Bull.llld.llIst.llist./I1ed. Vol. XXIX - 1999 pp 29 10 50 DOCTORS IN LITERATURE

SISIR K.MAJUMDAR *

ABSTRACT

Both, medicine and creative literature map out the mind of mankind and expose the beauty of nature and the biological world. Literature gives insight into the inner dynamics ofthe human mind. Doctors of medicine know the cell-the building block of the body and mind. They can easily penetrate into the innermost sanctum of the human mind. They see things as they really are not as they themselves are. Creative writers are keen observers of everything around them. Keen observation very often tells or give clues to scientific truth. World literature offers a galaxy of those creative minds. It is a brief account of the contribution of doctors in literature over the centuries. It is, by no means, comprehensive. It is an overview.

"Vita Breva, Ars Ucro Longa" in literature over the centuries. It is, by no (Life is short, and art is long) means, comprehensive. It is an overview. First Aphorism - Hippocrates - It is a difficult task to conduct a global (460- 356 B.C.) : Father of survey of this kind. There are many Modern Medicine countries (about 167 at present) and many Man, Medicine and Mind mix merrily languages. So this essay has got its own with each other in a marvellous way. limitations, and they are formidable. Doctors of medicine know the cell - the PROLOGUE building block of the body and mind. They The seat of the first organised medical know the social dynamics of the cell; they school in Europe was established in the can easily penetrate into the innermost 10th century A.D. (mid 900's) at the sanctum of the human mind. Thus, doctors charming seaside town of Salerno, some - turned poet, playwright, writer, essayist 35 miles south of Naples, Italy, and the and critic could be formidable in their flowering time of Salerno covered the creative works. World literature offers a period of Crusades (1096 - 1270 A.D.) galaxy of those creative minds. They see GILLES DE CORBELL (c. 1200 A.D.), things as they really are and not as they also known as Aegidius Corboliensis, a themselves are. famous student of the Salerno School and The Greek philosopher - Plato (427 - a celebrated Frerreh physician, wrote, after 347 B.C.) thought that medicine was.both the fashion of the time, two long, poems in science and art; as art, it requires natural hexameter, "De Pulsibus' and "De Urinis," aptitude (Republic E). Literature is also which became widely known. The an art. Some doctors of medicine cultivated "Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanurn" is a that art over the last few centuries. It is a famous poetic work of composite brief account of the contribution of doctors authorship and uncertain date (13th

'Hasiniketan, 200 Summerhouse Drive, Wilmington, Dartford, Kent DA2 7 PB, England, U.K. 3IJ Bull.lnd.lnst. Hist, Med. Vol.XXIX - I <}99 c e ntury"), existing in innumerable On milk, duck and cheese, to select three manuscripts, and was printed in almost foods at random: three hundred different editions up to the "Cow's milk and sheep's do well, but year 1846. It was the most famous literary yet an Ass's product of the school, and it constituted Is best of all, and all the other passes. the backbone of all practical medical literature up to the time of the Renaissance Good sport it is to see a Mallard killed, (1500 - 1700 AD.) The most authentic But with their flesh your flesh shou Id manuscript contains 352 verses, but in not be fill'd. subsequent editions this number has been multiplied at least ten times. It has been For healthy men may cheese be translated into many languages, and some wholesome food of the phrases have become proverbs in But for the weak and sickly 'Tis not common use. Indeed, it still remains the good." most popu lar mcd ico-l iteral work ever There is some quaint advice on the care of written. The Regimen is a sort of handbook eyes: in rhyme on domestic medicine. It gave "Three things preserve the sight, glass, advice in rhyme on how to keep healthy: grass and fountains, At even springs, at "Nor trivial count it after pompous fare, morning visit mountains." To rise from table and to take the air, On herbal remedies: Great suppers will the stomach's peace "Some affirm that they have found by impair; trial the pain of gout is cured by Penny- Would'st lightly rest? - curtail thine royal. White pepper helps the cough, as evening fare." tlegme it riddeth, And Ague's fit to One of the earliest English editions is come it off forbiddeth." the translation made by John Harrington On the doctrine of Humours, Elements or in 1607, followed by two others by Temperaments: Alexander Croke in 1830 and by John "Four Humours reign within our body Ordronax in 1870 (The Code of Health of wholly and these compared to four the School of Siaernum, Philadelphia, Elements, the Sanguin, Choller, Flegme 1870). Croke's version runs thus on "health and Melancholy." hints": Time for Venesection depends upon the "The Salerne School doth by these lines Moon: apart . "Three special months, September, From care his head to keep, from wrath April, May There are in which 'tis good his heart, to ope a vein. In these three months the Drink not much wine, sup light and soon Moon bears greatest way." arise." The poem appropriately concludes as Diet occupies a central place in the poem: follows: "A king that cannot rule him in his diet, "And here I cease to write, but will not Will hardly rule his Realm in peace and cease to wish you live in health, and die quiet." in peace; and ye our Physic rules that Doctors in Literature - Majumdar 31

friendly read, God grant that Physic you The neighbouring shepherds catch' d the may never need." spreading Flame." It is also worth remembering that in There is no story in the poem. Syphilus ancient India, her cultural, literal, scientific, was merely the patient on whom the poet medical and philosophical heritage was grafted his description of syphilis. Along recorded in poetic language (in Sanskrit). with his medical profession, Fracastorius For instance, there are even Vedic hymns maintained lighter pursuits of music and praising the plants (" ..... herbs to free man poetry. He was a polymath studying from harm" - RigVeda, I, 84: X,97). There mathematics, geology and astronomy. It are four "Vedas" (5000 B.C.), and the third might be the first recorded personal literary Veda - "Atharvaveda" has a section on contribution of a practising physician. medical science - "Ayurveda" (Science of The Literary Laureates Life). Even in those days medical men FRANCOIS RABELAIS (1483-1553): needed literary acumen. Poetry was the Pseudonym - "Alcofribas Nasier," educated essence of life. at the medical school of Montpellier, was It was in 1530, HIERONYMUS an eminent physician for his FRACASTORIUS (1483 - 1553), born at contemporaries and for posterity is the Verona, North Italy. and a contemporary author of the comic and satirical of famous astronomer, Nicholas masterpieces - "Pantagruel" (1532) and Copernicus (1473 - 1543) in the university Gargantua (1534). of Padua and a practising physician at Rabelais's works were placed on the Verona, published the divine poem (written "Index of Forbidden Books" by the Council in 1521) entitled "Syphilis, sive morbus of Trent and tended to be interpreted in an Ga ll icus" (G.L. Henrickson - "The increasingly Protestant sense when 'Syphilis' of Girolamo Fracastor", Bull. published - as for a long time they could Hist.Med.1934, Vo1.2, p.515). The poem only be - outside France. They have had on syphilis was his first and best known an enormous influence not on Iy on later work. In elegant verse modelled upon the French writers - such as Francois Marie style of Virgil - Publius Vergil Ius Maro Aroket - pseudonym Voltaire - (1694 - (70 - 19 B.C.) - the greatest Latin poet born 1778), Honore de Balzac (1799-1850) and at Andes, near Mantua in Italy, and Francois Rene Chateaubriand (1768-1848), educated in rhetoric and philosophy in but also on writers as diverse as Laurence rome' he tells of a mythical young shepherd Sterne (1713 - 1768), Jonathan Swift (1667 named Syphilus, who incurred the anger - 1745), Anthony Trollope (1815-1882) of the gods by some act of impiety and was and Charles Kinglsey (1819 - 1875). smitten with a loathsome and contagious AMBROISE PAR'E(1510-1590):Father disease: of modern surgery, and a leading medical "He first wore Buboes dreadful to the luminary of the Renaissance (1500 - 1700 sight. A.D.) was not a literary person per se. But First felt strange pains, and sleepless still we do get a flash ofhis literary flare in passed the night. his" Apologie and Treatise" ("an ornament From him the malady received its name. and grace to this - my whole treatise"). It 32 Bull.lnd. Inst. Hist.Med. Vo/.xXIX - 1999

