United States In cooperation with Department of the Alabama Agricultural Agriculture Experiment Station and the Soil Survey of Alabama Soil and Water Natural Conservation Committee Resources Choctaw County, Conservation Service Alabama

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How to Use This Soil Survey

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps follow the general soil map. These maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets, which precedes the soil maps. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map units symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. 4

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1998. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1998. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1998. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, the Alabama Cooperative Extension System, the Alabama Soil and Water Conservation Committee, and the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Choctaw County Soil and Water Conservation District. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Cover: Mt. Ararat, in the east-central part of the county, overlooks large expanses of woodland. Woodland covers about 87 percent of the county. The forest industry is the backbone of the local economy.

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”). 5

Contents

Cover ...... 1 FrA—Freest fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent How to Use This Soil Survey ...... 3 slopes ...... 51 Contents ...... 5 HaB—Halso silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes ...... 52 Foreword ...... 9 IzA—Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent General Nature of the County ...... 12 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 54 How This Survey Was Made ...... 14 LaA—Latonia loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent Survey Procedures ...... 16 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 56 General Soil Map Units ...... 17 LdC2—Lauderdale-Arundel complex, 2 to 10 1. Urbo-Mooreville-Una ...... 17 percent slopes, stony, eroded ...... 57 2. Lenoir-Izagora-Annemaine ...... 18 LeA—Leeper silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent 3. Izagora-Ochlockonee-Kinston ...... 19 slopes, frequently flooded...... 59 4. Savannah-Izagora-Luverne ...... 20 LfA—Lenoir silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 5. Luverne-Smithdale ...... 21 rarely flooded ...... 60 6. Luverne-Smithdale-Boykin ...... 22 LgA—Louin silty clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 62 7. Smithdale-Boykin-Luverne ...... 23 LhA—Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 8. Brantley-Okeelala-Smithdale ...... 23 percent slopes ...... 64 9. Brantley-Sumter-Maytag ...... 24 LnB—Luverne sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent 10. Wilcox-Mayhew ...... 25 slopes ...... 65 11. Arundel-Cantuche-Smithdale ...... 26 LnD2—Luverne sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 29 slopes, eroded ...... 67 AnA—Annemaine silt loam, 0 to 2 percent LnE2—Luverne sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 30 slopes, eroded ...... 69 ArF—Arundel-Cantuche complex, 25 to 60 MaA—Mayhew silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent percent slopes, stony ...... 31 slopes ...... 71 AwE—Arundel-Williamsville complex, 15 to 35 MdA—McCrory-Deerford complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 33 percent slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 72 BbA—Bibb-Iuka complex, 0 to 1 percent MnB—McLaurin fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 slopes, frequently flooded...... 35 percent slopes ...... 74 BeB—Bigbee loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent OKA—Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka slopes, rarely flooded ...... 36 soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently BgD2—Boswell fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 flooded ...... 76 percent slopes, eroded ...... 38 OtB—Oktibbeha clay, 1 to 5 percent slopes ...... 78 BkB—Boykin loamy fine sand, 1 to 5 percent Pt—Pits ...... 80 slopes ...... 40 RbD2—Rayburn silt loam, 5 to 15 percent BnE2—Boykin-Luverne-Smithdale complex, slopes, eroded ...... 80 15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded ...... 41 RvA—Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, BrE2—Brantley-Okeelala complex, 15 to 35 occasionally flooded ...... 82 percent slopes, eroded ...... 43 SaA—Savannah silt loam, 0 to 2 percent BrF—Brantley-Okeelala complex, 35 to 60 slopes ...... 84 percent slopes ...... 45 SaB—Savannah silt loam, 2 to 5 percent CaA—Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 86 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 46 SmB—Smithdale sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent CoC2—Conecuh loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ...... 87 slopes, eroded ...... 48 SmD—Smithdale loamy fine sand, 5 to 15 FaA—Fluvaquents, ponded ...... 50 percent slopes ...... 88 6

StD2—Sumter-Maytag complex, 3 to 8 Boykin Series ...... 133 percent slopes, eroded ...... 90 Brantley Series ...... 134 StE2—Sumter-Maytag complex, 8 to 15 Cahaba Series ...... 135 percent slopes, eroded ...... 92 Cantuche Series ...... 135 ToC2—Toxey-Brantley-Hannon complex, 3 to 8 Conecuh Series ...... 136 percent slopes, eroded ...... 94 Deerford Series ...... 137 UnA—Una clay, ponded ...... 97 Freest Series ...... 138 UrB—Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently Halso Series ...... 139 undulating, frequently flooded ...... 98 Hannon Series ...... 140 WaB—Wadley loamy fine sand, 1 to 5 Iuka Series ...... 141 percent slopes ...... 101 Izagora Series ...... 142 WcB—Wilcox silty clay, 1 to 5 percent Kinston Series ...... 143 slopes ...... 102 Latonia Series ...... 143 WcD2—Wilcox silty clay, 5 to 15 percent Lauderdale Series ...... 144 slopes, eroded ...... 104 Leeper Series ...... 145 WmC—Williamsville fine sandy loam, 2 to 8 Lenoir Series ...... 145 percent slopes ...... 106 Louin Series...... 146 Prime Farmland ...... 109 Lucedale Series ...... 147 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 111 Luverne Series...... 148 Crops and Pasture ...... 111 Mayhew Series ...... 149 Yields per Acre ...... 113 Maytag Series ...... 150 Land Capability Classification ...... 113 McCrory Series ...... 151 Landscaping and Gardening ...... 114 McLaurin Series ...... 152 Woodland Management and Productivity ...... 116 Mooreville Series ...... 153 Recreation ...... 117 Ochlockonee Series...... 154 Wildlife Habitat...... 118 Okeelala Series ...... 154 Engineering ...... 120 Oktibbeha Series ...... 155 Building Site Development ...... 121 Rayburn Series ...... 156 Sanitary Facilities ...... 121 Riverview Series ...... 157 Construction Materials ...... 122 Savannah Series ...... 158 Water Management ...... 123 Smithdale Series ...... 159 Soil Properties ...... 125 Sumter Series ...... 159 Engineering Index Properties ...... 125 Toxey Series ...... 160 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 126 Una Series ...... 161 Soil and Water Features ...... 127 Urbo Series ...... 162 Physical and Chemical Analyses of Wadley Series ...... 163 Selected Soils ...... 128 Wilcox Series ...... 163 Engineering Index Test Data ...... 128 Williamsville Series ...... 164 Classification of the Soils...... 129 Formation of the Soils ...... 167 Soil Series and Their Morphology ...... 129 Factors of Soil Formation ...... 167 Annemaine Series ...... 129 Parent Material ...... 167 Arundel Series ...... 130 Climate ...... 167 Bibb Series ...... 131 Relief ...... 168 Bigbee Series ...... 132 Plants and Animals ...... 168 Boswell Series ...... 132 Time ...... 168 7

Processes of Horizon Differentiation ...... 169 Table 8.—Woodland Management and Geologic Processes...... 169 Productivity ...... 201 Geologic Surfaces ...... 171 Table 9.—Recreational Development...... 207 Geologic Structure ...... 173 Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat ...... 212 References ...... 175 Table 11.—Building Site Development ...... 216 Glossary ...... 177 Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 221 Tables ...... 189 Table 13.—Construction Materials ...... 226 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 190 Table 14.—Water Management ...... 230 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ...... 191 Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 234 Table 3.—Growing Season ...... 191 Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Properties Table 4.—Suitability and Limitations of of the Soils ...... 242 General Soil Map Units for Specified Table 17.—Soil and Water Features ...... 247 Uses ...... 192 Table 18.—Physical Analyses of Selected Table 5.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Soils ...... 250 of the Soils ...... 194 Table 19.—Chemical Analyses of Selected Table 6.—Land Capability Classes and Yields Soils ...... 252 per Acre of Crops ...... 195 Table 20.—Engineering Index Test Data ...... 254 Table 7.—Yields per Acre of Pasture and Hay ... 198 Table 21.—Classification of the Soils ...... 255

Issued 2003

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Foreword

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations that affect various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension System.

Robert N. Jones State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service

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Soil Survey of Choctaw County, Alabama

By Sanderson Page

Fieldwork by Gregory R. Brannon, Shirley J. Brown, Rex H. Chandler, David J. Gray, Delaney B. Johnson, Norman P. Marable, and Sanderson Page

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, the Alabama Cooperative Extension System, the Alabama Soil and Water Conservation Committee, the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries, and the Choctaw County Commission

Choctaw County is in the southwestern part of Alabama (fig. 1). The total area of the county is 589,470 acres, or about 912 square miles. About 582,000 acres consists of land areas and small bodies of water. About 7,470 acres consists of large areas of water in lakes and rivers. The county is bordered on the west by Wayne, Clarke, and Lauderdale Counties, Mississippi; on the north by Sumter County, Alabama; on the east by Marengo and Clarke Counties, Alabama; and on the south by Washington County, Alabama. The Tombigbee River forms the eastern border of Choctaw County. Choctaw County is mostly rural. In 1994, it had a population of 16,018 and Butler, the county seat and largest town, had a population of 1,872 (Mobile Press Register, 1995). The towns of Lisman, Gilbertown, and Silas had populations of 481, 235, and 550, respectively. Other communities in the county include Needham, Pennington, and Toxey. The major land use in the county is forestry. A small acreage is used for cultivated crops, beef cattle, aquaculture, hay, and pasture. The forest products industry, which includes a large paper mill in Pennington, is the mainstay of the local economy. This soil survey updates an earlier soil survey of Choctaw County published in 1925 (Smith, Lounsbury, and Stroud, 1925). It provides additional information and larger maps, which show the soils in greater detail. Figure 1.—Location of Choctaw County in Alabama. 12 Soil Survey

General Nature of the County centered on longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, and bottomland hardwoods, such as oak, hickory, and This section provides general information about the sweetgum. In the 1920’s, about 20 percent of the survey area. It describes history and development; county was cultivated. By 1948, the acreage had transportation facilities; natural resources; increased to 40 to 50 percent (Smith, Lounsbury, and physiography, relief, and drainage; and climate. Stroud, 1925; Toulmin, LaMoreaux, and Lanphere, 1951). History and Development Transportation Facilities Choctaw County was created by an act of the territorial legislature of Alabama on December 29, Over the past 150 years, the major mode of 1847. The county was formed from parts of Sumter and transportation in Choctaw County shifted from horse Washington Counties. It consists of land originally and wagon through steamboat and railroad to ceded to the United States by the Choctaw Nation automobile. Each shift brought readjustment to the through the treaties of Mount Dexter in 1805 and settlement patterns and economy of the county. Dancing Rabbit in 1830 (Southern Historical News, Today, the major highways serving the county are 1986; Toulmin, LaMoreaux, and Lanphere, 1951). Butler U.S. Highway 84, which passes east to west through was selected as the county seat at the time the county Silas and Isney; Alabama Highway 10, which passes was established. east to west through Butler and exits the northern The county was named in honor of the Choctaw corner of the county near Yantley; and Alabama Nation, which occupied the hills of the area and built Highway 17, which passes north to south through the settlements long before the first Europeans arrived. In center of the county and serves Silas, Gilbertown, and the early part of the nineteenth century, settlers from Butler. Numerous hard-surface county roads provide Georgia, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and access throughout the county. South Carolina began to arrive. They were attracted to Choctaw County is presently served by one railroad, the area by the mild climate, cheap land, and abundant which provides freight service through Pennington and timber (Southern Historical News, 1986; Toulmin, Yantley in the northern part of the county. A municipal LaMoreaux, and Lanphere, 1951). airport near Butler serves small, private and Early settlements, such as Tuscahoma Landing and commercial aircraft. Oakchia, were mainly located in proximity to the The Tombigbee River has been a major avenue of Tombigbee River. In 1925, the county had 25 landings transportation throughout the history of the county. It is along the river, an average of 1 every 3 miles (Smith, navigable throughout its length in Choctaw County and Lounsbury, and Stroud, 1925). The early part of the connects the Tennessee River system to ports on the 20th century witnessed a shift in some of the Gulf of Mexico and other inland water systems (fig. 2). population centers as roads and railroads gradually Port facilities are available nearby at Demopolis and replaced the river as the chief arteries of commerce. Jackson. This shift included the communities of Halsell, Lisman, Land, Gilbertown, Silas, and Cullomburg on a north- Natural Resources south line and Cromwell, Jachin, and Pennington on an east-west line. Agriculture and forest products have sustained the Bladon Springs, which is now home to a State park, economy of the county over recorded history. Textile was once known as the “Saratoga of the South” (Mobile manufacturing and a few other small industries have Press Register, 1995). Famed for mineral waters that also been in the county. Where cotton was once king, were believed to have healing qualities, the baths at the main agricultural enterprises are now beef cattle Bladon Springs were visited by people from across the and hog production. Significant growth has also occurred Nation in the 1800’s. The water was also shipped in in the pond-raised catfish and bait-fish industry. barrels via the Tombigbee River to Mobile and from Timber is produced on about 87 percent of the land there to ports around the world. It was marketed as a area in the county. It provides raw material for local remedy for many ailments. sawmills and for pulp and paper producers. Woodland Early settlers cultivated crops, including corn, sweet also provides habitat for wild game, such as wild potatoes, peanuts, cowpeas, velvet beans, cotton, turkey, white-tailed deer, and feral hogs. This game oats, and hay, and raised cattle, hogs, and poultry. attracts hunters from across the Nation. Loblolly pine Early industries included feed and grain mills, has largely replaced longleaf pine and shortleaf pine, sawmills, and cotton gins. Early timber harvesting which were harvested by the early settlers. Choctaw County, Alabama 13

Figure 2.—The Tombigbee River, which has served as a major avenue of transportation throughout the history of the county. Tugboats pushing barge loads of oil, coal, sand, gravel, and lumber have replaced the steamboats transporting cotton and passengers from earlier years.

In 1944, oil was discovered in the county and more asymmetrical hogback ridges on which the steeper than 800,000 barrels were produced annually from 62 slopes face northward and the opposing slope is long wells (Pashin et al., 1998; Toulmin, LaMoreaux, and and gentle. Lanphere, 1951). Today, about 6,000 barrels per month Elevation ranges from about 30 feet above mean are pumped from 25 wells. sea level on the flood plain along the Tombigbee River in the southeast corner of the county to about 553 feet Physiography, Relief, and Drainage on Scott Mountain in the west-central part of the county. Choctaw County is in the East Gulf Coastal Plain Choctaw County lies within two subdivisions of the Section of the Coastal Plain physiographic province. East Gulf Coastal Plain Section: the Southern Red Gently rolling to strongly dissected, hilly topography Hills and the Lime Hills. The Southern Red Hills make characterizes this area of the lower Coastal Plain. up the northern two-thirds of the county. Several The soils on the landscape are forming in outcrops somewhat parallel belts of high hills trend northwest to of Tertiary-aged material that consists primarily of southeast. These hills define the northward leading unconsolidated sand, silt, and clay and lesser amounts edge of several cuestas that correspond to the up-dip of limestone, chalk, siltstone, and claystone. The edge of the Nanafalia Formation in the northern part of Tertiary-aged sediments are underlain by Mesozoic and the county and to the Tuscahoma sand and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks that dip southward at 20 Hatchetigbee Formation in the central part. Elevations to 40 feet per mile (Copeland, 1968). Sedimentary beds on the upland ridgetops generally range from 200 to that are resistant to erosion form southeasterly 400 feet, and relief is about 80 to 150 feet. South of the trending hilly belts known as cuestas, which are hilly belts, the topography is more gently rolling and 14 Soil Survey

includes some comparatively smooth and nearly level moved inland causes extremely heavy rains for 1 to 3 interstream divides that contain broad expanses of days. high terraces. Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation The Southern Red Hills subdivision has two parts. In for the survey area as recorded at Thomasville, the northeast corner of the county, a relatively smooth Alabama, in the period 1961 to 1990. Table 2 shows area known as the “Flatwoods” corresponds to the probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last Porters Creek Formation. The southern part of the freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on length of the Southern Red Hills contains an area known as the growing season. “Buhrstone Hills.” This area is underlain by the In winter, the average temperature is 47 degrees F Tallahatta Formation and contains the most rugged and the average daily minimum temperature is 35 topography on the Alabama Coastal Plain. Summits degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which along the northern edge of the cuesta rise 150 to occurred on January 22, 1985, is -1 degree. In summer, nearly 400 feet above the major streams. the average temperature is 79 degrees and the average The Lime Hills subdivision is in the southern third of daily maximum temperature is 90 degrees. The highest the county. In some areas it is characterized by rugged recorded temperature, which occurred on June 26, topography that is attributed to several geologic faults 1930, is 108 degrees. in conjunction with underlying resistant beds of Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They are limestone of Eocene and Oligocene age. The Lime Hills equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, growing comprise an area of soils that are distinctly different degree days accumulate by the amount that the from the other soils in the county. The soils in the Lime average temperature each day exceeds a base Hills are forming in materials weathered from marl, temperature (50 degrees F). The normal monthly limestone, and chalk. Also, the Tallahatta Formation accumulation is used to schedule single or successive reappears in the area of the Hatchetigbee Anticline in plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring the southeastern part of the county. Relief is and the first freeze in fall. commonly 100 to 200 feet in this area. The total annual precipitation is about 58.5 inches. The streams of Choctaw County dominantly drain Of this, 27 inches, or about 47 percent, usually falls in into the Tombigbee River. In the southwestern part of April through September. The growing season for most the county, however, the Red Creek and other crops falls within this period. In 2 years out of 10, the tributaries flow into the Chickasawhay River in rainfall in April through September is less than 12 Mississippi. The major tributaries of the Tombigbee inches. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of River, from north to south, are Kinterbish, Clear, record was 11.1 inches on March 12, 1935. Yantley, Boguelichitto, Tuckabum, Wahalak, Tishlarka, Thunderstorms occur on about 58 days each year, and Tallawampa, Surveyors, Bogueloosa, Okatuppa, Puss most occur in July. Cuss, Souwilpa, Turkey, Thompson, Sea Warrior, and The average seasonal snowfall is about 0.4 inch. Seyouyah Creeks. Stream valleys generally are narrow The greatest snow depth at any one time during the in the upper reaches and become broad flood plains period of record was 4 inches. On the average, no days that have widely meandering stream channels in the of the year have at least 1 inch of snow on the ground. lower reaches. The number of such days varies greatly from year to year. Climate The average relative humidity in midafternoon is about 55 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the Choctaw County has long, hot summers because average at dawn is about 89 percent. The sun shines moist tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico persistently 67 percent of the time possible in summer and 50 covers the area. Winters are cool and fairly short. Cold percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the south. waves are rare and moderate in 1 or 2 days. Average windspeed is highest, 7.8 miles per hour, in Precipitation is fairly heavy throughout the year, and March. prolonged droughts are rare. Summer precipitation, mainly afternoon thunderstorms, is usually adequate How This Survey Was Made for all crops. Severe local storms, including tornadoes, strike This survey was made to provide information about occasionally in or near the area. They are of short the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. duration and cause variable and spotty damage. Every The information includes a description of the soils and few years, in summer or autumn, a tropical miscellaneous areas and their location and a depression or a remnant of a hurricane that has discussion of their suitability, limitations, and Choctaw County, Alabama 15

management for specified uses. Soil scientists could confirm data and assemble additional data based observed the steepness, length, and shape of the on experience and research. slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They of the soils in the area generally are collected for dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is the laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The scientists interpret the data from these analyses and profile extends from the surface down into the tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The the soil properties to determine the expected behavior unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all living organisms and has not been changed by other of the soils are field tested through observation of the biological activity. soils in different uses and under different levels of The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey management. Some interpretations are modified to fit area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the local conditions, and some new interpretations are geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and from other sources, such as research information, miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind production records, and field experience of specialists. of landform or with a segment of the landform. By For example, data on crop yields under defined levels observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the of management are assembled from farm records and survey area and relating their position to specific from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a soil. concept or model of how they were formed. Thus, Predictions about soil behavior are based not only during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to on soil properties but also on such variables as climate predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the kind and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location on over long periods of time, but they are not predictable the landscape. from year to year. For example, soil scientists can Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a into one another as their characteristics gradually given soil will have a high water table within certain change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, depths in most years, but they cannot predict that a soil scientists must determine the boundaries between high water table will always be at a specific level in the the soils. They can observe only a limited number of soil on a specific date. soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, After soil scientists located and identified the supplemented by an understanding of the soil- significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to photographs and identified each as a specific map unit. determine the boundaries. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads, Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries soil profiles that they studied. They noted color, accurately. texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and This survey area was mapped at two levels of detail. amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, At the more detailed level, map units are narrowly reaction, and other features that enable them to defined. Map unit boundaries were plotted and verified identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey at closely spaced intervals. At the less detailed level, area and determining their properties, the soil map units are broadly defined. Boundaries were plotted scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes and verified at wider intervals. In the legend for the (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each detailed soil maps, narrowly defined units are indicated taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with by symbols in which the first letter is a capital and the precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a second is lowercase. For broadly defined units, the first basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. and second letters are capitals. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification The descriptions, names, and delineations of the used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those of and character of soil properties and the arrangement of the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are the horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists result of a better knowledge of soils, modifications in classified and named the soils in the survey area, they series concepts, or variations in the intensity of compared the individual soils with similar soils in the mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey same taxonomic class in other areas so that they areas. 16

Survey Procedures interpretation. The soil material was examined with the aid of a spade, a hand auger, or a truck-mounted probe The general procedures followed in making this to a depth of 5 feet or more. The pedons described as survey are described in the “National Soil Survey typical were observed and studied in excavations. Handbook” of the Natural Resources Conservation Samples for chemical and physical analyses and Service. The earlier soil survey of Choctaw County and engineering test data were taken from the site of the “Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Choctaw typical pedon of some of the major soils in the survey County, Alabama” were among the references used area. The analyses were made by the Agronomy and (Smith, Lounsbury, and Stroud, 1925; Toulmin, Soils Clay Mineralogy Laboratory, Auburn University, LaMoreaux, and Lanphere, 1951). Auburn, Alabama; the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Before the field work began, preliminary boundaries Lincoln, Nebraska; and the Alabama Department of of landforms were plotted stereoscopically on high Highways and Transportation, Montgomery, Alabama. altitude aerial photographs. United States Geological The results of some of the analyses are published in Survey topographic maps and aerial photographs were this soil survey report. Unpublished analyses and the studied to relate land and image features. laboratory procedures can be obtained from the Traverses were made on foot and by vehicle, at laboratories. variable intervals, depending on the complexity of the High-altitude aerial photography base maps at a soil landscape and geology. Soil examinations along scale of 1:24,000 were used for mapping of soil and the traverses were made at intervals of 50, 100, or 300 surface drainage in the field. Cultural features were feet, depending on the landscape and soil pattern transferred from U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute (Johnson, 1961; Steers and Hajek, 1979). Observations series topographic maps and were recorded from of landforms, uprooted trees, vegetation, roadbanks, visual observations. Soil mapping, drainage and animal burrows were made continuously without patterns, and cultural features recorded on base maps regard to spacing. Soil boundaries were determined on were then transferred to half-tone film positives by soil the basis of soil examinations, observations, and photo scientists. 17

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map at the back of this publication Landscape: Coastal Plain shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of Landform: Flood plains along the Tombigbee River soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the Landform position: Urbo—intermediate positions on low general soil map is a unique natural landscape. ridges and in shallow swales; Mooreville—high, Typically, it consists of one or more major soils or convex parts of low ridges; Una—low positions miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or between ridges (in swales and sloughs) miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or Slope: 0 to 3 percent miscellaneous areas. The components of one map unit Composition can occur in another but in a different pattern. The general soil map can be used to compare the Percent of the survey area: 6 suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas of Urbo soils: 34 percent suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, Mooreville soils: 26 percent areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified. Una soils: 25 percent Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable for Minor soils: 15 percent, including Annemaine, planning the management of a farm or field or for selecting Bigbee, Cahaba, Latonia, Lenoir, and Riverview a site for a road or building or other structure. The soils in soils any one map unit differ in slope, depth, drainage, and Soil Characteristics other characteristics that affect management. Urbo Each map unit is rated for cultivated crops, pasture and hay, woodland, and urban uses in table 4. Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty clay Cultivated crops are those typically grown in the Subsoil: Upper part—dark yellowish brown clay loam survey area. Pasture and hay refer to improved, locally that has grayish and brownish mottles; next part— grown grasses and legumes. Woodland refers to areas light brownish gray and gray clay loam that has of native or introduced trees. Urban uses include brownish mottles; lower part—light brownish gray residential, commercial, and industrial developments. clay loam that has brownish and reddish mottles The boundaries of the general soil map units in Depth class: Very deep Choctaw County were matched, where possible, with Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained those of the previously completed surveys of Marengo Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.0 and Sumter Counties, Alabama, and Clarke and to 2.0 feet from December through April Lauderdale Counties, Mississippi. In a few areas, Slope: 0 to 1 percent however, the lines do not join and the names of the Parent material: Clayey alluvium map units differ. These differences result mainly Mooreville because of changes in soil series concepts, differences in map unit design, and changes in soil Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown loam patterns near survey area boundaries. Subsoil: Upper part—brown loam; next part—dark yellowish brown and yellowish brown clay loam 1. Urbo-Mooreville-Una that has grayish and brownish mottles; lower part—yellowish brown loam that has grayish and Dominantly level to gently undulating, somewhat poorly brownish mottles drained, moderately well drained, and poorly drained Substratum: Upper part—mottled yellowish brown, light soils that have a loamy or clayey surface layer and a brownish gray, and strong brown sandy clay loam; clayey or loamy subsoil; on flood plains lower part—mottled light brownish gray, yellowish Setting brown, and strong brown sandy loam Depth class: Very deep Location in the survey area: Eastern part Drainage class: Moderately well drained 18 Soil Survey

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.5 Landscape: Coastal Plain to 3.0 feet from December through April Landform: Low terraces Slope: 0 to 3 percent Landform position: Lenoir—flat to slightly concave Parent material: Loamy alluvium slopes; Izagora and Annemaine—slightly convex slopes Una Slope: 0 to 2 percent Surface layer: Dark grayish brown and grayish brown Composition silty clay loam Subsoil: Upper part—dark grayish brown clay and dark Percent of the survey area: 2 gray silty clay loam having reddish and brownish Lenoir soils: 40 percent mottles; next part—mottled dark gray and brown Izagora and similar soils: 25 percent clay; lower part—grayish brown silty clay loam and Annemaine soils: 10 percent dark gray silty clay having brownish mottles Minor soils: 25 percent, including Bigbee, Cahaba, Depth class: Very deep Latonia, Una, and Urbo soils Drainage class: Poorly drained Soil Characteristics Seasonal high water table: Perched, at 2.0 feet above the surface to a depth of 0.5 foot from December Lenoir through July Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silt loam Slope: 0 to 1 percent Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown loam that has Parent material: Clayey alluvium grayish and brownish mottles; next part—grayish Minor soils brown clay loam and clay having brownish and reddish mottles; lower part—light brownish gray • The clayey, moderately well drained Annemaine soils clay that has reddish and brownish mottles and the somewhat poorly drained Lenoir soils; on low Depth class: Very deep terraces Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained • The sandy Bigbee soils and the well drained, loamy Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.0 Cahaba and Latonia soils; on low terraces to 2.5 feet from January through March • The loamy, well drained Riverview soils on the high Slope: 0 to 2 percent parts of natural levees Parent material: Clayey sediments Use and Management Izagora Major uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam Cropland Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loam Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Subsoil: Upper part—brownish yellow loam; next part— yellowish brown loam and light yellowish brown Pasture and hayland clay loam having brownish, reddish, and grayish Management concerns: Flooding and wetness mottles; lower part—yellowish brown silty clay Woodland loam that has grayish, reddish, and brownish Management concerns: Competition from undesirable mottles plants, restricted use of equipment, and seedling Depth class: Very deep mortality Drainage class: Moderately well drained Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2.0 Urban development to 3.0 feet from January through March Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Slope: 0 to 2 percent Parent material: Loamy sediments 2. Lenoir-Izagora-Annemaine Annemaine Dominantly level and nearly level, somewhat poorly Surface layer: Brown silt loam drained and moderately well drained soils that have a Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red clay; next part— loamy surface layer and a clayey or loamy subsoil; on yellowish red clay that has brownish, reddish, and low terraces Setting grayish mottles; lower part—red clay loam that has brownish and grayish mottles Location in the survey area: Parallel to the Tombigbee Depth class: Very deep River in the northern part of the county Drainage class: Moderately well drained Choctaw County, Alabama 19

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.5 Ochlockonee soils: 18 percent to 2.5 feet from January through March Kinston and similar soils: 17 percent Slope: 0 to 2 percent Minor soils: 25 percent, including Annemaine, Bibb, Parent material: Stratified clayey and loamy sediments Cahaba, Deerford, Iuka, Latonia, Leeper, and McCrory soils Minor soils Soil Characteristics • The loamy, well drained Cahaba and Latonia soils and the sandy Bigbee soils; on the slightly higher, more Izagora convex parts of the terraces Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam • The poorly drained, clayey Una soils in old oxbows, Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loam sloughs, and other shallow depressions Subsoil: Upper part—brownish yellow loam; next part— • The somewhat poorly drained, clayey Urbo soils on yellowish brown loam and light yellowish brown flood plains clay loam having brownish, reddish, and grayish Use and Management mottles; lower part—yellowish brown silty clay loam that has grayish, reddish, and brownish Major uses: Hayland, pasture, cropland, woodland, mottles and wildlife habitat Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Moderately well drained Cropland Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2.0 Management concerns: Wetness to 3.0 feet from January through March Pasture and hayland Slope: 0 to 2 percent Management concerns: Wetness Parent material: Loamy sediments Woodland Ochlockonee Management concerns: Competition from undesirable Surface layer: Dark brown and dark yellowish brown plants and restricted use of equipment sandy loam Urban development Substratum: Upper part—very pale brown loamy fine Management concerns: Flooding, wetness, restricted sand; next part—yellowish brown fine sandy loam; permeability, and low strength lower part—light yellowish brown loamy fine sand Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained 3. Izagora-Ochlockonee-Kinston Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3.0 to 5.0 feet from December through April Dominantly level and nearly level, moderately well Slope: 0 to 1 percent drained, well drained, and poorly drained soils that Parent material: Loamy and sandy alluvium have a loamy surface layer and a loamy subsoil or substratum; on low terraces and flood plains Kinston

Setting Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam and dark grayish brown sandy loam having Location in the survey area: Parallel to large streams brownish mottles throughout the county Subsoil: Upper part—light brownish gray loam that has Landscape: Coastal Plain brownish and reddish mottles; next part—greenish Landform: Izagora—low terraces; Ochlockonee and gray sandy clay loam that has brownish and Kinston—flood plains reddish mottles; lower part—greenish gray clay Landform position: Izagora—slightly convex slopes; loam that has brownish mottles Ochlockonee—high, convex parts of natural Substratum: Dark bluish gray clay loam that has levees; Kinston—low, flat to concave slopes and reddish mottles shallow depressions Depth class: Very deep Slope: 0 to 2 percent Drainage class: Poorly drained Composition Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to a depth of 1.0 foot from December through May Percent of the survey area: 10 Slope: 0 to 1 percent Izagora and similar soils: 40 percent Parent material: Loamy alluvium 20 Soil Survey

Minor soils Composition • The clayey Annemaine soils on low terraces Percent of the survey area: 9 • The poorly drained Bibb soils in shallow depressions Savannah soils: 48 percent • The well drained Cahaba and Latonia soils on low Izagora soils: 15 percent terraces Luverne soils: 10 percent • The moderately well drained Iuka soils on the Minor soils: 27 percent, including Bibb, Deerford, intermediate parts of natural levees Iuka, McCrory, and Smithdale soils • The somewhat poorly drained Leeper soils on flood plains in the southwestern part of the county Soil Characteristics • The poorly drained McCrory and somewhat poorly Savannah drained Deerford soils on low terraces Use and Management Surface layer: Dark grayish brown and brown silt loam Subsurface layer: Light olive brown silt loam Major uses: Pasture, hayland, woodland, and wildlife Subsoil: Upper part—dark yellowish brown and habitat yellowish brown loam that has reddish, brownish, and grayish mottles; next part—yellowish brown Cropland loam fragipan that has brownish, reddish, and Management concerns: Izagora—wetness; grayish mottles; lower part—yellowish brown clay Ochlockonee and Kinston—flooding and wetness loam that has brownish, grayish, and reddish mottles Pasture and hayland Depth class: Moderately deep to a root restricting Management concerns: Izagora—wetness; fragipan Ochlockonee and Kinston—flooding and wetness Drainage class: Moderately well drained Woodland Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5 Management concerns: Izagora—restricted use of to 3.0 feet from January through March equipment and competition from undesirable Slope: 0 to 5 percent plants; Ochlockonee and Kinston—restricted use Parent material: Loamy sediments of equipment, seedling survival, and competition from undesirable plants Izagora Urban development Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loam Subsoil: Upper part—brownish yellow loam; next part— yellowish brown loam and light yellowish brown 4. Savannah-Izagora-Luverne clay loam having brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles; lower part—yellowish brown silty clay Dominantly nearly level to strongly sloping, moderately loam that has grayish, reddish, and brownish well drained and well drained soils that have a loamy mottles surface layer and a loamy or clayey subsoil; on Depth class: Very deep terraces and uplands Drainage class: Moderately well drained Setting Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2.0 to 3.0 feet from January through March Location in the survey area: Northern and southern Slope: 0 to 2 percent parts Parent material: Loamy alluvium Landscape: Coastal Plain Luverne Landform: Savannah—high stream terraces; Izagora— low stream terraces; Luverne—uplands Surface layer: Yellowish brown fine sandy loam Landform position: Savannah—broad, nearly level Subsurface layer: Brownish yellow sandy loam ridgetops and gently sloping side slopes; Izagora— Subsoil: Upper part—red clay; next part—red clay that nearly level, slightly convex slopes; Luverne— has brownish mottles; lower part—yellowish red gently sloping ridgetops and strongly sloping side clay loam that has reddish, brownish, and grayish slopes mottles Slope: Dominantly 0 to 5 percent, but ranges from 0 to Substratum: Yellowish red clay loam that has reddish, 15 percent brownish, and grayish mottles Choctaw County, Alabama 21

Depth class: Very deep Composition Drainage class: Well drained Percent of the survey area: 17 Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Luverne and similar soils: 55 percent Slope: 1 to 15 percent Smithdale soils: 25 percent Parent material: Stratified loamy and clayey sediments Minor soils: 20 percent, including Bibb, Boykin, Minor soils Conecuh, Halso, Iuka, Izagora, Savannah, and Williamsville soils • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained Iuka soils on narrow flood plains Soil Characteristics • The poorly drained McCrory and somewhat poorly Luverne drained Deerford soils on low terraces Surface layer: Yellowish brown sandy loam • The well drained, loamy Smithdale soils on side Subsurface layer: Brownish yellow sandy loam slopes Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy clay; lower Use and Management part—red sandy clay loam Substratum: Upper part—mottled red and light Major uses: Pasture, hayland, woodland, homesites, brownish gray sandy clay loam; lower part— and cultivated crops mottled grayish brown, light brownish gray, and red sandy clay loam Cropland Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Savannah—wetness, Drainage class: Well drained erodibility, and low fertility; Izagora—wetness; Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Luverne—erodibility and low fertility Slope: 1 to 35 percent Pasture and hayland Parent material: Stratified loamy and clayey sediments Management concerns: Savannah—wetness, Smithdale erodibility, and low fertility; Izagora—wetness; Luverne—erodibility and low fertility Surface layer: Dark brown loamy fine sand Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown fine sandy Woodland loam Management concerns: Restricted use of equipment Subsoil: Upper part—red sandy clay loam; lower part— and competition from undesirable plants yellowish red sandy loam Urban development Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Savannah—wetness, restricted Drainage class: Well drained permeability, and low strength; Izagora—flooding, Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet wetness, restricted permeability, and low strength; Slope: 2 to 35 percent Luverne—shrink-swell, restricted permeability, and Parent material: Loamy sediments low strength Minor soils • The poorly drained Bibb and Kinston soils and the 5. Luverne-Smithdale moderately well drained Iuka soils; on narrow flood plains Dominantly gently sloping to strongly sloping, well • The clayey, moderately well drained Conecuh and drained soils that have a loamy or sandy surface layer Halso soils on gently sloping and moderately sloping and a clayey or loamy subsoil; on uplands side slopes and ridgetops • The moderately well drained Izagora and Savannah Setting soils on stream terraces • The clayey Williamsville soils on ridgetops in the Location in the survey area: Northern and southern southern part of the county parts Landscape: Coastal Plain Use and Management Landform: Uplands Major uses: Woodland, pasture, hayland, homesites, Landform position: Gently sloping ridgetops and and wildlife habitat moderately sloping to steep side slopes Slope: Dominantly 1 to 15 percent, but ranges from 1 Cropland to 35 percent Management concerns: Erodibility and low fertility 22 Soil Survey

Pasture and hayland Subsoil: Upper part—red sandy clay loam; lower part— Management concerns: Erodibility, low fertility, and yellowish red sandy loam restricted use of equipment Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 Management concerns: Competition from undesirable feet plants Slope: 2 to 35 percent Urban development Parent material: Loamy sediments Management concerns: Luverne—slope, shrink-swell, Boykin restricted permeability, and low strength; Smithdale—slope Surface layer: Dark grayish brown loamy fine sand Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loamy fine sand 6. Luverne-Smithdale-Boykin Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy clay loam; next part—strong brown fine sandy loam that has Dominantly gently sloping to steep, well drained soils reddish mottles; lower part—strong brown sandy that have a loamy or sandy surface layer and a clayey clay loam that has grayish and reddish mottles or loamy subsoil; on uplands Depth class: Very deep Setting Drainage class: Well drained Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Location in the survey area: Northern part Slope: 2 to 35 percent Landscape: Coastal Plain Parent material: Sandy and loamy sediments Landform: Uplands Landform position: Narrow, gently sloping ridgetops and Minor soils moderately sloping to steep side slopes • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained Slope: 1 to 35 percent Iuka soils on narrow flood plains Composition • The moderately well drained Izagora soils on low terraces Percent of the survey area: 12 • The sandy, excessively drained Wadley soils on Luverne soils: 65 percent ridgetops Smithdale soils: 15 percent Boykin soils: 10 percent Use and Management Minor soils: 10 percent, including Bibb, Iuka, Major uses: Woodland, pasture, and wildlife habitat Izagora, and Wadley soils Cropland Soil Characteristics Management concerns: Luverne and Smithdale— Luverne erodibility, restricted use of equipment, and low Surface layer: Yellowish brown sandy loam fertility; Boykin—droughtiness, restricted use of Subsurface layer: Brownish yellow sandy loam equipment, erodibility, and low fertility Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy clay; lower part—red sandy clay loam Pasture and hayland Substratum: Upper part—mottled red and light Management concerns: Luverne and Smithdale— brownish gray sandy clay loam; lower part— erodibility, restricted use of equipment, and low mottled grayish brown, light brownish gray, and red fertility; Boykin—droughtiness, low fertility, and sandy clay loam restricted use of equipment Depth class: Very deep Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns: Competition from undesirable Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet plants, erodibility, restricted use of equipment, and Slope: 1 to 35 percent seedling survival Parent material: Stratified loamy and clayey sediments Urban development Smithdale Management concerns: Luverne—shrink-swell, Surface layer: Dark brown loamy fine sand restricted permeability, low strength, and slope; Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown fine sandy Smithdale—slope; Boykin—slope and loam droughtiness Choctaw County, Alabama 23

