Halide Oxides of Carbon (Heading 2812); (C)
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Effect of Nitrogen/Oxygen Substances on the Pyrolysis of Alkane-Rich Gases to Acetylene by Thermal Plasma
energies Article Effect of Nitrogen/Oxygen Substances on the Pyrolysis of Alkane-Rich Gases to Acetylene by Thermal Plasma Wei Huang, Junkui Jin, Guangdong Wen, Qiwei Yang * ID , Baogen Su * and Qilong Ren Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; [email protected] (W.H.); [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (G.W.); [email protected] (Q.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (Q.Y.); [email protected] (B.S.); Tel.: +86-571-87951125 (Q.Y.) Received: 23 December 2017; Accepted: 29 January 2018; Published: 2 February 2018 Abstract: It is important to convert alkane-rich gases, such as coke oven gas, to value-added chemicals rather than direct emission or combustion. Abundant nitrogen/oxygen substances are present in the actual alkane-rich gases. However, the research about how they influence the conversion in the pyrolysis process is missing. In this work, a systematic investigation on the effect of various nitrogen/oxygen-containing substances, including N2, CO, and CO2,on the pyrolysis of CH4 to C2H2 was performed by a self-made 50 kW rotating arc thermal plasma reactor, and the pyrolysis of a simulated coke oven gas as a model of alkane-rich mixing gas was conducted as well. It was found that the presence of N2 and CO2 was not conducive to the main reaction of alkane pyrolysis for C2H2, while CO, as a stable equilibrium product, had little effect on the cracking reaction. Consequently, it is suggested that a pretreatment process of removing N2 and CO2 should be present before pyrolysis. -
United States Patent Office
Patented Feb. 21, 1928, 1,660,220 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. ANTHONY-G. DE GOLYER, OF BROOKYN, NEW YORK. CoPPER BEFINING. NoDrawing. Application filed April 16, 1927. serial No. 184,443. My present invention relates to a new and copper, cement copper, scrap copper, etc. It improved process for the refining of copper, is also adapted for use in both the produc-65 and relates particularly to methods for the tion of cast shapes to be used in the produc production of copper which is entirely free tion of wire, tubes, sheets and other wrought from dissolved and occluded gas and from articles, and for the production of finished oxygen. or semi-finished castings in sand or other In response to industrial and technical de molds, PE, castings having high 60 mands, many attempts have been made to electrical conductivity, high tensile strength produce oxygen free copper by direct refin and excellent machining qualities. O ing methods and otherwise. While it has Before describing my invention I will been possible heretofore to produce oxygen give, for the purpose of comparison, an out free copper by means of previously proposed line of the pyrometallurgical method which 05 methods, copper so produced did not have has heretofore been generally used for the the necessary additional qualities of high refining of copper, and the aii Opera 5 metallic copper content, high electrical con tions required for the production of deoxi ductivity, and freedom from dissolved or dized copper. occluded gas which, latter, resulted in gas or Electrolytic copper in the form of cath-0 “blow holes in the solid copper. -
Binary and Ternary Transition-Metal Phosphides As Hydrodenitrogenation Catalysts
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Binary and ternary transition-metal phosphides as hydrodenitrogenation catalysts Author(s): Stinner, Christoph Publication Date: 2001 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004378279 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Diss. ETH No. 14422 Binary and Ternary Transition-Metal Phosphides as Hydrodenitrogenation Catalysts A dissertation submitted to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Presented by Christoph Stinner Dipl.-Chem. University of Bonn born February 27, 1969 in Troisdorf (NRW), Germany Accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Roel Prins, examiner Prof. Dr. Reinhard Nesper, co-examiner Dr. Thomas Weber, co-examiner Zurich 2001 I Contents Zusammenfassung V Abstract IX 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Phosphides 4 1.2.1 General 4 1.2.2 Classification 4 1.2.3 Preparation 5 1.2.4 Properties 12 1.2.5 Applications and Uses 13 1.3 Scope of the Thesis 14 1.4 References 16 2 Characterization Methods 1 2.1 FT Raman Spectroscopy 21 2.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis 24 2.3 Temperature-Programmed Reduction 25 2.4 X-Ray Powder Diffractometry 26 2.5 Nitrogen Adsorption 28 2.6 Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 28 2.7 Catalytic Test 33 2.8 References 36 3 Formation, Structure, and HDN Activity of Unsupported Molybdenum Phosphide 37 3.1 Introduction -