sounds like Old Testament poetry: institution to conduct examination for "Thunder and lightning ommonly gives but medical trainees and to award diplomas to one Blow, or stroke, and that commonly practice medicine. There was no Medical strikes Faculty in any British University in those But one man of a multitude; :::days. There was no University in London But one great cannon at oen shot may spoil either. Keats ~,~n!l~ed to qualify as ~ and kill a hundred men .:'. doctor in. such aSt}~ time, in addition And: to "Wherefore we all of ~ rightfully .curse the producing a prolific-poetic output. While author of so pernicious an engine; On the at school he began' 8 translation of the contrary praise those to the skies, who "Aeneid" of the greatest Latin poet - Virgil- endeavor by words and pious exhortations to Pubius Vergillus Maro (70 - 19 B.C.) His dehort Kings from their use!! first efforts at writing poetry appear to date This is expository poetry of a Biblical from 1814 and include an "Imitation of sort, composed by a Renaissance prophet- Spenser."Edmund Spenser (1522-1599) - surgeon whose first teacher was a chaplain, an English poet-who used to write pastoral and whose first textbook had been poems - "The Shepheards Calendar" translations of the ancient scrolls of Israel. (1579); he introduced a 9-line verse pattern THOMAS BROWNE (1605 - 1682), born ("Spenserian stanza") in his major work - in London, educated in Oxford and Europe, "the Faerie Queene" (1590 and 1596), but was a famous literary physician of the poem was left unfinished at his death. Norwich, England. His greatest work is During the previous four years before his earliest - "Religio Medici (c.1635) his premature death in Rome at the age of revealing a deep insight into spiritual life; only 26, Keats had written some of the as literature it is ajoy, but it shows a mind finest poetry in the English language - such divided between religion and science. His as his famous sonnet - "On First Looking most elaborate work is "Pseu- into Chapman's Homer," and his odes "To doxia Epidemica or Enquiries a Nightingale," "To Autumn" and "On a into Vulgar and Common errors" Grecian Urn". He was an ecologist and (1646). He also wrote two antiquarian believed in the serenity of environment. treatises, "Hydriotaphia or Urn Burial" Few present-day readers - or writers for that (1658), and "The Garden of Cyrus" (1658). matter - can comprehend how such a JOHN KEATS (1795 - 1821), trained as maturity of insight and writing style could surgeon-apothecary and dresser at Guy's be attained at such an early age. Keats is and St. Thomas's Hospitals (1815-1817), always regarded as one of the principal died of tuberculosis at the green age of26. figures in the Romantic movement (c.1760 He considered that both poetry and - c. 1850), and his stature as a poet has medicine could alleviate human suffering. grown steadily through all changes of He is surely the only Licentiate of the fashion. Society of Apoethecaries, London (Est. Romanticism in literature is an attitude 16I7) to be a member ofthe select pantheon of mind, rather than a style. It was a large- of great poets of the English language. The scale movement of the mind in the late 18th Society of Apothecaries was the only and early 19th century, which affected the Doctors in Literature - Majumdar 33

whole of human understanding and English poets after my death." The experience. The Renaissance (1300 - 1600 prophecy came true. This author feels A.D.) made humanity as the measure of the humbly proud to be an alumnus of the same universe; Romanticism place the individual great medical institutions of London with at the centre of his or her own world. This which Keats was associated - Guy's was partly the work of philosophers, from Hospital and the Society of Apothecaries. solipsist philosopher, George Berkeley This piece is just a small tribute in gratitude. (1685 - 1753) and sceptical atheist, David SAMUEL SMILES (1812 - 1904), was a Hume (1711 c 1776) to Immanuel Kant Scottish doctor-surgeon turned author and (1724 - 1804) with his dynamic model of journalist. He was Editor of Leeds Times the mind; but it was the imaginative writers (1838 - 1842). His main work was the of the time who effectively liberated the popular didactic work a guide to self- subjective impulse. Keats was in the improvement - "Self Help" (1859) with its forefront among those writers and poets short lives of great men. He wrote many associated with Romanticism: William biographical and moral books. Wordsworth (1770 - 1850), Samuel Taylor ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE (I 859 - 1930), Coleridge (1772 - 1834), William Blake medically trained at Edinburgh, was the (1757 - 1827), Percy Bysshe Shelly (1792- creator of the popular detective series - 1822), George Byron (1788 - 1824) in "sherlock Holmes." He wrote a long series England; Johann Wolfgang von Goethe of historical and other romances - "Micah (1749 - 1832) and Friedrich von Schiller Clarke" (1889), "The White Company" (1759 - 1805) in Germany; Jean Jacques (1891), "The Exploits of Brigadier Gerald" Rousseau (1712 - 1778) and Victor Marie (1896), "Rodney Stone" (1896) and "The Hugo (1802 - 1885) in France. Alfred Lost World" (1912). In 1902, he wrote an Tennyson (1?09 - 1892), the famous British influential pamphlet - "The War in South poet, considered him as the greatest poet Africa" and in 1926 published his "History of the 19th century. Mathew Arnold (1822 of Spiritualism." - 1888), Professor of Poetry at Oxford ANTON PAVLOVICH CHEKHOV (1857 - 1867) commended his "intellectual (1860 - 1904), studied medicine in and spiritual passion for beauty." His Moscow, where he began writing short letters, published in 1848 and 1878, have humours stories for journals. He was a come to be regarded with almost the dramatist as well. Among the greatest of admiration given to his poetry, to which his mature stories are "A Dreary Story" many of them act as a valuable (1889), "Ward No. Six" (1892), "My Life" commentary. Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888- (1896), Ionych and the trilogy - "The Man 1965), Nobel Literature Laureate (1948) in a Case," "Gooseberries" and "About described the letters as "certainly the most Love" (all 1898) and "The Lady with the notable and most important ever written by Little Dog" (1899). Ch ek o vs first any English poet" ("The Use of Poetry and successful play was "Ivanov" (1887). His the Use of Criticism," 1933). Keats status as a dramatist, however, rests on his prophesied in a letter to his younger brother four late plays - "The Seagull" (1895), George: "I think I shall be among the "Uncle Vanya" (J 900), "Three Sisters" 34 Bull.tnd.lnstHist.Med. Vo!.XXIX - 1999