7. Smithdale-Boykin-Luverne Subsoil: Upper part—red clay loam that has brownish mottles; next part—red clay loam that has Dominantly gently sloping to steep, well drained soils brownish mottles; lower part—red clay loam that that have a loamy or sandy surface layer and a loamy has brownish mottles and grayish fragments of or clayey subsoil; on uplands weathered shale Substratum: Red sandy clay loam that has brownish Setting mottles and grayish fragments of shale Depth class: Very deep Location in the survey area: Southern part Drainage class: Well drained Landscape: Coastal Plain Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Landform: Uplands Slope: 1 to 35 percent Landform position: Narrow, gently sloping ridgetops and Parent material: Stratified loamy and clayey sediments strongly sloping to steep side slopes Slope: Dominantly 15 to 35 percent, but ranges from 1 Minor soils to 35 percent • The moderately deep Arundel and shallow Cantuche Composition soils on the lower parts of side slopes • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained Percent of the survey area: 17 Iuka soils on narrow flood plains Smithdale soils: 35 percent • The sandy, excessively drained Wadley soils on high Boykin soils: 25 percent ridgetops Luverne and similar soils: 20 percent • The clayey Williamsville soils on gently sloping and Minor soils: 20 percent, including Arundel, Bibb, moderately sloping ridgetops Cantuche, Iuka, Wadley, and Williamsville soils Use and Management Soil Characteristics Smithdale Major uses: Woodland, wildlife habitat, and pasture Surface layer: Brown and light yellowish brown loamy Cropland sand Management concerns: Smithdale and Luverne— Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loamy sand erodibility, restricted use of equipment, and low Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy loam; next fertility; Boykin—droughtiness, restricted use of part—red sandy clay loam; lower part—red sandy equipment, and low fertility loam Pasture and hayland Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Smithdale and Luverne— Drainage class: Well drained erodibility, restricted use of equipment, and low Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet fertility; Boykin—droughtiness, restricted use of Slope: 2 to 35 percent equipment, and low fertility Parent material: Loamy sediments Woodland Boykin Management concerns: Competition from undesirable Surface layer: Dark grayish brown loamy fine sand plants, erodibility, restricted use of equipment, and Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loamy fine seedling survival sand Urban development Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy clay loam; Management concerns: Smithdale—slope; Boykin— next part—strong brown fine sandy loam that has slope and droughtiness; Luverne—shrink-swell, reddish mottles; lower part—strong brown sandy restricted permeability, low strength, and slope clay loam that has grayish and reddish mottles Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained 8. Brantley-Okeelala-Smithdale Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Slope: 2 to 35 percent Dominantly gently sloping to very steep, well drained Parent material: Sandy and loamy sediments soils that have a loamy or sandy surface layer and a clayey or loamy subsoil; on uplands Luverne Setting Surface layer: Dark brown fine sandy loam Subsurface layer: Brown fine sandy loam Location in the survey area: Southern part 24 Soil Survey

Landscape: Coastal Plain Minor soils Landform: Uplands • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained Landform position: Brantley—gently sloping ridgetops Iuka soils on narrow flood plains and moderately steep to very steep side slopes; • The moderately well drained, clayey Boswell soils on Okeelala—moderately steep to very steep side the lower parts of side slopes slopes; Smithdale—narrow, gently sloping ridgetops • The moderately well drained Freest soils on terraces Slope: 2 to 60 percent • The clayey Hannon and Toxey soils on gently Composition sloping and moderately sloping ridgetops and benches Percent of the survey area: 10 • The somewhat poorly drained Leeper soils on flood Brantley and similar soils: 42 percent plains Okeelala soils: 18 percent Smithdale soils: 15 percent Use and Management Minor soils: 25 percent, including Bibb, Boswell, Major uses: Woodland, wildlife habitat, and pasture Freest, Hannon, Iuka, Leeper, and Toxey soils Cropland Soil Characteristics Management concerns: Brantley and Okeelala— Brantley restricted use of equipment and erodibility; Surface layer: Dark grayish brown loam Smithdale—erodibility and low fertility Subsoil: Upper part—reddish brown clay loam; next Pasture and hayland part—yellowish red clay loam; lower part—strong Management concerns: Brantley and Okeelala— brown sandy clay loam that has brownish mottles erodibility and restricted use of equipment; Substratum: Strong brown sandy loam that has reddish Smithdale—erodibility and low fertility mottles Depth class: Very deep Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns: Brantley—erodibility, restricted Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet use of equipment, and competition from Slope: 3 to 60 percent undesirable plants; Okeelala—erodibility and Parent material: Loamy and clayey sediments restricted use of equipment; Smithdale—no significant concerns Okeelala Urban development Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown loamy sand Management concerns: Brantley—restricted Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown loamy sand permeability, slope, low strength, and erodibility; Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy loam; next Okeelala—slope and erodibility; Smithdale—no part—yellowish red sandy clay loam; lower part— significant concerns yellowish red sandy loam Substratum: Yellowish red sandy loam Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained 9. Brantley-Sumter-Maytag Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Dominantly gently sloping to steep, well drained and Slope: 15 to 60 percent moderately well drained soils that have a loamy Parent material: Loamy sediments surface layer and a clayey subsoil; on uplands Smithdale Setting Surface layer: Dark brown loamy fine sand Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown fine sandy Location in the survey area: Southwestern part loam Landscape: Blackland Prairie Subsoil: Upper part—red sandy clay loam; lower part— Landform: Uplands yellowish red sandy loam Landform position: Brantley—gently sloping and Depth class: Very deep moderately sloping ridgetops and moderately steep Drainage class: Well drained and steep side slopes; Sumter and Maytag—gently Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet sloping and moderately sloping ridgetops and Slope: 2 to 5 percent strongly sloping side slopes Parent material: Loamy sediments Slope: 3 to 35 percent Choctaw County, Alabama 25

Composition Parent material: Alkaline, clayey residuum derived from soft limestone (chalk) Percent of the survey area: 1.5 Brantley and similar soils: 35 percent Minor soils Sumter soils: 21 percent • The moderately well drained, clayey Boswell soils on Maytag soils: 18 percent the lower parts of side slopes Minor soils: 26 percent, including Boswell, Hannon, • The loamy Freest soils on terraces Leeper, Louin, Okeelala, Oktibbeha, and Wadley • The somewhat poorly drained Leeper soils on flood soils plains Soil Characteristics • The loamy Okeelala soils on side slopes at the lower elevations Brantley • The moderately well drained, clayey Hannon and Oktibbeha soils on ridgetops Surface layer: Dark grayish brown loam • The sandy, excessively drained Wadley soils on high Subsoil: Upper part—reddish brown clay loam; next ridgetops part—yellowish red clay loam; lower part—strong brown sandy clay loam that has brownish mottles Use and Management Substratum: Strong brown sandy loam that has reddish Major uses: Pasture, hayland, woodland, and wildlife mottles habitat Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Cropland Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Management concerns: Brantley—erodibility and Slope: 3 to 35 percent restricted use of equipment; Sumter and Maytag— Parent material: Loamy and clayey sediments erodibility and tilth Sumter Pasture and hayland Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty clay loam Management concerns: Brantley—erodibility and Subsoil: Upper part—light yellowish brown silty clay; restricted use of equipment; Sumter and Maytag— next part—pale yellow silty clay that has brownish erodibility and yellowish mottles; lower part—light gray clay Woodland that has brownish and yellowish mottles Management concerns: Brantley—erodibility, restricted Bedrock layer: Soft limestone (chalk) use of equipment, and competition from Depth class: Moderately deep undesirable plants; Sumter and Maytag—seedling Drainage class: Well drained survival, unsuited to pine trees because of excess Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet alkalinity Slope: 3 to 15 percent Parent material: Alkaline, loamy and clayey residuum Urban development derived from soft limestone (chalk) Management concerns: Brantley—slope, restricted permeability, and low strength; Sumter—shrink- Maytag swell, depth to bedrock, and low strength; Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty clay loam Maytag—shrink-swell, restricted permeability, low Subsoil: Upper part—light yellowish brown silty clay strength, and cutbanks cave that has yellowish mottles; next part—light yellowish brown and light gray silty clay that has brownish and yellowish mottles; lower part—light 10. Wilcox-Mayhew yellowish brown and light gray silty clay loam that Dominantly nearly level to strongly sloping, somewhat has yellowish mottles poorly drained and poorly drained soils that have a Substratum: Upper part—light gray silty clay that has clayey or loamy surface layer and a clayey subsoil; on brownish mottles; lower part—light yellowish brown uplands silty clay that has yellowish mottles Setting Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Moderately well drained Location in the survey area: Northeastern part Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Landscape: Coastal Plain Slope: 3 to 15 percent Landform: Uplands 26 Soil Survey

Landform position: Wilcox—narrow, gently sloping Use and Management ridgetops and gently sloping to moderately steep Major uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat side slopes; Mayhew—broad, nearly level ridgetops Cropland Slope: 0 to 15 percent Management concerns: Wilcox—erodibility and tilth; Composition Mayhew—wetness and tilth Pasture and hayland Percent of the survey area: 0.5 Management concerns: Wilcox—erodibility; Mayhew— Wilcox and similar soils: 80 percent wetness Mayhew soils: 10 percent Minor soils: 10 percent, including Bibb, Iuka, Woodland Luverne, and Savannah soils Management concerns: Restricted use of equipment, seedling survival, and competition from Soil Characteristics undesirable plants Wilcox Urban development Management concerns:, Wilcox—shrink-swell, slope, Surface layer: Brown silty clay restricted permeability, and low strength; Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red clay; next part—red Mayhew—shrink-swell, wetness, restricted clay that has grayish mottles; lower part—light permeability, and low strength brownish gray clay that has reddish and brownish mottles Substratum: Gray clay that has brownish mottles 11. Arundel-Cantuche-Smithdale Bedrock layer: Clayey shale Depth class: Deep Dominantly gently sloping to very steep, moderately Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained deep soils that have a loamy surface layer and a Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5 clayey subsoil; shallow soils that have a loamy surface to 3.0 feet from January through March layer and a loamy subsoil; and very deep soils that Slope: 1 to 15 percent have a sandy surface layer and a loamy subsoil; on Parent material: Acid, clayey sediments and the uplands underlying shale Setting Mayhew Location in the survey area: Central and southern parts Surface layer: Dark brown silty clay loam and silty clay Landscape: Coastal Plain Subsoil: Upper part—light brownish gray silty clay that Landform: Uplands has brownish and yellowish mottles; next part— Landform position: Narrow, gently sloping ridgetops and grayish brown silty clay that has brownish and steep and very steep side slopes reddish mottles; lower part—light brownish gray Slope: 2 to 60 percent clay that has brownish and reddish mottles Composition Bedrock layer: Clayey shale Depth class: Very deep Percent of the survey area: 15 Drainage class: Poorly drained Arundel and similar soils: 35 percent Seasonal high water table: Perched, at the surface to a Cantuche and similar soils: 21 percent depth of 1.0 foot from January through March Smithdale and similar soils: 15 percent Slope: 0 to 2 percent Minor soils: 29 percent, including Bibb, Boykin, Parent material: Acid, clayey sediments and the Iuka, Lauderdale, Luverne, Rayburn, Wadley, underlying shale and Williamsville soils Minor soils Soil Characteristics Arundel • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained Iuka soils on narrow flood plains Surface layer: Dark brown loam • The well drained Luverne soils on high parts of Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red clay; lower part— ridgetops yellowish red clay that has brownish mottles • The loamy Savannah soils on high terraces Bedrock layer: Weathered siltstone (buhrstone) Choctaw County, Alabama 27

Depth class: Moderately deep Minor soils Drainage class: Well drained • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Iuka soils on narrow flood plains Slope: 2 to 60 percent • The sandy Boykin and Wadley soils on high Parent material: Clayey sediments and the underlying ridgetops claystone or siltstone (buhrstone) • The poorly drained McCrory soils on low terraces Cantuche • The shallow Lauderdale soils on narrow ridgetops • The very deep, clayey Luverne and Williamsville Surface layer: Dark grayish brown very channery sandy soils on high ridgetops and upper side slopes loam • The deep, clayey Rayburn soils on toeslopes Subsurface layer: Dark grayish brown very channery loam Use and Management Bedrock layer: Weathered siltstone (buhrstone) Major uses: Woodland, wildlife habitat, and pasture Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Cropland Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 Management concerns: Restricted use of equipment feet and erodibility Slope: 25 to 60 percent Parent material: Residuum from claystone or siltstone Pasture and hayland (buhrstone) Management concerns: Restricted use of equipment, erodibility, and low fertility Smithdale Woodland Surface layer: Brown loamy sand Management concerns: Arundel and Cantuche— Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loamy sand erodibility, restricted use of equipment, and Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy loam; next seedling survival; Smithdale—restricted use of part—red sandy clay loam; lower part—red equipment and erodibility sandy loam Depth class: Very deep Urban development Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns: Arundel—slope, restricted Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet permeability, shrink-swell, and depth to rock; Slope: 2 to 35 percent Cantuche—depth to rock, slope, and small stones; Parent material: Loamy sediments Smithdale—slope

29

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed maps at descriptions, especially where the pattern was so the back of this survey represent the soils or complex that it was impractical to make enough miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous descriptions in this section, along with the maps, can areas on the landscape. be used to determine the suitability and potential of a The presence of included areas in a map unit in no unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. the management needed for those uses. More The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure information about each map unit is given under the taxonomic classes but rather to separate the heading “Use and Management of the Soils.” landscape into landforms or landform segments that A map unit delineation on a map represents an area have similar use and management requirements. The dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or delineation of such segments on the map provides miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and sufficient information for the development of resource named according to the taxonomic classification of the plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned, dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for soils and miscellaneous areas. the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes phenomena, and they have the characteristic variability general facts about the unit and gives the principal of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some hazards and limitations to be considered in planning for observed properties may extend beyond the limits specific uses. defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the without including areas of other taxonomic classes. surface layer, all the soils of a series have major Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some arrangement. “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic Soils of one series can differ in texture of the classes. surface layer, slope, stoniness, degree of erosion, and Most included soils have properties similar to those other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil they do not affect use and management. These are phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil or may not be mentioned in the map unit description. phase commonly indicates a feature that affects use or Other included soils and miscellaneous areas, management. For example, Savannah silt loam, 2 to 5 however, have properties and behavioral percent slopes, is a phase of the Savannah series. characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to Some map units are made up of two or more major require different management. These are called soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally are complexes or undifferentiated groups. in small areas and could not be mapped separately A complex consists of two or more soils or because of the scale used. Some small areas of miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are such small areas that they cannot be shown separately identified by a special symbol on the maps. The on the maps. The pattern and proportion of the soils or included areas of contrasting soils or miscellaneous miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas. areas are mentioned in the map unit descriptions. A Arundel-Cantuche complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, few included areas may not have been observed, and stony, is an example. consequently they are not mentioned in the An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more 30 Soil Survey

soils or miscellaneous areas that could be mapped Flooding: Rare individually but are mapped as one unit because Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low similar interpretations can be made for use and Natural fertility: Medium management. The pattern and proportion of the soils or Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. Minor Components An area can be made up of only one of the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made up of all of Dissimilar soils: them. Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1 • The somewhat poorly drained Lenoir soils in the percent slopes, frequently flooded, is an slightly lower, less convex positions undifferentiated group in this survey area. • The poorly drained Bibb soils and the loamy Iuka This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such soils; on narrow flood plains areas have little or no soil material and support little or • The loamy Cahaba and Izagora soils in the slightly no vegetation. Pits is an example. higher positions Table 5 gives the acreage and proportionate extent • The poorly drained Una soils in depressions of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the Similar soils: soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for • Scattered areas of Annemaine soils that have a many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms surface layer of fine sandy loam or loam used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas. Land Use Dominant uses: Woodland and pasture AnA—Annemaine silt loam, 0 to 2 Other uses: Cropland, hayland, and wildlife habitat percent slopes, rarely flooded Cropland Setting Suitability: Well suited Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, grain Landscape: Coastal Plain sorghum, and cotton Landform: Low stream terraces along the Tombigbee Management concerns: Wetness River and other major streams Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Slightly convex slopes • Installing and maintaining an artificial drainage Shape of areas: Oblong system reduces wetness and improves productivity. Size of areas: 10 to 300 acres • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Composition testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity. Annemaine and similar soils: 90 percent Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Pasture and hayland Typical Profile Suitability: Well suited Commonly grown crops: Dallisgrass, tall fescue, Surface layer: coastal bermudagrass, and bahiagrass 0 to 4 inches—brown silt loam Management concerns: Wetness Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 4 to 19 inches—yellowish red clay • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during 19 to 35 inches—yellowish red clay that has brownish, wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the reddish, and grayish mottles pasture in good condition. 35 to 65 inches—red clay loam that has brownish and • During the establishment, maintenance, or grayish mottles renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and Soil Properties and Qualities fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes Depth class: Very deep productivity. Drainage class: Moderately well drained Woodland Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: High Suitability: Well suited Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.5 Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine to 2.5 feet from January through March Management concerns: Equipment use and Shrink-swell potential: Moderate competition from undesirable plants Choctaw County, Alabama 31

Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and compacting the roadbed help to overcome the low compaction. strength of the natural soil material. • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Interpretive Groups prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to control competition from unwanted plants. Land capability classification: IIw • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent Woodland ordination symbol: 9W for loblolly pine to streams helps to control siltation and provides shade for the surface of the water. ArF—Arundel-Cantuche complex, Wildlife habitat 25 to 60 percent slopes, stony Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor Setting Management concerns: Equipment use Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain Management measures and considerations: Landform: Hillslopes in the central and southern parts • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving of the county undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Landform position: Arundel—convex to slightly pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a concave side slopes; Cantuche—convex nose place to rest. slopes, side slopes, and shoulder slopes • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Shape of areas: Irregular planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Size of areas: 40 to 1,200 acres suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among several small tracts of Composition land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for Arundel and similar soils: 50 percent deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail Cantuche and similar soils: 35 percent and turkey. Dissimilar soils: 15 percent • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Typical Profile areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Arundel Dwellings Surface layer: 0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Flooding Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 4 to 13 inches—yellowish red clay • Constructing dwellings on elevated, well-compacted 13 to 21 inches—yellowish red clay fill material helps to minimize damage from the 21 to 32 inches—yellowish red clay that has brownish flooding. mottles Septic tank absorption fields Bedrock: 32 to 80 inches—weathered, light gray and pale brown Suitability: Poorly suited siltstone Management concerns: Wetness and restricted permeability Cantuche Management measures and considerations: Surface layer: • The local Health Department can be contacted for 0 to 11 inches—dark grayish brown very channery guidance regarding sanitary facilities. sandy loam and very channery loam • Increasing the size of the absorption field improves system performance. Bedrock: • Installing distribution lines during dry periods 11 to 80 inches—weathered, light brownish gray minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls. siltstone Local roads and streets Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Poorly suited Depth class: Arundel—moderately deep; Cantuche— Management concerns: Low strength shallow 32 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Arundel—very slow; Cantuche—moderate Available water capacity: Arundel—moderate; Cantuche—very low Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Arundel—high; Cantuche—low Flooding: None Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low Natural fertility: Low Depth to bedrock: Arundel—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock; Cantuche—10 to 20 inches to soft bedrock Minor Components Dissimilar: • The sandy Boykin soils on the upper and lower parts of slopes • The very deep Luverne and Smithdale soils on narrow ridges and the upper and lower parts of slopes • The deep, moderately well drained Rayburn soils in saddles and on toeslopes • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained Iuka soils on narrow flood plains • Cantuche soils on short slopes of more than 60 percent • Arundel soils that have a slope of less than 25 percent • Scattered areas of rock outcrop Similar soils: • Scattered areas of clayey soils that have more rock fragments in the subsoil than the Arundel soils Figure 3.—An area of Arundel-Cantuche complex, 25 to 60 Land Use percent slopes, stony, that supports a mixed stand of pine and hardwood. Soils on steep slopes are Dominant uses: Woodland susceptible to downslope movement. The bent and Other uses: Wildlife habitat twisted tree trunks shown here are a result of downslope movement and the compensating tree growth. Cropland Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: This map unit is severely Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and limited for crop production because of the very seedling survival steep slope and stoniness. A site that has better Management measures and considerations: suited soils should be selected. • Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and Pasture and hayland landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted Suitability: Unsuited grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the Management concerns: This map unit is severely siltation of streams. limited for pasture and hay because of the very • Establishing a permanent plant cover on roads and steep, complex slope and stoniness. A site that landings after the completion of logging helps to control has better suited soils should be selected. erosion and the siltation of streams. • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the Woodland contour helps to overcome the slope limitations. Suitability: Poorly suited (fig. 3) • Using cable logging helps to minimize the need for Productivity class: Arundel—very high for loblolly pine; road and trail construction, especially in areas where Cantuche—high for loblolly pine the slope is more than about 50 percent. Choctaw County, Alabama 33

• Planting during wet periods or during periods when Composition the soil is moist for extended periods increases the Arundel and similar soils: 60 percent seedling survival rate. Williamsville and similar soils: 25 percent Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Wildlife habitat Potential of the Arundel soil to support habitat for: Typical Profile Openland wildlife—fair; woodland wildlife—good; Arundel wetland wildlife—very poor Surface layer: Potential of the Cantuche soil to support habitat for: 0 to 8 inches—very dark gray and dark grayish brown Openland wildlife—poor; woodland wildlife and sandy loam wetland wildlife—very poor Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 8 to 14 inches—dark reddish brown clay that has soft • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving fragments of siltstone undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and 14 to 28 inches—dark reddish brown clay that has soft pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a fragments of siltstone place to rest. Substratum: • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by 28 to 36 inches—light olive brown silty clay loam that planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the has soft fragments of siltstone existing plant cover, or promoting the natural establishment of desirable plants. Bedrock: • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by 36 to 80 inches—weathered siltstone constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Williamsville areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Surface layer: Urban development 0 to 4 inches—brown fine sandy loam Suitability: Unsuited Subsoil: Management concerns: This map unit is severely 4 to 15 inches—red clay limited as a site for urban development because 15 to 36 inches—dark red clay loam of the very steep slopes and the depth to rock. A 36 to 50 inches—red sandy clay loam site that has better suited soils should be 50 to 62 inches—red and light yellowish brown clay selected. loam

Interpretive Groups Substratum: 62 to 80 inches—pale olive loam Land capability classification: VIIe Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland ordination symbol: 9R—for loblolly pine in areas of the Arundel soil; 7R—for loblolly pine in Depth class: Arundel—moderately deep; Williamsville— areas of the Cantuche soil very deep Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Arundel—very slow; Williamsville— AwE—Arundel-Williamsville moderately slow Available water capacity: Arundel—moderate; complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes Williamsville—high Setting Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Arundel—high; Williamsville— Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain moderate Landform: Hillslopes in the southern part of the county Flooding: None Landform position: Arundel—convex to slightly Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low concave slopes on the lower parts of side slopes; Natural fertility: Low Williamsville—convex nose slopes, shoulder Depth to bedrock: Arundel—20 to 40 inches to soft slopes, and the upper parts of side slopes bedrock; Williamsville—more than 60 inches Shape of areas: Irregular Other distinctive properties: Williamsville—greenish Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres glauconitic sand in the substratum 34 Soil Survey

Minor Components Management measures and considerations: • Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts Dissimilar soils: helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings. • The sandy Boykin soils on narrow ridges and the Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted grasses and upper parts of slopes legumes and establishing a permanent plant cover on • The loamy Smithdale soils on narrow ridges and the roads and landings after the completion of logging help upper parts of slopes to control erosion and the siltation of streams. • The deep, moderately well drained Rayburn soils on • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the toeslopes contour helps to overcome the slope limitations. • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained • Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet Iuka soils on narrow flood plains periods because of the high content of clay in these • The shallow Lauderdale soils on narrow ridges and soils. shoulder slopes • Logging when the soil has the proper moisture • Arundel soils that have a slope of more than 35 content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and percent the root damage caused by compaction. Similar soils: • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and • Soils that are similar to the Williamsville soil but that bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the do not have glauconitic sands in the subsoil or seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling substratum growth. Land Use • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent to streams helps to control siltation and provides Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat shade for the surface of the water. Other uses: Pasture and homesites Wildlife habitat Cropland Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair; Suitability: Unsuited woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very poor Management concerns: This map unit is severely Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and limited for crop production because of the steep, fertility complex slopes. A site that has better suited soils Management measures and considerations: should be selected. • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Pasture and hayland pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Suitability: Poorly suited place to rest. Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by bahiagrass planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and existing plant cover, or promoting the natural fertility establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Management measures and considerations: every three years, rotated among several small tracts • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse areas. for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for • Fencing livestock away from streams helps to quail and turkey. prevent steambank erosion and sedimentation. • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by • During the establishment, maintenance, or constructing shallow ponds that provide open water renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and areas for waterfowl and furbearers. fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the Dwellings availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity. Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Arundel—shrink-swell and Woodland slope; Williamsville—slope Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling Management concerns: Arundel—erodibility, equipment with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen use, and seedling survival; Williamsville— buildings and prevents the damage caused by erodibility and equipment use shrinking and swelling. Choctaw County, Alabama 35

• Structures can be designed to conform to the natural Landform position: Bibb—flat or concave slopes on slope. the lower parts of flood plains; Iuka—convex • Land grading or shaping prior to construction slopes on the high and intermediate parts of minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of water natural levees and reduces the hazard of erosion. Shape of areas: Long and narrow Size of areas: 20 to 500 acres Septic tank absorption fields Suitability: Poorly suited Composition Management concerns: Arundel—depth to rock, Bibb and similar soils: 50 percent restricted permeability, and slope; Williamsville— Iuka and similar soils: 35 percent restricted permeability and slope Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Management measures and considerations: • The local Health Department can be contacted for Typical Profile guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Bibb • Managing this map unit as a site for septic tank absorption fields is difficult because of the restricted Surface layer: depth of the soils. 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam • Installing the absorption fields in areas of the deeper Substratum: Williamsville soil, increasing the size of the field, and 3 to 9 inches—gray sandy loam that has brownish installing the distribution lines on the contour can mottles improve system performance. 9 to 15 inches—gray sandy loam that has brownish • Installing distribution lines during dry periods mottles and strata of loamy sand minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls. 15 to 45 inches—light brownish gray sandy loam that Local roads and streets has yellowish mottles 45 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loamy sand Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Arundel—shrink-swell, low Iuka strength, and slope; Williamsville—low strength Surface layer: and slope 0 to 9 inches—brown fine sandy loam Management measures and considerations: • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and Substratum: compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the 9 to 18 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam soil. 18 to 29 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam that • Designing roads to conform to the contour and has grayish and brownish mottles providing adequate water-control structures, such as 29 to 42 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam that has culverts, help to maintain the stability of the road. grayish and yellowish mottles • Removing as much of the clay that has a high 42 to 60 inches—light gray sandy loam that has shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the brownish and yellowish mottles thickness of the base aggregate improve soil performance. Soil Properties and Qualities Interpretive Groups Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Bibb—poorly drained; Iuka— Land capability classification: VIIe moderately well drained Woodland ordination symbol: 9R—for loblolly pine in Permeability: Moderate areas of the Arundel soil; 10R—for loblolly pine in Available water capacity: Moderate areas of the Williamsville soil Seasonal high water table: Bibb—apparent, at a depth of 0.5 to 1.0 foot from December through April; BbA—Bibb-Iuka complex, 0 to 1 Iuka—apparent, at a depth of 1.0 to 3.0 feet from December through April percent slopes, frequently flooded Shrink-swell potential: Low Setting Flooding: Frequent Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium Landscape: Coastal Plain Natural fertility: Medium Landform: Narrow flood plains Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches 36 Soil Survey

Minor Components • Bedding the Bibb soil prior to planting helps to establish seedlings and increases the seedling survival Dissimilar soils: rate. • The moderately well drained Izagora soils and well • Site preparation practices, such as chopping and the drained Cahaba and Latonia soils; on high knolls and application of herbicides, help to control competition remnants of stream terraces from unwanted plants. • The well drained Ochlockonee soils on the slightly • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent higher parts of natural levees to streams helps to control siltation and provides Similar soils: shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving • Soils that are similar to the Bibb and Iuka soils but aquatic habitat. that have more clay in the substratum Wildlife habitat • Very poorly drained soils in depressions Land Use Potential of the Bibb soil to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and woodland wildlife—fair; Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat wetland wildlife—good Other uses: Pasture and hayland Potential of the Iuka soil to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair; woodland wildlife—good; Cropland wetland wildlife—poor Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness Management concerns: This map unit is severely Management measures and considerations: limited for crop production because of the flooding • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving and wetness. A site that has better suited soils undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and should be selected. pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. Pasture and hayland • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Suitability: Suited to pasture and poorly suited to planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and hayland suitable understory plants. Commonly grown crops: Common bermudagrass and • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by bahiagrass constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Management concerns: Flooding and wetness areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Management measures and considerations: Urban development • Although most flooding occurs during the winter and spring, livestock and hay may be damaged during any Suitability: Unsuited time of the year. Management concerns: This map unit is severely • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during limited as a site for urban development because of wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the the flooding. A site that has better suited soils pasture in good condition. should be selected. • During the establishment, maintenance, or renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and fertilizer on Interpretive Groups the basis of soil testing increases the availability of Land capability classification: Vw nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity. Woodland ordination symbol: 9W—for loblolly pine in Woodland areas of the Bibb soil; 11W—for loblolly pine in areas of the Iuka soil Suitability: Suited Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine and hardwoods BeB—Bigbee loamy sand, 0 to 5 Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling survival, and competition from undesirable plants percent slopes, rarely flooded Management measures and considerations: Setting • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and Landscape: Coastal Plain compaction. Landform: Low stream terraces and natural levees • Harvesting timber during the summer reduces the along the Tombigbee River and other major risk of damage from the flooding. streams Choctaw County, Alabama 37

Landform position: Flat to convex slopes Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Oblong • Using equipment that has low-pressure tires reduces Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres the slippage and rutting caused by the high content of Composition sand in the soil. • Using supplemental irrigation and planting crop Bigbee and similar soils: 90 percent varieties that are adapted to droughty conditions Dissimilar soils: 10 percent increase production. • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, crop residue Typical Profile management, and crop rotations that include grasses and legumes increase available water capacity, Surface layer: minimize crusting, and improve fertility. 0 to 6 inches—dark brown loamy sand • Using split applications increases the effectiveness Substratum: of fertilizer and herbicides. 6 to 23 inches—brown loamy sand • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil 23 to 45 inches—light yellowish brown fine sand testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants 45 to 59 inches—brownish yellow sand and maximizes productivity. 59 to 70 inches—very pale brown sand Pasture and hayland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Suited Depth class: Very deep Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and Drainage class: Excessively drained bahiagrass Permeability: Rapid Management concerns: Equipment use, droughtiness, Available water capacity: Low nutrient leaching, and fertility Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3.5 Management measures and considerations: to 6.0 feet from January through March • Using equipment that has low-pressure tires reduces Shrink-swell potential: Low the slippage and rutting caused by the high content of Flooding: Rare sand. Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low • Using split applications increases the effectiveness Natural fertility: Low of fertilizer and herbicides. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • During the establishment, maintenance, or Minor Components renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the Dissimilar soils: availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes • The loamy Riverview and Ochlockonee soils in the productivity. slightly lower positions on natural levees Woodland • The clayey Urbo soils in narrow drainageways and in depressions Suitability: Suited • The loamy Cahaba, Izagora, and Latonia soils in the Productivity class: High for loblolly pine slightly lower positions on stream terraces Management concerns: Seedling survival • The poorly drained Kinston soils in depressions Management measures and considerations: • Planting high-quality seedlings in a shallow furrow Similar soils: increases the seedling survival rate. • Scattered areas of sandy soils that have thin strata • Using improved varieties of loblolly pine increases of loamy material in the substratum productivity. Land Use Wildlife habitat Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair; Other uses: Cropland, hayland, and pasture woodland wildlife—poor; wetland wildlife—very poor Management concerns: Droughtiness Cropland Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Suited • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Commonly grown crops: Corn and watermelons undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Management concerns: Equipment use, droughtiness, pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a nutrient leaching, and fertility place to rest. 38 Soil Survey

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Size of areas: 10 to 80 acres planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Composition existing plant cover, or promoting the natural establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Boswell and similar soils: 85 percent every three years, rotated among several small tracts Dissimilar soils: 15 percent of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Typical Profile quail and turkey. Surface layer: • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by 0 to 4 inches—brown fine sandy loam constructing shallow ponds that provide open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Subsoil: 4 to 16 inches—red clay Dwellings 16 to 22 inches—mottled reddish brown, brownish gray, Suitability: Poorly suited and dark red silty clay Management concerns: Flooding 22 to 58 inches—light brownish gray silty clay that has Management measures and considerations: reddish and brownish mottles • Constructing dwellings on elevated, well-compacted 58 to 80 inches—light brownish gray clay that has fill material helps to minimize damage from the reddish and brownish mottles flooding. Soil Properties and Qualities Septic tank absorption fields Depth class: Very deep Suitability: Poorly suited Drainage class: Moderately well drained Management concerns: Wetness and poor filtering Permeability: Very slow capacity Available water capacity: High Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet • The local Health Department can be contacted for Shrink-swell potential: High guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Flooding: None • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table Natural fertility: Low improves system performance. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Measures that improve filtering capacity should be Other distinctive properties: Slickensides in the lower considered. The soil readily absorbs, but does not part of the subsoil adequately filter, effluent. Minor Components Local roads and streets Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Suited • The loamy Okeelala soils on the upper parts of Management concerns: Flooding slopes Management measures and considerations: • The alkaline Maytag and Sumter soils on the lower • Well-compacted fill material can be used as a road parts of slopes base to help elevate roads above the flooding. • Oktibbeha and Hannon soils, which are alkaline in Interpretive Groups the lower part of the subsoil, on the lower parts of slopes Land capability classification: IIIs • Boswell soils that have a slope of more than 12 Woodland ordination symbol: 7S for loblolly pine percent Similar soils: BgD2—Boswell fine sandy loam, 5 • Somewhat poorly drained, clayey soils on the to 12 percent slopes, eroded smoother slopes Land Use Setting Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain Other uses: Pasture Landform: Hillslopes in the southern part of the county Cropland Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability: Poorly suited Choctaw County, Alabama 39

Commonly grown crops: Corn and small grains Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving • Contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a reduce the hazard of further erosion, stabilize the soils, place to rest. control surface runoff, and maximize infiltration of • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by water. planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil existing plant cover, or promoting the natural testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning and maximizes productivity. every three years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse Pasture and hayland for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Suitability: Well suited to pasture and suited to hayland quail and turkey. Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass, tall • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by fescue, and bahiagrass constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Management measures and considerations: • Special care should be taken to prevent further Dwellings erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are Suitability: Poorly suited established. Management concerns: Shrink-swell • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper Management measures and considerations: areas when hay is harvested. • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling • Fencing livestock away from creeks and streams with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen helps to prevent streambank erosion and buildings and prevents the damage caused by sedimentation. shrinking and swelling. • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to Septic tank absorption fields maintain the pasture and increase productivity. Suitability: Poorly suited Woodland Management concerns: Restricted permeability Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Productivity class: High for loblolly pine • The local Health Department can be contacted for Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling guidance regarding sanitary facilities. survival, and competition from undesirable • Increasing the size of the absorption field improves plants system performance. Management measures and considerations: • Installing distribution lines during dry periods helps to • Logging when the soil has the proper moisture control smearing and sealing of trench walls. content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and Local roads and streets the root damage caused by compaction. • Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet Suitability: Poorly suited periods because of the high content of clay in the soil. Management concerns: Low strength, shrink-swell, and • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and cutbanks cave bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the Management measures and considerations: seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed, growth. compacting the roadbed, designing roads to conform to • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, the natural slope, removing as much of the clay that prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to has a high shrink-swell potential as possible, and control competition from unwanted plants. increasing the thickness of the base aggregate improve soil performance. Wildlife habitat • Designing roads that incorporate water-control Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair; structures, such as culverts, broad base dips, and woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very waterbars, helps to prevent slippage of cut and fill poor slopes. 40 Soil Survey

Interpretive Groups subsurface layers having a combined thickness of more than 40 inches Land capability classification: VIe • The loamy Smithdale and McLaurin soils in the Woodland ordination symbol: 8C for loblolly pine slightly lower positions Similar soils: BkB—Boykin loamy fine sand, 1 to • Scattered areas of Boykin soils that have a surface 5 percent slopes layer of loamy sand or sand Land Use Setting Dominant uses: Woodland and pasture Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain Other uses: Cropland and hayland Landform: Ridgetops Landform position: Convex slopes Cropland Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability: Suited Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, watermelons, Composition and truck crops Management concerns: Droughtiness, nutrient Boykin and similar soils: 85 percent leaching, and fertility Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Management measures and considerations: • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, crop residue Typical Profile management, and crop rotations that include grasses and legumes increase available water capacity, Surface layer: minimize crusting, and improve fertility. 0 to 5 inches—brown loamy fine sand • Using supplemental irrigation and planting crop Subsurface layer: varieties that are adapted to droughty conditions 5 to 22 inches—light yellowish brown loamy sand increase production. • Using split applications increases the effectiveness Subsoil: of fertilizer and herbicides. 22 to 33 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil 33 to 43 inches—yellowish red fine sandy loam testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants 43 to 47 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam and maximizes productivity. 47 to 51 inches—red fine sandy loam 51 to 80 inches—yellowish red fine sandy loam that Pasture and hayland has grayish and brownish mottles Suitability: Well suited Soil Properties and Qualities Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Droughtiness, nutrient Drainage class: Well drained leaching, and fertility Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface Management measures and considerations: layers and moderate in the subsoil • Using supplemental irrigation and plant varieties that Available water capacity: Low are adapted to droughty conditions increase Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet production. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Using split applications increases the effectiveness Flooding: None of fertilizer and herbicides. Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low • During the establishment, maintenance, or Natural fertility: Low renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes Minor Components productivity. Dissimilar soils: Woodland • Scattered areas of the somewhat excessively drained Wadley soils, which have sandy surface and Suitability: Well suited Choctaw County, Alabama 41

