Planktonic Consumers OCN 201 Biology Lecture 5 Grieg Steward

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Planktonic Consumers OCN 201 Biology Lecture 5 Grieg Steward Jean Marie Cavanihac http://forum.mikroscopia.com/index.php?showtopic=2503&mode=linearplus Consumer Types • Grazers Eat vegetation but typically do not kill it (Herbivore) • Predators Kill their prey (Herbivore or Carnivore, or Omnivore) • Parasites Intimate, prolonged interaction between two organisms where one feeds on the other without killing it • Scavengers Consume things already dead • Decomposers Final degraders of organic compounds Large Grazers Examples Manatee grazing on sea grass urchin eating kelp http://www.ejfoundation.org/modules/PagEd/medipics/manatee-feeding-on-seagrass.jpg Other examples from video: crabs and marine iguana feeding on macroalgae Small but Abundant Pelagic Predators • Find large grazers nearshore where seagrasses and kelp grow, but… • Most primary production in the sea is by microscopic single-cell organisms • Therefore, most primary consumers in the ocean are also microscopic! Phytoplankton Predators salps copepods Diatoms & Dinoflagellates Predators Flagellates and Ciliates Most abundant predators! Flagellates & Coccolithophores Cyanobacteria & Picoeukaryotes Protistan Predators (protozooplankton) • Flagellates (1-10 µm) • Ciliates (100 µm) • Amoeboid • Radiolaria (0.5 mm) silica skeleton • Foraminifera (1 mm) calcium carbonate shell Protozoa • No Mouth - Ingest particles mostly by phagocytosis. What do they eat? -bacteria -phytoplankton • Digest particles in food vacuole inside the cell (in some cases, outside the cell) Phagocytosis Heterotrophic Ciliates Flagellates 1 µm 1 µm Pseudobobo tremulans Monosiga sp. Amoeboid Protists Radiolarians Silica skeleton Foraminifera Calcium carbonate shells Globigerinella Bernd Walz http://www.microscopyu.com/staticgallery/smallworld/2008/id2008-walz.html Robert Brons Planktonic Animal Herbivores • Crustaceans ✦ Copepods http://fishweb.ifas.ufl.edu/planktonweb/Cyclops.jpg ✦ Euphausiids (Krill) Steven Haddock • Tunicates ✦ salps ✦ larvaceans ✦ pyrosomes Laurence Madin Tunicates: Salps • Gelatinous • Pelagic • Often colonial • Major consumers of phytoplankton Tunicates: Larvaceans • Small larva-like • Secretes a mucus mesh “house” • Uses tail to create feeding current • Catches food on filter Tunicates: Pyrosomes Colonial pelagic John P. Hoover http://www.hawaiisfishes.com/inverts/tunicates/neattunicates.htm tunciates Filter feeders known for their brilliant bioluminescence Parasites Leeches (Segmented Worms) just a couple of examples Arthropods (isopod) J. L. Justine et al. 2012, Aquat. Biosyt. 8: 22 Photo by Ronald Englund ©HBS Scavengers Some fish, sharks, molluscs, crustaceans, etc. Illustration by Michael Rothman Decomposers Bacteria Fungi Osmotrophic: not phagotrophic – Cannot ingest particles or cells Osmotrophs Material is digested outside the cell by enzymes and small molecules are transported through protein channels in the membrane Flagellum Zoom in on membrane Bacterial Cell Autotrophs (primary producers) Heterotrophs (consumers) Phytoplankton Predators Diatoms & Dinoflagellates Predators Symbiont Flagellates and Ciliates parasitic worms & Dissolved Organics isopods Mixotrophs & Detritus Flagellates & Coccolithophores Decomposers Bacteria and Fungi Scavengers hagfish Cyanobacteria & Picoeukaryotes amphipod.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Molecular Phylogenetic Position of Hexacontium Pachydermum Jørgensen (Radiolaria)
Marine Micropaleontology 73 (2009) 129–134 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Micropaleontology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marmicro Molecular phylogenetic position of Hexacontium pachydermum Jørgensen (Radiolaria) Tomoko Yuasa a,⁎, Jane K. Dolven b, Kjell R. Bjørklund b, Shigeki Mayama c, Osamu Takahashi a a Department of Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan b Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway c Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan article info abstract Article history: The taxonomic affiliation of Hexacontium pachydermum Jørgensen, specifically whether it belongs to the Received 9 April 2009 order Spumellarida or the order Entactinarida, is a subject of ongoing debate. In this study, we sequenced the Received in revised form 3 August 2009 18S rRNA gene of H. pachydermum and of three spherical spumellarians of Cladococcus viminalis Haeckel, Accepted 7 August 2009 Arachnosphaera myriacantha Haeckel, and Astrosphaera hexagonalis Haeckel. Our molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that the spumellarian species of C. viminalis, A. myriacantha, and A. hexagonalis form a Keywords: monophyletic group. Moreover, this clade occupies a sister position to the clade comprising the spongodiscid Radiolaria fi Entactinarida spumellarians, coccodiscid spumellarians, and H. pachydermum. This nding is contrary to the results of Spumellarida morphological studies based on internal spicular morphology, placing H. pachydermum in the order Nassellarida Entactinarida, which had been considered to have a common ancestor shared with the nassellarians. 