(1901) and "The Cherry Orchard" (1904. obsession as a subliminal transfer of the Chekov's success and influence in England pre-Oedipal wish (Oedipus complex means has been immense. Since 1903, most of the usually conscious desire of a child, his work has been translated into English. especially a male child to possess sexually Chekov's work is characterized by its the parent of the opposite sex while subtle blending of naturalism and excluding the parent of the same sex) in symbolism; by its sympathetic, humane, his mother to bear children. but acute portrayal of threatened upper Maugham was a well known class stifled by inactivity; and, above all, playwright and in 1908 he had four plays by unique combination of comedy, tragedy running simultaneously in London. Among and pathos, and the sensitivity of its Maugham's plays should be mentioned movements from one mode to another. "The Circle" (1921), "Our Betters" (1917), WILLIAM SOMERSET MAUGHAM "East of Suez" (1922), "The Constant (1874-1965), qualified as a doctor at Wife" (1926) and "For Services Rendered" St.Thomas's Hospital, London, in October, (1932). His last important novel - "The 1897, is one of the most widely read Razor's Edge" (1944), the title of which novelists since Charles (John Huflarn) comes from the Ancient Indian holy script Dickens (1812 - 1870). Like so many - "Katha-Upanishad," takes a mystical turn. writer-doctors before him (for example, He is also famous for his short stories. Of Keats, Chekov, Celine, Conan Doyle, and his short stories, particular mention should so on), he found that the direct experience be made of "Rain" (in The Trembling ofa of suffering and illness gave him an Leaf, 1921). invaluable insight into human nature and Despite his worldly success and great proved to be an invaluable apprenticeship popularity as a writer, Maugham for his future chosen career as an author. throughout his career seemed conscious of A good description ofSt. Thomas's at this a lack of serious recognition, and the view time is given in his semi-autobiographical expressed in his autobiography "The work - "Of Human Bondage" (1915). He Summingg Up" (1938) that he stood "in finished his first two short stories in 1896 - the very first row of the second-rates" has "A Bad Example" and "Daisy". Maugham been largely endoresed by literary endorsed had developed an obsession with women by literary critics. However, according to dying during childbirth. This was a Maugham himself, a writer "seeks to prove recurring theme in many of his novels, nothing. He paints a picture and sets it including his first - "Liza of Lambeth" before you. You can take it or leave it." (1897), again in "Mrs. Craddock" (1904), Most take it. "the Merry-Go-Round" (1904) and "Cakes ALFRED DOBLIN (1878 - 1957), a and Ale" (1930). He worked as an obstetric psychiatrist practising in the workers' clerk in Lambeth. The reason for the district of the Alexanderplatz in Berlin, was obsession was his guiit over his mother's a novelist and essayist - the most talented death following the birth of a stillborn child. narrative writer of the German Psychoanalytical theory would seek to Expressionist movement. The urge explain Maugham' s creativity and toexpose the hollowness of a civilization Doctors in Literature - Majumdar 35 heading towards it own destruction and a slum doctor during and after the First quasi-religious urge to provide a means of World War, was a famous French novelist. salvation for suffering humanity are two His first novel - "Voyage au about de la of his constant preoccupations in his nuit" (1932) - English translation by John writings. Marks (1934), was about his experience "DIE DREI SPUNGE DES WANG-LUN" and opinion in slums. His later novels, (1915, The Leaps of Wang-Lun), was his including "Mort a credit" (1936), "D'un first successful novel. His other eminent Chateau Fautre" (1957) and "Nord" (1960), works are: the historical novel - have drawn respectful critical attention to "Wallenstein" (1920), satirical novel the systematic indecorousness of his "Berge, Meere und Giganten" (1924: narratives, to the nightmare power of his Mountain, Seas and Giants) and his best vision, and to the profligate resourcefulness known and most Expressionistic novel - of his language. "Berlin Alexanderplatz" (1931). His ARCHIBALD JOSEPH CRONIN .. BabyJonische Wanderbug" (1934; (1896-1981), medically trained at the Babylonian Wandering) is sometimes University of Glasgow, had an extremely described as the late master work of successful career as a middle-brow German surrealism. He left Nazi Germany novelist, whose works reached and even and lived in exile in France and the U.S.A. wider audience through film and television. from 1933 to 1945. His best known novels (e.g. The Stars Look GEORGE WALTON (1887 - 1963), Down, 1935; The Citadel, 1937) combine medically trained at the University of in their subject matter the appeal of Toronto, Canada, in 1923, is one of medicine and of mining, reflecting his own Canada's forgotten poets. This is a pity, early experiences as a doctor in South as his wit and love of life, together with an Wales. earthly wholeness, abound in his work. His BALAICHAND, MUKHOPADHYAY 46 poems in "The Wayward Queen" (1899 - 1979), pseudonym "Bonophool" (Toronto Contact Press) deserve to be (meaning "Flower of the Forest") graduated better known, and there are many phrases in medicine from the Medical College, which are quotable and memorable. In Calcutta (Est. 1835) - the oldest modem board sweeps of a few words, the nuances medical institution in the Afro-Asian become clear. There are passages of keen continent. It is also this author's medical lyricism and, cynicism, as well as simple alma mater. Bonophool is a stalwart of doggerel, in which he mocks his friends. Bengali fiction. His love of literature, both English and A superb craftsman, he provides in his French, is clear. His love of fun, and novel a large variety of artistic !pattern to mocking friends and associates is always the immense delight of his discerning apparent in his poems. That might be the readers. However, his forte is the short reason why his poetic works were not story. He handles this literary form with thought to be creative enough by critics. impeccable skill and singular distinction in LOUIS-FERDINAND CELINE (1894- a style uniquely his own. His idea of the 1961), psuedonym of L-F Destouches, a short story is starkly simple. His techniques 36 BIIII. Ind.Inst. Hist.Med. Vol.XXIX - 1999