Productivity class: High for loblolly pine BnE2—Boykin-Luverne-Smithdale Management concerns: Seedling survival Management measures and considerations: complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, • Planting high-quality seedlings in a shallow furrow eroded increases the seedling survival rate. Setting • Using improved varieties of loblolly pine increases productivity. Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain Landform: Hillslopes Wildlife habitat Landform position: Boykin—convex nose slopes, upper parts of side slopes, and footslopes; Luverne and Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair; Smithdale—shoulder slopes, side slopes, and woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very footslopes poor Shape of areas: Irregular Management concerns: Droughtiness and fertility Size of areas: 20 to 1,000 acres Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Composition undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Boykin and similar soils: 40 percent place to rest. Luverne and similar soils: 25 percent • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Smithdale and similar soils: 25 percent planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Dissimilar soils: 10 percent existing plant cover, or promoting the natural establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Typical Profile every three years, rotated among several small tracts Boykin of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Surface layer: quail and turkey. 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown loamy fine sand • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Subsurface layer: constructing shallow ponds that provide open water 3 to 33 inches—light yellowish brown loamy fine sand areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Subsoil: Dwellings 33 to 48 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam 48 to 60 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam that Suitability: Well suited has reddish mottles Management concerns: No significant limitations affect 60 to 80 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that dwellings. has grayish and reddish mottles Septic tank absorption field Luverne Suitability: Suited Surface layer: Management concerns: Restricted permeability 0 to 3 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam Management measures and considerations: • The local Health Department can be contacted for Subsurface layer: additional guidance regarding sanitary facilities. 3 to 7 inches—brown fine sandy loam • Increasing the size of the absorption field improves Subsoil: system performance. 7 to 19 inches—red clay loam that has brownish mottles Local roads and streets 19 to 36 inches—red clay loam that has brownish Suitability: Well suited mottles Management concerns: No significant limitations affect 36 to 49 inches—red clay loam that has brownish local roads and streets. mottles and grayish fragments of shale

Interpretive Groups Substratum: 49 to 80 inches—red sandy clay loam that has Land capability classification: IIs yellowish mottles and grayish fragments of Woodland ordination symbol: 8S for loblolly pine shale 42 Soil Survey

Smithdale A site that has better suited soils should be selected. Surface layer: 0 to 6 inches—brown and light yellowish brown loamy Pasture and hayland sand Suitability: Poorly suited Subsurface layer: Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and 6 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown loamy sand bahiagrass Subsoil: Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, 13 to 23 inches—yellowish red sandy loam droughtiness, and fertility 23 to 38 inches—red sandy clay loam Management measures and considerations: 38 to 48 inches—red sandy clay loam • Special care should be taken to prevent further 48 to 80 inches—red sandy loam erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are Soil Properties and Qualities established. • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper Depth class: Very deep areas. Drainage class: Well drained • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well Permeability: Boykin—rapid in the surface and planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil; maintain the pasture and increase productivity. Luverne—moderately slow; Smithdale—moderate • During the establishment, maintenance, or in the upper part of the subsoil and moderately renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and rapid in the lower part fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the Available water capacity: Boykin—low; Smithdale— availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes moderate; Luverne—high productivity. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Boykin and Smithdale—low; Woodland Luverne—moderate Flooding: None Suitability: Suited Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low Productivity class: Boykin—high for loblolly pine; Natural fertility: Low Luverne and Smithdale—very high for loblolly Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches pine Minor Components Management concerns: Boykin—seedling survival; Luverne and Smithdale—erodibility, equipment Dissimilar soils: use, and competition from undesirable • The moderately deep Arundel soils on the upper or plants lower parts of slopes Management measures and considerations: • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained • Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts Iuka soils on narrow flood plains helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and • The somewhat excessively drained Wadley soils in landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted positions similar to those of the Boykin soil grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the • Luverne and Smithdale soils that have a slope of siltation of streams. more than 35 percent or less than 15 percent • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the contour helps to overcome the slope limitations. Similar soils: • Using tracked or low-pressure ground equipment • Scattered areas of soils that are similar to the helps to control rutting and root compaction during Luverne and Smithdale soils but that have less clay in harvesting. the substratum Land Use • Using equipment that has wide tires or crawler-type equipment and harvesting in the drier summer months Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat improve trafficability. Other uses: Pasture • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Cropland control competition from unwanted plants. Suitability: Unsuited • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent Management concerns: This map unit is severely to streams helps to control siltation and provides limited for crop production because of the slope. shade for the surface of the water. Choctaw County, Alabama 43

Wildlife habitat • Designing roads to conform to the contour and providing adequate water-control structures, such as Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair; culverts, help to maintain the stability of the road. woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very poor Interpretive Groups Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and Land capability classification: VIIe fertility Woodland ordination symbol: 8R—for loblolly pine in Management measures and considerations: areas of the Boykin soil; 9R—for loblolly pine in • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving areas of the Luverne and Smithdale soils undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by BrE2—Brantley-Okeelala complex, planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the 15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded existing plant cover, or promoting the natural establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Setting every three years, rotated among several small tracts Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse Landform: Hillslopes in the southern part of the county for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Landform position: Brantley—side slopes; Okeelala— quail and turkey. nose slopes, footslopes, and shoulder slopes • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Shape of areas: Irregular constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Size of areas: 10 to 1200 acres areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Dwellings Composition Suitability: Poorly suited Brantley and similar soils: 55 percent Management concerns: Slope Okeelala and similar soils: 30 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 15 percent • Structures can be designed to conform to the natural slope. Typical Profile • Land grading or shaping prior to construction Brantley minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of water Surface layer: and reduces the hazard of erosion. 0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown loam Septic tank absorption fields Subsoil: Suitability: Poorly suited 2 to 4 inches—reddish brown clay loam Management concerns: Boykin and Smithdale—slope; 4 to 15 inches—red clay Luverne—restricted permeability and slope 15 to 34 inches—yellowish red clay loam Management measures and considerations: 34 to 54 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that • The local Health Department can be contacted for has brownish mottles guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Substratum: • Increasing the size of the absorption field and 54 to 65 inches—strong brown sandy loam that has installing distribution lines on the contour improve reddish mottles system performance. • Installing distribution lines during dry periods Okeelala minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls. Surface layer: Local roads and streets 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loamy sand Suitability: Poorly suited Subsurface layer: Management concerns: Boykin and Smithdale—slope; 2 to 12 inches—yellowish brown loamy sand Luverne—low strength and slope Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and 12 to 16 inches—yellowish red sandy loam compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the 16 to 30 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam soil. 30 to 52 inches—yellowish red sandy loam 44 Soil Survey

Substratum: • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper 52 to 80 inches—yellowish red sandy loam areas. • During the establishment, maintenance, or Soil Properties and Qualities renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the Depth class: Very deep availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes Drainage class: Well drained productivity. Permeability: Brantley—slow; Okeelala—moderate Available water capacity: Brantley—high; Okeelala— Woodland moderate Suitability: Suited Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine Shrink-swell potential: Brantley—moderate; Okeelala— Management concerns: Brantley—erodibility, low equipment use, seedling survival, and competition Flooding: None from undesirable plants; Okeelala—erodibility and Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low equipment use Natural fertility: Low Management measures and considerations: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts Minor Components helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted Dissimilar: grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the • Boswell soils that have a thicker solum than that of siltation of streams. the Brantley and Okeelala soils and that have high • Establishing a permanent plant cover on roads and shrink-swell potential; on the lower parts of slopes landings after the completion of logging helps to control • Hannon and Toxey soils that have high shrink-swell erosion and the siltation of streams. potential; on shoulder slopes and the upper parts of • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the slopes contour helps to overcome the slope limitations. • Scattered areas of moderately deep Sumter soils • Using tracked or low-pressure ground equipment • The sandy Wadley soils on narrow ridgetops helps to control rutting and root compaction during • The poorly drained Bibb and somewhat poorly harvesting. drained Leeper soils on narrow flood plains • Site preparation practices, such as prescribed • Scattered areas of limestone outcrop burning and applying herbicides, reduce competition Similar soils: from unwanted plants. • Scattered areas of soils that are similar to the Wildlife habitat Brantley soil but that have an alkaline substratum Land Use Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair; woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat poor Other uses: Pasture Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use Management measures and considerations: Cropland • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Suitability: Unsuited undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Management concerns: This map unit is severely pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a limited for crop production because of the slope. A place to rest. site that has better suited soils should be selected. • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Pasture and hayland existing plant cover, or promoting the natural Suitability: Poorly suited establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and every three years, rotated among several small tracts bahiagrass of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Management measures and considerations: quail and turkey. • Special care should be taken to prevent further • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are constructing shallow ponds that provide open water established. areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Choctaw County, Alabama 45

Dwellings Composition Suitability: Poorly suited Brantley and similar soils: 55 percent Management concerns: Slope Okeelala and similar soils: 30 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 15 percent • Structures can be designed to conform to the natural Typical Profile slope. Brantley • Land grading or shaping prior to construction minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of water Surface layer: and reduces the hazard of erosion. 0 to 3 inches—very dark brown fine sandy loam Septic tank absorption fields Subsurface layer: 3 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Brantley—restricted Subsoil: permeability and slope; Okeelala—slope 10 to 46 inches—yellowish red sandy clay Management measures and considerations: Substratum: • The local Health Department can be contacted for 46 to 80 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam that guidance regarding sanitary facilities. has olive and reddish mottles • Increasing the size of the absorption field and installing distribution lines on the contour improve Okeelala system performance. Surface layer: • Installing distribution lines during dry periods 0 to 6 inches—very dark brown and brown fine sandy minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls. loam Local roads and streets Subsurface layer: Suitability: Poorly suited 6 to 16 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam Management concerns: Brantley—low strength, slope, Subsoil: and cutbanks cave; Okeelala—slope and cutbanks 16 to 27 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam cave 27 to 40 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam Management measures and considerations: 47 to 61 inches—strong brown loam • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the soil. Substratum: • Designing roads to conform to the contour and 61 to 74 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam providing adequate water-control structures, such as 74 to 80 inches—pale brown sandy loam that has dark culverts, help to maintain the stability of the road. sand grains • Designing roads to incorporate structures that Soil Properties and Qualities remove excess water improves the stability of the cutbanks, which are subject to slumping. Depth class: Very deep Interpretive Groups Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Brantley—slow; Okeelala—moderate Land capability classification: VIIe Available water capacity: Brantley—high; Okeelala— Woodland ordination symbol: 9R for loblolly pine moderate Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Brantley—moderate; Okeelala— BrF—Brantley-Okeelala complex, low Flooding: None 35 to 60 percent slopes Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low Setting Natural fertility: Low Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain Minor Components Landform: Hillslopes in the southern part of the county Landform position: Brantley—side slopes; Okeelala— Dissimilar: nose slopes, footslopes, and shoulder slopes • Hannon and Toxey soils that have high shrink-swell Shape of areas: Irregular potential; on shoulder slopes and the upper parts of Size of areas: 10 to 800 acres slopes 46 Soil Survey

• Scattered areas of moderately deep Sumter soils Wildlife habitat • The sandy Wadley soils on narrow ridgetops Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife— • Boswell soils, which have high shrink-swell potential, poor; woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife— on the lower parts of slopes very poor • The poorly drained Bibb soils on narrow flood plains Management concerns: Erodibility and slope • Scattered areas of limestone outcrop Management measures and considerations: Similar soils: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving • Scattered areas of soils that are similar to the undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Brantley soil but that have an alkaline substratum pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. Land Use • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Dominant uses: Woodland existing plant cover, or promoting the natural Other uses: Wildlife habitat establishment of desirable plants. • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Cropland constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Suitability: Unsuited areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Management concerns: This map unit is severely Urban development limited for crop production because of the very steep slope. A site that has better suited soils Suitability: Unsuited should be selected. Management concerns: This map unit is severely limited as a site for urban development because of Pasture and hayland the slope. A site that has better suited soils should be selected. Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: This map unit is severely Interpretive Groups limited for pasture and hay because of the very Land capability classification: VIIe steep, highly dissected slope. A site that has Woodland ordination symbol: 8R for loblolly pine better suited soils should be selected.

Woodland CaA—Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 Suitability: Poorly suited percent slopes, rarely flooded Productivity class: High for loblolly pine Management concerns: Brantley—erodibility, Setting equipment use, seedling survival, and competition Landscape: Coastal Plain from undesirable plants; Okeelala—erodibility and Landform: Low stream terraces along the Tombigbee equipment use River and other major streams Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Flat to convex slopes • Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts Shape of areas: Oblong helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the Composition siltation of streams. Cahaba and similar soils: 85 percent • Establishing a permanent plant cover on roads and Dissimilar soils: 15 percent landings after the completion of logging helps to control erosion and the siltation of streams. Typical Profile • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the contour helps to overcome the slope limitations. Surface layer: • Using cable logging helps to minimize the need for 0 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam road and trail construction, especially in areas where Subsurface layer: the slope is more than about 50 percent. 9 to 13 inches—strong brown sandy loam • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent to streams helps to control siltation and provides Subsoil: shade for the surface of the water. 13 to 29 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam Choctaw County, Alabama 47

29 to 38 inches—red sandy clay loam Woodland 38 to 50 inches—yellowish red sandy loam Suitability: Well suited Substratum: Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine 50 to 60 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam Management concerns: Competition from undesirable plants Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Depth class: Very deep prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Drainage class: Well drained control competition from unwanted plants. Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent and moderately rapid in the lower part to streams helps to control siltation and provides Available water capacity: Moderate shade for the surface of the water. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Low Wildlife habitat Flooding: Rare Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and Natural fertility: Low woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches poor Management concerns: No significant limitations affect Minor Components wildlife habitat. Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving • The yellowish brown Latonia soils that have less clay undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and in the subsoil than the Cahaba soil but that are in pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a similar positions place to rest. • The moderately well drained Izagora soils in the • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by slightly lower positions planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and • The sandy Bigbee soils in positions similar to those suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every of the Cahaba soil three years, rotated among several small tracts of • The clayey Annemaine soils in the slightly lower land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for positions deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained and turkey. Iuka soils on narrow flood plains • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Similar soils: constructing shallow ponds that provide open water • Scattered areas of Cahaba soils that have a surface areas for waterfowl and furbearers. layer of loamy sand Dwellings Land Use Suitability: Poorly suited Dominant uses: Woodland and pasture Management concerns: Flooding Other uses: Cropland, hayland, and wildlife habitat Management measures and considerations: Cropland • Constructing dwellings on elevated, well-compacted fill material helps to minimize damage from the Suitability: Well suited flooding. Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, grain sorghum, cotton, and watermelons Septic tank absorption fields Management concerns: No significant limitations affect management of cropland. Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Flooding Pasture and hayland Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Well suited • Septic tank absorption fields do not function properly Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and during periods of flooding and may be damaged by bahiagrass (fig. 4) floodwater. Management concerns: No significant limitations affect • The local Health Department can be contacted for management of pasture and hayland. guidance regarding sanitary facilities. 48 Soil Survey

Figure 4.—An area of Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded. This well drained soil is well suited to bermudagrass and bahiagrass hay.

Local roads and streets Landform position: Slightly concave to convex side slopes Suitability: Suited Shape of areas: Irregular Management concerns: Flooding Size of areas: 10 to 250 acres Management measures and considerations: • Well-compacted fill material can be used as a road Composition base to help elevate roads above the flooding. Conecuh and similar soils: 90 percent Interpretive Groups Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Land capability classification: I Typical Profile Woodland ordination symbol: 10A for loblolly pine Surface layer: CoC2—Conecuh loam, 3 to 8 0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown loam percent slopes, eroded Subsoil: Setting 5 to 13 inches—red clay 13 to 20 inches—red clay that has brownish mottles Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain 20 to 27 inches—mottled light brownish gray, reddish Landform: Hillslopes in the northern part of the county brown, and red clay Choctaw County, Alabama 49

27 to 48 inches—light brownish gray clay that has Pasture and hayland reddish and brownish mottles Suitability: Well suited Substratum: Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass, 48 to 58 inches—light olive gray clay that has brownish bahiagrass, white clover, and red clover mottles Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility 58 to 76 inches—light olive gray clay loam that has Management measures and considerations: brownish mottles • Special care should be taken to prevent further erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are Bedrock: established. 76 to 80 inches—light olive gray clayey shale • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the Soil Properties and Qualities slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the rate of germination. Depth class: Very deep • Fencing livestock away from creeks and streams Drainage class: Moderately well drained helps to prevent streambank erosion and Permeability: Very slow sedimentation. Available water capacity: Moderate • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to Shrink-swell potential: High maintain the pasture and increase productivity. Flooding: None • During the establishment, maintenance, or Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and Natural fertility: Low fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes Other distinctive properties: Slickensides in the lower productivity. part of the subsoil Woodland Minor Components Suitability: Well suited Dissimilar soils: Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine • The well drained Luverne soils on the upper parts of Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling slopes survival, and competition from undesirable • Scattered areas of soils that are moderately deep to plants shale Management measures and considerations: • The poorly drained Bibb soils on narrow flood plains • Logging when the soil has the proper moisture Similar soils: content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and • The deep Halso soils on the upper parts of slopes the root damage caused by compaction. • Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet Land Use periods because of the high content of clay in the soil. • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the Other uses: Pasture seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling Cropland growth. • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Suitability: Poorly suited prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Commonly grown crops: Corn and small grains control competition from unwanted plants. Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility Management measures and considerations: Wildlife habitat • Contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and reduce the hazard of further erosion, stabilize the soils, woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very control surface runoff, and maximize infiltration of poor water. Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Management measures and considerations: testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving and maximizes productivity. undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and 50 Soil Survey

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a FaA—Fluvaquents, ponded place to rest. • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Setting planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Landscape: Coastal Plain existing plant cover, or promoting the natural Landform: Flood plains and low terraces establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Landform position: Oxbows, sloughs, swales, and other every three years, rotated among several small tracts depressional areas of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse Shape of areas: Rounded or oblong for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Size of areas: 10 to 80 acres quail and turkey. • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Composition constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Fluvaquents and similar inclusions: 95 percent areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Dissimilar soils: 5 percent Dwellings Typical Profile Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Shrink-swell No typical pedon has been selected. Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen Depth class: Very deep buildings and prevents the damage caused by Drainage class: Very poorly drained shrinking and swelling. Permeability: Variable Available water capacity: Variable Septic tank absorption fields Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at 2.0 feet above Suitability: Poorly suited the surface to a depth of 1.0 foot from December Management concerns: Restricted permeability through July Management measures and considerations: Shrink-swell potential: Variable • The local Health Department can be contacted for Flooding: Frequent guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Content of organic matter in the surface layer: High • Increasing the size of the absorption field improves Natural fertility: Medium system performance. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Installing distribution lines during dry periods helps to Minor Components control smearing and sealing of trench walls. Dissimilar soils: Local roads and streets • The moderately well drained Iuka and Izagora soils Suitability: Poorly suited and the somewhat poorly drained Lenoir soils; on small Management concerns: Shrink-swell, low strength, and knolls and along edges of mapped areas cutbanks cave Similar soils: Management measures and considerations: • Poorly drained soils that are not subject to long- • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and duration ponding. compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the Land Use soil. • Removing as much of the clay that has a high Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the Cropland thickness of the base aggregate improve soil performance. Suitability: Unsuited • Designing roads that incorporate water-control Management concerns: This map unit is severely structures, such as culverts, broad base dips, and limited for crop production because of the flooding, waterbars, helps to prevent slippage of cut and fill ponding, and wetness. A site that has better suited slopes. soils should be selected. Interpretive Groups Pasture and hayland Land capability classification: IVe Suitability: Unsuited Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine Management concerns: This map unit is severely Choctaw County, Alabama 51

limited for pasture and hay because of the Typical Profile flooding, ponding, and wetness. A site that has Surface layer: better suited soils should be selected. 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam Woodland Subsurface layer: Suitability: Poorly suited 3 to 6 inches—brown fine sandy loam Productivity class: High for water tupelo and baldcypress Subsoil: Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling 6 to 12 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam survival 12 to 18 inches—yellowish brown loam Management measures and considerations: 18 to 29 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam that • Using low-pressure ground equipment helps to has grayish and reddish mottles prevent rutting of the surface and the damage caused 29 to 46 inches—yellowish red clay loam that has to tree roots by compaction. grayish and reddish mottles • Harvesting timber during the summer reduces the 46 to 61 inches—mottled strong brown, gray, and dark risk of damage from flooding. red clay • Maintaining drainageways and planting trees that are 61 to 80 inches—mottled light gray, strong brown, and tolerant of wetness increase the seedling survival rate. reddish brown clay Wildlife habitat Soil Properties and Qualities Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and woodland wildlife—poor; wetland wildlife—good Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Equipment use, ponding Drainage class: Moderately well drained flooding, and wetness Permeability: Slow Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: High • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5 constructing shallow ponds that provide open water to 2.5 feet from January through March areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Flooding: None Urban development Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low Suitability: Unsuited Natural fertility: Low Management concerns: This map unit is severely Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches limited as a site for urban development because of Minor Components the flooding, ponding, and wetness. A site that has better suited soils should be selected. Dissimilar soils: Interpretive Groups • The somewhat poorly drained Leeper soils on narrow flood plains Land capability classification: VIIw • Savannah soils that have a fragipan; on higher knolls Woodland ordination symbol: None assigned • The poorly drained Bibb soils on narrow flood plains Similar soils: FrA—Freest fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 • A Freest soil that has a slope of more than 2 percent • Scattered areas of soils that are similar to the Freest percent slopes soil but that are loamy in the lower part of the subsoil Setting Land Use Landscape: Coastal Plain Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Landform: Stream terraces in the southern part of the Other uses: Pasture and hayland county Cropland Landform position: Flat and slightly convex slopes Shape of areas: Oblong Suitability: Well suited Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, and small grain Composition Management concerns: Wetness and fertility Management measures and considerations: Freest and similar soils: 90 percent • Installing and maintaining an artificial drainage Dissimilar soils: 10 percent system reduces wetness and improves productivity. 52 Soil Survey

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants constructing shallow ponds that provide open water and maximizes productivity. areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Pasture and hayland Dwellings Suitability: Well suited Suitability: Suited Commonly grown crops: Dallisgrass, tall fescue, Management concerns: Shrink-swell coastal bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and white Management measures and considerations: clover • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling Management concerns: Wetness with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen Management measures and considerations: buildings and prevents the damage caused by • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during shrinking and swelling. wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the Septic tank absorption fields pasture in good condition. • During the establishment, maintenance, or Suitability: Poorly suited renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and Management concerns: Wetness and restricted fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the permeability availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes Management measures and considerations: productivity. • The local Health Department can be contacted for guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Woodland • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a Suitability: Well suited sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine and increasing the size of the field improve system Management concerns: Equipment use and performance. competition from undesirable plants • Installing distribution lines during dry periods helps to Management measures and considerations: control smearing and sealing of trench walls. • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked Local roads and streets equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and compaction. Suitability: Poorly suited • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Management concerns: Low strength prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Management measures and considerations: control competition from unwanted plants. • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the to streams helps to control siltation and provides soil. shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving Interpretive Groups aquatic habitat. Land capability classification: IIw Wildlife habitat Woodland ordination symbol: 10W for loblolly pine Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor Management concerns: No significant limitations affect HaB—Halso silt loam, 1 to 3 wildlife habitat. Management measures and considerations: percent slopes • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Setting undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain place to rest. Landform: Ridgetops in the northern part of the county • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Landform position: Slightly convex slopes planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Shape of areas: Irregular suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every Size of areas: 5 to 200 acres three years, rotated among several small tracts of Composition land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail Halso and similar soils: 85 percent and turkey. Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Choctaw County, Alabama 53

Typical Profile Management measures and considerations: • Terraces and diversions, contour tillage, no-till Surface layer: planting, and crop residue management reduce the 0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam hazard of erosion, help to control surface runoff, and 2 to 6 inches—reddish brown silty clay loam maximize rainfall infiltration. Subsoil: • Tilling when the soil has the proper moisture content 6 to 12 inches—red clay helps to prevent clodding and crusting and increases 12 to 22 inches—red clay that has yellowish, reddish, infiltration of water. and grayish mottles • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil 22 to 30 inches—yellowish red clay that has grayish, testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants reddish, and yellowish mottles and maximizes productivity. Substratum: Pasture and hayland 30 to 45 inches—light brownish gray clay loam that has brownish mottles Suitability: Well suited Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass, Bedrock: bahiagrass, and white clover 45 to 80 inches—light brownish gray shale Management concerns: Wetness and fertility Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to Depth class: Deep maintain the pasture and increase productivity. Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to Permeability: Very slow prevent compaction and keeps the pasture in good Available water capacity: High condition. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet • During the establishment, maintenance, or Shrink-swell potential: High renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and Flooding: None fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes Natural fertility: Low productivity. Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to soft shale Woodland Minor Components Suitability: Well suited Dissimilar soils: Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine • The well drained Luverne soils in the slightly higher Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling positions survival, and competition from undesirable plants • The poorly drained Kinston soils in depressions and Management measures and considerations: narrow drainageways • Logging when the soil has the proper moisture content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and Similar soils: the root damage caused by compaction. • The very deep Conecuh soils on the lower parts of • Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet slopes or in saddles periods because of the high content of clay in the soil. • Scattered areas of clayey soils that are moderately • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and deep over bedrock bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the Land Use seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling growth. Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Other uses: Pasture and hayland prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to control competition from unwanted plants. Cropland Wildlife habitat Suitability: Suited Commonly grown crops: Corn, small grains, and truck Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and crops woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and fertility poor 54 Soil Survey

Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility IzA—Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Setting pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. Landscape: Coastal Plain • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Landform: Low stream terraces along the Tombigbee planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the River and other major streams existing plant cover, or promoting the natural Landform position: Flat and slightly convex slopes establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Shape of areas: Oblong every three years, rotated among several small tracts Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Composition quail and turkey. Izagora and similar soils: 90 percent • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Dissimilar soils: 10 percent constructing shallow ponds that provide open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Typical Profile Dwellings Surface layer: Suitability: Poorly suited 0 to 7 inches—brown fine sandy loam Management concerns: Shrink-swell Subsurface: Management measures and considerations: 7 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown loam • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen Subsoil: buildings and prevents the damage caused by 13 to 22 inches—brownish yellow loam shrinking and swelling. 22 to 27 inches—yellowish brown loam that has brownish and grayish mottles Septic tank absorption fields 27 to 36 inches—yellowish brown loam that has Suitability: Poorly suited brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles Management concerns: Restricted permeability 36 to 47 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam that Management measures and considerations: has brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles • The local Health Department can be contacted for 47 to 65 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam that guidance regarding sanitary facilities. has grayish, reddish, and brownish mottles • Increasing the size of the absorption field improves system performance. Soil Properties and Qualities • Installing distribution lines during dry periods Depth class: Very deep helps to control smearing and sealing of trench Drainage class: Moderately well drained walls. Permeability: Moderate Local roads and streets Available water capacity: High Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2.0 Suitability: Poorly suited to 3.0 feet from January through March Management concerns: Shrink-swell and low strength Shrink-swell potential: Low Management measures and considerations: Flooding: Rare • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the Natural fertility: Low soil. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Removing as much of the clay that has a high shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the Minor Components thickness of the base aggregate improve soil performance. Dissimilar soils: Interpretive Groups • The well drained Cahaba soils in the slightly higher positions Land capability classification: IIIe • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine Iuka soils on narrow flood plains Choctaw County, Alabama 55

• The poorly drained McCrory and somewhat poorly Wildlife habitat drained Deerford soils in the lower positions Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and • The clayey Annemaine soils in positions similar to woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor those of the Izagora soil or slightly lower Management concerns: No significant limitations affect • The somewhat poorly drained Lenoir soils in the wildlife habitat. slightly lower, less convex positions Management measures and considerations: Similar soils: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving • Scattered areas of moderately well drained, loamy undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and soils that decrease in content of clay with depth pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. Land Use • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Dominant uses: Woodland and pasture suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every Other uses: Cropland and wildlife habitat three years, rotated among several small tracts of Cropland land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail Suitability: Well suited and turkey. Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, grain • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by sorghum, and cotton constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Management concerns: Wetness and fertility areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Management measures and considerations: • Installing and maintaining an artificial drainage Dwellings system reduces wetness and improves productivity. Suitability: Poorly suited • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Management concerns: Flooding testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants Management measures and considerations: and maximizes productivity. • Constructing dwellings on elevated, well-compacted Pasture and hayland fill material helps to minimize damage from the flooding. Suitability: Well suited Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, coastal Septic tank absorption fields bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and white clover Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Wetness and fertility Management concerns: Wetness and restricted Management measures and considerations: permeability • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during Management measures and considerations: wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the • The local Health Department can be contacted for pasture in good condition. guidance regarding sanitary facilities. • During the establishment, maintenance, or • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the and increasing the size of the field improve system availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes performance. productivity. • Installing distribution lines during dry periods helps to Woodland control smearing and sealing of trench walls. Suitability: Well suited Local roads and streets Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Competition from undesirable Management concerns: Low strength plants and equipment use Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to soil. control competition from unwanted plants. Interpretive Groups • Logging when the soil has the proper moisture content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and Land capability classification: IIw the root damage caused by compaction. Woodland ordination symbol: 10W for loblolly pine 56 Soil Survey

LaA—Latonia loamy sand, 0 to 2 Land Use percent slopes, rarely flooded Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Other uses: Cropland, hayland, and pasture Setting Cropland Landscape: Coastal Plain Suitability: Well suited Landform: Low stream terraces along the Tombigbee Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, grain River and other major streams sorghum, cotton, and watermelons Landform position: Slightly convex slopes Management concerns: Droughtiness and fertility Shape of areas: Oblong Management measures and considerations: Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres • Leaving crop residue on the surface helps to Composition conserve soil moisture. • Using supplemental irrigation and planting crop Latonia and similar soils: 85 percent varieties that are adapted to droughty conditions Dissimilar soils: 15 percent increase production. • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Typical Profile testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity. Surface layer: 0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown loamy sand Pasture and hayland Subsoil: Suitability: Well suited 6 to 15 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and 15 to 43 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam bahiagrass Management concerns: Droughtiness and fertility Substratum: Management measures and considerations: 43 to 53 inches—brownish yellow loamy sand • Using supplemental irrigation and plant varieties that 53 to 68 inches—brownish yellow sand are adapted to droughty conditions increase Soil Properties and Qualities production. • During the establishment, maintenance, or Depth class: Very deep renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and Drainage class: Well drained fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the Permeability: Moderately rapid availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes Available water capacity: Moderate productivity. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Woodland Shrink-swell potential: Low Flooding: Rare Suitability: Well suited Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine Natural fertility: Low Management concerns: Competition from undesirable Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches plants Management measures and considerations: Minor Components • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Dissimilar soils: control competition from unwanted plants. • The moderately well drained Izagora soils in the slightly lower positions Wildlife habitat • The sandy Bigbee soils on small knolls Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very Iuka soils on narrow flood plains poor Similar soils: Management concerns: No significant limitations affect • Scattered areas of Latonia soils that have a surface wildlife habitat. layer of sandy loam Management measures and considerations: • Scattered areas of loamy soils that have reddish • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving colors in the subsoil undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Choctaw County, Alabama 57

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Shape of areas: Irregular place to rest. Size of areas: 5 to 60 acres • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Composition planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every Lauderdale and similar soils: 45 percent three years, rotated among several small tracts of Arundel and similar soils: 40 percent land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for Dissimilar soils: 15 percent deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Typical Profile • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Lauderdale constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Surface layer: areas for waterfowl and furbearers. 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam Dwellings Subsoil: Suitability: Poorly suited 3 to 7 inches—yellowish brown clay loam Management concerns: Flooding 7 to 16 inches—yellowish brown clay loam Management measures and considerations: Bedrock: • Constructing dwellings on elevated, well-compacted 16 to 80 inches—weathered, grayish brown and fill material helps to minimize damage from the yellowish brown claystone flooding. Arundel Septic tank absorption fields Surface layer: Suitability: Suited 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark Management concerns: Poor filtering capacity grayish brown fine sandy loam Management measures and considerations: • The local Health Department can be contacted for Subsoil: guidance regarding sanitary facilities. 7 to 23 inches—yellowish red clay • Measures that improve filtering capacity should be 23 to 34 inches—pale olive silty clay loam that has considered. The soil readily absorbs, but does not brownish mottles adequately filter, effluent. Bedrock: Local roads and streets 34 to 80 inches—weathered, pale olive claystone

Suitability: Suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: Flooding Management measures and considerations: Depth class: Lauderdale—shallow; Arundel— • Well-compacted fill material can be used as a road moderately deep base to help elevate roads above the flooding. Drainage class: Well drained Interpretive Groups Permeability: Very slow Available water capacity: Lauderdale—low; Arundel— Land capability classification: IIs moderate Woodland ordination symbol: 9A for loblolly pine Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Lauderdale—moderate; Arundel—high LdC2—Lauderdale-Arundel Flooding: None complex, 2 to 10 percent slopes, Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low stony, eroded Natural fertility: Low Depth to bedrock: Lauderdale—10 to 20 inches to soft Setting bedrock; Arundel—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain Minor Components Landform: Narrow ridgetops in the central and southern parts of the county Dissimilar soils: Landform position: Lauderdale—convex ridge crests • Cantuche soils that are in positions similar to those and shoulder slopes; Arundel—convex ridge of the Lauderdale soil but that have more rock crests, saddles, and side slopes fragments 58 Soil Survey

• The very deep Smithdale and Luverne soils on high • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and knolls bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling Similar soils: growth. • Scattered areas of soils that have more rock • Maintaining plant litter on the surface increases fragments in the subsoil than the Arundel soils water infiltration and reduces the seedling mortality • Scattered areas of clayey soils that do not have soft rate. bedrock within a depth of 40 inches • Planting during wet periods or during periods when • Scattered areas of shallow, clayey soils the soil is moist for extended periods increases the Land Use seedling survival rate. Wildlife habitat Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Other uses: Pasture Potential of the Lauderdale soil to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—poor; woodland wildlife—fair; Cropland wetland wildlife—very poor Potential of the Arundel soil to support habitat for: Suitability: Poorly suited Openland wildlife and woodland wildlife—good; Management concerns: This map unit is severely wetland wildlife—very poor limited for crop production because of erodibility, Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility restricted rooting depth, surface stoniness, and Management measures and considerations: slope. A site that has better suited soils should be • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving selected. undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Pasture and hayland place to rest. Suitability: Suited to pasture and poorly suited to • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by hayland planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and existing plant cover, or promoting the natural bahiagrass establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and every three years, rotated among several small tracts restricted rooting depth of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse Management measures and considerations: for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for • Special care should be taken to prevent further quail and turkey. erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by established. constructing shallow ponds that provide open water • The slope and surface stoniness may limit areas for waterfowl and furbearers. equipment use in the steeper areas when hay is Dwellings harvested. • Because of the shallow rooting depth in areas of the Suitability: Poorly suited Lauderdale soil, managing this map unit in an Management concerns: Lauderdale—shrink-swell and economical manner for pasture and hay is difficult. depth to rock; Arundel—shrink-swell Management measures and considerations: Woodland • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling Suitability: Suited with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen Productivity class: Lauderdale—high for loblolly pine; buildings and prevents the damage caused by Arundel—very high for loblolly pine shrinking and swelling. Management concerns: Lauderdale—seedling survival; • The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit Arundel—equipment use and seedling survival does not require special equipment for excavation. Management measures and considerations: Packing or revegetating the bedrock, however, is • Logging when the soil has the proper moisture difficult if it is used in fill slopes. Areas where the content helps to prevent rutting of the surface and the bedrock has been removed are also difficult to damage caused to tree roots by compaction. revegetate. • Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet Septic tank absorption fields periods because of the high content of clay in the Arundel soil. Suitability: Poorly suited Choctaw County, Alabama 59

Management concerns: Depth to rock and restricted Subsoil: permeability 4 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown clay loam that has Management measures and considerations: brownish and grayish mottles • This map unit is severely limited for septic tank 12 to 21 inches—dark grayish brown clay that has absorption fields because of the very slow permeability brownish mottles and the restricted depth to rock. 21 to 30 inches—dark gray silty clay that has brownish • The local Health Department can be contacted for mottles additional guidance. 30 to 45 inches—gray clay that has brownish mottles Local roads and streets Substratum: 45 to 60 inches—light olive brown clay that has Suitability: Lauderdale—suited; Arundel—poorly suited brownish and grayish mottles Management concerns: Lauderdale—depth to rock and shrink-swell; Arundel—shrink-swell and low Soil Properties and Qualities strength Depth class: Very deep Management measures and considerations: Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained • The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map Permeability: Very slow unit does not require special equipment for excavation. Available water capacity: High Packing or revegetating the bedrock, however, is Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.0 difficult if it is used in fill slopes. Areas where the to 2.0 feet from December through April bedrock has been removed are also difficult to Shrink-swell potential: High revegetate. Flooding: Frequent • Removing as much of the clay that has a high Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the Natural fertility: High thickness of the base aggregate improve soil Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches performance. Other distinctive properties: Slightly acid to mildly • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and alkaline throughout the profile compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the soil. Minor Components Interpretive Groups Dissimilar soils: Land capability classification: IVs • The moderately well drained Freest soils on low Woodland ordination symbol: 6D—for loblolly pine in knolls areas of the Lauderdale soil; 9C—for loblolly pine • Poorly drained soils in depressions in areas of the Arundel soil Similar soils: • Moderately well drained, clayey soils on slightly LeA—Leeper silty clay loam, 0 to 1 convex slopes percent slopes, frequently flooded • Leeper soils that have a loamy or sandy surface layer Land Use Setting Dominant uses: Pasture and hayland Landscape: Blackland Prairie Other uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Landform: Flood plains in the southwestern part of the county Cropland Landform position: Flat and slightly concave slopes Suitability: Poorly suited Shape of areas: Long and narrow Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Size of areas: 200 to 2,500 acres Management measures and considerations: Composition • Because of the potential for flooding during the growing season, managing this map unit for cultivated Leeper and similar soils: 85 percent crops is difficult. Dissimilar soils: 15 percent • Using well maintained open ditches and diversions to Typical Profile divert and remove excess water improves productivity. Pasture and hayland Surface layer: 0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay loam Suitability: Suited 60 Soil Survey