18S rRNA gene © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Molecular phylogeny. 1. Introduction the order Entactinarida has an inner spicular system homologenous with that of the order Nassellarida.
[Show full text]
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis in Photolithotrophic Sulfur Bacteria and Their Role in Detoxication of Hydrogen Sulfide
antioxidants Review Anoxygenic Photosynthesis in Photolithotrophic Sulfur Bacteria and Their Role in Detoxication of Hydrogen Sulfide Ivan Kushkevych 1,* , Veronika Bosáková 1,2 , Monika Vítˇezová 1 and Simon K.-M. R. Rittmann 3,* 1 Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; [email protected] (V.B.); [email protected] (M.V.) 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic 3 Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Universität Wien, 1090 Vienna, Austria * Correspondence: [email protected] (I.K.); [email protected] (S.K.-M.R.R.); Tel.: +420-549-495-315 (I.K.); +431-427-776-513 (S.K.-M.R.R.) Abstract: Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic compound that can affect various groups of water microorgan- isms. Photolithotrophic sulfur bacteria including Chromatiaceae and Chlorobiaceae are able to convert inorganic substrate (hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide) into organic matter deriving energy from photosynthesis. This process takes place in the absence of molecular oxygen and is referred to as anoxygenic photosynthesis, in which exogenous electron donors are needed. These donors may be reduced sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide. This paper deals with the description of this metabolic process, representatives of the above-mentioned families, and discusses the possibility using anoxygenic phototrophic microorganisms for the detoxification of toxic hydrogen sulfide. Moreover, their general characteristics, morphology, metabolism, and taxonomy are described as Citation: Kushkevych, I.; Bosáková, well as the conditions for isolation and cultivation of these microorganisms will be presented. V.; Vítˇezová,M.; Rittmann, S.K.-M.R.
[Show full text]
Limits of Life on Earth Some Archaea and Bacteria
Limits of life on Earth Thermophiles Temperatures up to ~55C are common, but T > 55C is Some archaea and bacteria (extremophiles) can live in associated usually with geothermal features (hot springs, environments that we would consider inhospitable to volcanic activity etc) life (heat, cold, acidity, high pressure etc) Thermophiles are organisms that can successfully live Distinguish between growth and survival: many organisms can survive intervals of harsh conditions but could not at high temperatures live permanently in such conditions (e.g. seeds, spores) Best studied extremophiles: may be relevant to the Interest: origin of life. Very hot environments tolerable for life do not seem to exist elsewhere in the Solar System • analogs for extraterrestrial environments • `extreme’ conditions may have been more common on the early Earth - origin of life? • some unusual environments (e.g. subterranean) are very widespread Extraterrestrial Life: Spring 2008 Extraterrestrial Life: Spring 2008 Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park Hydrothermal vents: high pressure in the deep ocean allows liquid water Colors on the edge of the at T >> 100C spring are caused by different colonies of thermophilic Vents emit superheated water (300C or cyanobacteria and algae more) that is rich in minerals Hottest water is lifeless, but `cooler’ ~50 species of such thermophiles - mostly archae with some margins support array of thermophiles: cyanobacteria and anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria oxidize sulphur, manganese, grow on methane + carbon monoxide etc… Sulfolobus: optimum T ~ 80C, minimum 60C, maximum 90C, also prefer a moderately acidic pH. Live by oxidizing sulfur Known examples can grow (i.e. multiply) at temperatures which is abundant near hot springs.