- appropriateness, economy of expression, India as a whole, Bonophool was hiding element of surprise and pithiness - serve under a conservative canopy. him well. "Bonophool" - keen observer of CARLO LEVI (1902 - 1975) : Born in life in its maddening multiplicity could not Turin (Torino), he was trained as a doctor, but be struck by the incongruities and but later devoted himself to politics, ironies it would /lash unceasingly. For this literature and painting. Because of his acuity of perception, his medical education uncompromising opposition to Fascism, and practice were, in part, responsible. Carlo Levi was banished at the start of the Highlighting the peculiarities of human Abyssinian (Ethiopian) War of invasion nature render his short stories so (1935) to a small primitive village in absorbingly riveting - "Of Necessity," "An Lucania, a remote province of southern illusion," "A woman's Tale" are among Italy. In this region, which remained such. unknown not only to tourists but also to In his writings, Bonophool has added the vast majority ofltalians, Levi, a painter, a 'touch of beauty to this earth' as enjoined doctor and writer, lived out a memorable by Anton Pavlovich Chekov, another time (1935 - 1936) there. medical doctor (Russian) who earned his His first documentary novel became an laurels as a creative writer. international literary sensation and began His prodigious writings embrace a trend toward social realism (nee-realism) practically all aspects of literature and in post-war Italian literature. Levi was a exceed one hundred in number. His painter and a practising physician when he fictions include some memorable titles like was exiled (1935 - 1936) for anti-Fascist "Trikhanda," "Kichhukshan," "Dwairath," activities. His "Cristo si e fermato a Eboli" "Jangam," "Hatebajarey", etc. These are (1945; "Christ Stopped at Eboli") reflects among the permanent glories of Bengali the visual sensitivity of a painter and the literature - the pioneer of Indian literature. compassionate objectivity of a doctor. But "Agni" ('Fire') is an exception. Quickly acclaimed a literary masterpiece, However, according to literary experts, it was widely translated. Exiled to barren Bonophoo!'s writings lack progressive and remote corner of Italy for his outlook and hence futuristic promise, and opposition to the Italian Duce-Dictator - were not in tune with the radical literary Benito Ami1care Andrea Mussolini (1883- rythrn of the time. His contemporary 1945) - Levi entered a world cut off from writers - poets of the time - to name a few history and the state, hedged in by custom in Bengali literature - Rabindranath Thakur and sorrow, without comfort and solace, (1861 - 1941) - Nobel Literature Laureate, where, eternally patient, the peasants live 1913, Sarat Chandra Chatterjee (1876 - din an age-old stillness and in the presence 1938) and the revolutionary poet - Nazrul of death - for Christ did stop at Eboli. Islam (1899 - 1976) made an indelible "In turn a diary, an album of sketches, impression on readers' minds through their a novel, a sociological study and a political creative literature with a promise and essay a beautiful book" (The New direction for the future. In those days of York Times Book Review). radicalism in literature 111 Bengal and in "A sensitive and gifted writer Doctors in Literature - Majumdar 37 perhaps the best thing in his book is the clandestino (1962, The Underground), a detachment by which he avoids novel describing the resistance following sentimentalizing the peasants and at the the fall of the fascist regime, which was same time renders their understroyed awarded the Strega Prize for that year; and feelings for human values." (New York a number of minor works. Tobino's most Herald Tribune Book (Review). recent novel of note, "Per Ie antiche scale" Though Levi's first novel is (1972, Down the Ancient Staircase), returns unquestionably his materpiece, he wrote to the milieu of "Le Libere donne di other non-fiction works. His "Paura della Magliano", the mental institution, and has liberta (1947; "Of Fear and Freedom") inspired an excellent film of the same title proclaims the necessity of intellectual by Mauro Bolognini. This book received freedom, despite an inherent human dread the Campiello Prize in 1972. Tobino of it. "L 'Orologio" (1950; The Watch) continues to practice psychiatric medicine deals with a post-war cabinet crisis in at a hospital near Lucca and contributes Rome. "Le parole sono pietre (1955; articles and reviews to various Italian "Words Are Stones") is a study of Sicily. periodicals. "La doppia notte dei tigli (1959; "The (Bibliography: The Lost Legions: Linden Trees" or "The Two-Fold Night") Three Italian War Novels (New York: is a presentation of Germany. Knopf, 1967) - contains a translation of"l\ Levi directed a periodical in Florence deserto delia Libia" by Archibald for a time and contributed to several Colquhoun and Antonia Cowan; The magazines. Later he devoted himself to Women of Magliano, trans. Archibald painting. Colquhoun (New York: Putnam's 1954): MARIO TOBINO (1910 - 1996): Italian The Underground trans. Raymond physician, novelist and poet. Tobino was Rosenthal (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, from Viareggio. He had already published 1966); "Felice Del Beccaro, Mario Tobino" an anthology of poetry by the time he (Florence: La Nuova Italia, 1973) received his medical degree in 1936. NIHAR RANJAN GUPTA (l911 - 1986), During 1939 and 1940, when he was a dermatologist (Skin Specialist) by drafted and sent to Africa, Tobino worked medical special ity, wrote more than 100 in an asylum a setting recalled in his best books in Bengali ranging from detective and most recent fiction. His first novel, "II fiction and children's literature to sexual figlio del farmacista" (1942, The literature. A few of his fictions were filmed Pharmacist's Son), appeared during World in Calcutta. He was a prolific writer. War II, which provided the subject matter Sometimes, he wrote under a pseudonym - for another book," II deserto delia Libia" "Dadabhai," "BanNatta." (1951, The Deserts of Libya), which DHfRENDRANATH GANGOPADAAY describes the desert campaign. Then (1911 - ) , a psychiatrist by speciality, followed "Le Libere donne di Magliano" wrote in Bengali under the pseudonym (1953, The Women of Magliano), a novel "Mo n ob id ," "Ko rn ad Sharma", animated by Tobino's experiences as a "Quickshot" and "Parjabekagh." He was doctor in a mental institution: "[I a poet, playwright and essayist. Man's 38 Bull.Ind. Inst.Hist, Med. Vol.XXIX - 1999 mind dominated his writing agenda. anecdotes tempered with heart-warming HAN SUYIN (1917 - ) - pseudonym- tales of human courage and also tragedy. real name Chou Elizabeth Kuanghu, His books: "Here Doctors !", "Not There practised midwifery in China during the Doctor", "What Next Doctor?", "Oh Dear, Sino-Japanese War and was later medically Doctor!" and "Look Out Doctor" are all qualified in London in 1948. In 1964 she very popular. stopped medical practice to devote time to MICHAEL CRICHTON (1942 - ), was lecturing and writing. She wrote a number educated at Harvard College and the of books and is still writing - the best known Harvard Medical School (1965 - 1969), being "A Many-splendoured thing," "The U.S.A. His novels include The Andromeda Mountain is Young," "The Crippled Tree," Strain, The Terminal Man, The Great Train "A Mortal Flower," "China in the year Robbery, Eaters of the Dead, Congo, 2001. She is a recognised expert on Sphere, Jurassic Park and Rising Sun. He modern China. She seems to be the only is the author of four works of non-fiction: well known literary lady doctor. Five Patients, Jasper Johns, Electronic Life RICHARD GORDON (1921 - ) , and Travels. Among the films he has initially a general practitioner in the market directed are Westworld, Coma, and the town of Church ford in Kent, and later an movie version of his own The Great Train anaesthetist in St.Bartholomew's Hospital, Robbery. London, is the internationally famous His sense of wonder and awe, his author of "DOCTORS" fiction series (more gentle encouragement toward direct than 30 books) - the first popular one being experience and his simple, graphic prose "Doctor in the House" (1952). Some of always stir the wanderlust in many a reader. them have appeared in films and television. His works offer us a fetching, candid DANIEL ABSE (1923 - ), is a doctor- reconnaissance of the psychological and poet. His first volume of poetry - "After spiritual contours of a fertile, challenging Every Green Thing" (1949) was followed mind-scape. His book "Travels" (1971 - by many others, including "Tenants of the 1986: 27 write-ups) is a fascinating realm House", "Poems" (1951 - 1957) and of adventure and excitement. "Collected Poems - 1948 - 1976" (1977). SISIR MAZUMBAR, currently a general In a foreword to the latter, he notes that his practitioner in Northern England, writes in poems are increasingly "rooted in actual Bengali - mainly poems, short stories and experience," both domestic and essays. His first fiction based on the various professional. He has also published novels experiences of an immigrant doctor (one about a medical student) and a volume working in England CAntara Mom of autobiography - "A Poet in the Family" Bikashita Kara, 1992) received good (1974). acclaim. Both he and this author hail from ROBERT CLIFFORD, a general the same medical school in Calcutta (The practitioner in a Berkshire village, Medical College, Bengal, Est. 1835 - the produced a fund of Iighthearted true stories, oldest modern medical institution in the which revolve around colourful portraits of Afro-Asian Continent). patients, family and friends, and of Doctors in Literature - Majumdar 39