Commonly grown crops: Common bermudagrass, tall Interpretive Groups fescue, dallisgrass, Johnsongrass, and white clover Land capability classification: IVw Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Woodland ordination symbol: 6W for water oak Management measures and considerations: • Although most flooding occurs during the winter and spring, livestock and hay may be damaged during any LfA—Lenoir silt loam, 0 to 2 time of the year. • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during percent slopes, rarely flooded wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the Setting pasture in good condition. Landscape: Coastal Plain Woodland Landform: Low stream terraces along the Tombigbee River and other major streams Suitability: Suited Landform position: Flat and slightly convex slopes Productivity class: High for water oak Shape of areas: Oblong Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling Size of areas: 10 to 300 acres survival, and competition from undesirable plants Management measures and considerations: Composition • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked Lenoir and similar soils: 90 percent equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and Dissimilar soils: 10 percent compaction. • Harvesting timber during the summer reduces the Typical Profile risk of damage from the flooding. Surface layer: • Bedding the soil prior to planting helps to establish 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam seedlings and increases the seedling survival rate. Subsurface layer: • Site preparation practices, such as chopping and the 4 to 8 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has application of herbicides, help to control competition grayish and brownish mottles from unwanted plants. • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent Subsoil: to streams helps to control siltation and provides 8 to 19 inches—grayish brown clay loam that has shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving brownish and reddish mottles aquatic habitat. 19 to 38 inches—grayish brown clay that has brownish and reddish mottles Wildlife habitat 38 to 68 inches—light brownish gray clay that has Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and reddish and brownish mottles wetland wildlife—fair; woodland wildlife—good 68 to 80 inches—light brownish gray clay that has Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness brownish and reddish mottles Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Depth class: Very deep pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained place to rest. Permeability: Slow • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Available water capacity: High planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.0 suitable understory plants. to 2.5 feet from January through March • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Shrink-swell potential: Moderate constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Flooding: Rare areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium Natural fertility: Low Urban development Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Suitability: Unsuited Minor Components Management concerns: This map unit is severely limited as a site for urban development because of Dissimilar soils: the flooding. A site that has better suited soils • The moderately well drained Annemaine soils in the should be selected. slightly higher, more convex positions Choctaw County, Alabama 61

• The loamy Cahaba and Izagora soils in the slightly equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and higher positions compaction. • The poorly drained Una soils in depressions • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Similar soils: control competition from unwanted plants. • Scattered areas of Lenoir soils that have a surface • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent layer of fine sandy loam or loam to streams helps to control siltation and provides • Scattered areas of somewhat poorly drained, clayey shade for the surface of the water. soils that decrease in content of clay with depth Wildlife habitat Land Use Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—fair Other uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland Management concerns: Equipment use Management measures and considerations: Cropland • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Suitability: Suited pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, grain place to rest. sorghum, and cotton • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Management concerns: Wetness and fertility planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Management measures and considerations: suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every • Using well maintained open ditches and diversions three years, rotated among several small tracts of to divert and remove excess water improves land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for productivity. deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail • Delaying spring planting helps to prevent the and turkey. clodding and rutting caused by wetness. • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil constructing shallow ponds that provide open water testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants areas for waterfowl and furbearers. and maximizes productivity. Dwellings Pasture and hayland Suitability: Poorly suited Suitability: Well suited Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Commonly grown crops: Dallisgrass, tall fescue, Management measures and considerations: coastal bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and white • Constructing dwellings on elevated, well-compacted clover fill material helps to minimize damage from the Management concerns: Wetness and fertility flooding. Management measures and considerations: • Building structures on the highest part of the • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during landscape and using an artificial drainage system wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the reduce the risk of damage from wetness. pasture in good condition. • Installing a subsurface drainage system helps to • During the establishment, maintenance, or lower the seasonal high water table. renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the Septic tank absorption fields availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes Suitability: Poorly suited productivity. Management concerns: Wetness and restricted permeability Woodland Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Suited (fig. 5) • The local Health Department can be contacted for Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Management concerns: Equipment use and • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a competition from undesirable plants sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table Management measures and considerations: and increasing the size of the field improve system • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked performance. 62 Soil Survey

Figure 5.—Loblolly pine seedlings in an area of Lenoir silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded. In Choctaw County, many areas that previously were used for pasture or cultivated crops have been converted to pine woodland.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods LgA—Louin silty clay, 0 to 2 minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls. percent slopes Local roads and streets Setting Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Low strength Landscape: Blackland Prairie Management measures and considerations: Landform: Broad upland flats in the southwestern part • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and of the county compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the Landform position: Flat and slightly concave slopes soil. that have slight gilgai microrelief Shape of areas: Irregular Interpretive Groups Size of areas: 10 to 75 acres Composition Land capability classification: IIIw Woodland ordination symbol: 9W for loblolly pine Louin and similar soils: 90 percent Choctaw County, Alabama 63

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Management measures and considerations: • Using well maintained open ditches and diversions to Typical Profile divert and remove excess water improves productivity. Surface layer: • Delaying spring planting and tilling when the soil has 0 to 2 inches—very dark gray silty clay the proper moisture content help to prevent clodding 2 to 8 inches—dark gray clay and rutting. • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Subsoil: testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants 8 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown clay that has and maximizes productivity. grayish mottles 14 to 30 inches—mottled light brownish gray, yellowish Pasture and hayland red, and red clay Suitability: Suited 30 to 38 inches—brownish yellow and gray clay that Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, dallisgrass, has yellowish mottles Johnsongrass, bahiagrass, and white clover 38 to 54 inches—brownish yellow and gray clay Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness Substratum: Management measures and considerations: 54 to 76 inches—light gray clay • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to Bedrock: maintain the pasture and increase productivity. 76 to 80 inches—soft, light gray limestone (chalk) • Using equipment when the soil has the proper Soil Properties and Qualities moisture content helps to prevent rutting and compaction of the surface. Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Woodland Permeability: Very slow Suitability: Suited Available water capacity: High Productivity class: High for loblolly pine Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.0 Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling to 2.0 feet from January through March survival, and competition from undesirable plants Shrink-swell potential: Very high Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and Natural fertility: Medium compaction. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and Other distinctive properties: Depth to a horizon that is bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the neutral or alkaline is more than 36 inches seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling Minor Components growth. • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Dissimilar soils: prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to • The moderately well drained Hannon and Oktibbeha control competition from unwanted plants. soils in the slightly higher, more convex positions • Poorly drained soils in depressions Wildlife habitat Similar soils: Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair; • Scattered areas of soils that have more clay in the woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor subsoil than the Louin soil Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness Land Use Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Dominant uses: Pasture and hayland undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Other uses: Woodland pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. Cropland • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Suitability: Suited planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, grain existing plant cover, or promoting the natural sorghum, and cotton establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness every three years, rotated among several small tracts 64 Soil Survey

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse Landform position: Convex slopes for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Shape of areas: Oblong quail and turkey. Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Composition areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Lucedale and similar soils: 90 percent Dwellings Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Wetness and shrink-swell Typical Profile Management measures and considerations: Surface layer: • Constructing dwellings on raised, well-compacted fill 0 to 5 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam material reduces the risk of damage from wetness. • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling Subsoil: with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen 5 to 8 inches—dark red sandy clay loam buildings and prevents the damage caused by 8 to 17 inches—dark red clay loam shrinking and swelling. 17 to 80 inches—dark red sandy clay loam Septic tank absorption fields Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: Wetness and restricted Depth class: Very deep permeability Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic Available water capacity: High tank absorption fields. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet • The local Health Department can be contacted for Shrink-swell potential: Low additional guidance. Flooding: None Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low Local roads and streets Natural fertility: Low Suitability: Poorly suited Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Management concerns: Shrink-swell, low strength, and cutbanks cave Minor Components Management measures and considerations: • Removing as much of the clay that has a high shrink- Dissimilar soils: swell potential as possible and increasing the thickness • Lucedale soils that have a slope of more than 2 of the base aggregate improve soil performance. percent • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and • Poorly drained soils in shallow depressions compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the soil. Similar soils: • Designing roads to incorporate structures that • Scattered areas of loamy soils that do not have dark remove excess water improves the stability of the red colors throughout the subsoil cutbanks, which are subject to slumping. • Scattered areas that have more clay in the subsoil Interpretive Groups than the Lucedale soil

Land capability classification: IIIw Land Use Woodland ordination symbol: 8C for loblolly pine Dominant uses: Pasture, hayland, and homesites LhA—Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0 Other uses: Woodland and cropland to 2 percent slopes Cropland Setting Suitability: Well suited Commonly grown crops: Corn, cotton, soybeans, and Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain truck crops Landform: Ridgetops in the southwestern part of the Management concerns: No significant limitations affect county management of cropland. Choctaw County, Alabama 65

Pasture and hayland LnB—Luverne sandy loam, 1 to 5 Suitability: Well suited percent slopes Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass Setting Management concerns: No significant limitations affect Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain management of pasture and hayland. Landform: Narrow ridgetops Woodland Landform position: Convex slopes Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability: Well suited Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine Management concerns: No significant limitations affect Composition management of woodland. Luverne and similar soils: 90 percent Wildlife habitat Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and Typical Profile woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very Surface layer: poor 0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam Management concerns: No significant limitations affect Subsurface layer: wildlife habitat. 5 to 11 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Subsoil: undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and 11 to 18 inches—red clay pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a 18 to 29 inches—red clay that has yellowish mottles place to rest. 29 to 42 inches—yellowish red clay loam that has • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by reddish, yellowish, and grayish mottles planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Substratum: suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every 42 to 65 inches—yellowish red clay loam that has three years, rotated among several small tracts of reddish, brownish, and grayish mottles land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail Soil Properties and Qualities and turkey. Depth class: Very deep • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Drainage class: Well drained constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Permeability: Moderately slow areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Available water capacity: High Dwellings Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Suitability: Well suited Flooding: None Management concerns: No significant limitations affect Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low dwellings. Natural fertility: Low Septic tank absorption fields Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Suitability: Well suited Minor Components Management concerns: No significant limitations affect Dissimilar soils: septic tank absorption fields. • The sandy Boykin soils on small knolls Local roads and streets • Luverne soils that have a slope of more than 5 percent Suitability: Well suited • The loamy Smithdale soils in the slightly higher Management concerns: No significant limitations affect positions local roads and streets. • The moderately well drained Conecuh and Halso Interpretive Groups soils in the slightly lower, less convex positions Similar soils: Land capability classification: I • Scattered areas of soils that have less clay in the Woodland ordination symbol: 9A for loblolly pine substratum than the Luverne soil 66 Soil Survey

Land Use Wildlife habitat Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and Other uses: Pasture, hayland, cropland, and woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very homesites poor Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility Cropland Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Suited • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Commonly grown crops: Corn, cotton, soybeans, and undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and truck crops pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility place to rest. Management measures and considerations: • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by • Terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the tillage, no-till planting, and crop residue management existing plant cover, or promoting the natural reduce the hazard of erosion, help to control surface establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning runoff, and maximize rainfall infiltration. every three years, rotated among several small tracts • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for and maximizes productivity. quail and turkey. • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Pasture and hayland constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Suitability: Well suited areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass, Dwellings bahiagrass, tall fescue, red clover, and white clover Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility Management concerns: Shrink-swell Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen rate of germination. buildings and prevents the damage caused by • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well shrinking and swelling. planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to Septic tank absorption fields maintain the pasture and increase productivity. • During the establishment, maintenance, or Suitability: Poorly suited renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and Management concerns: Restricted permeability fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the Management measures and considerations: availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes • The local Health Department can be contacted for productivity. guidance regarding sanitary facilities. • Increasing the size of the absorption field improves Woodland system performance. Suitability: Well suited (fig. 6) • Installing distribution lines during dry periods helps to Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine control smearing and sealing of trench walls. Management concerns: Equipment use and Local roads and streets competition from undesirable plants Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Suited • Logging when the soil has the proper moisture Management concerns: Low strength content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and Management measures and considerations: the root damage caused by compaction. • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and • Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the periods because of the high content of clay in the soil. soil. Interpretive Groups • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Land capability classification: IIIe control competition from unwanted plants. Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine Choctaw County, Alabama 67

Figure 6.—A well managed stand of loblolly pine in an area of Luverne sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes. Most areas of this soil are used for timber production and as habitat for turkey and deer.

LnD2—Luverne sandy loam, 5 to Subsurface layer: 15 percent slopes, eroded 4 to 10 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam Subsoil: Setting 10 to 15 inches—yellowish red sandy clay 15 to 29 inches—red sandy clay Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain 29 to 49 inches—red sandy clay loam Landform: Hillslopes Landform position: Convex side slopes, backslopes, Substratum: and shoulder slopes 49 to 59 inches—mottled red and light brownish gray Shape of areas: Irregular sandy clay loam Size of areas: 20 to 300 acres 59 to 66 inches—mottled grayish brown, light brownish gray, and red sandy clay loam Composition Soil Properties and Qualities Luverne and similar soils: 85 percent Depth class: Very deep Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Drainage class: Well drained Typical Profile Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: High Surface layer: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 68 Soil Survey

Flooding: None • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low areas when hay is harvested. Natural fertility: Low • Fencing livestock away from creeks and streams Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches helps to prevent streambank erosion and sedimentation. Minor Components • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to Dissimilar soils: maintain the pasture and increase productivity. • The moderately well drained Conecuh and Halso • During the establishment, maintenance, or soils on the lower parts of slopes renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and • The sandy Boykin soils on narrow ridges and on the fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the upper parts of slopes availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained productivity. Iuka soils on narrow flood plains • The loamy Smithdale soils in positions similar to Woodland those of the Luverne soils Suitability: Well suited • Luverne soils that have a slope of more than 15 Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine percent Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling Similar soils: survival, and competition from undesirable plants • Scattered areas of soils that have less clay in the Management measures and considerations: substratum than the Luverne soil • Logging when the soil has the proper moisture Land Use content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and the root damage caused by compaction. Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat • Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet Other uses: Pasture and hayland periods because of the high content of clay in the soil. Cropland • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and Suitability: Poorly suited bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the Commonly grown crops: None seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and growth. fertility • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Management measures and considerations: prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to • Contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue control competition from unwanted plants. management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations Wildlife habitat reduce the hazard of further erosion, stabilize the soils, control surface runoff, and maximize infiltration of Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and water. woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very • The complexity of the slope limits the use of poor terraces. Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil fertility testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants Management measures and considerations: and maximizes productivity. • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Pasture and hayland pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Suitability: Suited place to rest. Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass, • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by bahiagrass, tall fescue, red clover, and white planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the clover existing plant cover, or promoting the natural Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning fertility every three years, rotated among several small tracts Management measures and considerations: of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse • Special care should be taken to prevent further for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are quail and turkey. established. • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Choctaw County, Alabama 69

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Composition areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Luverne and similar soils: 85 percent Dwellings Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Suitability: Suited Typical Profile Management concerns: Slope and shrink-swell Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam • Structures can be designed to conform to the natural slope. Subsurface layer: • Land grading or shaping prior to construction 4 to 10 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of water Subsoil: and reduces the hazard of erosion. 10 to 15 inches—yellowish red sandy clay • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling 15 to 29 inches—red sandy clay with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen 29 to 49 inches—red sandy clay loam buildings and prevents the damage caused by shrinking and swelling. Substratum: 49 to 59 inches—mottled red and light brownish gray Septic tank absorption fields sandy clay loam Suitability: Poorly suited 59 to 66 inches—mottled grayish brown, light brownish Management concerns: Restricted permeability gray, and red sandy clay loam Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • The local Health Department can be contacted for guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Depth class: Very deep • Increasing the size of the absorption field improves Drainage class: Well drained system performance. Permeability: Moderately slow • Installing distribution lines during dry periods helps to Available water capacity: High control smearing and sealing of trench walls. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Local roads and streets Flooding: None Suitability: Suited Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low Management concerns: Low strength and slope Natural fertility: Low Management measures and considerations: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and Minor Components compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the soil. Dissimilar soils: • Designing roads to conform to the contour and • The moderately deep Arundel soils on the lower providing adequate water-control structures, such as parts of slopes culverts, help to maintain the stability of the road. • The sandy Boykin soils on narrow ridges and the Interpretive Groups upper parts of slopes • The moderately well drained Conecuh and Halso Land capability classification: VIe soils on the lower parts of slopes Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained Iuka soils on narrow flood plains • The loamy Smithdale soils in positions similar to LnE2—Luverne sandy loam, 15 to those of the Luverne soil 35 percent slopes, eroded • A Luverne soil that has a slope of less than 15 percent or more than 35 percent Setting Similar soils: Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain • Scattered areas of soils that have less clay in the Landform: Hillslopes substratum than the Luverne soil Landform position: Convex side slopes, backslopes, Land Use and toeslopes Shape of areas: Irregular Dominant uses: Woodland Size of areas: 40 to 300 acres Other uses: Wildlife habitat 70 Soil Survey

Cropland Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Suitability: Unsuited undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Management concerns: This map unit is severely pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a limited for crop production because of the slope. A place to rest. site that has better suited soils should be selected. • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Pasture and hayland planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant cover, or promoting the natural Suitability: Poorly suited to pasture and unsuited to establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning hayland every three years, rotated among several small tracts Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse bahiagrass for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and quail and turkey. fertility • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Management measures and considerations: constructing shallow ponds that provide open water • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper areas for waterfowl and furbearers. areas. • Fencing livestock away from streams helps to Dwellings prevent steambank erosion and sedimentation. Suitability: Poorly suited • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well Management concerns: Slope planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to Management measures and considerations: maintain the pasture and increase productivity. • Structures can be designed to conform to the natural • During the establishment, maintenance, or slope. renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and • Land grading or shaping prior to construction fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of water availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes and reduces the hazard of erosion. productivity. Septic tank absorption fields Woodland Suitability: Poorly suited Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Restricted permeability and Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine slope Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, Management measures and considerations: seedling mortality, and competition from • The local Health Department can be contacted for undesirable plants guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Management measures and considerations: • Increasing the size of the absorption field and • Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts installing distribution lines on the contour improve helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and system performance. landings. • Installing distribution lines during dry periods • Establishing a permanent plant cover on roads and minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls. landings after the completion of logging helps to control erosion and the siltation of streams. Local roads and streets • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the Suitability: Suited contour helps to overcome the slope limitations. Management concerns: Low strength and slope • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent Management measures and considerations: to streams helps to control siltation and provides • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and shade for the surface of the water. compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the • Site preparation practices, such as prescribed soil. burning and applying herbicides, reduce competition • Designing roads to conform to the contour and from unwanted plants. providing adequate water-control structures, such as Wildlife habitat culverts, help to maintain the stability of the road.

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair; Interpretive Groups woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very poor Land capability classification: VIIe Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use Woodland ordination symbol: 9R for loblolly pine Choctaw County, Alabama 71

MaA—Mayhew silty clay loam, 0 to Cropland 2 percent slopes Suitability: Suited Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, and grain Setting sorghum Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain Management measures and considerations: Landform: Broad ridgetops in the northeastern part of • Using equipment when the soil has the proper the county moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and Landform position: Flat to concave slopes that have compaction of the surface caused by the high content gilgai microrelief of clay. Shape of areas: Irregular • Installing a drainage system that includes open Size of areas: 20 to 300 acres ditches and land shaping increase productivity. Composition Pasture and hayland Mayhew and similar soils: 90 percent Suitability: Suited Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, bahiagrass, Typical Profile dallisgrass, and white clover Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 2 inches—dark brown silty clay loam • Using equipment when the soil has the proper 2 to 6 inches—dark brown silty clay moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and compaction of the surface caused by the high content Subsoil: of clay. 6 to 22 inches—light brownish gray silty clay that has • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well brownish and yellowish mottles planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to 22 to 42 inches—grayish brown silty clay that has maintain the pasture and increase productivity. brownish and reddish mottles • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during 42 to 60 inches—light brownish gray clay that has wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the brownish and reddish mottles pasture in good condition. Bedrock: Woodland 60 to 80 inches—weathered shale Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Suited Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling Drainage class: Poorly drained survival, and competition from undesirable plants Permeability: Very slow Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: High • Using low-pressure ground equipment and logging Seasonal high water table: Perched, at the surface to a when the soil has the proper moisture content help to depth of 1.0 foot from January through March prevent rutting of the surface and the damage caused Shrink-swell potential: High to tree roots by soil compaction. Flooding: None • Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium periods because of the high content of clay in the soil. Natural fertility: Low • Bedding the soil prior to planting helps to establish Depth to bedrock: 60 or more inches to soft shale seedlings and increases the seedling survival rate. Other distinctive properties: Slickensides in the lower • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, part of the subsoil prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Minor Components control competition from unwanted plants. Wildlife habitat Dissimilar soils: • The somewhat poorly drained Wilcox soils in the Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife, slightly higher, more convex positions woodland wildlife, and wetland wildlife—fair Land Use Management concerns: Wetness and equipment use Management measures and considerations: Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving 72 Soil Survey

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Interpretive Groups pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Land capability classification: IIIw place to rest. Woodland ordination symbol: 9W for loblolly pine • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among several small tracts of MdA—McCrory-Deerford complex, land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail flooded and turkey. • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Setting constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Landscape: Coastal Plain areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Landform: Low stream terraces Landform position: McCrory—slightly concave slopes; Dwellings Deerford—slightly convex slopes in the slightly Suitability: Poorly suited higher positions Management concerns: Wetness and shrink-swell Shape of areas: Oblong Management measures and considerations: Size of areas: 5 to 250 acres • Constructing dwellings on raised, well-compacted fill material reduces the risk of damage from Composition wetness. McCrory and similar soils: 65 percent • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling Deerford and similar soils: 25 percent with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen Dissimilar soils: 10 percent buildings and prevents the damage caused by shrinking and swelling. Typical Profile McCrory Septic tank absorption fields Surface layer: Suitability: Unsuited 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown loam Management concerns: Wetness and restricted permeability Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 4 to 10 inches—grayish brown and light brownish gray • This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic loam that has brownish mottles tank absorption fields. 10 to 22 inches—gray clay loam that has brownish and • The local Health Department can be contacted for grayish mottles additional guidance. 22 to 36 inches—light brownish gray clay loam that has brownish mottles Local roads and streets 36 to 50 inches—light brownish gray clay loam that Suitability: Poorly suited has brownish and reddish mottles Management concerns: Shrink-swell, low strength, 50 to 63 inches—light brownish gray sandy clay loam wetness, and cutbanks cave that has brownish and yellowish mottles Management measures and considerations: Substratum: • Removing as much of the clay that has a high 63 to 80 inches—light brownish gray very fine sandy shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the loam that has brownish mottles thickness of the base aggregate improve soil performance. Deerford • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and Surface layer: compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown loam soil. • Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill Subsurface layer: material helps to overcome the wetness. 3 to 7 inches—grayish brown very fine sandy loam that • Designing roads to incorporate structures that has brownish mottles remove excess water improves the stability of the 7 to 10 inches—light brownish gray and pale brown cutbanks, which are subject to slumping. very fine sandy loam that has brownish mottles Choctaw County, Alabama 73

Subsoil: Cropland 10 to 20 inches—light olive brown sandy clay loam and Suitability: Poorly suited light yellowish brown very fine sandy loam having Commonly grown crops: Soybeans and grain sorghum grayish and brownish mottles Management concerns: Flooding and wetness 20 to 27 inches—light olive brown sandy clay loam and Management measures and considerations: light gray very fine sandy loam having grayish and • Harvesting row crops as soon as possible reduces yellowish mottles the risk of damage from the flooding. 27 to 35 inches—light olive brown clay loam and light • Installing and maintaining a drainage system that gray very fine sandy loam having grayish and includes open ditches, perforated tile, or land shaping brownish mottles increases productivity of these soils. 35 to 49 inches—light brownish gray loam that has • Tilling when the soil has the proper moisture content brownish and yellowish mottles helps to prevent clodding and crusting. 49 to 61 inches—light brownish gray very fine sandy loam that has brownish mottles Pasture and hayland Substratum: Suitability: Suited 61 to 80 inches—light gray very fine sandy loam that Commonly grown crops: Bahiagrass, common has brownish mottles bermudagrass, and white clover Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Management measures and considerations: Depth class: Very deep • Although most flooding occurs during the winter and Drainage class: McCrory—poorly drained; Deerford— spring, livestock and hay may be damaged during any somewhat poorly drained time of the year. Permeability: Slow • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during Available water capacity: Moderate wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the Seasonal high water table: McCrory—perched, at a pasture in good condition. depth of 0.5 to 1.0 foot from December through • Using rotational grazing and implementing a April; Deerford—perched, at a depth of 0.5 to 1.5 well planned schedule of clipping and harvesting feet from December through April help to maintain the pasture and increase Shrink-swell potential: Low productivity. Flooding: Occasional Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium Woodland Natural fertility: Low Suitability: Suited Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Productivity class: McCrory—high for loblolly pine; Other distinctive properties: The subsoil contains a Deerford—very high for loblolly pine significant amount of exchangeable sodium. Management concerns: Equipment use and Minor Components competition from undesirable plants Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: • Because of the elevated content of exchangeable • The moderately well drained Izagora soils in the sodium, which hinders growth and causes higher slightly higher positions than normal mortality in seedlings and mature • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained trees, managing this map unit for loblolly pine is Iuka soils on narrow flood plains difficult. • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked Similar soils: equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and • Scattered areas of soils that are similar to the compaction. McCrory and Deerford soils but that do not have a • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, significant amount of exchangeable sodium within a prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to depth of 40 inches control competition from unwanted plants. Land Use • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent to streams helps to control siltation and provides Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving Other uses: Pasture and hayland aquatic habitat. 74 Soil Survey

Wildlife habitat Subsurface layer: 6 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife, woodland wildlife, and wetland wildlife—fair Subsoil: Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness 9 to 14 inches—yellowish red fine sandy loam Management measures and considerations: 14 to 22 inches—red loam • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving 22 to 36 inches—yellowish red fine sandy loam undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and 36 to 48 inches—yellowish red fine sandy loam and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a light brown loamy fine sand place to rest. 48 to 80 inches—yellowish red sandy loam • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and suitable Soil Properties and Qualities understory plants. Prescribed burning every three years, Depth class: Very deep rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase Drainage class: Well drained the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number Permeability: Moderate of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Available water capacity: Moderate • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 constructing shallow ponds that provide open water feet areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Shrink-swell potential: Low Urban development Flooding: None Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low Suitability: Unsuited Natural fertility: Low Management concerns: This map unit is severely Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches limited as a site for urban development because of the flooding, wetness, and restricted permeability. Minor Components A site that has better suited soils should be selected. Dissimilar soils: Interpretive Groups • Scattered areas of Smithdale soils that have more clay in the upper part of the subsoil than the McLaurin Land capability classification: IVw soil Woodland ordination symbol: 6W—for water oak in • The sandy Boykin and Wadley soils on small knolls areas of the McCrory soil; 9W—for loblolly pine in Similar soils: areas of the Deerford soil • Scattered areas of a McLaurin soil that has a surface layer of loamy sand or loamy fine sand MnB—McLaurin fine sandy loam, 2 Land Use to 5 percent slopes Dominant uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland Setting Other uses: Woodland and homesites Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain Cropland Landform: Broad ridgetops in the southwestern part of Suitability: Well suited the county Commonly grown crops: Corn, small grains, soybeans, Landform position: Convex slopes truck crops, and watermelons Shape of areas: Irregular Management concerns: Erodibility, droughtiness, and Size of areas: 15 to 150 acres fertility Composition Management measures and considerations: • Terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour McLaurin and similar soils: 85 percent tillage, no-till planting, and crop residue management Dissimilar soils: 15 percent reduce the hazard of erosion, help to control surface Typical Profile runoff, and maximize rainfall infiltration. • Supplemental irrigation increases crop production. Surface layer: • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown and brown fine testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants sandy loam and maximizes productivity. Choctaw County, Alabama 75

Figure 7.—An area of McLaurin fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes. This soil is well suited to pasture, hay, and cultivated crops.

Pasture and hayland Productivity class: High for loblolly pine Management concerns: No significant limitations affect Suitability: Well suited (fig. 7) management of woodland. Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and red clover Wildlife habitat Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility Management measures and considerations: Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the poor rate of germination. Management concerns: No significant limitations affect • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well wildlife habitat. planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to Management measures and considerations: maintain the pasture and increase productivity. • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving • During the establishment, maintenance, or undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the place to rest. availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by productivity. planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every Woodland three years, rotated among several small tracts of Suitability: Well suited land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for 76 Soil Survey

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail Typical Profile and turkey. Ochlockonee • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Surface layer: areas for waterfowl and furbearers. 0 to 10 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown sandy loam Dwellings Substratum: Suitability: Well suited 10 to 14 inches—very pale brown loamy fine sand Management concerns: No significant limitations affect 14 to 30 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam dwellings. 30 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown loamy fine sand Septic tank absorption fields Kinston Suitability: Well suited Surface layer: Management concerns: No significant limitations affect 0 to 4 inches— very dark grayish brown and dark grayish septic tank absorption fields. brown fine sandy loam that has brownish mottles Local roads and streets Substratum: 4 to 12 inches—light brownish gray loam that has Suitability: Well suited brownish and reddish mottles Management concerns: No significant limitations affect 12 to 15 inches—greenish gray sandy clay loam that local roads and streets. has reddish mottles Interpretive Groups 15 to 29 inches—greenish gray sandy clay loam that has brownish and reddish mottles 29 to 33 inches—greenish gray clay loam that has Land capability classification: IIe brownish mottles Woodland ordination symbol: 8A for loblolly pine 33 to 60 inches—dark bluish gray clay loam that has reddish mottles OKA—Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka Iuka soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, Surface layer: frequently flooded 0 to 6 inches—brown fine sandy loam Substratum: Setting 6 to 15 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam that has brownish mottles Landscape: Coastal Plain 15 to 22 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam that Landform: Broad flood plains has brownish and grayish mottles Landform position: Ochlockonee and Iuka—convex 22 to 32 inches—yellowish brown loam that has slopes on high and intermediate parts of natural grayish and brownish mottles levees; Kinston—flat to concave slopes on the 32 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam that has lower parts of flood plains brownish mottles Shape of areas: Long and narrow Soil Properties and Qualities Size of areas: 200 to 3,000 acres Depth class: Very deep Composition Drainage class: Ochlockonee—well drained; Kinston— poorly drained; Iuka—moderately well drained The composition of this map unit is variable. Permeability: Moderate Some areas consist mainly of the Ochlockonee Available water capacity: Ochlockonee and Iuka— soil, some consist mainly of Kinston or Iuka soils, moderate; Kinston—high and others contain all three soils in variable Seasonal high water table: Ochlockonee—apparent, at proportions. a depth of 3.0 to 5.0 feet from December through The composition of a representative unit is April; Kinston—apparent, at the surface to a depth Ochlockonee and similar soils, 40 percent; Kinston of 1.0 foot from December through May; Iuka— and similar soils, 30 percent; Iuka and similar soils, apparent, at a depth of 1.0 to 3.0 feet from 20 percent; and dissimilar soils, 10 percent. December through April Choctaw County, Alabama 77

Shrink-swell potential: Low Management measures and considerations: Flooding: Frequent for brief periods, mainly in winter • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked and spring equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and Content of organic matter in the surface layer: compaction. Ochlockonee—low; Kinston and Iuka—medium • Harvesting timber during the summer reduces the Natural fertility: Medium risk of damage from the flooding. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Bedding the Kinston soil prior to planting helps to Minor Components establish seedlings and increases the seedling survival rate. Dissimilar soils: • Site preparation practices, such as chopping and the • The loamy Cahaba, Izagora, and Latonia soils on low application of herbicides, help to control competition knolls and remnants of terraces from unwanted plants. • The sandy Bigbee and loamy Riverview and • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent Mooreville soils in positions similar to those of the to streams helps to control siltation and provides Ochlockonee soil shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving • Very poorly drained or ponded soils in depressions aquatic habitat. Similar soils: Wildlife habitat • Somewhat poorly drained, loamy soils in positions similar to those of the Iuka soil Potential of the Ochlockonee soil to support habitat for: Land Use Openland wildlife—fair; woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very poor Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Potential of the Kinston soil to support habitat for: Other uses: Pasture and hayland Openland wildlife and woodland wildlife—poor; wetland wildlife—fair Cropland Potential of the Iuka soil to support habitat for: Suitability: Poorly suited Openland wildlife—fair; woodland wildlife—good; Management concerns: This map unit is severely wetland wildlife—poor limited for crop production because of the flooding Management concerns: Equipment use, flooding, and and wetness. A site that has better suited soils wetness (fig. 8) should be selected. Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Pasture and hayland undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Suitability: Suited to pasture and poorly suited to pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a hayland place to rest. Commonly grown crops: Common bermudagrass, • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by bahiagrass, and white clover planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Management concerns: Flooding and wetness suitable understory plants. Management measures and considerations: • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by • Although most flooding occurs during the winter and constructing shallow ponds that provide open water spring, livestock and hay may be damaged during any areas for waterfowl and furbearers. time of the year. • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during Urban development wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the Suitability: Unsuited pasture in good condition. Management concerns: This map unit is severely • During the establishment, maintenance, or renovation limited as a site for urban development because of of pasture and hayland, applying lime and fertilizer on the flooding and wetness. A site that has better the basis of soil testing increases the availability of suited soils should be selected. nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity. Woodland Interpretive Groups Suitability: Suited Land capability classification: Vw Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine Woodland ordination symbol: 11W—for loblolly pine in Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling areas of the Ochlockonee and Iuka soils; 9W—for survival, competition from undesirable plants loblolly pine in areas of the Kinston soil 78 Soil Survey

Figure 8.—Bottomland hardwood forest in an area of Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded. Such areas provide habitat for deer, turkey, squirrel, songbirds, and waterfowl. Flooding and wetness are limitations affecting most uses.

OtB—Oktibbeha clay, 1 to 5 Typical Profile percent slopes Surface layer: 0 to 2 inches—brown clay Setting Subsoil: 2 to 17 inches—yellowish red clay that has reddish and Landscape: Blackland Prairie brownish mottles Landform: Broad ridgetops in the southwestern part of 17 to 24 inches—brown clay that has reddish, grayish, the county and brownish mottles Landform position: Slightly convex slopes 24 to 36 inches—yellowish brown clay that has grayish Shape of areas: Irregular mottles Size of areas: 10 to 60 acres 36 to 61 inches—brownish yellow and pale brown silty Composition clay that has grayish and yellowish mottles Substratum: Oktibbeha and similar soils: 90 percent 61 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown soft limestone Dissimilar soils: 10 percent (chalk) Choctaw County, Alabama 79

Soil Properties and Qualities Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, dallisgrass, Johnsongrass, bahiagrass, and white clover Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and Drainage class: Moderately well drained root penetration Permeability: Very slow Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Moderate • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to Shrink-swell potential: Very high maintain the pasture and increase productivity. Flooding: None • Using equipment when the soil has the proper Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and Natural fertility: Medium compaction of the surface caused by the high content Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches of clay. Other distinctive properties: Alkaline at a depth of 30 to • A rotation that includes perennial grasses and 50 inches legumes helps to penetrate and break up the clayey Minor Components root zone. • During the establishment, maintenance, or Dissimilar soils: renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and • The alkaline Maytag and Sumter soils on the upper fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the parts of slopes availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes • The somewhat poorly drained Louin soils in the productivity. slightly lower, more concave positions Woodland Similar soils: • Scattered areas of soils that have limestone bedrock Suitability: Suited at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine • Scattered areas of reddish, clayey soils that are Management concerns: Seedling survival alkaline within a depth of 30 inches Management measures and considerations: Land Use • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the Dominant uses: Woodland and pasture seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling Other uses: Wildlife habitat growth. Cropland Wildlife habitat Suitability: Suited Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair; Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, small grains, woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very poor and truck crops Management concerns: Equipment use Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and Management measures and considerations: tilth • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Management measures and considerations: undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and • Stripcropping, contour tillage, no-till planting, and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a crop residue management reduce the hazard of place to rest. erosion, help to control surface runoff, and maximize • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by rainfall infiltration. planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the • Using equipment when the soil has the proper moisture existing plant cover, or promoting the natural content helps to prevent the rutting and compaction of establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning the surface caused by the high content of clay. every three years, rotated among several small tracts • Tilling when the soil has the proper moisture content of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse helps to prevent clodding and crusting and increases for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for infiltration of water. quail and turkey. • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants constructing shallow ponds that provide open water and maximizes productivity. areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Pasture and hayland Dwellings Suitability: Well suited Suitability: Poorly suited 80 Soil Survey

Management concerns: Shrink-swell and mixed earthy materials. No typical pedon has been Management measures and considerations: selected. • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling Properties and Qualities with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen buildings and prevents the damage caused by Depth class: Variable shrinking and swelling. Drainage class: Variable Permeability: Variable Septic tank absorption fields Available water capacity: Variable Suitability: Unsuited Depth to seasonal high water table: Variable Management concerns: Restricted permeability Shrink-swell potential: Variable Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None to rare • This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Very low tank absorption fields. Natural fertility: Low • The local Health Department can be contacted for Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches additional guidance. Other distinctive properties: Discontinuous layers, streaks, or pockets of variable texture Local roads and streets Suitability: Poorly suited Minor Components Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential, low Dissimilar: strength, and cutbanks cave • Boykin, Luverne, Smithdale, Wadley, and Management measures and considerations: Williamsville soils near edges of mapped areas on • Removing as much of the clay that has a high uplands shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the • Bigbee, Cahaba, Izagora, and Savannah soils on thickness of the base aggregate improve soil edges of mapped areas on terraces performance. • Small depressions that are intermittently ponded • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the Land Use soil. Dominant uses: Source of sand, gravel, clay, and fill • Designing roads to incorporate structures that material remove excess water improves the stability of the Other uses: Unsuited to most other uses cutbanks, which are subject to slumping. Interpretive Groups Extensive reclamation efforts are required to make areas suitable for use as cropland, pasture, hayland, Land capability classification: IIIe woodland, or homesites or for wildlife habitat. Onsite Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine investigation and testing are needed to determine the suitability of areas of this unit for any use. Pt—Pits Interpretive Groups Setting Land capability classification: VIIIs Woodland ordination symbol: None assigned Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain Landform: Ridgetops, hillslopes, and terraces Landform position: Summits, shoulder slopes, side RbD2—Rayburn silt loam, 5 to 15 slopes, and interfluves percent slopes, eroded Shape of areas: Rectangular or horseshoe shaped Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres Setting Composition Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain Landform: Hillslopes in the southern part of the county Pits: 90 percent Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Shape of areas: Irregular This map unit consists of open excavations from Size of areas: 5 to 400 acres which the original soil and underlying material have Composition been removed for use at another location. Typically, the remaining material consists of strata of sand, gravel, Rayburn and similar soils: 85 percent Choctaw County, Alabama 81

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Commonly grown crops: Corn and small grains Typical Profile Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and tilth Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 2 inches—dark brown silt loam • Contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations Subsurface layer: reduce the hazard of further erosion, stabilize the soils, 2 to 5 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam control surface runoff, and maximize infiltration of Subsoil: water. 5 to 12 inches—red clay • The complexity of the slope limits the use of 12 to 19 inches—yellowish red clay that has reddish terraces. and grayish mottles • Tilling when the soil has the proper moisture content 19 to 34 inches—light olive gray silty clay helps to prevent clodding and crusting and increases 34 to 43 inches—light olive gray silty clay that has infiltration of water. brownish mottles • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil 43 to 55 inches—light olive gray silty clay that has testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants yellowish mottles and maximizes productivity. Bedrock: Pasture and hayland 55 to 65 inches—weathered, light olive gray siltstone Suitability: Well suited to pasture and suited to hayland Soil Properties and Qualities Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass, bahiagrass, tall fescue, and white clover Depth class: Deep Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and Drainage class: Moderately well drained fertility Permeability: Very slow Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: High • Special care should be taken to prevent further Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2.5 erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are to 4.5 feet from January through March established. Shrink-swell potential: High • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper Flooding: None areas when hay is harvested. Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well Natural fertility: Low planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to soft bedrock maintain the pasture and increase productivity. Minor Components • During the establishment, maintenance, or renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and Dissimilar soils: fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the • The loamy Smithdale soils and very deep Luverne availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes soils; on narrow ridges productivity. • The moderately deep, well drained Arundel soils on the upper parts of slopes Woodland • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained Suitability: Well suited Iuka soils on narrow flood plains Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine Similar soils: Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, • Scattered areas of clayey soils that are very deep seedling mortality, and competition from over bedrock undesirable plants • Rayburn soils that have a slope of more than 15 Management measures and considerations: percent • Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts Land Use helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the Other uses: Pasture and hayland siltation of streams. • Logging when the soil has the proper moisture Cropland content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and Suitability: Poorly suited the root damage caused by compaction. 82 Soil Survey

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet Local roads and streets periods because of the high content of clay in the soil. Suitability: Poorly suited • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Management concerns: Shrink-swell and low strength prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Management measures and considerations: control competition from unwanted plants. • Removing as much of the clay that has a high • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the thickness of the base aggregate improve soil seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling performance. growth. • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and Wildlife habitat compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the soil. Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and • Designing roads to conform to the contour and woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very poor providing adequate water-control structures, such as Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use culverts, help to maintain the stability of the road. Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Interpretive Groups undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Land capability classification: VIe pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine place to rest. • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the RvA—Riverview loam, 0 to 2 existing plant cover, or promoting the natural establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning percent slopes, occasionally every three years, rotated among several small tracts flooded of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse Setting for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Landscape: Coastal Plain quail and turkey. Landform: Natural levees along the Tombigbee River • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Landform position: Flat and slightly convex slopes constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Shape of areas: Long and narrow areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Size of areas: 20 to 500 acres Dwellings Composition Suitability: Poorly suited Riverview and similar soils: 85 percent Management concerns: Slope and shrink-swell Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Management measures and considerations: • Structures can be designed to conform to the natural Typical Profile slope. • Land grading or shaping prior to construction Surface layer: minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of water 0 to 5 inches—dark brown loam and reduces the hazard of erosion. Subsoil: • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling 5 to 9 inches—brown loam with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen 9 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam buildings and prevents the damage caused by 12 to 33 inches—dark yellowish brown loam shrinking and swelling. 33 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam Septic tank absorption fields Substratum: Suitability: Unsuited 51 to 61 inches—brown fine sandy loam Management concerns: Restricted permeability and 61 to 80 inches—dark yellowish brown loam wetness Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic Depth class: Very deep tank absorption fields. Drainage class: Well drained • The local Health Department can be contacted for Permeability: Moderate guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Available water capacity: High Choctaw County, Alabama 83

Figure 9.—An area of Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded. Good crops of cotton and soybeans can be produced in areas of this soil in most years. The flooding, however, delays planting or damages crops in some years. The woodland in the background is an area of Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently undulating, frequently flooded.