[Show full text]
The Planktonic Protist Interactome: Where Do We Stand After a Century of Research?
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/587352; this version posted May 2, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Bjorbækmo et al., 23.03.2019 – preprint copy - BioRxiv The planktonic protist interactome: where do we stand after a century of research? Marit F. Markussen Bjorbækmo1*, Andreas Evenstad1* and Line Lieblein Røsæg1*, Anders K. Krabberød1**, and Ramiro Logares2,1** 1 University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (Evogene), Blindernv. 31, N- 0316 Oslo, Norway 2 Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, ES-08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain * The three authors contributed equally ** Corresponding authors: Ramiro Logares: Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Phone: 34-93-2309500; Fax: 34-93-2309555. [email protected] Anders K. Krabberød: University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (Evogene), Blindernv. 31, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Phone +47 22845986, Fax: +47 22854726. [email protected] Abstract Microbial interactions are crucial for Earth ecosystem function, yet our knowledge about them is limited and has so far mainly existed as scattered records. Here, we have surveyed the literature involving planktonic protist interactions and gathered the information in a manually curated Protist Interaction DAtabase (PIDA). In total, we have registered ~2,500 ecological interactions from ~500 publications, spanning the last 150 years.
[Show full text]
Rhizaria, Cercozoa)
Protist, Vol. 166, 363–373, July 2015 http://www.elsevier.de/protis Published online date 28 May 2015 ORIGINAL PAPER Molecular Phylogeny of the Widely Distributed Marine Protists, Phaeodaria (Rhizaria, Cercozoa) a,1 a a b Yasuhide Nakamura , Ichiro Imai , Atsushi Yamaguchi , Akihiro Tuji , c d Fabrice Not , and Noritoshi Suzuki a Plankton Laboratory, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041–8611, Japan b Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba 305–0005, Japan c CNRS, UMR 7144 & Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Equipe EPPO - Evolution du Plancton et PaléoOcéans, Place Georges Teissier, 29682 Roscoff, France d Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980–8578, Japan Submitted January 1, 2015; Accepted May 19, 2015 Monitoring Editor: David Moreira Phaeodarians are a group of widely distributed marine cercozoans. These plankton organisms can exhibit a large biomass in the environment and are supposed to play an important role in marine ecosystems and in material cycles in the ocean. Accurate knowledge of phaeodarian classification is thus necessary to better understand marine biology, however, phylogenetic information on Phaeodaria is limited. The present study analyzed 18S rDNA sequences encompassing all existing phaeodarian orders, to clarify their phylogenetic relationships and improve their taxonomic classification. The mono- phyly of Phaeodaria was confirmed and strongly supported by phylogenetic analysis with a larger data set than in previous studies. The phaeodarian clade contained 11 subclades which generally did not correspond to the families and orders of the current classification system. Two families (Challengeri- idae and Aulosphaeridae) and two orders (Phaeogromida and Phaeocalpida) are possibly polyphyletic or paraphyletic, and consequently the classification needs to be revised at both the family and order levels by integrative taxonomy approaches.