TASLIMA NASREEN (1962 - ), an Shakespeare: anaesthetist by medical specialist, started "MACDUFF: What three things does her literary career as a Bengali poet. She drink especially provoke? writes fiction. She is a columnist as well. PORTER: Marry, Sir, nose-painting, Her "Nirbachita Kalarn" (Selected Column) sleep and urine, Lechery, was awarded the prestigious literary award sir, it provokes and unpro- of Calcutta (equivalent of the Booker Prize vokes; it provokes the' of England) - "An an da Purash Kar" desire, but it takes away the (Ananda Prize) in 1991. She is a feminist performance " radical writer - popular, as well as (Macbeth, Act 2, Scene 3) controversial. In the current state of our knowledge, Medical Matters in Literature we do know that chronic alcohol intake (in Medicine is an exciting crucible of chronic alcoholics) may lead to impotence, curiosities for doctors, writers, poets and sterility, decreased libido, testicular atrophy artists. The way the beauty of the human and gynaecomastia (breast enlargement in body is expressed in the art of Leonardo males) in men due to hormonal da Vinci (1452 - 1519) is unique. To many disturbances; alcohol-induced peripheral writers, poets and playwrights, who were neuropathy may cause failure of penal not doctors, Medicine was a myth. It had erection. What was observed several an element of mysticism as well. From its centuries ago by a non-doctor writer has fountain has sprung up the ferment of stood the test of modern medical science. encouragement for many creative writers Medical curiosity is eternal and all over the ages. Homer's (c. 9th century pervasive. It always lurks in writers' B.C.) THE ODYSSEY (c. 800 B.C.) minds. Interestingly, the British author, supplies interesting facts on the medical Thomas Deguincey (1785 - \859) did not lore of the time ("Odysseus had come on hesitate even to publish his "Confessions his swift ship to seek a deadly drug, that he of an English Opium-eater" in 1821 in the migh have where withal to smear his bronze London Magazine. He was addicted to shod arrows). opium from his college days in Oxford. The classical description of the The book, published in 1822, engrossed "Hippocratic facies" (after the name of both medical professionals and the reading Hippocrates (460 - 356 B.C.) - Father of public. It is the intimate literary narration Modern Medicine) is closely imitated by of how his own medicinal use oflaudanum William Shakespeare (1514 - 1616 A.D.) was transformed into a euphoric pastime in his account of the death of John Falstaff, that went on to become a raging nightmare. a character in his "Henry IV" (" his Shakespeare refers repeatedly to nose was sharp as a pen, and a "babbled of mandragora or mandrake and its effects. It green fields." is one of the most ancient of herbal Creative writers are keen observers of remedies, which was an ingredient of the everything around them. Keen observation so-called anaesthetic sponge prescribed by very often tells or gives clues to scientific Michael Scott (1 175 - 'J), one of the truth. That is exactly what we find in famous pupils of the medical school of 40 Bull. Ind.lnst. Hist.Med. Vol.XXIX - 1999

Salerno: our minds. "Not poppy, nor mandragora, Geoffrey Chaucer (c.1340 - 1400 A.D.) Nor all the drowsy syrups ofthe world, also commented on the pathology of Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet "humours" in the description of the "Doctor sleep, of Physick" in "The Canterbury Tales" (c. Which thou ow'dst yesterday." 1387) : OTHELLO, III, Ill, 331. "He knew the course of every maladye, "Give me to drink mandragora . Were it cold or hete or moystordrye, And where they endangered, and of what humour, That I might sleep out this great gap of He was a very parfit practisour." time Famous Persian poet, Omar Khayyam My Antony is away (c. 1050 - 1123 A.D.), even in his romantic ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA, I, V.4. poetic work did care to describe a "Or have we eaten on the insane root physician, which resembles the personality That takes the reason prisoner?" of the celebrated Persian physician - MACBETH, I, iii, 85. politician-philosopher - Abu Ali al Hussein "And shrieks like mandrakes tom out ibn Abdallah ibn Sina-A vicenna (980 - of the earth, 1037 A.D.): That living mortals hearing "Up from Earth's Centre through the Seventh them, run ..lad." - Gate I rose, and on the throne of Saturn sate, ROMEO AND JULIET, IV, iii, 47. And many a knot unravelled by the Road, But The last mentioned quotation refers to not the Master-knot of Human Fate." the widely shared belief that mandrake (From :"'Rubais" as "The Rubaiyat" causes death or insanity. It was also (1859) translated by Edward FitzGerald regarded as a cure for sterility. ( 1809 - 1883) Shakespeare's works contain frequent To John Milton (1608 - 1674), one of references to Hippocratic/Galenic (Galen: the greatest services a doctor can do his 130- 200 A.D.) pathology of Four patients is to acquire skill in the "Humours" (Blood, Black Bile, Phlegm management of pain: and Yellow Bile). Imbalance of humours " ..... For what avails Val our or strength, though matchless, was thought to be the cause of diseases in quelled with pain Ancient Greek Medicine. These which all subdues, and make remiss the hands conceptions of "Humours", "Elements", of mightiest? Sense of pleasure we may well Essences, etc., now departed altogether Spare out of life perhaps, and not repine, But live content - which is the calmest life; from our scientific medicine, still persist But pain is perfect misery, embedded in our language. Poetry still uses the worst of evils, and, excessive, such ideas as the "raging of the elements" overturns All patience" and "elemental forces". We may yet speak (Paradise Lost, Book 6, 456 - 464) of a "fiery nature" or an "aerial spirit." We Roman doctors (700 B.C. - 400 A.D.) were know what is meant by a "sanguine" or a not always thought of as being very good. "phlegmatic" temperament and a Martial(40 - 120 A.D.) - a Roman Latin "melancholy" or "choleric" disposition, poet commented: and such words conjure up real pictures in Doctors in Literature - Majumdar 41