AP42 Chapter 9 Reference
AP42 Section: 9.2.1 Backaround Ch 4 Reference: 28 Title: "Effect of Increased Nitrogen Fixation on Stratospheric Ozone: Report 53, Iowa State University," Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, IA, 1976. I "Effect of Increased Nitrogen Fixation on Stratospheric Ozone: Report 53, Iowa State University", Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames. 1976. mCCtFns whr!ws MAY p~rrreclt~ By c9eyglcH.I IAlY U&E A2 U S. CODU ea FOREWORD . 5,' .. ' This report was developed by eleven scientists representing the subject- matter areas of atmospheric chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental c science and chemistry, microbiology, oceanography, plant genetics, soil bio- chemistry, soil physics, and soil chemistry. The task force met in Denver from October 23 to 25 to prepare a first draft of the report. The chairman then prepared a revised version and returned it to members of the task force for re- view and coment. A second revision was then prepared and returned for further comment. Finally, the report was edited and reproduced for transmittal to the Congressional committees concerned with the matter of ozone depletion. -iii- c , -iv- ~ SUMMARY .. Nitrogen compounds are produced by biological reactions and by industrial processes from the abundant nitrogen gas (N2) in the atmosphere. The formation of compounds from atmospheric nitrogen is called fixation. In nature, nitrogen compounds undergo many conversions, but under aerobic conditions, characterized by the presence of oxygen, they tend to be converted to the nitrate (NOI) form. Under anaerobic conditions, characterized by the absence of oxygen, the nitrate is deni- trified, and the nitrogen contained therein is converted into nitrogen gas (N2) and nitrous oxide (N20). -
301 Retaliation List
. China 301 List 3.4 | Released Aug. 3, 2018 | Finalized Sept. 18, 2018 | Amended May 13, 2019 | Effective Sept. 24, 2018 Note Tariff was 5% Prior to February 14, 2020 Additional Item HS Codes Product Name Tariffs (%) 1 28042900 Other rare gases 5% 2 28043000 nitrogen 5% 3 28044000 Oxygen 5% 4 28046117 Single crystal silicon rods with diameter ≥30cm for the electronics industry 5% 5 28051100 sodium 5% 6 28051910 Lithium 5% 7 28051990 Other alkali or alkalineearth metals 5% 8 28053012 Dysprosium, not intermixed or interalloyed 5% 9 28053014 Lanthanum, not intermixed or interalloyed 5% 10 28053015 Cerium 5% 11 28053017 Yttrium metal, not intermixed or interalloyed 5% 12 28053019 Other rareearth metal, not intermixed or interalloyed 5% 13 28091000 Phosphorus pentoxide 5% 14 28092090 Other polyphosphoric acids 5% 15 28100010 Oxides of boron 5% 16 28112210 Silicon gel of silicon dioxide 5% 17 28121200 Phosphorus oxychloride(phosphoryl monochloride, phosphorus oxytrichloride) 5% 18 28129019 Chlorine trifluoride, arsenic trifluoride, sulfuryl fluoride and other fluorides and oxyfluorides 5% 19 28129090 Arsenic tribromide, arsenic triiodide, other nonmetallic halides and oxyhalides 5% 20 28152000 Potassium hydroxide(caustic potash) 5% 21 28164000 Oxides, hydroxides and peroxides, of strontium or barium 5% 22 28191000 Chromium trioxide 5% 23 28201000 Manganese dioxide 5% 24 28249090 Other lead oxides 5% 25 28255000 Copper oxides and hydroxides 5% 26 28256000 Germanium oxides and zirconium dioxide 5% 27 28273100 Magnesium chloride 5% 28 28273990 Other chloride 5% [email protected] | www.strtrade.com Page 1 . Compilation Copyright © 2020 Sandler, Travis & Rosenberg, P.A. All rights reserved Updated 11/23/20 . -
Separation of Radioactive Elements from Rare Earth Element-Bearing Minerals
