High Tatra, 30. Slovakian Ore Mts. (Gomor-Szepesi-erchegyseg, Slovenske Rudohoriel, 31. Slovakian Karst (Gomdr-Tomai-karszt, Slovensky Kras), 32. Aggtelek Karst. - North-Eastern Carpathians: 33. Mt. Homonna (Hiuncnne), 34. Marainaros Mts. - Eastern Carpa thians: 35. Radna Mts., 36. Beszterce (Giurgeu) Mts., 37. Gyergyo Mts., 38. Csik (Ciuc) Mts., 39. Vargvas (Virghi§) Valley, 40. Persanv Mts., 41. Brasso (Brasov) Mts. - Southern Carpathians: 42. Fogaras Mts., 43. Vulkan-Szeben -Kudzsir Mts., 44. Mehadia (Mehedinli) Mts., 45. Orsova Mts., 46. Krasso-Szoreny (Banal) Mts., 47. Ruszka (Poiana Rusca) Mts.
CARPATHIAN BASINS. Transylvanian Middle (ApuseniJ Mts.: 48. Kiralverdo (Padurea Craiului), 49. Beli (Codru-Moma) Mts., 50. Bihar Mts., 51. Transylvanian Ore Mts. (Erdelyi-erchegyseg, M. Metaliferi), 52. Torocko (Trascaului) Mts., 53. Szamos (Preluca) Plateau. - Hungarian Middle Mts. 54. Balaton Highland, 55. Bakony Mts., 56. Vertes Mts., 57. Gerecse Mts., 58. Pilis Mts., 59. Buda Hills, 60. Mecsek Mts., 61. Villany Mts., 62. Biikk Mts.
5 Entrance of the Adelsberger Grotte (painted by Alois Schaffenrath in the 1820-es)
Eastern Carpathians; pursuers killed people looking that even outstanding personalities were overcome by for shelter there by smoke and fire. However, caves curiosity and ventured to visit caves. However, it was provided also criminals with refuge; they hid the stolen already the beginning of cave tourism. At the end of goods here. The Lamprechtsofen Cave in Austria is the 18th century regular cave visits started in primitive thought to be such a place that around 1650 was so circumstances in the better known caves of the area: much destroyed by treasure-hunters, that the local Adelsberg and St. Kanzian caves, Aggtelek Cave, authority had to brick it in. Demenyfalva Cave. Sloup Cave, etc. The building out People of old ages believed that the “dragon bones*' of caves was started and in 1819 the Adelsberg Cave found in caves (actually the bones of the cave bear) was opened as the first one. An Austrian tourist guide were good for curing disease and they gathered them book of 1832 enumerates 28 caves open to the public. up. 'Hie most famous bone-caves were: the Drachen- Hie Dobsina Ice Cave surveyed and opened in 1870 hohlc in Steicrmark near Mixnitz, the IJpto Caves in was a great attraction, as by that time the huge ice the North-Western Carpathians, anyhow, “dragon caves around Salzburg were still inaccessible. It is the caves” were known from the Eastern Carpathians and ALCADI area where electricity was installed in caves in Banal, as well. Dripstones and montmilch were also for the first time: in the Grasslhohle of the Alps and brought out of caves, as they were supposed to be in the Dobsina Ice Cave in Hungary. medicines, too. Huge cave entrances opening in rocky walls offered Development of scientific cave research good opportunity to build/om or castles in them. The best known of them are the Castle of Lueg (Predjama) The question was already raised by early cave in Krain (Slovenia), the Castles of Kofel and Kronmetz visitors: how the strange formations found in caves in South-Tirol and Schallaum in Styria. Along the (dripstones) were formed and how the caves them Lower Danube. West of Orsova. the Veterani Cave selves came into being. In the middle of the 17th was built in to serve as a fort against the Turks around century' the first books giving general description of 1690. caves (GAFFAREL 1654, KIR CHER 1664) were pub Curiosity for the unknown underground world lured lished containing conceptions that seem naive for the people early into caves. Graffiti preserved on the cave present-day reader. walls prove this fact. The earliest data. 1213, was In 1592 in the commission of emperor Rudolf II. found in the Adelsbcrg Cave (Postojnska jama) with Christophs von Schallenberg carried out research in a monogram “C.M.” next to it probably referring to the Geldloch for precious minerals; it was the begin the patriarch of Aquileia. In the Drachenhohle of ning of scientific cave researches in the Eastern Alps. Styria the earliest inscription, 1387, proves a visit at The caves of the Moravian Karst were studied and that time, and beyond it there are more than hundred written about by Martin Alexaruler VIGSIUS (1663). later data on the walls. Old notes and documents relate In the Dinaric area the activity of baron J.W. von