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3.0 Land Use to 5.0 feet from December through April Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: Low Other uses: Cropland, hayland, and pasture Flooding: Occasional Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low Cropland Natural fertility: Medium Suitability: Well suited Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Commonly grown crops: Cotton, corn, soybeans, and Minor Components grain sorghum (fig. 9) Management concerns: Flooding Dissimilar soils: Management measures and considerations: • The sandy Bigbee soils in the slightly higher, more • Although most flooding occurs during the winter convex positions months, crop loss can occur during the growing • The clayey, somewhat poorly drained Urbo soils in season. the lower positions • Harvesting row crops as soon as possible reduces • The poorly drained Una soils in small depressions the risk of damage from the flooding. Similar soils: Pasture and hayland • Scattered areas of loamy soils that have less clay in the subsoil than the Riverview soil Suitability: Well suited • Scattered areas of loamy soils that have a buried Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass, surface layer within a depth of 20 to 40 inches bahiagrass, and white clover 84 Soil Survey

Management concerns: Flooding Local roads and streets Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Suited • Although most flooding occurs during the winter and Management concerns: Flooding spring, livestock and hay may be damaged during any Management measures and considerations: time of the year. • Well-compacted fill material can be used as a road • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well base to help elevate roads above the flooding. planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to maintain the pasture and increase productivity. Interpretive Groups Woodland Land capability classification: IIw Woodland ordination symbol: 11A for loblolly pine Suitability: Well suited Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine Management concerns: Flooding SaA—Savannah silt loam, 0 to 2 Management measures and considerations: • Harvesting timber during the summer reduces the percent slopes risk of damage from the flooding. Setting Wildlife habitat Landscape: Coastal Plain Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and Landform: High stream terraces woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor Landform position: Flat and slightly convex slopes Management concerns: No significant limitations affect Shape of areas: Irregular wildlife habitat. Size of areas: 20 to 150 acres Management measures and considerations: Composition • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Savannah and similar soils: 90 percent pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Dissimilar soils: 10 percent place to rest. • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Typical Profile planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Surface layer: suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown and brown silt loam three years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for Subsurface layer: deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail 7 to 11 inches—light olive brown silt loam and turkey. Subsoil: • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by 11 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown loam constructing shallow ponds that provide open water 24 to 30 inches—yellowish brown loam that has areas for waterfowl and furbearers. reddish, brownish, and grayish mottles Dwellings 30 to 65 inches—yellowish brown loam fragipan that has brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles Suitability: Unsuited 65 to 80 inches—yellowish brown clay loam that has Management concerns: This map unit is severely brownish, grayish, and reddish mottles limited as a site for urban development because of the flooding. A site that has better suited soils Soil Properties and Qualities should be selected. Depth class: Moderately deep to a root restricting Septic tank absorption fields fragipan Suitability: Poorly suited Drainage class: Moderately well drained Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Permeability: Moderately slow Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Moderate • The local Health Department can be contacted for Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5 guidance regarding sanitary facilities. to 3.0 feet from January through March • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a Shrink-swell potential: Low sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table Flooding: None improves system performance. Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low Choctaw County, Alabama 85

Natural fertility: Low Woodland Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Suitability: Well suited Minor Components Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine Management concerns: Competition from undesirable Dissimilar soils: plants • The poorly drained Bibb soils on narrow flood plains Management measures and considerations: • Izagora soils, which do not have a fragipan, in the • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, lower positions prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to • The well drained Smithdale soils, which do not have control competition from unwanted plants. a fragipan, on the slightly higher knolls • Savannah soils that have a slope of more than 2 Wildlife habitat percent Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and Similar soils: woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor • Scattered areas of Savannah soils that have a Management concerns: No significant limitations affect surface layer of fine sandy loam or loam wildlife habitat. Land Use Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Dominant uses: Woodland, pasture, and hayland undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Other uses: Cropland and homesites pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. Cropland • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting Suitability: Well suited appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant Commonly grown crops: Corn, cotton, soybeans, and cover, or promoting the natural establishment of grain sorghum desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years, Management concerns: Wetness, root penetration, and rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase fertility the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number Management measures and considerations: of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. • Installing and maintaining an artificial drainage • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by system reduces wetness and improves productivity. constructing shallow ponds that provide open water • Chisel plowing and subsoiling help to break through areas for waterfowl and furbearers. hardpans, increasing root penetration and rainfall Dwellings infiltration. • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Suitability: Suited testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants Management concerns: Wetness and maximizes productivity. Management measures and considerations: • Installing a subsurface drainage system helps to Pasture and hayland lower the seasonal high water table. Suitability: Well suited Septic tank absorption fields Commonly grown crops: Bahiagrass and coastal bermudagrass Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Wetness, root penetration, and Management concerns: Wetness and restricted fertility permeability Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during • The local Health Department can be contacted for wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the guidance regarding sanitary facilities. pasture in good condition. • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a • Chisel plowing and subsoiling when seedbeds are sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table prepared help to break through hardpans, increasing and increasing the size of the field improve system root penetration and rainfall infiltration. performance. • During the establishment, maintenance, or • Installing distribution lines during dry periods renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls. fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the Local roads and streets availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity. Suitability: Suited 86 Soil Survey

Management concerns: Low strength and wetness Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low Management measures and considerations: Natural fertility: Low • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the Minor Components soil. • Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill Dissimilar soils: material helps to overcome the wetness. • The poorly drained Bibb soils on narrow flood plains Interpretive Groups • Izagora soils, which do not have a fragipan, in positions similar to those of the Savannah soil Land capability classification: IIw • The well drained Smithdale soils, which do not have Woodland ordination symbol: 9W for loblolly pine a fragipan, on the upper parts of slopes • Savannah soils that have a slope of less than 2 percent SaB—Savannah silt loam, 2 to 5 Similar soils: percent slopes • Scattered areas of Savannah soils that have a Setting surface layer of fine sandy loam or loam Land Use Landscape: Coastal Plain Landform: High stream terraces Dominant uses: Woodland, pasture, and hayland Landform position: Convex side slopes Other uses: Cropland and homesites Shape of areas: Irregular Cropland Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres Suitability: Well suited Composition Commonly grown crops: Corn, cotton, soybeans, and grain sorghum Savannah and similar soils: 90 percent Management concerns: Erodibility, droughtiness, and Dissimilar soils: 10 percent root penetration Typical Profile Management measures and considerations: • Terraces and diversions, contour tillage, no-till Surface layer: planting, and crop residue management reduce the 0 to 7 inches— dark grayish brown and brown silt hazard of erosion, help to control surface runoff, and loam maximize rainfall infiltration. • Chisel plowing and subsoiling help to break through Subsurface layer: hardpans, increasing root penetration and rainfall 7 to 11 inches—light olive brown silt loam infiltration. Subsoil: • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil 11 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown loam testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants 24 to 30 inches—yellowish brown loam that has and maximizes productivity. reddish, brownish, and grayish mottles Pasture and hayland 30 to 65 inches—yellowish brown loam fragipan that has brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles Suitability: Well suited 65 to 80 inches—yellowish brown clay loam that has Commonly grown crops: Bahiagrass and coastal brownish, grayish, and reddish mottles bermudagrass Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: Wetness, root penetration, and fertility Depth class: Moderately deep to a root restricting Management measures and considerations: fragipan • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during Drainage class: Moderately well drained wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the Permeability: Moderately slow pasture in good condition. Available water capacity: Moderate • Chisel plowing and subsoiling when seedbeds are Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5 prepared help to break through hardpans, increasing to 3.0 feet from January through March root penetration and rainfall infiltration. Shrink-swell potential: Low • During the establishment, maintenance, or Flooding: None renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and Choctaw County, Alabama 87

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the • Installing distribution lines during dry periods availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls. productivity. Local roads and streets Woodland Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Low strength and wetness Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed, Management concerns: Competition from undesirable compacting the roadbed, and designing roads to plants conform to the natural slope improves soil Management measures and considerations: performance. • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, • Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to material helps to overcome the wetness. control competition from unwanted plants. Interpretive Groups Wildlife habitat Land capability classification: IIe Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and Woodland ordination symbol: 9W for loblolly pine woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor Management concerns: No significant limitations affect wildlife habitat. SmB—Smithdale sandy loam, 2 to Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving 5 percent slopes undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Setting pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Landform: Ridgetops planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Landform position: Convex slopes existing plant cover, or promoting the natural Shape of areas: Irregular establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Size of areas: 5 to 250 acres every three years, rotated among several small tracts Composition of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Smithdale and similar soils: 85 percent quail and turkey. Dissimilar soils: 15 percent • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Typical Profile areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Surface layer: Dwellings 0 to 5 inches—brown sandy loam Suitability: Suited Subsoil: Management concerns: Wetness 5 to 36 inches—red sandy clay loam Management measures and considerations: 36 to 58 inches—red sandy clay loam • Installing a subsurface drainage system helps to 58 to 65 inches—red sandy loam lower the seasonal high water table. Soil Properties and Qualities Septic tank absorption fields Depth class: Very deep Suitability: Poorly suited Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns: Wetness and restricted Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil permeability and moderately rapid in the lower part Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: High • The local Health Department can be contacted for Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a Flooding: None sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low and increasing the size of the field improve system Natural fertility: Low performance. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches 88 Soil Survey

Minor Components Woodland Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Well suited • The sandy Boykin and Wadley soils on small knolls Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine • The clayey Luverne and Williamsville soils on the Management concerns: No significant limitations affect lower parts of slopes management of woodland. • The moderately deep Arundel soils on the lower Wildlife habitat parts of slopes and in saddles • Smithdale soils that have a slope of more than 5 Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and percent woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very poor Similar soils: Management concerns: No significant limitations affect • Scattered areas of reddish or brownish soils that wildlife habitat. have less clay in the subsoil than the Smithdale soil Management measures and considerations: • Scattered areas of soils that are loamy sand or sand • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving in the lower part of the subsoil undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Land Use pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Other uses: Pasture, hayland, cropland, and planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and homesites suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every Cropland three years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for Suitability: Suited deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail Commonly grown crops: Corn, watermelons, and truck and turkey. crops • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Management measures and considerations: areas for waterfowl and furbearers. • Terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour tillage, no-till planting, and crop residue management Dwellings reduce the hazard of erosion, help to control surface Suitability: Well suited runoff, and maximize rainfall infiltration. Management concerns: No significant limitations affect • The complexity of the slope limits the use of dwellings. terraces in narrow areas of the map unit. • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Septic tank absorption fields testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants Suitability: Well suited and maximizes productivity. Management concerns: No significant limitations affect Pasture and hayland septic tank absorption fields. Suitability: Well suited Local roads and streets Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and Suitability: Well suited bahiagrass Management concerns: No significant limitations affect Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility local roads and streets. Management measures and considerations: • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the Interpretive Groups slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the Land capability classification: IIe rate of germination. Woodland ordination symbol: 9A for loblolly pine • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to maintain the pasture and increase productivity. SmD—Smithdale loamy fine sand, • During the establishment, maintenance, or renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and 5 to 15 percent slopes fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the Setting availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity. Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain Choctaw County, Alabama 89

Landform: Hillslopes Cropland Landform position: Convex side slopes Suitability: Poorly suited Shape of areas: Irregular Commonly grown crops: Corn, watermelons, and small Size of areas: 10 to 300 acres grains Composition Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and fertility Smithdale and similar soils: 85 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 15 percent • Terraces and diversions, conservation tillage, Typical Profile stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue management, and a rotation that includes soil Surface layer: conserving crops reduce the hazard of erosion, help to 0 to 5 inches—dark brown loamy fine sand control surface runoff, and maximize rainfall infiltration. • Cultivation should be restricted to the less sloping Subsurface layer: areas. 5 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown fine sandy loam • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Subsoil: testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants 13 to 49 inches—red sandy clay loam and maximizes productivity. 49 to 65 inches—yellowish red sandy loam Pasture and hayland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Well suited to pasture; suited to hayland Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and Depth class: Very deep bahiagrass Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil fertility and moderately rapid in the lower part Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: High • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet areas when hay is harvested. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Fencing livestock away from creeks and streams Flooding: None helps to prevent streambank erosion and sedimentation. Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well Natural fertility: Low planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches maintain the pasture and increase productivity. Minor Components • During the establishment, maintenance, or renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and Dissimilar soils: fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the • The sandy Boykin and Wadley soils on narrow ridges availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes and on the upper parts of slopes productivity. • The clayey Luverne and Williamsville soils on the lower parts of slopes Woodland • The moderately deep Arundel soils on the lower Suitability: Well suited parts of slopes Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine • Smithdale soils that have a slope of more than 15 Management concerns: No significant limitations affect percent management of woodland. • The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained Iuka soils on narrow flood plains Wildlife habitat Similar soils: Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and • Scattered areas of reddish or brownish soils that woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very have less clay in the subsoil than the Smithdale soil poor • Scattered areas of a Smithdale soil that has a Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility surface layer of sandy loam or fine sandy loam Management measures and considerations: Land Use • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Dominant uses: Woodland pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Other uses: Pasture and hayland place to rest. 90 Soil Survey

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Composition planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Sumter and similar soils: 50 percent suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every Maytag and similar soils: 40 percent three years, rotated among several small tracts of Dissimilar soils: 10 percent land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail Typical Profile and turkey. Sumter • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Surface layer: areas for waterfowl and furbearers. 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam Dwellings Subsoil: 5 to 10 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay Suitability: Suited 10 to 17 inches—pale yellow silty clay that has Management concerns: Slope brownish and yellowish mottles Management measures and considerations: 17 to 27 inches—light gray clay that has brownish and • Structures can be designed to conform to the natural yellowish mottles slope. • Land grading or shaping prior to construction Bedrock: minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of water 27 to 80 inches—soft limestone (chalk) and reduces the hazard of erosion. Maytag Septic tank absorption fields Surface layer: Suitability: Suited 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam Management concerns: Slope Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 5 to 11 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay that • Installing distribution lines on the contour improves has yellowish mottles performance of septic tank absorption fields. 11 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown and light gray Local roads and streets silty clay that has yellowish mottles 30 to 42 inches—light yellowish brown and light gray Suitability: Suited silty clay that has brownish mottles Management concerns: Slope 42 to 52 inches—light yellowish brown and light gray Management measures and considerations: silty clay loam that has yellowish mottles • Designing roads to conform to the contour and providing adequate water-control structures, such Substratum: as culverts, help to maintain the stability of the 52 to 70 inches—light gray silty clay that has brownish road. mottles 70 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay that Interpretive Groups has yellowish mottles Land capability classification: IVe Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland ordination symbol: 9A for loblolly pine Depth class: Sumter—moderately deep; Maytag—very deep StD2—Sumter-Maytag complex, 3 Drainage class: Sumter—well drained; Maytag— moderately well drained to 8 percent slopes, eroded Permeability: Slow Setting Available water capacity: Sumter—low; Maytag— moderate Landscape: Blackland Prairie Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Landform: Narrow ridgetops in the southwestern part of Shrink-swell potential: High the county Flooding: None Landform position: Convex ridge crests and side Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium slopes Natural fertility: High Shape of areas: Irregular Depth to bedrock: Sumter—20 to 40 inches to soft Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres bedrock; Maytag—more than 60 inches Choctaw County, Alabama 91

Other distinctive properties: Alkaline reaction and • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well accumulations of calcium carbonate throughout the planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to profile maintain the pasture and increase productivity. Minor Components Woodland Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Suited to eastern redcedar; unsuited to • Scattered areas of soils that are shallow over soft loblolly pine bedrock Productivity class: Moderate for eastern redcedar • Oktibbeha and Hannon soils, which are acid in the Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and upper part of the subsoil, on the lower parts of slopes seedling survival Management measures and considerations: Similar soils: • This map unit is unsuited to pine production because • Scattered areas of alkaline soils that have bedrock the soils are too alkaline. at a depth of 40 to 60 inches • Planting appropriate species as recommended by a • Scattered areas of soils that are similar to the forester helps to maximize productivity and to ensure Sumter soil but that have less clay and more planting success. glauconitic sand in the subsoil • Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts Land Use helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted Dominant uses: Pasture and hayland grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the Other uses: Woodland and homesites siltation of streams. • Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet Cropland periods because of the high content of clay in these Suitability: Poorly suited soils. Commonly grown crops: Soybeans and small grains Wildlife habitat Management concerns: Erodibility and tilth Management measures and considerations: Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and • Contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue woodland wildlife—fair; wetland wildlife—very poor management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility reduce the hazard of further erosion, stabilize the soil, Management measures and considerations: control surface runoff, and maximize infiltration of • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving water. undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and • Incorporating crop residue into the soil or leaving pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a residue on the surface and tilling during dry periods place to rest. help to minimize clodding and crusting and maximize • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by infiltration of water. planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant cover, or promoting the natural Pasture and hayland establishment of desirable plants. Suitability: Suited (fig. 10) • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, dallisgrass, constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Johnsongrass, and bahiagrass areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Management concerns: Sumter—erodibility and Dwellings droughtiness; Maytag—erodibility Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Poorly suited • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the Management concerns: Shrink-swell slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the Management measures and considerations: rate of germination. • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling • Special care should be taken to prevent further with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are foundations and prevents the damage caused by established. shrinking and swelling. • Because of the restricted rooting depth in the Sumter Septic tank absorption fields soil and the low available water capacity, managing this map unit in an economical manner for pasture and Suitability: Unsuited hay is difficult. Management concerns: Sumter—depth to rock and 92 Soil Survey

Figure 10.—An area of Sumter-Maytag complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, eroded, which is suited to pasture and hay.

restricted permeability; Maytag—restricted • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and permeability compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the soil. Management measures and considerations: • Designing roads to incorporate structures that • This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic remove excess water improves the stability of the tank absorption fields. cutbanks, which are subject to slumping. • The local Health Department can be contacted for Interpretive Groups additional guidance. Land capability classification: IVe Local roads and streets Woodland ordination symbol: 3C for eastern redcedar Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Sumter—shrink-swell and low strength; Maytag—shrink-swell, low strength, and StE2—Sumter-Maytag complex, 8 cutbanks cave to 15 percent slopes, eroded Management measures and considerations: Setting • Removing as much of the clay that has a high shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the Landscape: Blackland Prairie thickness of the base aggregate improve soil Landform: Hillslopes in the southwestern part of the performance. county Choctaw County, Alabama 93

Landform position: Convex side slopes Natural fertility: High Shape of areas: Irregular Depth to bedrock: Sumter—20 to 40 inches to soft Size of areas: 15 to 200 acres bedrock; Maytag—more than 60 inches Composition Other distinctive properties: Alkaline reaction and accumulations of calcium carbonate throughout the Sumter and similar soils: 45 percent profile Maytag and similar soils: 40 percent Minor Components Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Dissimilar: Typical Profile • Scattered areas of soils that are shallow over soft Sumter bedrock • Oktibbeha and Hannon soils, which are acid in the Surface layer: upper part of the subsoil, on the lower parts of 0 to 2 inches—dark gray silty clay loam slopes 2 to 6 inches—grayish brown clay • The somewhat poorly drained Leeper soils on narrow Subsoil: flood plains 6 to 11 inches—light olive brown and grayish brown • Scattered areas of limestone rock outcrop clay Similar soils: 11 to 24 inches—light brownish gray silty clay that has • Scattered areas of alkaline soils that have bedrock yellowish mottles at a depth of 40 to 60 inches 24 to 29 inches—light gray clay that has brownish • Scattered areas of soils that are similar to the mottles Sumter soil but that have less clay and more Bedrock: glauconitic sand in the subsoil 29 to 80 inches—soft limestone (chalk) Land Use Maytag Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Surface layer: Other uses: Pasture 0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam Cropland 2 to 6 inches—light olive brown silty clay Suitability: Unsuited Subsoil: Management concerns: This map unit is severely 6 to 10 inches—pale yellow clay that has brownish limited for crop production because of the slope, mottles erosion, and poor tilth. A site that has better suited 10 to 24 inches—pale yellow and pale olive clay that soils should be selected. has brownish and yellowish mottles 24 to 50 inches—pale yellow clay that has brownish Pasture and hayland and grayish mottles Suitability: Suited to pasture and poorly suited to Substratum: hayland 50 to 80 inches—light gray silty clay loam that has Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, dallisgrass, yellowish mottles Johnsongrass, and bahiagrass Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: Sumter—erodibility, equipment use, and droughtiness; Maytag—erodibility and Depth class: Sumter—moderately deep; Maytag—very equipment use deep Management measures and considerations: Drainage class: Sumter—well drained; Maytag— • Special care should be taken to prevent further moderately well drained erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are Permeability: Slow established. Available water capacity: Sumter—low; Maytag— • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper moderate areas when hay is harvested. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet • Because of the restricted rooting depth in the Sumter Shrink-swell potential: High soil and the low available water capacity, managing Flooding: None this map unit in an economical manner for pasture and Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium hay is difficult. 94 Soil Survey

Woodland Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic Suitability: Suited to eastern redcedar; unsuited to tank absorption fields. loblolly pine • The local Health Department can be contacted for Productivity class: Moderate for eastern redcedar additional guidance. Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and seedling survival Local roads and streets Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Poorly suited • This map unit is unsuited to pine timber production Management concerns: Sumter—shrink-swell and low because the soils are too alkaline. strength; Maytag—shrink-swell, low strength, and • Planting appropriate species as recommended by a cutbanks cave forester helps to maximize productivity and to ensure Management measures and considerations: planting success. • Removing as much of the clay that has a high • Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and thickness of the base aggregate improve soil landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted performance. grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and siltation of streams. compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the • Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet soil. periods because of the high content of clay in these • Designing roads to incorporate structures that soils. remove excess water improves the stability of the Wildlife habitat cutbanks, which are subject to slumping. Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and Interpretive Groups woodland wildlife—fair; wetland wildlife—very poor Land capability classification: VIe Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility Woodland ordination symbol: 3C for eastern redcedar Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and ToC2—Toxey-Brantley-Hannon pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by eroded planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Setting existing plant cover, or promoting the natural establishment of desirable plants. Landscape: Blackland Prairie • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Landform: Narrow ridgetops and benches in the constructing shallow ponds that provide open water southwestern part of the county areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Landform position: Toxey—ridge crests and side slopes; Brantley—convex knolls and the upper Dwellings parts of slopes; Hannon—slightly convex ridge Suitability: Poorly suited crests and side slopes Management concerns: Shrink-swell and slope Shape of areas: Irregular Management measures and considerations: Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen Composition foundations and prevents the damage caused by Toxey and similar soils: 45 percent shrinking and swelling. Brantley and similar soils: 30 percent • Structures can be designed to conform to the natural Hannon and similar soils: 20 percent slope. Dissimilar soils: 5 percent Septic tank absorption fields Typical Profile Suitability: Unsuited Toxey Management concerns: Sumter—depth to rock and restricted permeability; Maytag—restricted Surface layer: permeability 0 to 3 inches—very dark gray clay Choctaw County, Alabama 95

Subsoil: Natural fertility: Toxey and Hannon—medium; 3 to 15 inches—olive brown and pale olive clay that Brantley—low has brownish mottles Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches 15 to 24 inches—pale olive silty clay that has brownish Depth to an alkaline horizon: Toxey—10 to 35 inches; mottles Brantley—more than 60 inches; Hannon—15 to 30 inches Substratum: 24 to 44 inches—pale yellow silty clay Minor Components 44 to 80 inches—stratified brownish yellow silty clay Dissimilar: loam and pale olive and strong brown clay loam • The moderately deep Sumter soils in positions Brantley similar to those of the Toxey soil • The loamy Okeelala soils on high knolls Surface layer: • Scattered areas of shallow soils and limestone rock 0 to 2 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam outcrop Subsoil: • Loamy and clayey soils that have a slope of more 2 to 8 inches—brown sandy clay than 8 percent 8 to 21 inches—red clay Similar soils: 21 to 40 inches—yellowish red and strong brown clay • Scattered areas of clayey soils that are moderately loam deep or deep over soft limestone bedrock 40 to 66 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that has reddish mottles Land Use Substratum: Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat 66 to 92 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that Other uses: Pasture has reddish, brownish, and grayish mottles Cropland Hannon Suitability: Poorly suited Surface layer: Commonly grown crops: Corn and small grains 0 to 3 inches—dark brown clay Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and Subsoil: tilth 3 to 13 inches—red clay Management measures and considerations: 13 to 24 inches—red clay that has brownish and • Contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue grayish mottles management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations 24 to 29 inches—light olive brown clay that has grayish reduce the hazard of further erosion, stabilize the soil, mottles control surface runoff, and maximize infiltration of water. Substratum: • Using equipment when the soil has the proper 29 to 80 inches—stratified olive yellow clay loam and moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and light gray silty clay loam having brownish mottles compaction of the surface caused by the high content Soil Properties and Qualities of clay. • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Depth class: Very deep testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants Drainage class: Toxey and Hannon—moderately well and maximizes productivity. drained; Brantley—well drained Pasture and hayland Permeability: Toxey and Hannon—very slow; Brantley— slow Suitability: Suited Available water capacity: Brantley—high; Toxey and Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, bahiagrass, Hannon—moderate dallisgrass, and Johnsongrass Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, root Shrink-swell potential: Toxey—high; Brantley— penetration, and tilth moderate; Hannon—very high Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Toxey slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the and Hannon—medium; Brantley—low rate of germination. 96 Soil Survey

• A rotation that includes perennial grasses and legumes helps to penetrate and break up the clayey root zone. • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to maintain the pasture and increase productivity. • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the pasture in good condition. • During the establishment, maintenance, or renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity. Woodland Suitability: Suited Productivity class: High for loblolly pine Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling mortality, and competition from undesirable species Management measures and considerations: • Planting an appropriate species as recommended by a forester helps to maximize productivity and to ensure planting success. • Logging when the soil has the proper moisture content helps to prevent rutting of the surface and the damage caused to tree roots by soil compaction (fig. 11). • Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet periods because of the high content of clay in these soils. Figure 11.—A road in an area of the Toxey-Brantley-Hannon • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, eroded. Roads and trails bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the in areas of this map unit become almost impassable seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling during wet weather. Timber management and growth. harvesting operations should be planned for the drier periods of the year. • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to control competition from unwanted plants. pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. Wildlife habitat • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting Potential of the Toxey soil to support habitat for: appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant Openland wildlife and wetland wildlife—poor; cover, or promoting the natural establishment of woodland wildlife—fair desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years, Potential of the Brantley soil to support habitat for: rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase Openland wildlife and woodland wildlife—good; the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number wetland wildlife—very poor of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Potential of the Hannon soil to support habitat for: • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Openland wildlife—fair; woodland wildlife—good; constructing shallow ponds that provide open water wetland wildlife—poor areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility Dwellings Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Suitability: Toxey and Hannon—poorly suited; undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Brantley—suited Choctaw County, Alabama 97

Management concerns: Shrink-swell Composition Management measures and considerations: Una and similar soils: 90 percent • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling Dissimilar soils: 10 percent with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen foundations and prevents the damage caused by Typical Profile shrinking and swelling. Surface layer: Septic tank absorption fields 0 to 4 inches—dark gray clay that has brownish Suitability: Toxey and Hannon—unsuited; Brantley— mottles poorly suited Subsoil: Management concerns: Restricted permeability 4 to 15 inches—gray clay that has brownish, reddish, Management measures and considerations: and grayish mottles • This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic 15 to 60 inches—gray clay that has brownish and tank absorption fields. yellowish mottles • The local Health Department can be contacted for additional guidance. Soil Properties and Qualities • Onsite investigation is needed to identify which Depth class: Very deep areas in the unit are most suitable for septic tank Drainage class: Poorly drained absorption fields. Permeability: Very slow Local roads and streets Available water capacity: High Seasonal high water table: Perched, at 2.0 feet above Suitability: Poorly suited the surface to a depth of 0.5 foot from December Management concerns: Toxey—shrink-swell and low to July strength; Brantley—low strength and cutbanks Shrink-swell potential: High cave; Hannon—shrink-swell, low strength, and Flooding: Frequent cutbanks cave Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium Management measures and considerations: Natural fertility: Medium • Removing as much of the clay that has a high Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the thickness of the base aggregate improve soil Minor Components performance. • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and Dissimilar soils: compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the • The somewhat poorly drained Urbo soils in the soil. slightly higher, more convex positions • Designing roads to incorporate structures that Similar soils: remove excess water improves the stability of the • Scattered areas of Una soils that have a loamy cutbanks, which are subject to slumping. surface layer Interpretive Groups Land Use Land capability classification: IVe Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Woodland ordination symbol: 7C—for loblolly pine in areas of the Toxey soil; 8A—for loblolly pine in Cropland areas of the Brantley soil; 8C—for loblolly pine in Suitability: Unsuited areas of the Hannon soil Management concerns: This map unit is severely limited for crop production because of the flooding, UnA—Una clay, ponded ponding, and wetness. A site that has better suited Setting soils should be selected. Pasture and hayland Landscape: Coastal Plain Landform: Flood plains Suitability: Unsuited Landform position: Oxbows, sloughs, swales, and other Management concerns: This map unit is severely depressional areas limited for pasture and hay because of the Shape of areas: Oblong flooding, ponding, and wetness. A site that has Size of areas: 5 to 120 acres better suited soils should be selected. 98 Soil Survey

Woodland Landform position: Urbo—lower parts of low ridges and in shallow swales; Mooreville—high parts of low Suitability: Poorly suited ridges; Una—swales and sloughs (fig. 12) Productivity class: High for water tupelo and Shape of areas: Oblong baldcypress Size of areas: 100 to 12,000 acres Management concerns: Equipment use and competition from undesirable plants Composition Management measures and considerations: • The best method for reforesting areas of this soil is Urbo and similar soils: 40 percent by managing for natural regeneration of hardwoods. Mooreville and similar soils: 35 percent • Logging when the soil has the proper moisture Una and similar soils: 15 percent content and using low-pressure ground equipment help Dissimilar soils: 10 percent to control rutting and the root damage caused by compaction. Typical Profile • Harvesting timber during the summer reduces the Urbo risk of damage from flooding. Surface layer: • Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay periods because of the high content of clay in the soil. • Site preparation practices, such as chopping and the Subsoil: application of herbicides, help to control competition 9 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam that from unwanted plants. has grayish and brownish mottles 14 to 26 inches—light brownish gray clay loam that Wildlife habitat has brownish mottles Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and 26 to 43 inches—gray clay loam that has brownish woodland wildlife—very poor; wetland wildlife— mottles good 43 to 67 inches—light brownish gray clay loam that Management concerns: Equipment use, ponding, has brownish and reddish mottles flooding, and wetness 67 to 80 inches—light brownish gray clay that has Management measures and considerations: reddish and brownish mottles • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Mooreville constructing shallow ponds that provide open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers and by creating Surface layer: openings in the canopy. The openings encourage the 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown loam growth of seed-producing grasses and forbs. Subsoil: Urban development 3 to 8 inches—brown loam 8 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam Suitability: Unsuited 18 to 41 inches—yellowish brown clay loam that has Management concerns: This map unit is severely grayish and brownish mottles limited as a site for urban development because of 41 to 51 inches—yellowish brown loam that has the flooding, ponding, and wetness. A site that has grayish and brownish mottles better suited soils should be selected. Interpretive Groups Substratum: 51 to 72 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light Land capability classification: VIIw brownish gray, and strong brown sandy clay loam Woodland ordination symbol: 6W for water tupelo 72 to 80 inches—mottled light brownish gray, yellowish brown, and strong brown sandy loam UrB—Urbo-Mooreville-Una Una complex, gently undulating, Surface layer: frequently flooded 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown and grayish brown silty clay loam Setting Subsoil: Landscape: Coastal Plain 5 to 15 inches—dark grayish brown clay that has Landform: Flood plains along the Tombigbee River brownish and reddish mottles Choctaw County, Alabama 99

Figure 12.—An area of Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently undulating, frequently flooded. Una soils, ponded, are in the low swales in the foreground. The Urbo and Mooreville soils are on the low ridges in the background. The swollen or enlarged lower trunks of the baldcypress trees are adaptations that help the trees tolerate the excessive wetness of the Una soils. 100 Soil Survey

15 to 27 inches—dark gray silty clay loam that has and wetness. A site that has better suited soils brownish mottles should be selected. 27 to 41 inches—mottled dark gray and brown clay Pasture and hayland 41 to 49 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam that has brownish mottles Suitability: Suited to pasture and poorly suited to 49 to 60 inches—dark gray silty clay that has brownish hayland mottles Commonly grown crops: Common bermudagrass, Soil Properties and Qualities bahiagrass, and white clover Management concerns: Equipment use, flooding, and Depth class: Very deep wetness Drainage class: Urbo—somewhat poorly drained; Management measures and considerations: Mooreville—moderately well drained; Una—poorly • Using equipment when the soil has the proper drained moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and Permeability: Urbo and Una—very slow; Mooreville— compaction of the surface caused by the high content moderate of clay. Available water capacity: High • Although most flooding occurs during the winter and Seasonal high water table: Urbo—perched, at a depth spring, livestock and hay may be damaged during any of 1.0 to 2.0 feet from December through April; time of the year. Mooreville—apparent, at a depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during from December through April; Una—perched, at 2.0 wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the feet above the surface to a depth of 0.5 foot from pasture in good condition. December through July Woodland Shrink-swell potential: Urbo and Una—high; Mooreville—moderate Suitability: Suited to loblolly pine and hardwood Flooding: Frequent Productivity class: Urbo and Mooreville—very high for Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Urbo loblolly pine; Una—high for water tupelo and and Mooreville—medium; Una—high baldcypress Natural fertility: Medium Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches survival, and competition from undesirable plants Minor Components Management measures and considerations: • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked Dissimilar soils: equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and • The clayey, moderately well drained Annemaine soils compaction. and the somewhat poorly drained Lenoir soils; on low • Harvesting timber during the summer reduces the knolls and remnants of terraces risk of damage from the flooding. • The loamy, well drained Cahaba and Latonia and • Bedding the Urbo and Una soils prior to planting moderately well drained Izagora soils; on low knolls helps to establish seedlings and increases the seedling and remnants of terraces survival rate. • The sandy Bigbee soils in the slightly higher • Site preparation practices, such as chopping and the positions on low ridges application of herbicides, help to control competition Similar soils: from unwanted plants. • Clayey, moderately well drained soils that have a • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent brownish subsoil to streams helps to control siltation and provides • Well drained, loamy soils on high parts of low ridges shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving Land Use aquatic habitat. Wildlife habitat Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Other uses: Cropland and pasture Potential of the Urbo soil to support habitat for: Openland wildlife, woodland wildlife, and wetland Cropland wildlife—fair Suitability: Poorly suited Potential of the Mooreville soil to support habitat for: Management concerns: This map unit is severely Openland wildlife—fair; woodland wildlife—good; limited for crop production because of the flooding wetland wildlife—poor Choctaw County, Alabama 101