metals Review Separation of Radioactive Elements from Rare Earth Element-Bearing Minerals Adrián Carrillo García 1, Mohammad Latifi 1,2, Ahmadreza Amini 1 and Jamal Chaouki 1,* 1 Process Development Advanced Research Lab (PEARL), Chemical Engineering Department, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; [email protected] (A.C.G.); mohammad.latifi@polymtl.ca (M.L.); [email protected] (A.A.) 2 NeoCtech Corp., Montreal, QC H3G 2N7, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 October 2020; Accepted: 13 November 2020; Published: 17 November 2020 Abstract: Rare earth elements (REE), originally found in various low-grade deposits in the form of different minerals, are associated with gangues that have similar physicochemical properties. However, the production of REE is attractive due to their numerous applications in advanced materials and new technologies. The presence of the radioactive elements, thorium and uranium, in the REE deposits, is a production challenge. Their separation is crucial to gaining a product with minimum radioactivity in the downstream processes, and to mitigate the environmental and safety issues. In the present study, different techniques for separation of the radioactive elements from REE are reviewed, including leaching, precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion chromatography. In addition, the waste management of the separated radioactive elements is discussed with a particular conclusion that such a waste stream can be -
List of Lists
United States Office of Solid Waste EPA 550-B-10-001 Environmental Protection and Emergency Response May 2010 Agency www.epa.gov/emergencies LIST OF LISTS Consolidated List of Chemicals Subject to the Emergency Planning and Community Right- To-Know Act (EPCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act • EPCRA Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances • CERCLA Hazardous Substances • EPCRA Section 313 Toxic Chemicals • CAA 112(r) Regulated Chemicals For Accidental Release Prevention Office of Emergency Management This page intentionally left blank. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction................................................................................................................................................ i List of Lists – Conslidated List of Chemicals (by CAS #) Subject to the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act ................................................. 1 Appendix A: Alphabetical Listing of Consolidated List ..................................................................... A-1 Appendix B: Radionuclides Listed Under CERCLA .......................................................................... B-1 Appendix C: RCRA Waste Streams and Unlisted Hazardous Wastes................................................ C-1 This page intentionally left blank. LIST OF LISTS Consolidated List of Chemicals -
Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride -
Advisory Report Health-Based Reassessment of the Current
Gezondheidsraad Voorzitter Health Council of the Netherlands Aan de Staatssecretaris van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid Onderwerp : Aanbieding adviezen herevaluatie bestuurlijke MAC-waarden Uw kenmerk : ARBO/AMIL/97/00648 Ons kenmerk : U 2706/CB/MP/563-O3 Bijlagen : 18 Datum : 14 december 2000 Mijnheer de staatssecretaris, Op verzoek van uw ambtsvoorganger bied ik u hierbij de eerste adviezen aan van een reeks over de gezondheidskundige basis van uit het buitenland overgenomen grenswaarden voor beroepsmatige blootstelling aan stoffen. Het verzoek om deze adviezen is in algemene zin vervat in brief nr ARBO/AMIL/97/00648 en in latere stadia door uw departement toegespitst op afzonderlijke stoffen. De adviezen zijn opgesteld door een daartoe door mij geformeerde internationale commissie van de Gezondheidsraad en beoordeeld door de Beraadsgroep Gezondheid en Omgeving. De beoogde reeks van in het Engels gestelde adviezen zal losbladig worden gepubliceerd onder ons publicatienummer 2000/15OSH en, conform de aan de Gezondheidsraad voorgelegde toespitsingen van de adviesaanvraag, betrekking hebben op 168 stoffen. Het u thans aangeboden eerste pakket bestaat uit een Algemene Inleiding (publicatienummer 2000/15OSH/000) en uit de adviezen genummerd 2000/15OSH/001 tot en met 2000/15OSH/017, respectievelijk betrekking hebbend op: cesiumhydroxide, cyclopentaan, diboraan, dimethoxymethaan, dipropylketon, fenylfosfine, germaniumtetrahydride, hexachloornaftaleen, methaanthiol, methylcyclohexanol, methylisopropylketon, mica, natriumhydroxide, octachloornaftaleen, -
United States Patent Office 2,988,421