6 The Leaning Tower in the Baradla (Aggtelek) Cave (after Gyula Sandy, circ. 1850)
Valvasor was a milestone; he visited the Camiola caves). In the Alps and on the Dinaric Karsts the above (Krain) limestone mountains several times in 1678-89 mentioned J. A. Nagel surveyed the famous Adelsberg and described and illustrated about 70 caves in his and St. Kanzian caves in the middle of the 18th book (VALVASOR 1689). century. The first plan of the Baradla Cave was made In the 18th century works dealing with caves by J. Sartory in 1794 till the end-point of the cave as increased in number and a new branch of science, known by then (2170 m). speleology or cave science started. In the middle of this century an outstanding researcher was Joseph The prosperity of speleology in the 19th century Anton Nagel, the court mathematician of Francis I., Austrian emperor; in the commission of the emperor Cave research and surveying on the ALCADI area he visited one by one the caves of the Alps, the in the 19th century, especially in the second half of Northern Dinaric and the Moravian Karst. His valu it rapidly boomed. Adolf Schmidl. an outstanding able reports with illustrations remained in manuscript researcher of the middle of the century is frequently (NAGEL 1747). In the North-Western Carpathians referred to as “the father of speleology**. He gained Gyorgy Buchholtz made the first survey and descrip distinction between 1850-53 with the research of the tion of the Demenyfalva Cave in 1719 that, together caves of Krain (SCHMIDL 1854) and carried out with several other cave descriptions, was incorporated pioneering work in the Alps and Carpathians, too into the works of Mdtyds Bel on the counties of (SCHMIDL 1857, 1858, 1863). Hungary (BEL 1723. 1735-1742). Interest of speleologists turned, first of all, towards In the end of the 18th century parallel with the the biggest caves, however they were not satisfied differentiation of science researches in caves became with simply walking along the open cavities any more, more and more specific. F.A. STEINBERG (1758) and but intended to open up naturally closed caves and to T. GRUBER (1781) studied the hydrological condi get into quite new ones by artificially uncovering tions of the Zirknitz polje (Cerknica) and of its caves, them. As a result of discovering researches the ALCA while J. N. Laurent described the cave salamander DI territory had the longest dripstone cave of Europe (Proteus anguinus) found in the Dinaric Caves, and (first the Baradla Cave in Hungary 8,7 km; then, since J. Ch. ROSENMULLER (1804) dealt with the bone 1893, the Adelsberg Cave of Krain, 10 km), and the remains of the cave bear. deepest shaft of the continent also situated here Research work demanded the preparing of cave (Labodnica or Trebiciano shaft, near Trieste, -329 m). maps. In the Carpathians the first longitudinal sections Research of big and deep caves, beyond the capacity arc prepared by G. Buchholtz in 1719 at the request of certain enthusiastic persons, requires concentrate of M. Bel for his books (Demenyfalva and Szilice work and organization of expeditions. In the Alps area
7 Long section o f Demcnfalva Cave, surveyed bv Gyorgy (Georgius) Buchholtz, jtu, in 1719, published by Matthias Bel in 1723 local speleological groups were formed one after the research of it had to be carried out in the 19th century'. other since 1860 and in 1879 the first national Authors of the most important publications on cave speleological society of the world - the Verein fur fauna are: J. C. SCHIODTE (18*18), F. A. KOLENAJ'I llohlenkunde - was founded in Vienna. The first (1857). J. FRIVALDSZKY (186*1). K. ABSOLON speleological periodical of the world the “Literatur (1899). L. MEHELY (1900), E. CS1K1 (1911). Anzeiger" was also published by this society. Later Several researchers dealt with the climate of caves. other local organizations dealing with speleology were A lot of studies were written especially after the set up in other towns of Austria, too (Graz. Salzburg. discovery of ice caves (Kolowrathohle 18*45. Dobsina Linz), in the Dinaric region with a center in Trieste 1870). A selection of publications on cave climate is (1883). in Brunn on the Moravian Karst (1909), and as follows: A. SCHM1DL (1854. 