Potential of the Una soil to support habitat for: Subsoil: Openland wildlife and woodland wildlife—very poor; 55 to 73 inches—yellowish red sandy loam wetland wildlife—good 73 to 80 inches—red sandy clay loam Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Depth class: Very deep undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface place to rest. layers and moderate in the subsoil • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Available water capacity: Low planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 suitable understory plants. feet • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Shrink-swell potential: Low constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Flooding: None areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low Urban development Natural fertility: Low Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: This map unit is severely Minor Components limited as a site for urban development because of the flooding and wetness. A site that has better Dissimilar soils: suited soils should be selected. • The loamy Smithdale and clayey Luverne soils on Interpretive Groups the lower parts of slopes • Wadley soils that have a slope of more than 5 Land capability classification: Vw percent Woodland ordination symbol: 10W for loblolly pine in Similar soils: areas of the Urbo soil; 11W for loblolly pine in • Scattered areas of sandy soils that do not have a areas of the Mooreville soil; 6W for water tupelo in loamy subsoil within a depth of 80 inches areas of the Una soil • Scattered areas of soils that have a loamy subsoil within a depth of 20 to 40 inches WaB—Wadley loamy fine sand, 1 Land Use to 5 percent slopes Dominant uses: Woodland Setting Other uses: Pasture and hayland Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain Cropland Landform: Ridgetops Suitability: Poorly suited Landform position: Convex slopes Commonly grown crops: Truck crops and watermelons Shape of areas: Irregular Management concerns: Droughtiness, nutrient Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres leaching, and fertility Composition Management measures and considerations: • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, crop residue Wadley and similar soils: 90 percent management, and crop rotations that include grasses Dissimilar soils: 10 percent and legumes increase available water capacity and improve fertility. Typical Profile • Using supplemental irrigation and planting crop varieties that are adapted to droughty conditions Surface layer: increase production. 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown loamy fine sand • Using split applications increases the effectiveness Subsurface layer: of fertilizer and herbicides. 7 to 21 inches—light yellowish brown loamy sand • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil 21 to 37 inches—pale brown loamy sand testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants 37 to 55 inches—reddish yellow loamy sand and maximizes productivity. 102 Soil Survey

Pasture and hayland Septic tank absorption fields Suitability: Suited Suitability: Well suited Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and Management concerns: No significant limitations affect bahiagrass septic tank absorption fields. Management concerns: Droughtiness, nutrient Local roads and streets leaching, and fertility Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Suited • Using supplemental irrigation and plant varieties that Management concerns: Cutbanks cave are adapted to droughty conditions increase Management measures and considerations: production. • Cutbanks are unstable and are subject to slumping. • Using split applications increases the effectiveness Interpretive Groups of fertilizer and herbicides. • During the establishment, maintenance, or Land capability classification: IIIs renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and Woodland ordination symbol: 8S for loblolly pine fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity. WcB—Wilcox silty clay, 1 to 5 Woodland percent slopes Suitability: Suited Setting Productivity class: High for loblolly pine Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain Management concerns: Seedling survival Landform: Narrow ridgetops in the northeastern part of Management measures and considerations: the county • Planting high-quality seedlings in a shallow furrow Landform position: Slightly convex slopes increases the seedling survival rate. Shape of areas: Irregular • Using improved varieties of loblolly pine increases Size of areas: 15 to 200 acres productivity. Wildlife habitat Composition Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair; Wilcox and similar soils: 90 percent woodland wildlife—poor; wetland wildlife—very poor Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Management concerns: Droughtiness and equipment use Typical Profile Management measures and considerations: Surface layer: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Subsoil: place to rest. 3 to 9 inches—red clay • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by 9 to 13 inches—red clay that has grayish mottles planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the 13 to 20 inches—red clay that has grayish and existing plant cover, or promoting the natural brownish mottles establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning 20 to 35 inches—light brownish gray clay that has every three years, rotated among several small tracts reddish and brownish mottles of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse Substratum: for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for 35 to 60 inches—grayish brown clayey shale and quail and turkey. grayish brown clay • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Bedrock: areas for waterfowl and furbearers. 60 to 80 inches—weathered clayey shale Dwellings Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Well suited Depth class: Deep Management concerns: No significant limitations affect Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained dwellings. Permeability: Very slow Choctaw County, Alabama 103

Available water capacity: Moderate slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5 rate of germination. to 3.0 feet from January through March • Using equipment when the soil has the proper moisture Shrink-swell potential: Very high content helps to prevent the rutting and compaction of Flooding: None the surface caused by the high content of clay. Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during Natural fertility: Low wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to soft bedrock pasture in good condition. Other distinctive properties: Slickensides in the lower • A rotation that includes perennial grasses and part of the subsoil legumes helps to penetrate and break up the clayey Minor Components root zone. Dissimilar soils: Woodland • The poorly drained Mayhew soils in slightly concave Suitability: Suited positions Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine • The well drained Luverne soils on the higher knolls Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling • Wilcox soils that have a slope of more than 5 survival, and competition from undesirable plants percent Management measures and considerations: Similar soils: • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked • Scattered areas of soils that do not have soft equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and bedrock within a depth of 60 inches compaction. Land Use • Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet periods because of the high content of clay in the soil. Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the Cropland seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling Suitability: Suited growth. Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, and grain • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, sorghum prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and control competition from unwanted plants. tilth Wildlife habitat Management measures and considerations: • Stripcropping, contour tillage, no-till planting, and Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and crop residue management reduce the hazard of woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor erosion, help to control surface runoff, and maximize Management concerns: Equipment use and tilth rainfall infiltration. Management measures and considerations: • Using equipment when the soil has the proper • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and compaction of the surface caused by the high content pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a of clay. place to rest. • Incorporating crop residue into the surface layer or • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving residue on the surface and tilling when the soil planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and has the proper moisture content minimize clodding and suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every crusting and maximize infiltration of water. three years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for Pasture and hayland deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail Suitability: Well suited and turkey. Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, dallisgrass, • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by coastal bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and white constructing shallow ponds that provide open water clover areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and Dwellings root penetration Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Poorly suited • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the Management concerns: Shrink-swell 104 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling 3 to 9 inches—red clay with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen 9 to 13 inches—red clay that has grayish mottles buildings and prevents the damage caused by 13 to 20 inches—red clay that has grayish and shrinking and swelling. brownish mottles 20 to 35 inches—light brownish gray clay that has Septic tank absorption fields reddish and brownish mottles Suitability: Unsuited Substratum: Management concerns: Wetness and restricted 35 to 60 inches—grayish brown clayey shale and permeability grayish brown clay Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic Bedrock: tank absorption fields. 60 to 80 inches—weathered clayey shale • The local Health Department can be contacted for additional guidance. Soil Properties and Qualities Local roads and streets Depth class: Deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Suitability: Poorly suited Permeability: Very slow Management concerns: Shrink-swell, low strength, and Available water capacity: Moderate cutbanks cave Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5 Management measures and considerations: to 3.0 feet from January through March • Removing as much of the clay that has a high shrink- Shrink-swell potential: Very high swell potential as possible and increasing the thickness Flooding: None of the base aggregate improve soil performance. Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and Natural fertility: Medium compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the soil. Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to soft bedrock • Designing roads to incorporate structures that Other distinctive properties: Slickensides in the lower remove excess water improves the stability of the part of the subsoil cutbanks, which are subject to slumping. Minor Components Interpretive Groups Dissimilar soils: Land capability classification: IIIe • The poorly drained Bibb and Una soils in narrow Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine drainageways • The well drained Luverne soils on narrow ridges and WcD2—Wilcox silty clay, 5 to 15 on the upper parts of slopes • Wilcox soils that have a slope of more than 15 percent slopes, eroded percent Setting Similar soils: • Scattered areas of soils that do not have soft Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain bedrock within a depth of 60 inches Landform: Hillslopes in the northeastern part of the county Land Use Landform position: Convex side slopes Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 40 to 300 acres Cropland Composition Suitability: Poorly suited Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, and grain Wilcox and similar soils: 90 percent sorghum Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and Typical Profile tilth Management measures and considerations: Surface layer: • Contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations Choctaw County, Alabama 105

reduce the hazard of further erosion, stabilize the soil, equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and control surface runoff, and maximize infiltration of compaction. water. • Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet • Using equipment when the soil has the proper periods because of the high content of clay in the soil. moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and compaction of the surface caused by the high content bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the of clay. seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling • Incorporating crop residue into the surface layer or growth. leaving residue on the surface and tilling when the soil • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, has the proper moisture content minimize clodding and prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to crusting and maximize infiltration of water. control competition from unwanted plants. Pasture and hayland Wildlife habitat Suitability: Suited to pasture and poorly suited to Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and hayland woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, coastal Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use bermudagrass, bahiagrass, dallisgrass, and white Management measures and considerations: clover • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and root penetration pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Management measures and considerations: place to rest. • Special care should be taken to prevent further • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and established. suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper three years, rotated among several small tracts of areas when hay is harvested. land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for • Using equipment when the soil has the proper deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and and turkey. compaction of the surface caused by the high content • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by of clay. constructing shallow ponds that provide open water • A rotation that includes perennial grasses and areas for waterfowl and furbearers. legumes helps to penetrate and break up the clayey root zone. Dwellings • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to Suitability: Poorly suited maintain the pasture and increase productivity. Management concerns: Shrink-swell and slope Management measures and considerations: Woodland • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling Suitability: Suited with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine buildings and prevents the damage caused by Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, shrinking and swelling. seedling mortality, and competition from • Structures can be designed to conform to the undesirable plants contour and natural shape of the slope or can be built Management measures and considerations: in the less sloping areas. • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent Septic tank absorption fields to streams helps to control siltation and provides shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving Suitability: Unsuited aquatic habitat. Management concerns: Wetness and restricted • Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts permeability helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and Management measures and considerations: landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted • This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the tank absorption fields. siltation of streams. • The local Health Department can be contacted for • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked additional guidance. 106 Soil Survey

Local roads and streets Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Poorly suited Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Shrink-swell, low strength, and Drainage class: Well drained cutbanks cave Permeability: Moderately slow Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: High • Removing as much of the clay that has a high Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the Shrink-swell potential: Moderate thickness of the base aggregate improve soil Flooding: None performance. Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and Natural fertility: Low compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches soil. Other distinctive properties: Greenish glauconitic sand • Designing roads to incorporate structures that in the substratum remove excess water improves the stability of the Minor Components cutbanks, which are subject to slumping. Dissimilar soils: Interpretive Groups • The sandy Boykin soils on small knolls • The moderately deep Arundel soils and deep, Land capability classification: VIe moderately well drained Rayburn soils; in saddles and Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine on the lower parts of slopes • The loamy Smithdale soils on the slightly higher parts of ridgetops WmC—Williamsville fine sandy Similiar: loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes • Scattered areas of clayey soils that do not have greenish, glauconitic sand in the substratum Setting Land Use Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain Dominant uses: Woodland Landform: Narrow ridgetops in the southern part of the Other uses: Pasture and hayland county Landform position: Crests and shoulder slopes Cropland Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability: Poorly suited Size of areas: 20 to 200 acres Commonly grown crops: Corn, small grains, and truck Composition crops Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility Williamsville and similar soils: 90 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 10 percent • Stripcropping, contour tillage, no-till planting, and crop residue management reduce the hazard of Typical Profile erosion, help to control surface runoff, and maximize rainfall infiltration. Surface layer: • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants Subsurface layer: and maximizes productivity. 5 to 14 inches—brown fine sandy loam Pasture and hayland Subsoil: Suitability: Well suited 14 to 17 inches—yellowish red and yellowish brown Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and fine sandy loam bahiagrass 17 to 43 inches—dark red and red clay Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility 43 to 59 inches—red sandy clay loam Management measures and considerations: Substratum: • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the 59 to 80 inches—red sandy clay loam that has olive slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the brown mottles rate of germination. Choctaw County, Alabama 107

• During the establishment, maintenance, or • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and constructing shallow ponds that provide open water fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the areas for waterfowl and furbearers. availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes Dwellings productivity. Suitability: Suited Woodland Management concerns: Shrink-swell Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling Management concerns: Equipment use and with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen competition from undesirable plants buildings and prevents the damage caused by Management measures and considerations: shrinking and swelling. • Logging when the soil has the proper moisture Septic tank absorption fields content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and the root damage caused by compaction. Suitability: Poorly suited • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Management concerns: Restricted permeability prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Management measures and considerations: control competition from unwanted plants. • The local Health Department can be contacted for guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Wildlife habitat • Increasing the size of the absorption field and Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and placing the distribution lines on the contour improve woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very poor system performance. Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility • Installing distribution lines during dry periods helps to Management measures and considerations: control smearing and sealing of trench walls. • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Local roads and streets undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Suitability: Poorly suited place to rest. Management concerns: Low strength • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Management measures and considerations: planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and existing plant cover, or promoting the natural compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning soil. every three years, rotated among several small tracts Interpretive Groups of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Land capability classification: IVe quail and turkey. Woodland ordination symbol: 10C for loblolly pine

109

Prime Farmland

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of The crops grown on this land include cotton, corn, important farmland defined by the U.S. Department soybeans, and grain sorghum. of Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting The map units in the survey area that are the Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food considered prime farmland are listed at the end of this and fiber. Because the supply of high-quality section. This list does not constitute a recommendation farmland is limited, the U.S. Department of for a particular land use. On some soils included in the Agriculture recognizes that responsible levels of list, measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, government, as well as individuals, should such as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are encourage and facilitate the wise use of our Nation’s needed. Onsite evaluation is needed to determine prime farmland. whether or not the hazard or limitation has been Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department overcome by corrective measures. The extent of each of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination listed map unit is shown in table 5. The location is of physical and chemical characteristics for producing shown on the detailed soil maps at the back of this food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is publication. The soil qualities that affect use and available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, management are described under the heading “Detailed pastureland, woodland, or other land, but it is not Soil Map Units.” urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil The map units that meet the requirements for prime qualities, growing season, and moisture supply are farmland are: those needed for the soil to economically produce sustained high yields of crops when proper AnA Annemaine silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, management, including water management, and rarely flooded acceptable farming methods are applied. In general, CaA Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, prime farmland has an adequate and dependable rarely flooded supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation, a FrA Freest fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes favorable temperature and growing season, HaB Halso silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an acceptable salt and IzA Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, sodium content, and few or no rocks. It is permeable rarely flooded to water and air. It is not excessively erodible or LaA Latonia loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes, saturated with water for long periods, and it either is rarely flooded not frequently flooded during the growing season or LfA Lenoir silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely is protected from flooding. The slope ranges mainly flooded from 0 to 5 percent. More detailed information about LgA Louin silty clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes the criteria for prime farmland is available at the LhA Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes local office of the Natural Resources Conservation LnB Luverne sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes Service. MnB McLaurin fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes About 158,000 acres in the survey area, or nearly 27 OtB Oktibbeha clay, 1 to 5 percent slopes percent of the total acreage, meets the soil RvA Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, requirements for prime farmland. Scattered areas of occasionally flooded this land are throughout the county, mainly in general SaA Savannah silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes soil map units 2, 3, 4, and 5, which are described SaB Savannah silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes under the heading “General Soil Map Units.” Less than SmB Smithdale sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes 3,000 acres of this prime farmland is used for crops. WcB Wilcox silty clay, 1 to 5 percent slopes

111

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of soil, the system of land capability classification used the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust by the Natural Resources Conservation Service is land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural explained, and the crops or pasture plants best suited resources and the environment. Also, it can help to to the soils, including some not commonly grown in the prevent soil-related failures in land uses. county, are identified. In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, Planners of management systems for individual conservationists, engineers, and others collect extensive fields or farms should consider the detailed information field data about the nature and behavioral characteristics given in the description of each soil under the heading of the soils. They collect data on erosion, droughtiness, “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific information can be flooding, and other factors that affect various soil uses obtained from the local office of the Natural Resources and management. Field experience and collected data Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension on soil properties and performance are used as a basis System. in predicting soil behavior. Choctaw County is predominantly woodland with Information in this section can be used to plan the small, scattered farms. The acreage of cultivated crops use and management of soils for crops and pasture; as and pasture has been decreasing for many years. The rangeland and woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary trend is towards forestation of the remaining cropland facilities, highways and other transportation systems, and pastureland. In 1996, less than 3,000 acres was and parks and other recreational facilities; and for used as cropland in the county. Cotton, corn, wildlife habitat. It can be used to identify the potentials watermelons, and small grains were the main crops. and limitations of each soil for specific land uses and About 19,000 tons of hay was harvested from 7,600 to help prevent construction failures caused by acres in 1996 (Alabama Department of Agriculture and unfavorable soil properties. Industries, 1997). Planners and others using soil survey information can The production of food and fiber could be increased evaluate the effect of specific land uses on productivity in the county. The rolling and hilly terrain and the small and on the environment in all or part of the survey area. size of the areas that are economically suited to row The survey can help planners to maintain or create a cropping are the main limitations. About 210,000 acres land use pattern in harmony with the natural soil. of potentially good cropland is being used as pasture Contractors can use this survey to locate sources of and woodland. Yields could be increased by applying sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use it to the most current technology on the land that is identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very firm soil currently being cultivated. This soil survey can help layers can cause difficulty in excavation. land users make sound land management decisions Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and and facilitate the application of crop production others may also find this survey useful. The survey technology. can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and The field crops that are suited to the soils and locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, climate of Choctaw County include many that are not playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. commonly grown because of economic considerations. Cotton, corn, and soybeans are the main row crops. Crops and Pasture Grain sorghum, wheat, sunflowers, vegetable crops, and other similar crops can be grown. The specialty Kenneth M. Rogers, conservation agronomist, and Ben L. crops that can be grown in the county include sweet Moore, resource conservationist, Natural Resources corn, okra, peas, sweet potatoes, melons, blueberries, Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section. and pecans. McLaurin, Smithdale, Lucedale, and General management needed for crops and pasture Savannah soils are well suited to specialty crops. is suggested in this section. The estimated yields of Additional information regarding specialty crops can be the main crops and pasture plants are listed for each obtained from the local office of the Cooperative 112 Soil Survey

Extension System or the Natural Resources Contour farming is a very effective erosion-control Conservation Service. method in cultivated areas if used in conjunction with a Erosion is a major concern on about one-half of the water-disposal system. It is best suited to soils that cropland in Choctaw County. In areas where the slope have smooth, uniform slopes. Luverne, McLaurin, and is more than 2 percent, erosion is a hazard. The Smithdale soils are examples. sloping soils that are currently being cultivated and that Soil blowing can be a hazard in early spring on are subject to accelerated erosion include Luverne, some soils in the uplands, especially if the soils are McLaurin, Savannah, and Smithdale soils. dry and are not protected by a plant cover. However, Erosion can reduce productivity and can result in woodland areas acting as shelters generally dampen the pollution of streams. Productivity is reduced as the the effects of soil blowing on all but the largest surface layer erodes and more of the subsoil is cultivated tracts. The hazard of erosion is generally incorporated into the plow layer. Erosion of the surface highest after the seedbed has been prepared, after layer can result in the loss of soil fertility by the direct planting, and when the plants are small. Tillage removal of plant nutrients and organic matter. Loss of methods that leave crop residue on the surface reduce the surface layer is especially damaging on soils that the hazard of soil blowing. Conventional planting have a clayey subsoil, including Luverne and practices should include an implement that scratches Williamsville soils, and on soils that have a fragipan the surface and leaves a rough, irregular pattern. Also, that restricts rooting depth, including Savannah soils. strips of close-growing crops are effective as Sediment from erosion also causes off-site damage. windbreaks. If possible, seedbed preparation should be Controlling erosion on farmland minimizes the pollution delayed until after the month of March, which is of streams and improves the quality of water for generally windy. Additional information regarding the municipal uses, for recreational uses, and for fish and design of erosion-control practices is available at the wildlife. local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Erosion-control practices provide a protective plant Service. cover, increase the rate of water infiltration, and help to Choctaw County has an adequate amount of rainfall control runoff. A cropping system that keeps plant for the commonly grown crops. Prolonged periods of cover and crop residue on the surface for extended drought are rare, but the distribution of rainfall during periods can hold soil losses to amounts that do not spring and summer results in droughty periods during reduce the productive capacity of the soils. Including the growing season in most years. Irrigation may be grasses and legume into the cropping system helps to needed during these periods to reduce plant stress. control erosion in sloping areas and improves tilth for Most of the soils in the county that are commonly the crops that follow in the rotation. The legumes also cultivated are suitable for irrigation; however, the increase nitrogen levels in the soils. amount of water applied should be regulated to prevent Applying a system of conservation tillage and excessive runoff. Some soils, such as Annemaine and leaving crop residue on the surface increase the rate of Luverne soils, have a slow rate of water infiltration, water infiltration and help to control runoff and erosion. which limits their potential for irrigation. Using a no-till method of planting reduces the hazard of Most of the soils that are used for crops in the erosion in sloping areas and is suitable on most of the county have a surface layer of sandy loam that is light soils in the county. in color and low in content of organic matter. Regular Terraces and diversions help to control runoff and additions of crop residue, manure, and other organic reduce the hazard of erosion. They are most practical material can improve soil structure and minimize crust on very deep, well drained soils that have a uniform formation, thereby improving the rate of water slope. Luverne, McLaurin, and Smithdale soils are infiltration. examples. Sandy soils, such as Boykin and Wadley The use of heavy tillage equipment can result in soils, are not suited to terracing because gullies form compaction of subsurface layers in most of the soils easily when water is concentrated on the surface. on the Coastal Plain. The compacted layers, which are Grassed waterways or underground tile outlets are called plow pans or traffic pans, are generally 2 to 12 essential in areas where terraces and diversions are inches below the surface. They restrict the rate of installed. Diversions can be used to intercept surface water infiltration and limit the growth of plant roots. The runoff from hilly uplands and to divert the water around soils that are likely to develop traffic pans include the fields to vegetated disposal areas. Terraces and Cahaba, Izagora, Lucedale, Luverne, Savannah, diversions are less practical in areas of the soils on the Smithdale, and Williamsville soils. Blackland Prairie because of the high rate of runoff on Tilth is an important factor affecting plant growth these soils. Maytag and Sumter soils are examples. because it influences the rate of water infiltration into Choctaw County, Alabama 113

the soil. Soils that have good tilth have sufficient fertilizer, and acid soils are the main concerns for organic matter and a granular, porous surface layer. pasture management in the county. They can result in Tilth is affected by the type of crop planted, past weak plants and poor stands that are quickly infested farming practices, and the degree of erosion that has with weeds. Maintaining a good, dense cover of the occurred. Practices that maintain or increase the desired pasture species helps to prevent the content of organic matter are needed for all of the soils establishment of weeds. that are used as cropland in the county. Natural fertility is low in most of the soils in Yields per Acre Choctaw County. Soils on stream terraces, including Cahaba and Izagora soils, and soils on flood plains, The average yields per acre that can be expected of including Riverview soils, have a slightly higher natural the principal crops under a high level of management fertility than the soils on uplands. Applications of are shown in tables 6 and 7. In any given year, yields agricultural limestone are needed to neutralize acidity may be higher or lower than those indicated in the table in most of the soils. The alkaline soils on the Blackland because of variations in rainfall and other climatic Prairie are exceptions. Leeper, Maytag, and Sumter factors. The land capability classification of each map soils are examples. The crops grown in the county unit also is shown in table 6. respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer. The The yields are based mainly on the experience and levels of available phosphorus and potash are records of farmers, conservationists, and extension generally low in most of the soils. Soils in some fields, agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and however, have a buildup of phosphorus or potassium results of field trials and demonstrations are also because of past applications of large quantities of considered. commercial fertilizer. Applications of lime and fertilizer The management needed to obtain the indicated should be based on the results of soil tests. Leaching yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil is a concern in areas of sandy soils, such as Bigbee, and the crop. Management can include drainage, Boykin, and Wadley soils. Higher levels of nitrogen, erosion control, and protection from flooding; the proper applied in split applications, should be used on these planting and seeding rates; suitable high-yielding crop soils. The Cooperative Extension System can help in varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; control of determining the kinds and amounts of fertilizer and weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; favorable lime to apply. soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, Wetness is a management concern in areas of phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each Lenoir, Louin, Mayhew, and Urbo soils. If crops are to crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, be grown in areas of these soils, a drainage system is and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures needed to reduce the wetness. the smallest possible loss. Bahiagrass and improved bermudagrass are the The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity main perennial grasses grown for pasture and hay in of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are Choctaw County. Rye, ryegrass, and wheat are grown likely to increase as new production technology is as annual cool-season grass forage. Millets, sorghums, developed. The productivity of a given soil compared and hybrid forage sorghums provide most of the annual with that of other soils, however, is not likely to warm-season grass forage. These annuals are change. generally grown in areas otherwise used as cropland. Crops other than those shown in the tables are They are grown for temporary grazing and for hay. Most grown in the survey area, but estimated yields are not of the soils in the county are suited to arrowleaf clover, listed because the acreage of such crops is small. The white clover, crimson clover, ball clover, and other cool- local office of the Natural Resources Conservation season forage legumes, especially if agricultural Service or of the Cooperative Extension System can limestone is applied in proper amounts. The well provide information about the management and drained soils, such as Lucedale, Luverne, McLaurin, productivity of the soils for those crops. Smithdale, and Williamsville soils, are well suited to alfalfa, which is a warm-season legume. Land Capability Classification A combination of management practices is needed on all of the soils that are used as pasture or hayland. Land capability classification shows, in a general These practices include proper grazing management, way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field control of weeds, proper application of fertilizer, crops. Crops that require special management are rotation grazing, and the scattering of animal excluded. The soils are grouped according to their droppings. Overgrazing, low rates of application of limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if they are 114 Soil Survey

used for crops, and the way they respond to They have other limitations that restrict their use to management. The criteria used in grouping the soils do pasture, woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation. not include major and generally expensive landforming The capability classification of each map unit is that would change slope, depth, or other given in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in characteristics of the soils, nor do they include the yields table. possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a substitute for interpretations designed to show suitability and Landscaping and Gardening limitations of groups of soils for rangeland, for Kenneth M. Rogers, conservation agronomist, Natural woodland, and for engineering purposes. Resources Conservation Service, helped prepare this section. In the capability system, soils are generally grouped at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit. The soils in residential areas are used primarily as Only class and subclass are used in this survey. sites for homes, driveways, and streets. Remaining Capability classes, the broadest groups, are areas of each lot are commonly used for lawns, which designated by numerals I through VIII. The numerals enhance the appearance of the homes; as gardens for indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower vegetables or flowers and shrubs; as orchards for fruits choices for practical use. The classes are defined as and nuts; for recreational uses; as habitat for animals follows: and birds; for trees, which provide shade and promote Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their energy conservation; for vegetation and structures use. designed to abate noise, enhance privacy, and provide Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce protection from the wind; and for septic tank absorption the choice of plants or that require moderate fields. Because the outdoor areas are used for several conservation practices. purposes, careful planning and a good understanding of Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce the soils are important. the choice of plants or that require special This section contains general soil-related conservation practices, or both. information for landscaping and gardening. Other Class IV soils have very severe limitations that information may be obtained from the local office of the reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful Cooperative Extension System or the Natural management, or both. Resources Conservation Service or from private Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other businesses that provide landscaping and related limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. services. The amount of soil information needed for Class VI soils have severe limitations that make use in some areas is beyond the scope of this survey them generally unsuitable for cultivation. and is more detailed than that provided at the map Class VII soils have very severe limitations that scale used. Onsite investigation is needed in these make them unsuitable for cultivation. areas. Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have Most of the soils in the residential areas in Choctaw limitations that nearly preclude their use for County have been disturbed to some degree during commercial crop production. construction of houses, streets, driveways, and utility Capability subclasses are soil groups within one service. This construction involved cutting and filling, class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, grading, and excavating. As a result, soil properties are w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The more variable and less predictable than they are in letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of undisturbed areas. Onsite examination is needed for erosion unless close-growing plant cover is maintained; the planning of land uses in disturbed areas. w shows that water in or on the soil interferes with Some of the poorest soils for plant growth in the plant growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness county are Conecuh, Halso, Luverne, Wilcox, and can be partly corrected by artificial drainage); s shows Williamsville soils that have had the surface layer that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, removed during grading. The exposed dense, firm droughty, or stony; and c, used in only some parts of subsoil restricts root penetration, absorbs little rainfall, the United States, shows that the chief limitation is and results in excessive runoff. These conditions are climate that is very cold or very dry. common where these and similar soils are mapped as In class I there are no subclasses because the soils complexes with urban land. Incorporating organic of this class have few limitations. Class V contains matter into the soil improves tilth, increases the rate of only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because water infiltration, and provides a more desirable rooting the soils in class V are subject to little or no erosion. medium. Areas that are subject to intensive foot traffic Choctaw County, Alabama 115

should be covered with gravel or a mulch, such as pine Information on sampling for soil testing can be bark or wood chips. obtained from the Cooperative Extension System, the Some soils, such as Deerford, Lenoir, and Natural Resources Conservation Service, and local McCrory soils, are wet. The wetness limits the nurseries. selection of plants to those that are tolerant of a In the following paragraphs, some of the plants that high moisture content in the soil. Several methods are used in landscaping and gardening and some can be used to minimize the effects of the wetness. management relationships between the plants and the Installing underground tile drains can lower the water soils are described. Information in this section should table in permeable soils. Bedding the surface layer be supplemented by consultations with specialists at of slowly permeable soils, such as Lenoir soils, the Cooperative Extension System, the Natural helps to provide a satisfactory root zone for some Resources Conservation Service, or private plants. landscaping and gardening businesses. Some soils, such as Bigbee, Iuka, Kinston, The grasses used for landscaping in Choctaw Mooreville, Ochlockonee, Riverview, Una, and Urbo County are mainly vegetatively propagated species, soils, are on flood plains. Most plants used for such as zoysiagrass, hybrid bermudagrass, St. gardening and landscaping can be grown on these Augustine grass, and centipede grass, and seeded soils, but consideration should be given to the species, such as common bermudagrass and effects of floodwater. Surface drainage is a centipede grass. The grasses commonly used for management concern because urban uses short-term cover include ryegrass, rye, wheat, commonly result in increased rates of surface sudangrass, and millet. runoff, which increase the frequency and severity of The vegetatively propagated plants are usually flooding. Advice and assistance regarding drainage planted as sprigs, plugs, or sod. Additions of topsoil problems can be obtained from the Natural may be needed before planting in some areas. Also, Resources Conservation Service, municipal and lime and fertilizer should be applied and incorporated county engineering departments, and private into the soil. The plants should be placed in close engineering companies. contact with the soil, and the plantings should be Sandy soils, such as Bigbee, Boykin, and Wadley watered to ensure the establishment of the root soils, are droughty, have low fertility, and have a low system. Centipede grass, St. Augustine grass, and content of organic matter. Droughtiness limits the certain strains of zoysiagrass are moderately shade selection of plants that can be grown unless irrigation tolerant. St. Augustine grass and zoysiagrass generally is provided. Additions of organic matter increase the require more maintenance than centipede grass. The available water capacity and help to retain nutrients in strains of hybrid bermudagrass are fast growing, but the root zone. Supplemental watering and split they are not as tolerant of shade as St. Augustine applications of plant nutrients are recommended. grass, centipede grass, or zoysiagrass. Applying a mulch, such as pine bark, wood chips, or Common perennial grasses that are established by pine straw, or incorporating peat moss or well- seeding include common bermudagrass and centipede decomposed manure into the soil provides a more grass. Lime and fertilizer should be applied and desirable medium for plant growth. incorporated into the soil before seeding. Proper Natural fertility is low in most of the soils in planting depth is important when grasses are Choctaw County. Most of the soils, with the exception established from seed. of Maytag, Leeper, and Sumter soils, are strongly acid Short-term vegetative cover is used to protect the or very strongly acid. Additions of ground limestone are soil at construction sites or to provide cover between needed to neutralize the acidity of most of the soils. the planting seasons of the desired grass species. The The original surface layer contains the most plant most commonly used grasses for short-term cover are nutrients and has the most favorable pH for most ryegrass for cool seasons and sudangrass or millet for plants. In many areas, the fertility of the surface layer warm seasons. These species are annuals and die has been improved by applications of lime and after the growing season. Periodical applications of fertilizer. If the surface layer is removed during lime and fertilizer are needed on all types of grasses. construction, the remaining soil is very acid and low in The kinds and amounts of lime and fertilizer to apply available plant nutrients. Also, some nutrients are should be based on the results of soil tests. unavailable for plant growth in acid soil conditions. Vines can provide vegetative cover in moderately Disturbed soils generally need larger amounts of lime shaded areas and in steep areas that cannot be and fertilizer, which should be applied according to the mowed. English ivy and periwinkle can be used for results of soil tests and the type of plants grown. ground cover or on walls and fences. All of these 116 Soil Survey

plants are propagated vegetatively, usually from potted regarding urban forestry can be obtained from the plants or sprigs. Alabama Forestry Commission. Mulches can be used for ground cover in areas where traffic is too heavy for grass cover, in areas Woodland Management and where shrubs and flowers are desired with additional ground cover, and in densely shaded areas. Mulches Productivity provide effective ground cover. They also provide Jerry L. Johnson, forester, Natural Resources Conservation immediate cover to help control erosion in areas where Service, helped to prepare this section. live vegetation is not desired. Effective mulches include pine straw, small-grain straw, hay, composted Woodland makes up 508,700 acres, or about 87 grass clippings, wood chips, pine bark, gravel, and percent of the total land area, in Choctaw County. The several manufactured materials. The type of mulch to acreage decreased by about 22,000 acres from 1982 to use depends to some extent on the hazard of erosion. 1990, primarily because of urban and rural Mulches also can be used to conserve soil moisture development. Private individuals own 58 percent of the and to control weeds around trees, shrubs, and woodland in the county. The forest industry and private flowers. corporations own the other 42 percent (USDA, 1985; Shrubs are used primarily to enhance the USDA, 1991a). appearance of homesites. They also can be used to The forest types in Choctaw County include 225,400 control traffic. They can be effective in dissipating the acres of loblolly-shortleaf pine, 98,300 acres of oak- energy from raindrops and from runoff from roofs. Most pine, 109,800 acres of oak-hickory, and 75,100 acres native and adapted species add variety to residential of oak-gum-cypress. The county has about 219,700 settings. Reaction to acidity and fertility levels vary acres of sawtimber, 127,200 acres of poletimber, and greatly among shrub types. 161,800 acres of seedlings and saplings (Alabama Vegetable and flower gardens are important to many Department of Agriculture and Industries, 1997). individuals and businesses. However, the soils in areas Most of the soils on the Coastal Plain and the acid where homes and businesses are established may not soils on the Blackland Prairie have a site index of 80 or be suited to vegetables and flowers. Soils that have more for loblolly pine. The alkaline soils on the been disturbed by construction may not be productive Blackland Prairie, including Leeper, Maytag, and unless topsoil is applied. Soils that have a slope of Sumter soils, are not suited to pines. Because of long more than 8 percent have poor potential for vegetable periods of ponding, the Una soils and Fluvaquents are gardening because of the hazard of erosion if the soils also unsuited to pine trees. In Choctaw County, most are tilled. Generally, steeper soils have a thinner of the soils suitable for growing hardwoods, such as surface layer. Flower gardening is possible in the cherrybark oak, water oak, and Nuttall oak, have a site steeper areas, however, if mulches are used to help index of 85 or more for water oak. control erosion. Incorporating composted tree leaves Table 8 can be used by woodland owners or forest and grass clippings into the soil improves fertility, tilth, managers in planning the use of soils for wood crops. and moisture content. Additional information regarding Only those soils suitable for wood crops are listed. The vegetable crops is included under the heading “Crops table lists the ordination symbol for each soil. Soils and Pasture.” assigned the same ordination symbol require the same Most garden plants grow best in soils that have a general management and have about the same pH level between 5.5 and 6.5 and that have a high potential productivity. fertility level. Applying too much fertilizer or using The first part of the ordination symbol, a number, fertilizers that have the wrong combination of plant indicates the potential productivity of the soils for an nutrients can be avoided by soil testing, which is the indicator tree species. The number indicates the only effective method of determining the amount and volume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, which kind of fertilizer that should be applied. Information the indicator species can produce in a pure stand regarding soil testing can be obtained from the local under natural conditions. The number 1 indicates low office of the Cooperative Extension System or the potential productivity; 2 or 3, moderate; 4 or 5, Natural Resources Conservation Service or from a moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11, very high; and 12 retail fertilizer business. to 39, extremely high. The second part of the symbol, Trees are important in homesite landscaping. a letter, indicates the major kind of soil limitation. The Information regarding relationships between soils and letter R indicates steep slopes; X, stoniness or trees is available in the section “Woodland rockiness; W, excess water in or on the soil; D, Management and Productivity.” Special assistance restricted rooting depth; C, clay in the upper part of the Choctaw County, Alabama 117

soil; S, sandy texture; and F, a high content of rock 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that seedling fragments in the soil. The letter A indicates that mortality is a serious problem. Extra precautions are limitations or restrictions are insignificant. If a soil has important. Replanting may be necessary. Expected more than one limitation, the priority is as follows: R, mortality is more than 50 percent. X, W, D, C, S, and F. Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to In the table, slight, moderate, and severe indicate which undesirable species are expected to invade and the degree of the major soil limitations to be grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The considered in management. main factors that affect plant competition are depth to Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will the water table and the available water capacity. A occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where rating of slight indicates that competition from the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have been regeneration or suppress the more desirable species. burned or overgrazed are also subject to erosion. Planted seedlings can become established without Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the percent undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that of the slope. A rating of slight indicates that no competition may delay the establishment of desirable particular prevention measures are needed under species. Competition may hamper stand development, ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that but it will not prevent the eventual development of fully erosion-control measures are needed in certain stocked stands. A rating of severe indicates that silvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates that competition can be expected to prevent regeneration special precautions are needed to control erosion in unless precautionary measures are applied. most silvicultural activities. The potential productivity of common trees on a soil Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and is expressed as a site index and as a volume number. conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment The site index is the average height, in feet, that generally needed in woodland management or dominant and codominant trees of a given species harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions attain in a specified number of years. The site index considered in the ratings are slope, stones on the applies to fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of the stands. Commonly grown trees are those that surface layer. A rating of slight indicates that under woodland managers generally favor in intermediate or normal conditions the kind of equipment and season of improvement cuttings. They are selected on the basis use are not significantly restricted by soil factors. Soil of growth rate, quality, value, and marketability. The wetness can restrict equipment use, but the wet period estimates of the productivity of the soils are based on does not exceed 1 month. A rating of moderate data acquired in the county and on published data indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted (Broadfoot and Krinard, 1959; Broadfoot, 1963; Coile because of one or more soil factors. If the soil is wet, and Schumacher, 1953; USDA, 1976). the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of 1 to The volume is the yield likely to be produced by the 3 months. A rating of severe indicates that equipment most important trees. This number, expressed as cords use is severely restricted either as to the kind of per acre per year, indicates the amount of fiber equipment that can be used or the season of use. If produced in a fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged the soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment use for stand. more than 3 months. The first species listed under common trees for a Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally soil is the indicator species for that soil. It generally is occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by the most common species on the soil and is the one the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic that determines the ordination class. conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for Trees to plant are those that are suitable for seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer, commercial wood production. depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of the period when the water table is high, rock fragments Recreation in the surface layer, effective rooting depth, and slope aspect. A rating of slight indicates that seedling The soils of the survey area are rated in table 9 mortality is not likely to be a problem under normal according to limitations that affect their suitability for conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25 percent. recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil A rating of moderate indicates that some problems features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the from seedling mortality can be expected. Extra surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is 25 to Not considered in the ratings, but important in 118 Soil Survey

evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic should require little or no cutting and filling. The best quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent once a year during the period of use. They have and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for the surface. recreational uses by the duration and intensity of Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not flooding is essential. subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use. In the table, the degree of soil limitation is They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders expressed as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or that soil properties are generally favorable and that greens is not considered in rating the soils. limitations are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning, design, or special maintenance. Severe Wildlife Habitat means that soil properties are unfavorable and that Tommy Counts, wildlife biologist, Natural Resources limitations can be offset only by costly soil Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section. reclamation, special design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or a combination of these measures. Choctaw County is dominantly a rural area and The information in the table can be supplemented by has suitable habitat for many kinds of wildlife. It is other information in this survey, for example, about 87 percent woodland and is interspersed with interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table areas of cultivated crops, pasture, and hay (USDA, 12 and interpretations for dwellings without basements 1991a). The Choctaw National Wildlife Refuge is in and for local roads and streets in table 11. the county. It borders about 7 miles of the Camp areas require site preparation, such as Tombigbee River in the southeastern part of the shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, county (USDI, 1996). stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and Choctaw County supports a variety of mammals, installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp reptiles, and birds. The common species of wild game areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some in the county are eastern wild turkey, bobwhite quail, vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and white-tailed deer, eastern cottontail rabbit, swamp are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of rabbit, feral hog, mourning dove, Canada geese, and use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, various species of ducks. The nongame wildlife absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not species include armadillos and various snakes. dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders Common furbearers include beaver, bobcat, coyote, can greatly increase the cost of constructing fox, opossum, mink, muskrat, nutria, otter, raccoon, campsites. and skunk. Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most Marsh and wading birds include cattle egrets, great vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and egrets, great blue herons, green-backed herons, parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm yellow-crowned night herons, purple gallinules, when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to common moorhens, anhinga, and white ibis. Raptors flooding during the period of use, and do not have and allied species include turkey and black vultures; slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of red-tailed, broad-winged, and red-shouldered hawks; shaping sites or of building access roads and parking barred and screech owls; and American kestrel. areas. Migratory birds are also found throughout the county. Playgrounds require soils that can withstand They include bobolinks, song sparrow, pine siskin, intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level American goldfinch, indigo bunting, northern cardinal, and are not wet or subject to flooding during the Carolina wren, bluebirds, and various warblers, season of use. The surface is free of stones and including the yellow, pine, hooded, and prothonotary. boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry. Robins, thrushes, crows, blackbirds, bluejays, If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock meadowlarks, mockingbirds, and various woodpeckers or a hardpan should be considered. also inhabit the county. Choctaw County, Alabama 119