[Show full text]
33. Cretaceous and Paleogene Planktonic Foraminifera, Leg 27 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project V
33. CRETACEOUS AND PALEOGENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA, LEG 27 OF THE DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT V. A. Krasheninnikov, Geological Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR ABSTRACT Cretaceous and Cenozoic sediments, penetrated by Sites 259, 260, 261, and 263 in the eastern part of the Indian Ocean, are mainly brown zeolite clays and turbidites. Small quantities of calcareous clays and nanno ooze with planktonic foraminifera are intercalated with the clays and have Albian, upper Paleocene, and lower Eocene ages. The Albian sediments at Site 259 are characterized only by Hedbergella species (infracretacea, globigerinellinoides, planispira, amabilis, aff. delrioensis, aff. infracretacea). At Site 260 planktonic foraminifera are more diverse; in addition to the above-mentioned species there are other species of Hedbergella (trocoidea brittonensis) and representatives of Globigerinelloides (eaglefordensis, bentonensis, ultramicra, gyroidinaeformis, aff. maridalensis). Assemblages of planktonic foraminifera of the upper Paleocene (the Globorotalia velascoensis Zone) at Site 259 consist of comparatively rare species of Acarinina (acarinata, mckannai, primitival and Glpbigerina (chascanona, nana) combined with sporadic Globorotalia (imitata, aff. acuta). Sediments of the lower part of the lower Eocene at Site 259 are characterized by rare Acarinina (pseudotopilensis, soldadoensis, acarinata, aff. triplex) and casts of Globorotalia from the group of Globorotalia aequa— G. subbotinae—G. marginodentata. Turbidites contain rather frequently redeposited Cretaceous, Paleogene, and Neogene planktonic foraminifera. LOWER CRETACEOUS (ALBIAN) Lower Cretaceous sediments, Albian, with planktonic _____^^ ""W••l•i i•i•r;•i•: foraminifera have been identified in two regions of the Indian Ocean—the Perth Abyssal Plain in the south (Site 259) and the Gascoyne Abyssal Plain in the north (Site 260).
[Show full text]
Protozoa and Oxygen
Acta Protozool. (2014) 53: 3–12 http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/ap ActA doi:10.4467/16890027AP.13.0020.1117 Protozoologica Special issue: Marine Heterotrophic Protists Guest editors: John R. Dolan and David J. S. Montagnes Review paper Protozoa and Oxygen Tom FENCHEL Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract. Aerobic protozoa can maintain fully aerobic metabolic rates even at very low O2-tensions; this is related to their small sizes. Many – or perhaps all – protozoa show particular preferences for a given range of O2-tensions. The reasons for this and the role for their distribution in nature are discussed and examples of protozoan biota in O2-gradients in aquatic systems are presented. Facultative anaerobes capable of both aerobic and anaerobic growth are probably common within several protozoan taxa. It is concluded that further progress in this area is contingent on physiological studies of phenotypes. Key words: Protozoa, chemosensory behavior, oxygen, oxygen toxicity, microaerobic protozoa, facultative anaerobes, microaerobic and anaerobic habitats. INTRODUCTION low molecular weight organics and in some cases H2 as metabolic end products. Some ciliates and foraminifera use nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor in a respira- Increasing evidence suggests that the last common tory process (for a review on anaerobic protozoa, see ancestor of extant eukaryotes was mitochondriate and Fenchel 2011). had an aerobic energy metabolism. While representa- The great majority of protozoan species, however, tives of different protist taxa have secondarily adapted depend on aerobic energy metabolism. Among pro- to an anaerobic life style, all known protists possess ei- tists with an aerobic metabolism many – or perhaps ther mitochondria capable of oxidative phosphorylation all – show preferences for particular levels of oxygen or – in anaerobic species – have modified mitochon- tension below atmospheric saturation.