United States Patent Office Patented June2,988,421 13, 196 heavailaaaar 1 2 contain more than 200 gms. alkali metal and chloride ions 2,988,421 per litre. The following tables show the loss of thorium PROCESS FOR THE SEPARATION OF THORUM and lanthanons under various conditions in the presence WilliamANDRARE Palmer Kemp, EARTHS Shenfield, FROM and MONAZTE James Johnston, 5 of sodium and potassium chloride. Hainault, England, assignors to Thorium Limited, Lon don, England, a corporation of Great Britain NaCl, ThO Ln2O No Drawing. Filed Aug. 20, 1957, Ser. No. 679,126 Acidity gm.fl. loss, loss, Claim priority, application Great Britain Aug. 24, 1956 gm.fl. gm.fl. 9 Claims. (C. 23-145) -ror-rm-m-m------- 10 : 122 This invention relates to a process for separating thori- 4.5 8: um and lanthanon salts from other materials present in : g monazite. The invention is particularly useful in that it 55 i. provides a process for separating salts of thorium and the : 8. lanthanons from phosphate and impurities present in 1655 400 6.65 ground mineral monazite. The term lanthanon in this specification includes the elements with atomic numbers KC ThO Ln2O from 57-71; this group is also known as the rare earth Acidity fi. is is elements. gm.fl. gm.fl. Monazite sand is a mineral phosphate containing thori- .am-m-m-m-m-m-m-wn um and the lanthanon phosphates to the extent of about 38 o' 95-98% by weight. Another source is ground mineral 300 0.005 1.0 monazite which is far less pure than monazite sand and contains only about 75% of the thorium and lanthanon In a preferred form of the process the filtered extract phosphates. -
Other Than Radioactive Ores) Answering to a Description in Heading 2844 Or 2845 Are to Be Classified in Those Headings and in No Other Heading of the Tariff Schedule
)&f1y3X SECTION VI PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL OR ALLIED INDUSTRIES VI-1 Notes 1. (a) Goods (other than radioactive ores) answering to a description in heading 2844 or 2845 are to be classified in those headings and in no other heading of the tariff schedule. (b) Subject to paragraph (a) above, goods answering to a description in heading 2843 or 2846 are to be classified in those headings and in no other heading of this section. 2. Subject to note 1 above, goods classifiable in heading 3004, 3005, 3006, 3212, 3303, 3304, 3305, 3306, 3307, 3506, 3707 or 3808 by reason of being put up in measured doses or for retail sale are to be classified in those headings and in no other heading of the tariff schedule. 3. Goods put up in sets consisting of two or more separate constituents, some or all of which fall in this section and are intended to be mixed together to obtain a product of section VI or VII, are to be classified in the heading appropriate to that product, provided that the constituents are: (a) Having regard to the manner in which they are put up, clearly identifiable as being intended to be used together without first being repacked; (b) Entered together; and (c) Identifiable, whether by their nature or by the relative proportions in which they are present, as being complementary one to another. Additional U.S. Notes 1. In determining the amount of duty applicable to a solution of a single compound in water subject to duty in this section at a specific rate, an allowance in weight or volume, as the case may be, shall be made for the water in excess of any water of crystallization which may be present in the undissolved compound. -
Thorium–Ligand Multiple Bonds Via Reductive Deprotection of a Trityl Group† Cite This: Chem
Chemical Science View Article Online EDGE ARTICLE View Journal | View Issue Thorium–ligand multiple bonds via reductive deprotection of a trityl group† Cite this: Chem. Sci.,2015,6, 3891 Danil E. Smiles,a Guang Wu,a Nikolas Kaltsoyannis*b and Trevor W. Hayton*a Reaction of [Th(I)(NR2)3](R¼ SiMe3)(2) with KECPh3 (E ¼ O, S) affords the thorium chalcogenates, [Th(ECPh3)(NR2)3](3,E¼ O; 4,E¼ S), in moderate yields. Reductive deprotection of the trityl group from 3 and 4 by reaction with KC8, in the presence of 18-crown-6, affords the thorium oxo complex, [K(18- Received 7th April 2015 crown-6)][Th(O)(NR ) ](6), and the thorium sulphide complex, [K(18-crown-6)][Th(S)(NR ) ](7), Accepted 30th April 2015 2 3 2 3 respectively. The natural bond orbital and quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules approaches are DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01248a employed to explore the metal–ligand bonding in 6 and 7 and their uranium analogues, and in particular www.rsc.org/chemicalscience the relative roles of the actinide 5f and 6d orbitals. Introduction be rationalized by the higher energy of the thorium 5f orbitals, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. relative to uranium, which likely weakens metal–ligand The study of actinide–ligand multiple bonds has intensied in p-bonding.50 However, this hypothesis requires further veri- recent years due to the need to understand the extent of both f- cation, highlighting the need for new complexes that feature orbital participation and covalency in actinide–ligand thorium–ligand multiple bonds.