"I am ill, I sent for Semachus, he's here, "Of physiology from top to toe I sing ... A hundred students following in the rear; Of Life immense in passion, pulse and power, All paw my chest with hands as cold as snow. Cheerful. for freest action forrn'd under laws I had no fever but I have it now." divine " Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) ignored the brain Physiology, is actually, the science of and regarded the heart as the seat of normal functions and phenomena of living intelligence instead. This was contrary not things. only to the medical opinion of his day, but Chronic illness also influences writers' also to the popular view, voiced for instance mind. Alexander Pope (1688 - 1744) had by Aristophane (448 - 380 B.C.) in his play serious and major physical deform ities and "THE CLOUDS," written about 400 B.C. dis-abilities which set him apart from The playwright was correct. healthy people. However, Pope's Alfred Edward Housman (1859 - deformities and severe illnesses did not 1936), described the methods (antidote to adversely affect his productivity, but had a poisons) ofMithridates VI - the Great (132 marked influence on the content and nature - 63 B.C.), King of Pontus, Asia Minor of his creative writings. His works were (from 120 B.c.), in his well-known poem devoid of self-pity and full of brilliant - "A Shropshire Lad" (1896) : humour. His physical and emotional "He gathered all that springs to birth problems did nothing to diminish his From the many-venomed earth; literary lustre. When he wrote the First a little, thence to more, following couplets in 1734, Pope was He sampled all her killing store: giving voice to the doctrine of predeterminism, which had formed the They put arsenic in his meat basis of medical thinking for fifteen And stared aghast to watch him eat, hundred years: They poured strychnine in his cup "All nature is but art unknown to thee, And shook to see him drink it up All chance, direction which thou canst They shook, they stared as white's not see; their shirt; . All discord, harmony not understood; Them it was their poison hurt. All partial evil, universal good; Itell the tale that Iheard told, And, spite of pride, in erring reason's Mithridates, he died old." spite, The King's name was for many One truth is clear, Whatever is, is centuries, perpetuated in an antidote to right:" poisons, during the epoch of medical (Essay on Man) history between the death of Hippocrates Many medical events were described (356 B.C.) and the birth of Christ (4 B.c.- in verse. William Withering's (l741-1749) 29 or 30 A.D.). discovery of Foxglove as a remedy for heart The American poet, Walt Whitman failure ("An Account of the Foxglove," (1819 - 1891), gave an exciting defmition 1785) was mentioned in a contemporary of physiology in his major poetic work - "Leaves of Grass" (1855) : 42 Bull.Ind.Inst.Hist.Med. VoI.XXIX - /999 rhyme: He was appointed physician-in- "The Foxglove leaves, with caution ordinary by King Charles IX in 1560. The given, Another proof of favouring subject of many commentaries, the Heaven will happily display. The rapid pulse it can abate prophecies of Nostradamus were The hectic flush can moderate condemned in I781 by the Congregation And, blest by Him whose will is fate, of the Index, the body set up by the Roman May give a lengthened day." Catholic Church for the examination of Georg Friedrich Louis Strom eyer books and manuscripts. Because of their (1804-1876) - founder of modern military cryptic style and content - commingling surgery in Germany, crystallized his French, Spanish, Latin and Hebrew words- opinion of Joseph Lister (1827 - 1912) in the prophecies have continued to create light verse: much controversy. Some of them are "Mankind looks grateful now on thee thought to have foretold actual historical For what thou did'st in surgery events that have happened since And Death must often go amiss, Nostradamus's time, including certain By smelling antiseptic bliss." details of the French Revolution of 1789. The medical profession did not even "When the litters are over turned by escape the critical attention (rather whirland, And all faces will be covered by sarcastic) of George Bernard Shaw (1856 cloaks, The Republic will be troubled by - 1950) - Nobel Literature Laureate (1925), new people, At that time, Whites and Reds in his "The Doctor's Dilemma" (1911) will rule inside out." In 1792, the Republic ("All professions are conspiracies against did arrive in France, and the Reds did the laity."]' overturn the Whites. Others, having no NOSTRADAMUS - Latinized Name of apparent meaning, are said to foretell events MICHAEL DE NOSTREDAME that have not yet occurred. His supposed (1503 - 1566) : long-term prophecies were used by Paul Nostradamus, the French astrologer, Josef Goebbels (1897 - 1945) in who graduated in medicine in 1529 from propaganda for Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) the MontpeJlier Medical School, began his in Nazi Germany. medical practice in Agen in 1529 and Both Napolean (Nabulione) Bonaparte moved to Salon in 1544, where he became (1769 - 1821) and Hitler were convinced well known for his innovative medicine and by his prophecies. He was the most widely treatment of outbreaks of the plague at Aix read seer of the Renaissance (1500 - 1700 and Lyon in 1546 - 1547. He began making A.D.). prophecies around 1547, which he As a short description of life in the published in two editions ofa book entitled twentieth century, the following stanza - "Centuries" (1555 - 1558). The work sounds uncanny: consisted of rhymed quatrains grouped in "Plagues extinguished, the world hundreds, each set of \00 called a century. becomes smaller, Some of his prophecies appeared to be For a long time, there is peace in empty fullfilled and his fame became widespread. lands, It is an interesting poetic work. People will walk safely by air, land, sea, waves, Doctors in Literature - Majumdar 43