[Show full text]
PROTISTS Shore and the Waves Are Large, Often the Largest of a Storm Event, and with a Long Period
(seas), and these waves can mobilize boulders. During this phase of the storm the rapid changes in current direction caused by these large, short-period waves generate high accelerative forces, and it is these forces that ultimately can move even large boulders. Traditionally, most rocky-intertidal ecological stud- ies have been conducted on rocky platforms where the substrate is composed of stable basement rock. Projec- tiles tend to be uncommon in these types of habitats, and damage from projectiles is usually light. Perhaps for this reason the role of projectiles in intertidal ecology has received little attention. Boulder-fi eld intertidal zones are as common as, if not more common than, rock plat- forms. In boulder fi elds, projectiles are abundant, and the evidence of damage due to projectiles is obvious. Here projectiles may be one of the most important defi ning physical forces in the habitat. SEE ALSO THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES Geology, Coastal / Habitat Alteration / Hydrodynamic Forces / Wave Exposure FURTHER READING Carstens. T. 1968. Wave forces on boundaries and submerged bodies. Sarsia FIGURE 6 The intertidal zone on the north side of Cape Blanco, 34: 37–60. Oregon. The large, smooth boulders are made of serpentine, while Dayton, P. K. 1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organi- the surrounding rock from which the intertidal platform is formed zation: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky is sandstone. The smooth boulders are from a source outside the intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 45: 137–159. intertidal zone and were carried into the intertidal zone by waves. Levin, S. A., and R.
[Show full text]
September 2002
RADI LARIA VOLUME 20 SEPTEMBER 2002 NEWSLETTER OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOLARIAN PALEONTOLOGISTS ISSN: 0297.5270 INTERRAD International Association of Radiolarian Paleontologists A Research Group of the International Paleontological Association Officers of the Association President Past President PETER BAUMBARTNER JOYCE R. BLUEFORD Lausanne, Switzerland California, USA [email protected] [email protected] Secretary Treasurer JONATHAN AITCHISON ELSPETH URQUHART Department of Earth Sciences JOIDES Office University of Hong Kong Department of Geology and Geophysics Pokfulam Road, University of Miami - RSMAS Hong Kong SAR, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway CHINA Miami FL 33149 Florida Tel: (852) 2859 8047 Fax: (852) 2517 6912 U.S.A. e-mail: [email protected] Tel: 1-305-361-4668 Fax: 1-305-361-4632 Email: [email protected] Working Group Chairmen Paleozoic Cenozoic PATRICIA, WHALEN, U.S.A. ANNIKA SANFILIPPO California, U.S.A. [email protected] [email protected] Mesozoic Recent RIE S. HORI Matsuyama, JAPAN DEMETRIO BOLTOVSKOY Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA [email protected] [email protected] INTERRAD is an international non-profit organization for researchers interested in all aspects of radiolarian taxonomy, palaeobiology, morphology, biostratigraphy, biology, ecology and paleoecology. INTERRAD is a Research Group of the International Paleontological Association (IPA). Since 1978 members of INTERRAD meet every three years to present papers and exchange ideas and materials INTERRAD MEMBERSHIP: The international Association of Radiolarian Paleontologists is open to any one interested on receipt of subscription. The actual fee US $ 15 per year. Membership queries and subscription send to Treasurer. Changes of address can be sent to the Secretary.
[Show full text]
Radiozoa (Acantharia, Phaeodaria and Radiolaria) and Heliozoa
MICC16 26/09/2005 12:21 PM Page 188 CHAPTER 16 Radiozoa (Acantharia, Phaeodaria and Radiolaria) and Heliozoa Cavalier-Smith (1987) created the phylum Radiozoa to Radiating outwards from the central capsule are the include the marine zooplankton Acantharia, Phaeodaria pseudopodia, either as thread-like filopodia or as and Radiolaria, united by the presence of a central axopodia, which have a central rod of fibres for rigid- capsule. Only the Radiolaria including the siliceous ity. The ectoplasm typically contains a zone of frothy, Polycystina (which includes the orders Spumellaria gelatinous bubbles, collectively termed the calymma and Nassellaria) and the mixed silica–organic matter and a swarm of yellow symbiotic algae called zooxan- Phaeodaria are preserved in the fossil record. The thellae. The calymma in some spumellarian Radiolaria Acantharia have a skeleton of strontium sulphate can be so extensive as to obscure the skeleton. (i.e. celestine SrSO4). The radiolarians range from the A mineralized skeleton is usually present within the Cambrian and have a virtually global, geographical cell and comprises, in the simplest forms, either radial distribution and a depth range from the photic zone or tangential elements, or both. The radial elements down to the abyssal plains. Radiolarians are most useful consist of loose spicules, external spines or internal for biostratigraphy of Mesozoic and Cenozoic deep sea bars. They may be hollow or solid and serve mainly to sediments and as palaeo-oceanographical indicators. support the axopodia. The tangential elements, where Heliozoa are free-floating protists with roughly present, generally form a porous lattice shell of very spherical shells and thread-like pseudopodia that variable morphology, such as spheres, spindles and extend radially over a delicate silica endoskeleton.