1858). A. FEHER in Budapest in the Carpathian region (1910). These (1872). J. E. PELECll (1878). A. PENCK (1889). K. societies made the speleological literature more col KOLBENHEYER (1889). ourful by publishing their own new scientific journals Cave cartography also made a good progress in the making the results of their researches public property. 19th century, use of better instruments resulted in Speleological research was further specialized in belter maps. From among those who described and the 19th century. Lack of space prevent us from surveyed ihe caves of the Alps and the Dinaric Karst describing this activity in great detail, we can only - beyond those already mentioned - we have to call enumerate the most important researchers. The exact the attention to the activity of F. KRAUS (1894), and titles of their works are given in the bibliography. the famous French speleologist E. A. MARTEL, who The most active researcher of caves in the territory with his discoveries has got a name in the history of were the paleontologists and archaeologists. They the Dinaric Karst (1894). K. R,USZ (1807), /. VASS carried out successful excavations in several caves; (1825) and K. MUNNICH (1886) were outstanding their results were valuable contributions to our knowl personalities among those who explored and surveyed edge and their findings enriched the museums. Some the Baradla Cave. In Transylvania /. FEKETE drew outstanding researchers are: W. von BUCK LAM) the first map of the Homorodalmas Cave (1835). (1823). l\ BALOG 11 (18*16), F. ROMER (1868), E. THEMAK (1871), G. LEG LAS (1880-1893), J. NY ARY Birth-place of karstology (1881). M. K k lt (1893). A. KOCl! (1900). O. HER MAN (1908), O. KADI(2 (1909), T. KORMOS (1912). The ALCADI area played an important part not only Information about the special fauna of dark caves, in the development of general speleology, but it was first of all about the cave salamander were published the cradle of the evolution of an independent integrat as early as the 17-18th century, however, systematical ed scientific system, the karstology. While the subject
8 shores under sea-level (A. BEYER et al. 1874). This supposition was supported by the observations of speleologists who followed the underground courses of the Reka and Pivka rivers. A. GRUND (1903), on the contrary, stated that in the depth of karst a continuous karst groundwater level is situated, that along the shores is as high as the sea level and farther from it it is gradually increasing. The growing hydro- statical pressure forces the karst water to flow towards the sea. The amount of precipitation changes the Sclent cP/nn height of karst water level according to the seasons t acu clem f'c (and sometimes even occasionally), the two-direction (fow tej C c m m al activity of the katavotras (estavelas) is due to this f3 fact, and it also explains that certain poljes are sometimes flooded sometimes dry. A gtelek 'ITie theory of Grund was accepted by many, but (/tcierc :7f6- Jf££ there were some who opposed, e.g. E. KATZER
he It tc, ittn e 9 Karstic landscape near Trieste (from M. Neumayr: Erdgeschichte. VoL I. Leipzig, 1886) process of denudation he built in the ways of differen tiation. In 1899 together with Davis he went for a study-tour to the Dinaric Karst, however he had other opportunities for research, as well, that resulted in a great number of papers (PENCK 1889, 1894, 1900, 1924). One of his students, Jo van Cvijic of Serbian origin has become an outstanding figure of the “mor phological school of Vienna”. His activity and studies were a milestone in the history of karst morphology (CVIJIC 1813, I960). E. RICHTER (1907) is worth mentioning, too. Their