Then again wars will be stirred up." characters in their externals. His account Posthumous success ensured the of conditions of the Royal Navy is reputation of the Prophecies for all time. especially valuable. They have been endlessly reprinted, and OLIVER GOLDSMITH (1728 - 1774): applied to almost every known event, from An Anglo-Irish playwrigt, novelist and submarines and Intercontinental Ballistic poet, he studied erratically at Dublin, tried Missiles (ICBM) to men on the moon and law at London, and then medicine at so on. The quatrains are wonderfully Edinburgh, drifted to Leyden, and returned suggestive and obscure, and can be made to London penniless in 1756. He practised to fit all manner of coincidences. as a physician in London, held several TOBIAS (GEORGE) SMOLLET temporary posts, and then took up writing (1721- I771 ): and translating. "The Vicar of Wakefield" With a background of apprenticeship (1766) secured his reputation as a novelist, to William Stirling and John Gordon· te "The Deserted Village" (1770) as a poet, leading surgeons of the then Glasgow - he and "She stoops to Conquer" (1773) as a was Commissioned surgeon's second mate dramatist. There are other works as well. in the Royal N3VY in 1741. In his works, Goldsmith saw people, In 1750, he obtained his M.D. degree human situations, and indeed the human from the Marischal College, Aberdeen. He predicament from the comic point of view; also studied Greek, mathematics, moral and he was a realist, something of a satirist, but natural philosophy, logic end belles lettres in h is final judgments un fai Iingly at the University of Glasgow, but left charitable. without a degree. He settled in London as GEORGE CRABBE ( 1754 - 1832) : a surgeon in 1744. He turned to writing, He was apprenticed to an apothecary achieving success with his first works, the at Suffolk and practised medicine there picturesque novels - "The Adventures of until he went to London in 1780, and was Roderick Random" (1748) and "The assisted by Edmund Burke (1729 - 1797) Adventures of Peregrine Pickle" (175 I). in furthering his literary career. He He spent several years in journal editing, published his first poem - "The Library" in translating and writing historical and travel 1781. It was didactic and descriptive. His works. He retired to Pisa. Italy. in 1768. well-known poem - "The Village" (1783) and died near Leghorn, having just is a realistic account of the sad and completed his masterpiece- "Humphry miserable state of rural life of the villagers Clinker" (1771 ). - half -starved, overworked, worn by age He is unrivalled for the pace and vigour and hard toil and left abandoned and that sustain his comedy. He was. Editor of destitute by the rapid social changes of the The British Magazine (1760) and of The age. "The Parish Register" (I 807) is a Briton (1762). He also began a translation, poetic account of the history and in 36 volumes, of the varied works of circumstances of the persons included Votaire - pseudonym of Francois Marie under the headings Births, Marriages and Arouet (1694-1778). He is especially Burials. "The Borough" (1810), consisting brilliant in the rendering of comic of 24 letters, described various aspects of 44 Bull.Ind.lnst.Hist.Med. Vo/.XXIX - /999

the life of the borough. The seventh letter vocation. - entitled "Professional-Physic," reflects on RONALD ROSS (1857-1932): the nature of the physicians's work, the Trained as a doctor in 1879 he qualities required of a physician, and the specialised in Bacteriology in London motives for publishing papers and books, (188811889) and worked in Indian Medical and closes with an extended commentary Service (lMS) in India. Later, he joined on the evils of quackery and empiricism, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and together with some suggestions for its Liverpool University in 1899. He became control. Director of Ross Institute and Hospital for H is other verse tales are "The Tropical Diseases in 1912. Newspaper" (1785), "Tales in Verse" Ronald Ross carried out the most (1812) and "Tales of the Hall" (1819). He important piece of his scientific research was a rebel against the realms of genteel in a small laboratory in Presidency General fancy that poets of his day were forced to Hospital in Calcutta (at present SSKM inhabit and, in his poems, he pleaded for Hospital) where he discovered, in 1987, the the poet's right to describe the malaria parasite in the gastrointestinal tract commonplace realities and miseries of of the anopheles mosquito and a year later human life. made the life-saving discovery that human Crabbe has drawn attention to the malaria was transmitted by Anopheles suffering of the poor, the aged, those left mosquito. For this historic discovery, he behind in an era of ruth less competition and was awarded the Nobel Prize for rapid social and technogical change. The Physiology or Medicine in 1902. (Second society of his day, "where wealth Nobel Prize since its institution in 190 I). accumulates and men decay" (Oliver At present, there is an arch framing iron Goldsmith: The Deserted Village. In: gate on the premises of the Presidency Poems, Plays and Essays by Oliver General Hospital with a medallion bearing Goldsm ith. Boston: Crosby and Dr.Ross' profile. Under it, there is the Ainsworth, 1866, p.88), was dominated by inscription: "In the small laboratory an unfettered market system, with freedom seventy yards to the Southeast of this gate, to exploit both people and natural Surgeon-Major Ronald Ross, I.M.S., resources. His comments on some of the (Indian Medical Service) in 1989 doctors of his day show how much they discovered the manner in which malaria is had absorbed the ideology of the hierarcial conveyed by mosquitos." To the left of superiority, as well as accepting the this, engraved in a marble slab, are three competitive exploitation of the helpless and verses of Ross' poem, "In Exile", which suffering. It should be a lesson to our reads as follows: generation, which, dominated by an "This day relenting God economic libertarianism and an Hath placed within my hand individualistic consumerism, would A wondrous thing; and God substitute a commercial profit-seeking Be praised. At His command, enterprise for a vision of medicine as an Seeking His secrets deeds occupation shaped by a sense of altruistic With tears and toiling breath, Doctors in Literature - Majumdar 45