[Show full text]
Algae and Cyanobacteria in Coastal and Estuarine Waters
CHAPTER 7 Algae and cyanobacteria in coastal and estuarine waters n coastal and estuarine waters, algae range from single-celled forms to the seaweeds. ICyanobacteria are organisms with some characteristics of bacteria and some of algae. They are similar in size to the unicellular algae and, unlike other bacteria, contain blue-green or green pigments and are able to perform photosynthesis; thus, they are also termed blue-green algae. Algal blooms in the sea have occurred throughout recorded history but have been increasing during recent decades (Anderson, 1989; Smayda, 1989a; Hallegraeff, 1993). In several areas (e.g., the Baltic and North seas, the Adriatic Sea, Japanese coastal waters and the Gulf of Mexico), algal blooms are a recurring phe- nomenon. The increased frequency of occurrence has accompanied nutrient enrich- ment of coastal waters on a global scale (Smayda, 1989b). Blooms of non-toxic phytoplankton species and mass occurrences of macro-algae can affect the amenity value of recreational waters due to reduced transparency, dis- coloured water and scum formation. Furthermore, bloom degradation can be accom- panied by unpleasant odours, resulting in aesthetic problems (see chapter 9). Several human diseases have been reported to be associated with many toxic species of dinoflagellates, diatoms, nanoflagellates and cyanobacteria that occur in the marine environment (CDC, 1997). The effects of these algae on humans are due to some of their constituents, principally algal toxins. Marine algal toxins become a problem primarily because they may concentrate in shellfish and fish that are subsequently eaten by humans (CDR, 1991; Lehane, 2000), causing syndromes known as para- lytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP).
[Show full text]
The Unicellular and Colonial Organisms Prokaryotic And
The Unicellular and Colonial Organisms Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells As you know, the building blocks of life are cells. Prokaryotic cells are those cells that do NOT have a nucleus. They mostly include bacteria and archaea. These cells do not have membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells are those that have a true nucleus. That would include plant, animal, algae, and fungal cells. As you can see, to the left, eukaryotic cells are typically larger than prokaryotic cells. Today in lab, we will look at examples of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic unicellular organisms that are commonly found in pond water. When examining pond water under a microscope… The unpigmented, moving microbes will usually be protozoans. Greenish or golden-brown organisms will typically be algae. Microorganisms that are blue-green will be cyanobacteria. As you can see below, living things are divided into 3 domains based upon shared characteristics. Domain Eukarya is further divided into 4 Kingdoms. Domain Kingdom Cell type Organization Nutrition Organisms Absorb, Unicellular-small; Prokaryotic Photsyn., Archaeacteria Archaea Archaebacteria Lacking peptidoglycan Chemosyn. Unicellular-small; Absorb, Bacteria, Prokaryotic Peptidoglycan in cell Photsyn., Bacteria Eubacteria Cyanobacteria wall Chemosyn. Ingestion, Eukaryotic Unicellular or colonial Protozoa, Algae Protista Photosynthesis Fungi, yeast, Fungi Eukaryotic Multicellular Absorption Eukarya molds Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Photosynthesis Plants Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Ingestion Animals Prokaryotic Organisms – the archaea, non-photosynthetic bacteria, and cyanobacteria Archaea - Microorganisms that resemble bacteria, but are different from them in certain aspects. Archaea cell walls do not include the macromolecule peptidoglycan, which is always found in the cell walls of bacteria. Archaea usually live in extreme, often very hot or salty environments, such as hot mineral springs or deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
[Show full text]