The wildlife species in Choctaw County that the The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or Federal Government has listed as threatened or very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element endangered include the bald eagle, wood stork, gopher or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or tortoise, and American alligator. maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, In upland areas, the woodland generally consists of and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of loblolly pine, slash pine, longleaf pine, or mixed pines fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be and hardwoods. On the flood plains along streams and established, improved, or maintained in most places. rivers, the woodland consists of bottom land Moderately intensive management is required for hardwoods. The forest types and their associated plant satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that communities are of major importance to wildlife. Many limitations are severe for the designated element or of these woodland areas are managed primarily to kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or provide habitat for various species of wildlife, such as maintained in most places, but management is difficult bobwhite quail, white-tailed deer, and turkey. and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates Management practices that benefit wildlife, including that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are prescribed burning, creating or maintaining openings in very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be the forest, and thinning stands, are common expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat is throughout the county. impractical or impossible. Areas of cultivated crops, hay, and pasture are The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the commonly interspersed with the woodland. The open following paragraphs. areas are very important to many species of wildlife. Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and seed- The areas of cropland are primarily used for agricultural producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties and commodities, such as cotton and corn. The pasture features that affect the growth of grain and seed crops and hayland generally are used for perennial grasses, are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, such as bahiagrass and bermudagrass. available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface Wetlands are used by many kinds of wildlife. Many stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil of the furbearers and wading birds depend almost moisture are also considerations. Examples of grain exclusively upon these areas. Natural depressions and and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, grain sorghum, areas of saturated soils along creeks and rivers, soybeans, rye, and millet. bodies of open water, and beaver ponds make up most Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial of the wetland areas in the county. They occur mostly grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and along Bogueloosa, Kinterbish, Okatuppa, Puss Cuss, features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes Souwilpa, Surveyor, Tallawampa, Tuckabum, Turkey, are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, Wahalak, and Yantley Creeks and in areas adjacent to available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, the Tombigbee River. The Choctaw National Wildlife flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture Refuge consists of 4,218 acres of bottom land are also considerations. Examples of grasses and hardwood habitat along the Tombigbee River. legumes are bahiagrass, Johnsongrass, clover, Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that lespedeza, chufa, and bermudagrass. is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally affect the construction of water impoundments. The established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the properties and features that affect the growth of these amount and distribution of food, cover, and water. plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting layer, available water capacity, wetness, surface appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment moisture are also considerations. Examples of wild of desirable plants. herbaceous plants are dewberry, blackberry, goldenrod, In table 10, the soils in the survey area are rated crotons, beggarweed, pokeweed, paspalums, ragweed, according to their potential for providing habitat for and partridge pea. various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used Hardwood trees and woody understory produce nuts in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and foliage. and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils Soil properties and features that affect the growth of that are suitable for establishing, improving, or hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the root zone, maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in available water capacity, and wetness. Examples of determining the intensity of management needed for these plants are oak, yellow-poplar, blackcherry, each element of the habitat. sweetgum, hawthorn, dogwood, persimmon, sassafras, 120 Soil Survey

sumac, holly, hickory, and blueberry. Examples of fruit- most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given producing shrubs that are suitable for planting on soils for building site development, sanitary facilities, rated good are pyracantha, autumn olive, and construction materials, and water management. The crabapple. ratings are based on observed performance of the soils Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil and on the estimated data and test data in the “Soil properties and features that affect the growth of Properties” section. coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth Information in this section is intended for land use of the root zone, available water capacity, and planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine, planning site investigations prior to design and redcedar, and baldcypress. construction. The information, however, has limitations. Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild For example, estimates and other data generally apply herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. Soil Because of the map scale, small areas of different properties and features affecting wetland plants are soils may be included within the mapped areas of a texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, slope, specific soil. and surface stoniness. Examples of wetland plants are The information is not site specific and does not smartweed, wild millet, rushes, sedges, reeds, eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils barnyard grass, pondweed, cattails, and water shield. or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in Shallow water areas have an average depth of less the design and construction of engineering works. than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are Government ordinances and regulations that restrict created by dams, levees, or other water-control certain land uses or impose specific design criteria structures. Soil properties and features affecting were not considered in preparing the information in this shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, section. Local ordinances and regulations should be surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples considered in planning, in site selection, and in design. of shallow water areas are marshes, waterfowl feeding Soil properties, site features, and observed areas, beaver ponds, and other ponds. performance were considered in determining the ratings The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil survey, in the following paragraphs. determinations were made about grain-size distribution, Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, depth to pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 feet of the grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal high water produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected areas include bobwhite quail, meadowlark, field about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand sparrow, cottontail, red fox, coyote, armadillo, dove, and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed cations. killdeer, and hawks. Estimates were made for erodibility, permeability, Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, available water deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and capacity, and other behavioral characteristics affecting associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous engineering uses. plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild This information can be used to evaluate the turkey, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers, squirrels, potential of areas for residential, commercial, gray fox, raccoon, deer, bear, bobcat, opossum, and industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary skunk. estimates of construction conditions; evaluate Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate alternative attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons, sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank absorption fields, shore birds, muskrat, mink, otter, beaver, turtles, rails, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsite and kingfishers. investigations of soils and geology; locate potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; plan Engineering drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, terraces, and other structures for soil and water conservation; This section provides information for planning land and predict performance of proposed small structures uses related to urban development and to water and pavements by comparing the performance of management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the existing similar structures on the same or similar soils. Choctaw County, Alabama 121

The information in the tables, along with the soil grading that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in feet are not considered. this survey, can be used to make additional Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface interpretations. and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base special meaning in soil science and are defined in the of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and Glossary. a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on Building Site Development soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, a high Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil water table, flooding, large stones, and slope affect the limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings ease of excavating and grading. Soil strength (as with and without basements, small commercial inferred from the engineering classification of the soil), buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and shrink-swell potential, and depth to a high water table landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if soil affect the traffic-supporting capacity. properties and site features are generally favorable for Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf the indicated use and limitations are minor and easily and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established overcome; moderate if soil properties or site features and maintained. The ratings are based on soil are not favorable for the indicated use and special properties, site features, and observed performance of planning, design, or maintenance is needed to the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil bedrock, the available water capacity in the upper 40 properties or site features are so unfavorable or so inches, and the content of salts, sodium, and sulfidic difficult to overcome that special design, significant materials affect plant growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, increases in construction costs, and possibly stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or organic increased maintenance are required. Special feasibility matter in the surface layer affect trafficability after studies may be required where the soil limitations are vegetation is established. severe. Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a Sanitary Facilities maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The Table 12 shows the degree and kind of soil ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, observed performance of the soils. The ease of sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth are considered slight if soil properties and site features to bedrock or a very firm dense layer; stone content; are generally favorable for the indicated use and soil texture; and slope. The time of the year that limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if excavations can be made is affected by the depth to a soil properties or site features are not favorable for the seasonal high water table and the susceptibility of the indicated use and special planning, design, or soil to flooding. The resistance of the excavation walls maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the or banks to sloughing or caving is affected by soil limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features texture and depth to the water table. are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that Dwellings and small commercial buildings are special design, significant increases in construction structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed costs, and possibly increased maintenance are soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family required. dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are The table also shows the suitability of the soils for made for small commercial buildings without use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good basements, for dwellings with basements, and for indicates that soil properties and site features are dwellings without basements. The ratings are based on favorable for the use and good performance and low soil properties, site features, and observed maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, properties and site features are moderately favorable shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause for the use and one or more soil properties or site the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to features make the soil less desirable than the soils bedrock, large stones, slope, and flooding affect the rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil ease of excavation and construction. Landscaping and properties or site features are unfavorable for the use 122 Soil Survey

and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is layer of soil from a source away from the site. evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy site features, and observed performance of the soils. vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, and water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stones should be considered. and bedrock interfere with installation. The ratings in the table are based on soil properties, Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank site features, and observed performance of the soils. absorption fields, including excessively slow Permeability, depth to bedrock, a high water table, absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill. Texture, seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can be stones and boulders, highly organic layers, soil polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or reaction, and content of salts and sodium affect trench fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the only to that part of the soil within a depth of about 6 water table is near the surface. There must be feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field moderate may not be valid. Onsite investigation is to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances needed. require that this material be of a certain thickness. Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to used to cover compacted solid waste in an area hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to affect the ease of removing and spreading the material hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that are impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides free of large stones or excess gravel are the best is required to minimize seepage and contamination of cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy ground water. and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to The table gives ratings for the natural soil that wind erosion. makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, After soil material has been removed, the soil generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the material remaining in the borrow area must be thick surface layer are excavated to provide material for enough over bedrock or the water table to permit the embankments. The ratings are based on soil revegetation. The soil material used as the final cover properties, site features, and observed performance for a landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface of the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, layer generally has the best workability, more organic permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from flooding, large stones, and content of organic the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the matter. final cover. Excessive seepage resulting from rapid permeability in the soil or a water table that is high enough to raise Construction Materials the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is Table 13 gives information about the soils as a excessive or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils content of organic matter is detrimental to proper are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable activity. Slope and bedrock can cause construction source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on problems, and large stones can hinder compaction of soil properties and site features that affect the removal the lagoon floor. of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is compaction, minor processing, and other standard disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of construction practices are assumed. Each soil is landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. Choctaw County, Alabama 123

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of place and used in road embankments in another place. grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index In this table, the soils are rated as a source of roadfill properties. for low embankments, generally less than 6 feet high A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of and less exacting in design than higher clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is embankments. up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at The ratings are for the soil material below the least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting shale, chalk, and siltstone, are not considered to be suitability within their profile. The table showing sand and gravel. engineering index properties provides detailed Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation information about each soil layer. This information can can be established and maintained. The upper 40 help to determine the suitability of each layer for use inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow stabilized with lime or cement is not considered in area. the ratings. Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by The ratings are based on soil properties, site such properties as soil reaction, available water features, and observed performance of the soils. The capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by in place after it has been compacted and drained is slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and determined by its strength (as inferred from the toxic material. engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a potential. depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones and Soils rated good contain significant amounts of sand cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes of or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of suitable less than 8 percent. They are low in content of soluble material, a low shrink-swell potential, few cobbles and salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to fertilizer, stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Depth to the and are not so wet that excavation is difficult. water table is more than 3 feet. Soils rated fair are Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized particles and have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have have a plasticity index of less than 10. They have a only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of 15 to 25 have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or percent, or many stones. Depth to the water table is 1 soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity index of percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, many difficult. stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They are Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less wet and have a water table at a depth of less than 1 than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but the amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes material is less than 3 feet thick. of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high water Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for table at or near the surface. commercial use with a minimum of processing. They The surface layer of most soils is generally are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter for each use vary widely. In the table, only the content. Organic matter greatly increases the probability of finding material in suitable quantity is absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific plant growth. purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect excavation of the material. Water Management The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as Table 14 gives information on the soil properties and indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), site features that affect water management. The degree the thickness of suitable material, and the content of and kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification areas and for embankments, dikes, and levees. The 124

limitations are considered slight if soil properties and subsurface water from the soil. How easily and site features are generally favorable for the indicated effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to use and limitations are minor and are easily overcome; bedrock or to other layers that affect the rate of water moderate if soil properties or site features are not movement; permeability; depth to a high water table or favorable for the indicated use and special planning, depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding; design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or slope; susceptibility to flooding; subsidence of organic minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or layers; and the potential for frost action. Excavating site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to and grading and the stability of ditchbanks are affected overcome that special design, significant increase in by depth to bedrock, large stones, slope, and the construction costs, and possibly increased hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil maintenance are required. after drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity This table also gives for each soil the restrictive or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as salts, features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and sodium, and sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is diversions, and grassed waterways. not considered in the ratings. Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or Irrigation is the controlled application of water to embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage design and management of an irrigation system are potential is determined by the permeability of the soil affected by depth to the water table, the need for and the depth to fractured bedrock or other permeable drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake material. Excessive slope can affect the storage rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The capacity of the reservoir area. construction of a system is affected by large stones Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet performance of a system is affected by the depth of high, constructed to impound water or to protect land the root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a reaction. source of material for embankment fill. The ratings Terraces and diversions are embankments or a apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a combination of channels and ridges constructed across depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will a slope to control erosion and conserve moisture by be uniformly mixed and compacted during intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and construction. depth to bedrock affect the construction of terraces The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural and diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a severe soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a hazard of wind erosion or water erosion, an depth even greater than the height of the embankment excessively coarse texture, and restricted permeability can affect performance and safety of the embankment. adversely affect maintenance. Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to Grassed waterways are natural or constructed determine these properties. channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct Soil material in embankments must be resistant to surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affect compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features the construction of grassed waterways. A hazard of include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high wind erosion, low available water capacity, restricted content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts rooting depth, toxic substances such as salts and or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of sodium, and restricted permeability adversely affect usable material. It also affects trafficability. the growth and maintenance of the grass after Drainage is the removal of excess surface and construction. 125

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less the course of the soil survey. The data and the than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an are explained on the following pages. appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.” Soil properties are determined by field examination Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some Classification of the soils is determined according to benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are the Unified soil classification system (ASTM, 1993) followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are and the system adopted by the American Association made and examined to identify and classify the soils of State Highway and Transportation Officials and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are (AASHTO, 1986). taken from some typical profiles and tested in the The Unified system classifies soils according to laboratory to determine grain-size distribution, properties that affect their use as construction plasticity, and compaction characteristics. These material. Soils are classified according to grain-size results are reported in table 20. distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in Estimates of soil properties are based on field diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and observations, verify properties that cannot be OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting estimated accurately by field observation, and help to engineering properties of two groups can have a dual characterize key soils. classification, for example, CL-ML. The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables The AASHTO system classifies soils according to include the range of grain-size distribution and those properties that affect roadway construction and Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral physical and chemical properties of the major layers of soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the given. basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained Engineering Index Properties and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly Table 15 gives estimates of the engineering organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of classification and of the range of index properties for visual inspection. the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A- soils have layers of contrasting properties within the 7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, upper 5 or 6 feet. A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade material layer is indicated. The range in depth and information can be indicated by a group index number. Group index on other properties of each layer are given for each soil numbers range from 0 for the best subgrade material to series under the heading “Soil Series and Their 20 or higher for the poorest. The AASHTO classification Morphology.” for soils tested is given in table 20. Texture is given in the standard terms used by the Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil that Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 126 Soil Survey

millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area downward movement of water when the soil is and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the saturated. They are based on soil characteristics field. observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption estimates are based on test data from the survey area fields. or from nearby areas and on field examination. Available water capacity refers to the quantity of The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, water that the soil is capable of storing for use by and plasticity index are generally rounded to the plants. The capacity for water storage is given in nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil properties percentage points) across classification boundaries, that affect the retention of water and the depth of the the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the root zone. The most important properties are the table. content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an Physical and Chemical Properties important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and management of irrigation Table 16 shows estimates of some characteristics systems. Available water capacity is not an estimate of and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates the quantity of water actually available to plants at any are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey given time. area. The estimates are based on field observations Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and and on test data for these and similar soils. is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in many soils, values have been verified by laboratory diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of millimeters in diameter. corrosion. The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume fertility and physical condition of the soil. They change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and change occurs mainly because of the interaction of to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell clay minerals with water and varies with the amount potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in soil kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving moisture content influence the amount of swelling of operations. soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling of Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on 1 /3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after measurements of similar soils. drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to very estimated moist bulk density of each major soil horizon high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil buildings, roads, and other structures. Special design material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. is often needed. Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the potential, available water capacity, total pore space, change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The soil indicates the pore space available for water and classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent; roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, more than 6 percent; water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density and very high, greater than 9 percent. is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil organic matter, and soil structure. to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation Choctaw County, Alabama 127

(USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, and sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material. structure and permeability. Values of K range from 0.02 These soils have a very slow rate of water to 0.64. Other factors being equal, the higher the value, transmission. the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is by water. caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered that can occur without affecting crop productivity over flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per is considered ponding rather than flooding. year. The table gives the frequency and duration of Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the flooding and the time of year when flooding is most soil at various stages of decomposition. In the table, likely. the estimated content of organic matter is expressed Frequency, duration, and probable dates of as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as less than 2 millimeters in diameter. none, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means that The content of organic matter in a soil can be flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but maintained or increased by returning crop residue to possible under unusual weather conditions (the chance the soil. Organic matter affects the available water of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year); capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of occasional that it occurs, on the average, once or less nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs, on the average, Soil and Water Features more than once in 2 years (the chance of flooding is more than 50 percent in any year). Duration is Table 17 gives estimates of various soil and water expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to features. The estimates are used in land use planning 7 days, long if 7 days to 1 month, and very long if that involves engineering considerations. more than 1 month. Probable dates are expressed in Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of months. About two-thirds to three-fourths of all flooding runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four occurs during the stated period. groups according to the rate of water infiltration when The information is based on evidence in the soil the soils are not protected by vegetation, are profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long- deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic duration storms. matter content with increasing depth; and little or no The four hydrologic soil groups are: horizon development. Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low Also considered are local information about the runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate the extent of flooding based on soil data is less of water transmission. specific than that provided by detailed engineering Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of flood frequency levels. moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates moderately coarse texture. These soils have a are based mainly on observations of the water table at moderate rate of water transmission. selected sites and on the evidence of a saturated Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when zone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a features) in the soil. Indicated in the table are the depth layer that impedes the downward movement of water or to the seasonal high water table; the kind of water soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These table—that is, perched or apparent; and the months of soils have a slow rate of water transmission. the year that the water table commonly is high. A water Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate table that is seasonally high for less than 1 month is (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These not indicated in the table. 128

An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water otherwise indicated, the pedons are typical of the in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water series. They are described in the section “Soil Series stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is and Their Morphology.” Soil samples were analyzed by allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A the Agronomy and Soils Clay Mineralogy Laboratory, perched water table is water standing above an Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, or by the National unsaturated zone. Soil Survey Laboratory, Natural Resources Two numbers in the column showing depth to the Conservation Service, Lincoln, Nebraska. water table indicate the normal range in depth to a Most determinations, except those for grain-size saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot. analysis and bulk density, were made on soil material The first numeral in the range indicates the highest smaller than 2 millimeters in diameter. Measurements water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth reported as percent or quantity of unit weight were indicates that the water table is above the surface of calculated on an ovendry basis. The methods used in the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table obtaining the data are indicated in the list that follows. is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of The codes in parentheses refer to published methods 6 feet for less than a month. (Hajek, Adams, and Cope, 1972; USDA, 1991b). Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a Sand— (0.05-2.0 mm fraction) weight percentages of depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil material less than 2 mm (3A1). borings and on observations during soil mapping. The Silt— (0.002-0.05 mm fraction) pipette extraction, rock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or weight percentages of all material less than 2 mm fractured, excavations can be made with trenching (3A1). machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is Clay— (fraction less than 0.002 mm) pipette hard or massive, blasting or special equipment extraction, weight percentages of material less than 2 generally is needed for excavation. mm (3A1). Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced Extractable bases— method of Hajek, Adams, and electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or Cope. weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of Extractable acidity— method of Hajek, Adams, and corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors Cope. as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and Cation-exchange capacity— sum of cations (5A3a). electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion Base saturation— method of Hajek, Adams, and of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium Cope. content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the Reaction (pH)— 1:1 water dilution (8C1f). soil. Special site examination and design may be needed if the combination of factors results in a severe hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that Engineering Index Test Data intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more Table 20 shows laboratory test data for several susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that pedons sampled at carefully selected sites in the are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil layer. survey area. The pedons are representative of the For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed series described in the section “Soil Series and Their as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage Morphology.” The soil samples were tested by the class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field Alabama Highway Department, Bureau of Materials capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation and Testing, Montgomery, Alabama. extract. The testing methods generally are those of the For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed American Association of State Highway and as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, Transportation Officials (AASHTO) or the American acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation extract. Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The tests and methods are AASHTO Physical and Chemical Analyses classification—M 145 (AASHTO), D 3282 (ASTM); of Selected Soils Unified classification—D 2487 (ASTM); Mechanical analysis—T 88 (AASHTO), D 422 (ASTM), D 2217 The results of physical analyses of several typical (ASTM); Liquid limit—T 89 (AASHTO), D 4318 pedons in the survey area are given in table 18 and the (ASTM); Plasticity index—T 90 (AASHTO), D 4318 results of chemical analyses in table 19. The data are (ASTM); and Moisture density—T 99 (AASHTO), D for soils sampled at carefully selected sites. Unless 698 (ASTM). 129

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories on the basis of physical and chemical properties and (USDA, 1975; USDA, 1996). Beginning with the other characteristics that affect management. broadest, these categories are the order, suborder, Generally, the properties are those of horizons below great group, subgroup, family, and series. plow depth where there is much biological activity. Classification is based on soil properties observed in Among the properties and characteristics considered the field or inferred from those observations or from are particle size, mineral content, soil temperature laboratory measurements. Table 21 shows the regime, soil depth, and reaction. A family name classification of the soils in the survey area. The consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by terms categories are defined in the following paragraphs. that indicate soil properties. An example is fine-loamy, ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults. differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family forming processes and the degree of soil formation. that have horizons similar in color, texture, structure, Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical example is Ultisol. composition, and arrangement in the profile. An SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders example is the Cahaba series, which is a member of primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil the fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic genesis and are important to plant growth or properties Hapludults that reflect the most important variables within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder Soil Series and Their Morphology indicates the order. An example is Udult (Ud, meaning humid, plus ult, from Ultisol). In this section, each soil series recognized in the GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, and the material in which it formed are identified for arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenic each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area horizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; type of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is of saturation; and base status. Each great group is described. The detailed description of each soil horizon identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” (USDA, that indicates a property of the soil. An example is 1993). Many of the technical terms used in the Hapludults (Hapl, meaning minimal horizonation, plus descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (USDA, udult, the suborder of the Ultisols that has a udic 1975) and in “Keys to Soil Taxonomy” (USDA, 1996). moisture regime). Unless otherwise indicated, colors in the descriptions SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic are for moist soil. Following the pedon description is subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or the range of important characteristics of the soils in extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central the series. concept of the great group; it is not necessarily the The map units of each soil series are described in most extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” orders, suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some properties that are not representative of the Annemaine Series great group but do not indicate transitions to any other taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified The Annemaine series consists of very deep, by one or more adjectives preceding the name of the moderately well drained soils that formed in stratified great group. The adjective Typic identifies the clayey and loamy sediments. These soils are on low subgroup that typifies the great group. An example stream terraces along the Tombigbee River and other is Typic Hapludults. large streams. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These 130 Soil Survey

soils are fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few Hapludults. faint clay films on faces of peds; many fine and Annemaine soils are geographically associated with medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; Cahaba, Izagora, Lenoir, and Urbo soils. Cahaba and common fine and medium distinct reddish yellow Izagora soils are in the slightly higher landscape (7.5YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; very positions and are fine-loamy. The somewhat poorly strongly acid. drained Lenoir soils are in the slightly lower, less The solum is more than 40 inches thick. Reaction convex positions. The somewhat poorly drained Urbo ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid throughout soils are on flood plains adjacent to areas of the the profile, except where the surface layer has been Annemaine soils. limed. Typical pedon of Annemaine silt loam, 0 to 2 percent The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of slopes, rarely flooded; about 1.5 miles east of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Some pedons have an A Pennington; 1,900 feet south and 270 feet west of the horizon that has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and northeast corner of sec. 12, T. 14 N., R. 1 E. chroma of 2 or 3. Ap—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak The Bt horizon commonly has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, medium granular structure; friable; many fine and value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 6 to 8. In some pedons medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth the upper part of the horizon has a thin subhorizon that boundary. has hue of 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 6 to Bt1—4 to 8 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; 8. The quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in moderate medium subangular blocky structure; shades of red and brown and redoximorphic depletions friable; common fine and medium roots; few faint in shades of gray ranges from none to common in the clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear upper part and is common or many in the lower part. wavy boundary. The texture is clay, silty clay, clay loam, or silty clay Bt2—8 to 19 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; loam. strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm; The C horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR to few fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8; or it has peds; common medium distinct yellowish brown no dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades (10YR 5/6) and red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron of gray, brown, and red. It is sandy clay loam, sandy accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy loam, or loamy sand and is commonly stratified. boundary. Bt3—19 to 35 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; Arundel Series strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of The Arundel series consists of moderately deep, peds; many fine and medium distinct strong brown well drained soils that formed in acid, clayey (7.5YR 4/6) and red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron sediments and the underlying, level-bedded claystone accumulation; common fine and medium distinct or siltstone bedrock. These soils are in the uplands on light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very narrow ridgetops and on side slopes. Slopes range strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. from 2 to 60 percent. These soils are fine, smectitic, Bt4—35 to 51 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam; strong thermic Typic Hapludults. medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine Arundel soils are geographically associated with roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; many Cantuche, Lauderdale, Luverne, Rayburn, Smithdale, fine and medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR and Williamsville soils. Cantuche and Lauderdale soils 6/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron are in landscape positions similar to those of the accumulation; common fine and medium distinct Arundel soils and are shallow over bedrock. Luverne, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very Smithdale, and Williamsville soils are in landscape strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. positions similar to those of the Arundel soils but Bt5—51 to 62 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam; strong are at higher elevations and do not have bedrock medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint within a depth of 80 inches. Also, Smithdale soils clay films on faces of peds; many fine and medium are fine-loamy. Rayburn soils are in lower positions light gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; common than the Arundel soils and are deep over soft medium reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) masses of iron bedrock. accumulation; extremely acid; gradual wavy Typical pedon of Arundel loam, in an area of boundary. Arundel-Cantuche complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, Bt6—62 to 65 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam; weak stony; 0.5 mile northwest of Ararat; 700 feet south and Choctaw County, Alabama 131

2,100 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 35, T. 12 horizon has few to many redoximorphic accumulations N., R. 2 W. in shades of red, brown, and yellow and redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray. It is clay loam, silty clay A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak loam, clay, or silty clay. medium granular structure; friable; many fine, The Cr horizon is weathered siltstone or claystone, medium, and coarse roots; 10 percent pararock locally known as buhrstone. It is massive or has thick fragments of claystone; very strongly acid; clear platy rock structure. It can be cut with hand tools with wavy boundary. difficulty and is rippable by light equipment. Bt1—4 to 13 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; common Bibb Series distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy The Bibb series consists of very deep, poorly boundary. drained soils that formed in stratified loamy and sandy Bt2—13 to 21 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; alluvium. These soils are in concave positions on low strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm; parts of narrow flood plains. They are subject to common fine roots; common distinct reddish brown flooding for brief periods several times each year. (5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; very Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are coarse- strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Typic Bt3—21 to 32 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; Fluvaquents. strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm; Bibb soils are geographically associated with Iuka, few fine roots; common distinct reddish brown Kinston, and Ochlockonee soils. The moderately well (5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common drained Iuka soils and the well drained Ochlockonee fine fragments of charcoal; 5 percent pararock soils are in the slightly higher, more convex positions. fragments of claystone; common medium distinct Kinston soils are in positions similar to those of the light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses of iron Bibb soils and are fine-loamy. accumulation that are relic redoximorphic features; Typical pedon of Bibb fine sandy loam, in an area of very strongly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. Bibb-Iuka complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently Cr—32 to 80 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) and pale flooded; about 0.25 mile southeast of West Butler; brown (10YR 6/3), weathered, level-bedded 1,800 feet north and 50 feet west of the southeast claystone; massive; very firm; few fine roots corner of sec. 25, T. 13 N., R. 4 W. matted in fractures. A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine The thickness of the solum and the depth to sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. Reaction is friable; common fine and medium roots; very extremely acid or very strongly acid throughout the strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. profile, except where the surface layer has been limed. Cg1—3 to 9 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam; The content of pararock fragments ranges from 0 to 15 massive; very friable; common medium roots; percent throughout the profile. The fragments consist common fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR mainly of claystone or siltstone, ranging from 1/4 inch 4/4) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of to 10 inches in diameter. iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to boundary. 5, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is loam, fine sandy loam, or Cg2—9 to 15 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy loam; sandy loam. massive; very friable; common medium roots; The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of common thin strata of loamy sand; many fine 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. The quantity of distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and many redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) brown ranges from none to common in the upper part masses of iron accumulation; few fine prominent and from few to many in the lower part. The quantity of reddish brown (5YR 5/4) masses of iron redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray ranges accumulation lining root channels; very strongly from none to common. The redoximorphic acid; gradual wavy boundary. accumulations and depletions are believed to be relic Cg3—15 to 45 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) features. The texture is clay or silty clay. sandy loam; massive; very friable; common Some pedons have a BC or C horizon having hue of medium roots; common thin strata of loamy 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. The sand; common coarse prominent brownish 132 Soil Survey

yellow (10YR 6/6) irregularly shaped masses of C3—45 to 59 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sand; iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy single grained; loose; very strongly acid; gradual boundary. wavy boundary. Cg4—45 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) C4—59 to 70 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) sand; loamy sand; massive; very friable; few medium single grained; loose; very strongly acid. roots; common thin strata of sandy loam; very Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid strongly acid. throughout the profile, except in areas where lime has Reaction ranges from extremely acid to strongly been applied. acid throughout. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and and chroma of 2 to 4. chroma of 2 or 3. The upper part of the C horizon has hue of 10YR or The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 or 5. It is fine or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few or common sand or loamy sand. The lower part has hue of 10YR, redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red and value of 6 or 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sand or fine brown. It is dominantly sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sand. silt loam, or loam throughout but can be sand, loamy sand, and loamy fine sand in the lower part. Thin strata Boswell Series of coarser and finer textured material are throughout the profile. The Boswell series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in acid, Bigbee Series clayey marine sediments. These soils are on side slopes in the uplands in the southern part of the The Bigbee series consists of very deep, county. Slopes range from 5 to 12 percent. These soils excessively drained soils that formed in sandy are fine, mixed, active, thermic Vertic Paleudalfs. alluvium. These soils are on low terraces and on high Boswell soils are geographically associated with parts of the natural levees along the Tombigbee River Brantley, Maytag, Okeelala, Oktibbeha, and Sumter and other large streams. They are subject to rare soils. Brantley and Okeelala soils are in higher flooding for brief periods during occurrences of landscape positions than those of the Boswell soils. unusually high rainfall. Slopes range from 0 to 5 Brantley soils do not have vertic properties. Okeelala percent. These soils are thermic, coated Typic soils are fine-loamy. Maytag, Oktibbeha, and Sumter Quartzipsamments. soils are in lower landscape positions than those of the Bigbee soils are geographically associated with Boswell soils. Maytag soils are alkaline throughout. Cahaba, Latonia, Mooreville, Riverview, and Urbo soils. Oktibbeha soils have smectitic mineralogy and are Cahaba and Latonia soils are in positions similar to alkaline in the lower part of the solum. Sumter soils are those of the Bigbee soils on stream terraces and have moderately deep over soft limestone (chalk) bedrock. a loamy argillic horizon. Mooreville and Riverview soils Typical pedon of Boswell fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 are in the slightly lower positions on flood plains and percent slopes, eroded; about 2 miles southeast of are fine-loamy. The somewhat poorly drained Urbo soils Isney; 1,200 feet north and 2,000 feet west of the are in the lower, more concave positions on flood southeast corner of sec. 12, T. 9 N., R. 5 W. plains and have a clayey subsoil. Ap—0 to 4 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/3) fine sandy loam; Typical pedon of Bigbee loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; slopes, rarely flooded; about 1.5 miles south of Lavaca; many very fine and fine and few medium roots; 700 feet south and 200 feet west of the northeast very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. corner of sec. 9, T. 13 N., R. 1 W. Bt1—4 to 16 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loamy sand; medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular structure; very friable; common moderate fine subangular blocky; firm; common fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. very fine and few fine and medium roots; many C1—6 to 23 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy sand; pressure faces; few faint clay films on faces of single grained; loose; common fine roots; very peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2—16 to 22 inches; 40 percent reddish brown (5YR C2—23 to 45 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) 5/4), 35 percent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2), and fine sand; single grained; loose; few fine roots; very 25 percent dark red (2.5YR 3/6) silty clay; strong strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine Choctaw County, Alabama 133

and medium roots; many pressure faces; few faint value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 6 to 8; or it has no clay films on faces of peds; the dark red areas are dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of masses of iron accumulation, and the light gray, brown, and red. It has common or many brownish gray areas are iron depletions; very redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, brown, strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. and yellow and redoximorphic depletions in shades of Btssg1—22 to 38 inches; light brownish gray (10YR gray. It is clay or silty clay. 6/2) silty clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; Boykin Series firm; few fine and medium roots; common large intersecting slickensides that have faintly grooved The Boykin series consists of very deep, well surfaces; few faint clay films on faces of peds; drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy many medium prominent dark red (2.5YR 3/6) and sediments. These soils are on ridgetops and side common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR slopes in the uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 35 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; extremely acid; percent. These soils are loamy, siliceous, active, gradual wavy boundary. thermic Arenic Paleudults. Btssg2—38 to 58 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Boykin soils are geographically associated with silty clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky Luverne, Smithdale, and Wadley soils. Luverne and structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; Smithdale soils are commonly in slightly lower firm; few fine and medium roots; common large positions than those of the Boykin soils and do not slickensides that have prominent grooved have a thick, sandy epipedon. Wadley soils are in surfaces; few faint clay films on faces of peds; few landscape positions similar to those of the Boykin soils fine fragments of ironstone; many coarse and have a sandy epipedon that is more than 40 prominent dark red (10R 3/6) and few medium inches thick. prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and dark Typical pedon of Boykin loamy fine sand, in an area yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses of iron of Boykin-Luverne-Smithdale complex, 15 to 35 accumulation; extremely acid; gradual wavy percent slopes, eroded; about 3 miles west-northwest boundary. of Silas; 900 feet north and 1,600 feet east of the Btssg3—58 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) southwest corner of sec. 34, T. 10 N., R. 4 W. clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loamy firm; common large slickensides that have fine sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; prominent grooved surfaces; few faint clay films on many fine, common medium, and few coarse faces of peds; few fine fragments of ironstone; roots; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. many coarse prominent dark red (10R 3/6) and few E1—3 to 23 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) loamy fine sand; single grained; loose; common masses of iron accumulation; extremely acid. fine and few medium and coarse roots; moderately The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is acid; clear smooth boundary. very strongly acid or strongly acid in the surface layer E2—23 to 33 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) and is extremely acid or very strongly acid in the loamy fine sand; single grained; loose; common subsoil. very fine and few fine and medium roots; few The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. of iron accumulation; strongly acid; abrupt smooth The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR boundary. or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. The Bt1—33 to 48 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy lower part has the same range in colors as the upper clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky part, or it has no dominant matrix color and is structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; multicolored in shades of red, brown, and gray. The common faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of acid; clear smooth boundary. red or brown ranges from none to common. The texture Bt2—48 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) fine is clay loam, silty clay, or clay. sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky The Btssg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or structure; very friable; few very fine roots; sand 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has grains coated and bridged with clay; common common or many redoximorphic accumulations in coarse faint yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron shades of red, yellow, and brown. It is clay or silty clay. accumulation that are relic redoximorphic features; The Btss horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR, very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. 134 Soil Survey