I find thy cunning seeds, metaphor. The "ordinary" medical imagery o million murdering Death. in his works contains much deeper layers of meaning. He is recognized as a major I know this little thing literary figure of the 20th century. He wrote a myriad men will save. in 1930: "Each person ought to be a doctor, o death where is thy sting? in the sense of disarming all the invisible Thy victory 0 grave?" enemies threatening life." A collection of his poems was privately PRASANT A ROY: printed in Liverpool, England in 1906. In Graduated in medicine from The 1927, Ross presented a copy to Nobel Medical College, Calcutta, (author's Literature Laureate (1913), Rabindranath personal friend there) he was a rising I'hakur (1861-1941) - the Poet Philosopher literary talent. Successful as a general of Contemporary India. He also wrote practitioner, he died a premature death in fiction and mathematical papers. 1990. His "Bangali Char it" (1981) - MIKHAIL AFANASIEVICH BULGAKOV (Annals of Bengalees) is a lyrical account (1891-1940): of the sociological and cultural history of He is a Russian doctor-litterateur. Born the contemporary Bengali society. It ended in Kiev, he studied medicine but left the with a note of caution for the emerging profession in 1920 to pursue a literary society. Observations are original and of career in Moscow, after successful course, personal. On the whole, it is a lucid publication of several of his short stories interesting read. He was also an essayist. in local Russian newspapers. Bulgakov's PURNENDU CHAKRA VORTY: life as a doctor was never far from his mind. The author's classmate in The Medical Nine semi-autobiographical works of College, Calcutta, he is at present a medical fiction, written between 1925 and 1927, are advisor with the World Health Organisation loosely based on his eighteen months as a (working in Calcutta). His recent doctor in a remote country hospital. His publication - "Charay Swastha 0 Pari bar major novels include "Belaya Guardiya". Parika1pana" 1997 (Health and Family He published the stories as serials in Planning in lyrics) is an interesting poetic Krasnaya Panorama and Meditsinsky presentation of very useful, easily Rabotnik (The Medical Worker), monthly understandable instructions on health and periodicals intended for, respectively, a family planning matters for lay people. He general readership and the medical is also an essayist. He is at present involved profession. In 1966, some of his stories in penning down his extensive experience were reprinted in the magazine "Ogonyok" in health and medical administration. and then in a book called "Bulgakov 's BISWANATH ROY: collected Prose". "A Country Doctor's Medically trained in Calcutta, he is a Notebook" was published in 1995. prolific writer in Bengali. His fictions are Bulgakov 's most well-known work- "The mainly based on historical matters. His Master and Margarita" is a brilliant surreal "Satabdir Surja," 1977 (Sun of the Century) romp through the parallel worlds of heaven is a highly acclaimed fiction. His other and earth, filled with rich allegory and novels are "Abarta," "Mukta Bihang," 46 Bull. Ind. Inst.Hist, Med. Val..xXIX - 1999

"Nutan Diner A 10," "Nan a Rang," expression of domestic and professional "Chowdhury Bari," "Binirnoy," "Nutan experiences, Bonophool's brevity of words Nagar," "Bakul Basanta," "Ranga in his short stories and keen observation of Diganta," "Banhi Kanya", "Kalankita life in its maddening multiplicity, Han Nayak" and Rikta Hriday." Suyin's versatility in writings (from fiction EPILOGUE to politics) - all lead to one conclusion: Both Medicine and creative Literature doctors were, and still are, dignified map out the the mind of mankind and trespassers in the world of literature. expose the beauty of nature and the Analysis of the past is always a gudie biological world. Keats's passion fOT book for the future. The relationship serenity in ecology in his poems is the between Medicine and Literature was in the glaring instance. Marriage between past, and is at present, one of harmony, Medicines and Literature is perfectly mutual enrichment and enlightenment. It compatible. Literature gives insight into will remain so in the years to come. What the inner dynamics of the human mind. the veteran British statesman, Winston Maugham did it very well in his semi- Leonard Spencer Churchill (1874 - 1965) autobiography "Of Human Bondage." - Nobel Literature Laureate (1953) said in Doyles detective series, Smile's book on his speech given at the Royal College of morality and self-improvement, Chekov's Physicians, London, in March, 1944, is also unique combination of tragedy. comedy true for Medicine and Literature: and pathos in his short stories, Celine and "The longer you can look back, the Cronin's personal experiences as a slum further you can look forward." and miners' doctor, Abse's poetic

DEDICATION

To the sacred memory of my two professional colleagues - budding docror-Iiterateurs in Bengali - Dr.Prasanta Roy and Dr. Gita Das, whose lives were prematurely cut short. Doctors in Literature - Majumdar 47

APPENDIX

Literature and Medicine

I. LITERATURE BY NON-MEDICS COVERING ISSUES OF HEALTH AND MEDICINE:

W.H.Auden (1917 - 1973) Collected Poems 1976 Albert Camus (1913 - 1960) The Plague 1947 Wilkie Collins (1824 - 1829) Heart and Science 1883 Margaret Drabble (b. I939) The Millstone 1965 Janet Frame (b. 1924) Faces in the Water 1961 Sinclair Lewis (1885 - 1951) Martin Arrowsmith (1925) Frank Norris (1870 - 1902) McTeague: A Story of San Francisco 1899 Helen Plotz (comp.) Imagination's Other Place: Poems of Science and Mathematics 1955 Charles Reade (1814 - 1884) Hard Cash 1863 Sir Walter Scott (1771- 1832) The Surgeons Daughter 1827 Alexander Solzhenitzen (b.1918) Cancer Ward 1969 Robert Louis Stevenson (1850 - 1894) The Body-Snatcher 1884 Anthony Trollope (1815 - 1882) Doctor Throne 1858 Emile Zola (1840 - 1902) Dr.Pascal 1893

II. LITERATURE BY MEDICS ON MEDICAL MATTERS:

Thomas Browne (1605 - 168?) Religio Medica 1643 Michael Crichton (b.1942) The Andromcnda Strain 1993 A.J. Cronin (1896 - 1981) The Citadel 1937 Arthur Conan Doyle (1859 - 1930) The Stark Munro Letters 1895 Mary Lou McDonough (cornp.) Poet Physicians: An Anthology of Medical Poetry Written By Physicians 1945 Max Pinner & Benjamin f.Mil1er (Eds.) When Doctors are Patients 1952 Ronald Ross (1857 - 1932) Poems 1928 Tobias Smol lett (1721 - 1771) The Adventures of Roderick Random 1748 William Carlos Williams (1883 - 1963): Pictures from Brueghel and other poems

III. BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER WORKS ON THE SUBJECT IN GENERAL:

'Hamlet on the Couch' W.F. Bynum and M.Neve in The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychatry Volume I - People and Ideas W.F. Bynum, Roy Porter and Michael Shepherd (Eds) 1985 48 Bull.Ind.Inst.Hist.Med. Vol.XXIX - 1999

The Doctor Looks at Literature : Physiological Studies of Life and Letters: Joseph Collings 1923

Doctors as Men of Letters : English and American Writers of Medical Background An Exhibition in the Berg Collection. New York Public Library: John D.Gordan 1964

The Physician in Literature. Ed. Norman Cousins, Ist. Ed. 1982, W.B. Saunders Company.

The Literary Companion to Medicine: Richard Gordon (comp.) 1993 'Immunology and literature in the early twentieth century: Arrowsmith and The Doctor's dilemma', Illana Lowy in Medical History, vol 32, no. 3, July 1988

The Physician as Man of Letters Science and Action: Thomas Kirkpatrick Monro 1933

Holmes and Watson: June Thomson 1995

Literature and Medicine: Joanne Troutman and Carol Pollard 1975

The Sickroom in Victorian Fiction: Miriam Bailin 1994

Literature and Medicine, semi-annual journal: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Doctors in Literature - Majumdar 49

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