studies spread world-wide Slavic technical terms originating from the Dinaric Karst like: ponor, doline, uvala, polje, etc. Block diagram of St. Kanzian Cave area Geologists of the Budapest Geological Institute also by J. Cholnoky joined the classical Dinaric Karst research, especially K. TERZAGHI made his mark as a scholar with the Quickly developing speleological and karstological exploration of the genetics of the Croatian karsts and research work of international significance was inter theGacko-polje. In Hungary karst research of geologi rupted by the outbreak of the World War I. A part of cal inspiration did not play an important role before the classical karst has become an area of war (Dober- 1914. as altogether about 3% of the country’s territory* do); several famous karst researchers and speleolog was carbonate surface (without the Dinaric ranges). ists lost their lives in the beginning of the war (e.g. In the last decade, when the members of the “Viennese A. Grund). Earlier successful speleological societies school" the students of Penck were so active, the head have become disorganized, reviews ceased publica of the Geographical Department of the Budapest tion. After the war as a result of the rearrangement of University was a professor of anthropogeography, who borders produced a completely new situation, in which showed absolutely no interest in the karst. The leading the restarting of research work, the forming of new ligure of the Hungarian gcomorphology, J. CHOL- organizational frames came into being slowly after NOKY (1914) that time was teaching at a peripheric the long interval. Dr. Dfae, Balfc place, at Kolozsvar (1905-1919); his scientific activ lirdliget Sard utca 45. ity concerning karstology fluorished only in later H-2030 years, when he got to Budapest. HUNGARY 10 Selected bibliography on eaves and karsts in the Alps, Carpathians, and Dinaric Alps to 1914 GENERAL REFERENCES GAFFAREL, J. (1654): Le inonde sousterrain Paris (Fragment in KORDOSLASZLO (1984): Magyarorszag barlangjai (Caves of Hungary) Biblintheque National, R 3088) GRl'BER. T. (1781): Briefe hvdrographischen und physikalischen Budapest Inhalts aus Krain an Ignaz Edlen von Bom - Wien PR/KRYL, LUBOM1L VILIAM (1985): Dejiny speleologie na Slovensku GRL’XD, A. (1903): Die Karsthydrographie. Studien aus Westbosnien Brads lava - Geogr. Abhandl. 7 (3) pp. I 200, Wien ROGUC. JOSIP (1972): Historical Review of Morphologic Concepts GRUXD. A (1910): Beitrage zur Morphologie des dinarischen Gebirges In: M. Herak - V. T. Stringfield: Karst. Important Karst Regions - Georg. Abhandl. 9 (3) pp. 1 236. Wien of the Northern Hemisphere - Elsevier. Amsterdam - I^ondon - New GRUXD. A. (1914): Der geographische Zyklus im Karst - Zeitschr. York, pp.1-18. Ges. Erdkunde, pp. 621-640., Wien SAAR. RUDOLF' - RUDOLF P1RKER (1979): Gcschichte der HACQUET. B. (1790): Neueste physikalisch- politische Reisen in den Hdhlenforschung in Osterreich - WissenschafUiche Beihe/te zur Jahrcn 1788-89 durch die Dacischen und Sannatischen oder Zeilschrift "Die Hohle “. Nr. 13. Wien, 1979. Noerdlichen Karpathen Xiirnberg SHAW. TREVOR R. (1979): History of Cave Science. The scientific HACQUET. B. (1914): Oryctographia Carniolica oder Physikalische investigation of limestone caves, to 1900 - 2 Tom. Crvmych Erd-bcschreibung des Herzogthums Krain, Istrien und zuin Teil der SZEKELY K1SGA (1989): Date record on the history’ of Hungarian benachbarten Lander - Leipzig speleological research - Karszt es Barlang, Special Issue, pp. 93-96. HAlX. J. (1673): De Draconum Carpathicorum cavernis - Lipsiae HERMAN O. (1908): A borsodi bfikk oseinbere Term. tud. Kozlonv. SINGLE WORKS XL. pp. 545-564, Budapest ABSOLOX, K. (1899): Uber die Fauna der llbhlen des mahrischen HILLEBRAXD J. (1913): Neuere Woluistatten des Unnenschen in Devonkalkes - Zoologischer Anzeiger, Bd. XX11. Ixipzig Ungam - Fbldr. Kozl. 43. Budapest BALOGH P. (1846): Kirandulas a tufnai csontbarlangokba - Magyar HOHEXWART, F. (1830): Wegweiser fiir die Wanderers inderberiimten Tudos Tdrsasag f:\konvve. 17/. pp. 83-116.. 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