Bt3—60 to 80 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky smooth boundary. structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces of BA—2 to 4 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay loam; peds; few fine prominent light gray (10YR 7/2) iron moderate fine and medium subangular blocky depletions; common medium faint yellowish red structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; (5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; the iron common medium distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) depletions and masses of iron accumulation are organic stains on faces of peds; very strongly acid; relic redoximorphic features; very strongly acid. clear smooth boundary. Bt1—4 to 15 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; weak coarse The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction prismatic structure parting to strong fine and ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid medium subangular blocky; firm; common fine and throughout the profile, except in areas where lime has few medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of been applied. peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or Bt2—15 to 23 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. loam; moderate medium subangular blocky The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loamy sand or loamy common faint clay films on faces of peds; very fine sand. strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of Bt3—23 to 34 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. The quantity of loam; moderate medium subangular blocky redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, yellow, structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; and brown ranges from none to common. The common distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) clay films on accumulations are assumed to be relic features. The faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy texture is fine sandy loam or sandy clay loam. boundary. Bt4—34 to 54 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sandy Brantley Series clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few medium roots; common The Brantley series consists of very deep, well distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of drained soils that formed in clayey and loamy peds; few medium distinct light yellowish brown sediments. These soils are on narrow ridgetops, (10YR 6/4) masses of iron accumulation; very benches, and dissected side slopes in the uplands in strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. the southern part of the county. Slopes range from 3 to C—54 to 65 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy 60 percent. These soils are fine, mixed, active, thermic loam; massive; friable; few medium distinct Ultic Hapludalfs. yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron Brantley soils are geographically associated with accumulation; very strongly acid. Boswell, Hannon, Maytag, Okeelala, Sumter, and The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60 Toxey soils. Boswell and Hannon soils are in landscape inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid positions similar to those of the Brantley series but are throughout the profile, except where the surface layer at slightly lower elevations and have vertic properties. has been limed. Maytag and Sumter soils are commonly in higher The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, positions than those of the Brantley soils and are value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sandy calcareous throughout. Okeelala soils are in landscape loam or loam. positions similar to those of the Brantley soils and are The BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to fine-loamy. Toxey soils are in landscape positions 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is sandy similar to those of the Brantley soils but are at slightly clay loam or clay loam. higher elevations, are alkaline within a depth of 10 to The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR 35 inches, and have vertic properties. to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is Typical pedon of Brantley loam, in an area of clay loam or clay. The lower part has hue of 5YR or Brantley-Okeelala complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is eroded; about 4.3 miles south of Melvin; 500 feet south sandy clay loam or clay loam. In the Bt horizon, the and 400 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 2, T. quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of 10 N., R. 5 W. brown, red, or yellow ranges from none to common. A—0 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam; The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to moderate fine granular structure; friable; common 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. The Choctaw County, Alabama 135

quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of friable; few medium roots; common faint clay films brown or red ranges from none to common. The texture on faces of peds; common medium faint yellowish is sandy clay loam or clay loam. red (5YR 5/8) and few medium distinct reddish The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 yellow (7.5YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8; or it has no dominant matrix that are relic redoximorphic features; strongly acid; color and is multicolored in shades of brown, red, and gradual wavy boundary. yellow. It is sandy loam or sandy clay loam. BC—38 to 50 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Cahaba Series friable; common fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The Cahaba series consists of very deep, well C—50 to 62 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) fine drained soils that formed in loamy and sandy alluvium. sandy loam; massive; very friable; common fine These soils are on low stream terraces. They are flakes of mica; strongly acid. subject to rare flooding during periods of unusually The thickness of the solum ranges from 36 to 60 heavy or prolonged rainfall. Slopes range from 0 to 2 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, moderately acid throughout the profile, except where semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults. the surface layer has been limed. Cahaba soils are geographically associated with The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to Annemaine, Bigbee, Izagora, Latonia, Lenoir, and Urbo 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. soils. The moderately well drained Annemaine and The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR, value Izagora soils are in the slightly lower, less convex of 5, and chroma of 6 to 8; or it has hue of 10YR, value positions. Annemaine soils have a clayey argillic of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sandy loam or horizon. Izagora soils have a brownish subsoil. Bigbee sandy loam. soils are in the slightly higher positions on natural The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 levees and are sandy throughout. Latonia soils are in or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is loam, sandy clay loam, positions similar to those of the Cahaba soils and are or clay loam. coarse-loamy. The somewhat poorly drained Lenoir The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR to soils are in the lower positions and have a clayey 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is fine argillic horizon. The somewhat poorly drained Urbo sandy loam or sandy loam. In some pedons it has few soils are on flood plains. or common redoximorphic accumulations in shades of Typical pedon of Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent yellow and brown. The accumulations are assumed to slopes, rarely flooded; about 2.5 miles southeast of be relic features. Lavaca; 600 feet north and 300 feet east of the The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 southwest corner of sec. 10, T. 13 N., R. 1 W. to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is commonly stratified Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) with sandy and loamy material or has texture of fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very sandy loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand. In some friable; few fine and medium roots; moderately pedons it has few or common redoximorphic acid; abrupt smooth boundary. accumulations in shades of yellow and brown. The E—9 to 13 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy accumulations are assumed to be relic features. loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; slightly acid; clear wavy Cantuche Series boundary. Bt1—13 to 22 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy The Cantuche series consists of shallow, well clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky drained soils that formed in material weathered from structure; friable; few medium roots; common faint claystone or siltstone. These soils are on steep or very clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual steep side slopes in highly dissected uplands. Slopes wavy boundary. range from 25 to 60 percent. These soils are loamy- Bt2—22 to 29 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy skeletal, mixed, active, acid, thermic, shallow Typic clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky Udorthents. structure; friable; few medium roots; common faint Cantuche soils are commonly associated with clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual Arundel, Lauderdale, Luverne, Rayburn, and Smithdale wavy boundary. soils. Arundel soils are in landscape positions similar Bt3—29 to 38 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam; to those of the Cantuche soils, are moderately deep moderate medium subangular blocky structure; over bedrock, and have a clayey argillic horizon. 136 Soil Survey

Lauderdale soils are on ridgetops and have an argillic Typical pedon of Conecuh loam, 3 to 8 percent horizon. Luverne and Smithdale soils are in positions slopes, eroded; about 3 miles northeast of Butler; similar to those of the Cantuche soils but are at higher 2,000 feet south and 1,000 feet west of the northeast or lower elevations and are very deep. Rayburn soils corner of sec. 2, T. 13 N., R. 2 W. are in the lower positions and are deep over bedrock. Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Typical pedon of Cantuche very channery sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; loam, in an area of Arundel-Cantuche complex, 25 to friable; many fine and few medium roots; very 60 percent slopes, stony; about 0.5 mile northwest of strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Ararat; 600 feet south and 2,200 feet east of the Bt1—5 to 13 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; strong fine northwest corner of sec. 35, T. 12 N., R. 2 W. and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few A1—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very fine and coarse roots; many distinct reddish brown channery sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; (5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; very very friable; many fine and medium roots; 35 strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. percent pararock fragments of siltstone; very Bt2—13 to 20 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. fine and medium angular blocky structure; firm; few A2—6 to 11 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) very fine roots; few pressure faces; common distinct channery loam; friable; common fine and medium reddish brown (5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of roots; 40 percent pararock fragments of siltstone; peds; common fine and medium distinct light olive very strongly acid; irregular wavy boundary. brown (2.5Y 5/3) iron depletions; very strongly acid; Cr—11 to 80 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3) and light clear wavy boundary. brownish gray (10YR 6/2) level-bedded siltstone; Bt3—20 to 27 inches; 40 percent light brownish gray massive; very firm; common fine roots in fractures, (2.5Y 6/2), 30 percent reddish brown (5YR 5/4), 20 which are 6 to 10 inches apart. percent red (2.5YR 4/6), and 10 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; moderate coarse The depth to bedrock ranges from 10 to 20 inches. subangular blocky structure; firm; few pressure Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid faces; few faint clay films on faces of peds; the throughout the profile. light brownish gray areas are iron depletions and The A or A1 horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or the reddish and brownish areas are masses of iron 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. The A2 horizon, if it occurs, accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma boundary. of 2 or 3. The texture is very channery sandy loam, Btssg1—27 to 41 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) extremely channery sandy loam, very channery loam, clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; or extremely channery loam. firm; few large intersecting slickensides that have The Cr is weathered siltstone or claystone, locally faintly grooved surfaces; few faint clay films on known as buhrstone. It is massive or has thick platy faces of peds; common fine and medium distinct rock structure. It can be cut with hand tools with red (2.5YR 4/6), reddish brown (5YR 5/4), and difficulty and is rippable by light equipment. strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy Conecuh Series boundary. Btssg2—41 to 48 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) The Conecuh series consists of very deep, clay; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; moderately well drained soils that formed in clayey firm; common large intersecting slickensides that marine sediments. These soils are on side slopes in have distinctly grooved surfaces; few faint clay the uplands in the northern part of the county. Slopes films on faces of peds; few fine prominent red range from 3 to 8 percent. These soils are fine, (2.5YR 4/6) and common medium distinct strong smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludults. brown (7.5YR 5/8) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Conecuh soils are geographically associated with masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; Halso, Luverne, and Smithdale soils. The Halso and clear wavy boundary. Smithdale soils are in the higher positions on ridgetops Cg1—48 to 58 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) clay; adjacent to areas of the Conecuh soils. Halso soils massive; firm; few fine soft black (10YR 2/1) have shale bedrock within a depth of 40 to 60 inches. masses (iron and manganese oxides); common Smithdale soils are fine-loamy. Luverne soils are in medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) landscape positions similar to those of the Conecuh masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; soils, are well drained, and have mixed clay mineralogy. clear wavy boundary. Choctaw County, Alabama 137

Cg2—58 to 76 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) clay coarser than very fine sand in the particle-size control loam; massive; firm; few medium distinct dark section are higher than is defined as the range of the yellowish brown (10YR 4/6), strong brown (7.5YR series. These differences, however, do not significantly 5/8), and light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) masses affect the use, management, or interpretations of the of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; abrupt soils. The Deerford soils in this survey area are fine- wavy boundary. loamy, mixed, active, thermic Albic Glossic Cr—76 to 80 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) clayey Natraqualfs. shale; moderate medium platy rock structure; very Deerford soils are geographically associated with firm; very strongly acid. Izagora, Kinston, and McCrory soils. Izagora soils are on stream terraces at higher elevations than the The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60 Deerford soils and do not have a natric horizon. The inches. The depth to soft shale bedrock is more than poorly drained Kinston soils are on flood plains. The 60 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly poorly drained McCrory soils are in slightly lower, more acid throughout the profile, except where the surface concave positions than those of the Deerford soils. layer has been limed. Typical pedon of Deerford loam, in an area of The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to McCrory-Deerford complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. occasionally flooded; about 3.25 miles southwest of The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR Jachin; 2,600 feet south and 100 feet west of the or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The northeast corner of sec. 17, T. 14 N., R. 2 W. quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red and brown ranges from none to common. The lower A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) part of the Bt horizon has the same range in color as loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many the upper part, or it has no dominant matrix color and fine and medium roots; extremely acid; clear is multicolored in shades of gray, brown, and red. The smooth boundary. quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of E—3 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very fine red and brown and redoximorphic depletions in shades sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky of gray is common or many. The texture is clay or silty structure; very friable; common fine and medium clay. In some pedons the upper part of the Bt horizon roots; common fine and medium faint pale brown has a thin layer of clay loam. (10YR 6/3) masses of iron accumulation; strongly The Btssg horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 5 acid; clear wavy boundary. or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many E/B—7 to 10 inches; 60 percent light brownish gray redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, brown, (10YR 6/2) very fine sandy loam (E); weak coarse and yellow. It is clay or silty clay. subangular blocky structure; very friable; 40 The Cg horizon has the same range in color as the percent pale brown (10YR 6/3) very fine sandy Btssg horizon. It has few or common redoximorphic loam (B); weak medium subangular blocky accumulations in shades of brown and yellow. It is clay structure; very friable; common fine roots; common loam, silty clay, or clay. The content of shale fragments fine faint light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses ranges from 0 to 15 percent. of iron accumulation; strongly acid; abrupt wavy The Cr horizon, if it occurs, is clayey shale. It has boundary. platy rock structure. It can be cut with hand tools and Btn1—10 to 20 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) is rippable by light machinery. sandy clay loam; strong coarse columnar structure; firm; common fine and very fine roots; continuous Deerford Series faint clay films on vertical faces of peds; thin seams of light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) very The Deerford series consists of very deep, fine sandy loam (E material) between columns; few somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in loamy fine soft black masses (iron and manganese sediments that contain appreciable amounts of oxides); many coarse distinct light gray (10YR 6/1) exchangeable sodium. These soils are on low terraces iron depletions; common medium distinct yellowish and are subject to occasional flooding for brief periods. brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine- slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. silty, mixed, active, thermic Albic Glossic Natraqualfs. Btn2—20 to 27 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) The Deerford soils in this survey area are sandy clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic taxadjuncts to the Deerford series because the structure parting to moderate medium subangular exchangeable sodium percentage in the upper part of blocky; firm; few fine roots; continuous faint clay the argillic horizon and the content of sand that is films on vertical faces of peds; thin seams of light 138 Soil Survey

gray (10YR 7/2) very fine sandy loam between red and redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray. prisms; few fine soft black masses (iron and The texture is very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, manganese oxides); many fine and medium or sandy clay loam. Reaction is very strongly acid or distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron strongly acid. depletions; common fine distinct olive yellow (2.5Y The Btn horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly alkaline; or 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It has common or many clear wavy boundary. redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, Btn3—27 to 35 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) clay yellow, and red and redoximorphic depletions in shades loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting of gray. It is sandy clay loam or clay loam. Reaction to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid in the upper continuous faint clay films on vertical faces of part and from neutral to moderately alkaline in the peds; thin seams of light gray (10YR 7/2) very fine lower part. sandy loam between prisms; few fine soft black The Btng horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 masses (iron and manganese oxides); many to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many medium and coarse faint light brownish gray (2.5Y redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, 6/2) iron depletions; common medium prominent yellow, and red. It is loam, sandy clay loam, or clay yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR loam. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to moderately 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; moderately alkaline. alkaline; clear wavy boundary. The BC and C horizons have colors similar to those Btng—35 to 49 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) of the Btng horizon. They have common or many loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; yellow, and red. The texture is very fine sandy loam, continuous faint clay films on vertical faces of loam, or sandy clay loam. Reaction ranges from neutral peds; many medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y to moderately alkaline. 5/4) and olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Freest Series boundary. BC—49 to 61 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) The Freest series consists of very deep, moderately very fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular well drained soils that formed in loamy and clayey blocky structure; friable; common fine faint light sediments. These soils are on stream terraces in the yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) and common medium southern part of the county. Slopes range from 0 to 2 distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) masses of iron percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, active, accumulation; moderately alkaline; clear wavy thermic Aquic Paleudalfs. boundary. Freest soils are geographically associated with C—61 to 80 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/1) very fine Boswell, Brantley, Leeper, and Okeelala soils. Boswell, sandy loam; massive; very friable; common fine Brantley, and Okeelala soils are on side slopes at the and medium distinct light yellowish brown (2.5Y higher elevations. Boswell and Brantley soils have a 6/4) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses clayey argillic horizon. Okeelala soils are fine-loamy. of iron accumulation; moderately alkaline. The somewhat poorly drained Leeper soils are on flood plains adjacent to areas of the Freest soils. The solum is more than 40 inches thick. Typical pedon of Freest fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and percent slopes; about 2.5 miles west of Toxey; 1,200 chroma of 2 or 3. It is extremely acid to strongly acid. feet north and 2,400 feet east of the southwest corner The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 of sec. 23, T. 11 N., R. 4 W. or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. The quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine red ranges from none to common. The texture is very sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very fine sandy loam or fine sandy loam. Reaction is very friable; many fine and medium roots; strongly acid; strongly acid or strongly acid. abrupt smooth boundary. The E part of the E/B horizon, if it occurs, has hue E—3 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very very fine sandy loam or fine sandy loam. The B part friable; many fine, medium, and coarse roots; has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. of 3 to 6. The E/B horizon has few or common BE—6 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky Choctaw County, Alabama 139

structure; very friable; common fine and few The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, medium and coarse roots; strongly acid; clear value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. The quantity of wavy boundary. redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and Bt1—12 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) red and redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray loam; moderate medium subangular blocky ranges from none to common. The texture is clay loam, structure; friable; common fine and few medium sandy clay loam, or loam. Reaction ranges from very roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid to moderately acid. very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The lower part of the Bt horizon commonly has no Bt2—18 to 29 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) distinct matrix color and is multicolored in shades of clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky gray, brown, and red. The texture is clay loam or clay. structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately common faint clay films on faces of peds; few fine acid. distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; common medium prominent red (2.5YR Halso Series 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The Halso series consists of deep, moderately well Bt3—29 to 46 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay drained soils that formed in clayey sediments and the loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; underlying clayey shale. These soils are on ridgetops in firm; few fine roots; common faint clay films on uplands in the northern part of the county. Slopes faces of peds; many medium and coarse distinct range from 1 to 3 percent. These soils are fine, gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; few fine and smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludults. medium distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron Halso soils are geographically associated with accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy Conecuh, Luverne, and Smithdale soils. Conecuh soils boundary. are on side slopes adjacent to areas of the Halso soils Bt4—46 to 61 inches; 40 percent strong brown (7.5YR and are very deep over bedrock. Luverne soils are in 5/6), 35 percent gray (10YR 6/1), and 25 percent landscape positions similar to those of the Halso soils, dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay; weak coarse subangular have mixed mineralogy, and are very deep. Smithdale blocky structure; firm; common faint clay films on soils are in higher positions than those of the Halso faces of peds; few distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) soils and are fine-loamy. clay depletions on faces of peds; the areas of Typical pedon of Halso silt loam, 1 to 3 percent strong brown and dark red are masses of iron slopes; about 3 miles northeast of Butler; 2,650 feet accumulation; the areas of gray are iron south and 1,000 feet east of the northwest corner of depletions; very strongly acid; clear wavy sec. 2, T. 13 N., R. 2 W. boundary. Ap1—0 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt Bt5—61 to 80 inches; 40 percent light gray (5Y 7/2), 40 loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable; percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), and 20 percent many very fine and fine and few medium roots; reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) clay; weak coarse strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint clay Ap2—2 to 6 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay films on faces of peds; the areas of light gray are loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky iron depletions; the areas of strong brown and structure; firm; common fine and few medium reddish brown are masses of iron accumulation; roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. very strongly acid. Bt1—6 to 12 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; strong fine The solum is more than 60 inches thick. subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to few medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is very strongly acid or peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. strongly acid, except in areas where lime has been Bt2—12 to 22 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate applied. fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of chroma of 3 or 4. It is sandy loam or fine sandy loam. peds; common medium and coarse prominent It is very strongly acid or strongly acid. brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and many medium The BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is sandy loam, fine accumulation; few fine and medium prominent light sandy loam, or loam. It very strongly acid or strongly brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; very acid. strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. 140 Soil Survey

Bt3—22 to 30 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay; sediments and chalk and marl. These soils are on weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few narrow ridgetops and on benches in the uplands in the fine roots; many medium and coarse prominent southwestern part of the county. Slopes range from 3 light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; many to 8 percent. These soils are fine, smectitic, thermic medium distinct red (2.5YR 4/8) and few medium Chromic Hapluderts. prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of Hannon soils are geographically associated with iron accumulation; extremely acid; clear smooth Brantley, Okeelala, and Toxey soils. Brantley soils are boundary. acid throughout. They are in the slightly higher Cg—30 to 45 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) positions on ridgetops or in the lower positions on side clay loam; massive; firm; common fine fragments slopes. Okeelala soils are in the lower side slope of shale; many medium faint light yellowish brown positions and are fine-loamy. Toxey soils are in (2.5Y 6/3) and few medium distinct yellowish positions similar to those of the Hannon soils and do brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; not have an argillic horizon. extremely acid; abrupt irregular boundary. Typical pedon of Hannon clay, in an area of Toxey- Cr—45 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Brantley-Hannon complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, clayey shale; strong medium platy rock structure; eroded; about 4.2 miles south of Melvin; 300 feet south common fine fractures in the upper part; very firm; and 1,600 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 2, T. common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown 10 N., R. 5 W. (10YR 4/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) A—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay; masses of iron accumulation on faces of peds; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; extremely acid. common fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; The thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 50 abrupt wavy boundary. inches. The depth to soft shale bedrock ranges from 40 Btss1—3 to 13 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; weak to 60 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to coarse prismatic structure parting to strong fine strongly acid throughout the profile, except where the and medium angular blocky; firm; common fine and surface layer has been limed. few medium roots; few large intersecting The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value slickensides that have faintly grooved surfaces; of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silt loam or silty strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. clay loam. Btss2—13 to 24 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; weak The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 coarse angular blocky structure; firm; few fine and or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The quantity of medium roots; common large intersecting redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, brown, slickensides that have distinctly grooved surfaces; and yellow and redoximorphic depletions in shades of common medium distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y gray ranges from none to common in the upper part of 6/2) iron depletions on faces of peds; common the Bt horizon and is common or many in the lower medium and coarse prominent light yellowish part. The texture is dominantly clay or silty clay. In brown (2.5Y 6/4) masses of iron accumulation some pedons, however, the upper part of the horizon on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy has a thin layer of clay loam. boundary. The Cg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR to 5Y, Bkss—24 to 29 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or clay; weak coarse angular blocky structure parting many redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, to moderate fine and medium angular blocky; firm; brown, and yellow. It is clay, clay loam, or silty clay few fine and medium roots; common large loam. Some pedons have a thin BC or CB horizon that intersecting slickensides that have distinct is similar in color and texture to the Cg horizon. grooved surfaces; few fine and medium soft The Cr horizon is clayey shale. It is massive or has masses of calcium carbonate; common coarse platy rock structure. It can be cut with hand tools and distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron is rippable by light machinery. accumulation; many coarse prominent very dark gray (5Y 3/1) stains (iron and manganese oxides) Hannon Series on faces of peds; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. The Hannon series consists of very deep, C1—29 to 36 inches; olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) clay loam; moderately well drained soils that formed in marine massive; common fine and medium soft masses sediments consisting of thin strata of acid clay of calcium carbonate; common medium distinct overlying strata of alkaline loamy and clayey light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) masses of iron Choctaw County, Alabama 141

accumulation; strongly effervescent; moderately lower, more concave positions on flood plains. Cahaba alkaline; clear smooth boundary. and Izagora soils are on stream terraces adjacent to C2—36 to 80 inches; stratified olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) areas of the Iuka soils and are fine-loamy. The well clay loam and light gray (2.5Y 7/2) silty clay loam; drained Ochlockonee soils are in the slightly higher weak thick platy rock structure; common fine and positions on flood plains. medium soft masses of calcium carbonate; Typical pedon of Iuka fine sandy loam, in an area of common medium and coarse dark yellowish brown Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1 percent (10YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; violently slopes, frequently flooded; about 3.75 miles southwest effervescent; moderately alkaline. of Jachin; 1,000 feet north and 2,100 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 17, T. 14 N., R. 2 W. The depth to an alkaline horizon ranges from 15 to 30 inches. A—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam; The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 weak medium granular structure; very friable; many or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is very strongly acid or fine, medium, and coarse roots; very strongly acid; strongly acid. abrupt smooth boundary. The Btss horizon, or Bt horizon, if it occurs, has hue C1—6 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky 8. The quantity of redoximorphic depletions in shades structure; very friable; many fine, medium, and of gray and redoximorphic accumulations in shades of coarse roots; many coarse distinct light yellowish brown and red ranges from none to common. The brown (2.5Y 6/3) iron depletions; few medium texture is clay or silty clay. Reaction ranges from distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron strongly acid to slightly acid. accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth The Bkss horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 5 boundary. or 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. It has few or common soft C2—15 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine masses of calcium carbonate. The quantity of sandy loam; massive; very friable; common fine redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and and medium roots; few fine brown and black redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and concretions (iron and manganese oxides); common red ranges from none to common. The texture is clay medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron or silty clay. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately depletions; common medium faint yellowish brown alkaline. (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very The C horizon is commonly stratified. It has hue of strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 6. The C3—22 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; texture ranges from sandy loam to clay. The horizon is massive; friable; common fine roots; few fine brown massive or has platy rock structure. It has common or and black concretions (iron and manganese many soft masses of calcium carbonate. The quantity oxides); common medium distinct light brownish of redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and gray (10YR 6/2) and common medium faint brown redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown (10YR 5/3) iron depletions; very strongly acid; clear and red ranges from none to common. Reaction is wavy boundary. slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline. In some Cg—32 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) pedons, the C horizon has thin strata of chalk, marl, loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; many or shell. medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid. Iuka Series Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile, except where the surface layer The Iuka series consists of very deep, moderately has been limed. well drained soils that formed in stratified loamy and The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or sandy alluvium. These soils are on flood plains. They 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. are subject to frequent flooding for brief periods several The C horizon has hue of 10YR and value and times each year. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These soils chroma of 4 to 6. It has few to many redoximorphic are coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic accumulations in shades of yellow, brown, and red and Aquic Udifluvents. redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray. It is loam, Iuka soils are geographically associated with Bibb, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam. Cahaba, Izagora, Kinston, and Ochlockonee soils. The The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 poorly drained Bibb and Kinston soils are in the slightly or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many 142 Soil Survey

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, red, manganese oxides); common light gray (10YR 7/2) and yellow. It is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or clay depletions on vertical faces of peds; common silt loam. medium distinct brown (10YR 5/3) and common fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR Izagora Series 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The Izagora series consists of very deep, Bt3—27 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) moderately well drained soils that formed in loamy loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting alluvial sediments. These soils are on low stream to moderate medium subangular blocky; friable; terraces along the Tombigbee River and other major common fine roots; common faint clay films on streams. They are subject to rare flooding during faces of peds; common light gray (10YR 7/2) clay periods of unusually heavy or prolonged rainfall. depletions on vertical faces of peds; common Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aquic and red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; Paleudults. common medium distinct light brownish gray Izagora soils are geographically associated with (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; strongly acid; gradual Annemaine, Cahaba, Kinston, Lenoir, and McCrory wavy boundary. soils. Annemaine soils are in the slightly lower Bt4—36 to 47 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) positions and have a clayey argillic horizon. The poorly clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure drained Kinston soils are on flood plains. Cahaba soils parting to moderate coarse subangular blocky; are in the slightly higher positions and have a reddish firm; slightly brittle; common faint clay films on argillic horizon. The somewhat poorly drained Lenoir faces of peds; common light gray (10YR 7/2) clay soils are in the slightly lower positions and have a depletions on faces of peds; common light clayey argillic horizon. The poorly drained McCrory brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; many soils are in the lower positions and have a natric medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and red horizon. (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; very Typical pedon of Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. percent slopes, rarely flooded; about 2.2 miles south- Bt5—47 to 55 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty southeast of Jachin; 2,500 feet north and 100 feet east clay loam; moderate medium prismatic structure of the southwest corner of sec. 11, T. 14 N., R. 2 W. parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very common light gray (10YR 7/2) clay depletions on friable; many fine and very fine and few medium faces of peds; common medium distinct light roots; few charcoal fragments; very strongly acid; brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; common abrupt wavy boundary. medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) and common E—7 to 13 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; very friable; common fine and medium roots; gradual wavy boundary. common charcoal fragments; common medium Bt6—55 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions; few clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of to moderate medium subangular blocky; friable; iron accumulation; strongly acid; abrupt wavy common faint clay films on faces of peds; boundary. common medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron Bt1—13 to 22 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) depletions; common medium distinct strong brown loam; moderate medium subangular blocky (7.5YR 5/6) and prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films of iron accumulation; very strongly acid. on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction Bt2—22 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) ranges from extremely acid to moderately acid loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to throughout the profile, except where the surface layer moderate medium subangular blocky; friable; has been limed. common fine roots; common faint clay films on The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to faces of peds; few fine black concretions (iron and 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Choctaw County, Alabama 143

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture is boundary. sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam. Bg2—12 to 15 inches; greenish gray (5G 6/1) sandy The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or clay loam; massive; friable; common fine, medium, 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It has few and coarse roots; common fine, medium, and or common redoximorphic accumulations in shades of coarse prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and dark brown and red and redoximorphic depletions in shades red (2.5YR 3/6) masses of iron accumulation; very of gray. It is loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam. strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The lower part of the Bt horizon has colors similar to Bg3—15 to 29 inches; greenish gray (5G 5/1) sandy those in the upper part, or it has no dominant matrix clay loam; massive; friable; few medium and color and is multicolored in shades of brown, gray, red, coarse roots; many medium prominent yellowish and yellow. The extent of the gray increases with depth. brown (10YR 5/6) and red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of The lower part of the Bt horizon is clay loam, silty clay iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy loam, or clay. boundary. Bg4—29 to 33 inches; greenish gray (5BG 5/1) clay Kinston Series loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few medium and coarse distinct yellowish The Kinston series consists of very deep, poorly brown (10YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) drained soils that formed in stratified alluvium. These masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; soils are in flat or concave positions on flood plains gradual wavy boundary. along large streams. They are subject to frequent Cg—33 to 60 inches; dark bluish gray (5B 4/1) clay flooding for brief periods several times each year. Slopes loam; massive; firm; common fine and medium are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron semiactive, acid, thermic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts. accumulation; very strongly acid. Kinston soils are geographically associated with Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid Bigbee, Iuka, Izagora, McCrory, and Ochlockonee throughout. soils. Bigbee soils are in the higher positions and are The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and sandy throughout. The moderately well drained Iuka chroma of 1 or 2. soils and the well drained Ochlockonee soils are in the The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5G, value of 5 higher positions on flood plains and are coarse-loamy. or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many Izagora and McCrory soils are on stream terraces redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, adjacent to areas of the Kinston soil. Izagora soils are brown, and red. It is sandy loam, loam, sandy clay moderately well drained. McCrory soils have a natric loam, or clay loam. horizon. The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5B, value of 4 to Typical pedon of Kinston fine sandy loam, in an area 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few or common of Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1 percent redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, slopes, frequently flooded; about 0.25 mile northwest brown, and red. It is sandy loam, loam, sandy clay of Okatuppa; 1,000 feet north and 900 feet west of the loam, or clay loam. Some pedons have strata of sand, southeast corner of sec. 5, T. 11 N., R. 4 W. loamy sand, or silt loam below a depth of 40 inches. A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; Latonia Series very friable; common fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. The Latonia series consists of very deep, well A2—2 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine drained soils that formed in loamy and sandy alluvium. sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky These soils are on low terraces along the Tombigbee structure; very friable; common medium roots; River and other large streams. Latonia soils are subject common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) to rare flooding during periods of unusually heavy or and very pale brown (10YR 7/4) masses of iron prolonged rainfall. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy These soils are coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, boundary. thermic Typic Hapludults. Bg1—4 to 12 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Latonia soils are geographically associated with loam; massive; very friable; common medium Bigbee, Cahaba, Izagora, Lenoir, and Urbo soils. roots; common medium prominent strong brown Bigbee and Cahaba soils are in positions similar to (7.5YR 4/6) and yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of those of the Latonia soils. Bigbee soils are sandy 144 Soil Survey

throughout. Cahaba soils are fine-loamy. The the central and southern parts of the county. They are moderately well drained Izagora soils are in the slightly on narrow ridges and on shoulder slopes. Slopes range lower positions and are fine-loamy. The somewhat from 2 to 10 percent. These soils are loamy, mixed, poorly drained Lenior soils are in the lower positions active, thermic, shallow Typic Hapludults. and have a clayey argillic horizon. The somewhat Lauderdale soils are geographically associated with poorly drained Urbo soils are on flood plains. Arundel, Cantuche, Luverne, Smithdale, and Typical pedon of Latonia loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent Williamsville soils. Arundel soils are in the lower slopes, rarely flooded; about 1 mile southeast of positions on steep side slopes and in positions on Lavaca; 2,000 feet south and 2,200 feet west of the ridges similar to those of the Lauderdale soils. Arundel northeast corner of sec. 3, T. 13 N., R. 1 W. soils are moderately deep over bedrock and have a clayey subsoil. Cantuche soils are in the lower Ap—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) positions on steep side slopes. They do not have an loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; very argillic horizon. Luverne, Smithdale, and Williamsville friable; few fine and medium roots; strongly acid; soils are very deep over bedrock and are in positions clear smooth boundary. similar to those of the Lauderdale soils but at higher BA—6 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy elevations. loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very Typical pedon of Lauderdale silt loam, in an area of friable; few fine roots; strongly acid; gradual wavy Lauderdale-Arundel complex, 2 to 10 percent slopes, boundary. stony, eroded; about 3.25 miles north of Bladon Bt1—15 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Springs; 800 feet south and 800 feet east of the sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky northwest corner of sec. 7, T. 9 N., R. 2 W. structure; very friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt Bt2—36 to 43 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky fine and medium and few coarse roots; about 5 structure; very friable; few faint clay films on faces percent pararock fragments of siltstone; very of peds; sand grains coated and bridged with clay; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bt1—3 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay C1—43 to 53 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky loamy sand; massive; very friable; common fine structure; friable; common fine, medium, and streaks of very pale brown (10YR 7/3) sand grains; coarse roots; common faint clay films on faces of very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. peds; about 10 percent pararock fragments of C2—53 to 68 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) sand; siltstone; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. single grained; loose; very strongly acid. Bt2—7 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky The thickness of the solum ranges from 28 to 65 structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid of peds; about 10 percent pararock fragments of throughout the profile, except where the surface layer siltstone; extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary. has been limed. Cr—16 to 80 inches; weathered grayish brown (10YR The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5/2) and yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) siltstone; 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. massive; level-bedded; very firm; common fine, The BA or BE horizon, which occurs in most medium, and coarse roots in fractures. pedons, has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture is sandy loam or fine sandy loam. The thickness of the solum and the depth to The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of bedrock range from 10 to 20 inches. Reaction is 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam, fine extremely acid or very strongly acid throughout the sandy loam, or loam. profile. The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is loamy sand or sand. chroma of 2 or 3. The content of pararock fragments ranges from 5 to 15 percent. Lauderdale Series The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is silty clay loam, clay The Lauderdale series consists of shallow, well loam, or sandy clay loam. The content of pararock drained soils that formed in residuum derived from fragments ranges from 5 to 15 percent. claystone or siltstone. These soils are in the uplands in The Cr horizon is weathered siltstone or claystone, Choctaw County, Alabama 145

locally known as buhrstone. It is massive or has thick brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation; platy rock structure. It can be excavated with difficulty slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. with hand tools and is rippable by light machinery. Bssg—30 to 45 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; weak coarse angular blocky structure; firm; few pressure Leeper Series faces; few large intersecting slickensides that have faintly grooved surfaces; common medium distinct The Leeper series consists of very deep, somewhat very dark brown (10YR 2/2) stains (iron and poorly drained soils that formed in clayey alluvium. manganese oxides) on faces of peds; many coarse These soils are on flood plains and are subject to distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and flooding for brief periods several times each year, common coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR mainly during winter and spring. Slopes are 0 to 1 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; slightly alkaline; percent. These soils are fine, smectitic, nonacid, gradual wavy boundary. thermic Vertic Epiaquepts. C—45 to 60 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay; Leeper soils are geographically associated with massive; firm; few pressure faces; common large Brantley, Freest, Maytag, Okeelala, and Sumter soils. intersecting slickensides that have distinctly Brantley, Maytag, Okeelala, and Sumter soils are on grooved surfaces; common medium distinct uplands adjacent to areas of the Leeper soils and are yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron not subject to flooding. The moderately well drained accumulation; common medium distinct grayish Freest soils are on stream terraces adjacent to areas brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions; slightly alkaline. of the Leeper soils and are fine-loamy. The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to more Typical pedon of Leeper silty clay loam, 0 to 1 than 60 inches. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to percent slopes, frequently flooded; about 5 miles moderately alkaline throughout the profile. southeast of Melvin; 300 feet north and 400 feet east The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of the southwest corner of sec. 5, T. 10 N., R. 4 W. of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Some pedons near Ap—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) stream channels have an overwash of coarser silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular materials. The layer of overwash is less than 10 inches blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium thick. roots; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. The Bw horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or Bw—4 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma 3; or it has no weak coarse prismatic structure parting to dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; brown and gray. It has few to many redoximorphic common fine and few medium roots; few medium accumulations in shades of brown and redoximorphic distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses depletions in shades of gray. It is clay loam, silty clay, of iron accumulation; few medium faint dark gray or clay. (10YR 4/1) iron depletions; slightly alkaline; clear The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to wavy boundary. 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many Bg1—12 to 21 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown. It is clay; moderate medium subangular blocky silty clay or clay. structure; firm; few fine roots; few pressure faces; The Bssg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or few faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has organic stains in root channels and on vertical common or many redoximorphic accumulations in faces of peds; few medium distinct very dark shades of brown or red. It is silty clay or clay. brown (10YR 2/2) stains (iron and manganese The C horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4 to oxides) on faces of peds; few fine distinct dark 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It has common or many yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) masses of iron redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and accumulation; slightly alkaline; clear wavy redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray. It is clay boundary. loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. Bg2—21 to 30 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Lenoir Series firm; few pressure faces; common medium distinct very dark brown (10YR 2/2) stains (iron The Lenoir series consists of very deep, somewhat and manganese oxides) on faces of peds; poorly drained soils that formed in clayey sediments. common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown These soils are on low terraces along the Tombigbee (10YR 3/4) and few medium prominent yellowish River and other major streams. Lenoir soils are subject 146 Soil Survey

to rare flooding during periods of unusually heavy or accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy prolonged rainfall. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. boundary. These soils are fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aeric Btg4—68 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Paleaquults. clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; Lenoir soils are geographically associated with firm; few fine roots; common faint clay films on Annemaine, Cahaba, Izagora, and Urbo soils. The faces of peds; common medium prominent strong moderately well drained Annemaine soils are in the brown (7.5YR 5/6) and few medium prominent red slightly higher, more convex positions and have a (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; very reddish subsoil. The well drained Cahaba soils and the strongly acid. moderately well drained Izagora soils are in the slightly The solum is more than 72 inches thick. Reaction higher positions and are fine-loamy. Urbo soils are in ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the lower positions on flood plains adjacent to areas of the profile, except where the surface layer has been the Lenoir soils and are subject to frequent flooding. limed. Typical pedon of Lenoir silt loam, 0 to 2 percent The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or slopes, rarely flooded; about 1 mile southeast of 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. Pennington; 600 feet south and 1,100 feet west of the The BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or northeast corner of sec. 23, T. 14 N., R. 1 W. 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loam, Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt silt loam, or fine sandy loam. loam; moderate fine granular structure; very friable; The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 many fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it has no dominant matrix abrupt smooth boundary. color and is multicolored in shades of gray, brown, and BA—4 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt red. It is clay loam, silty clay, or clay. Some pedons loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; have a thin Bt horizon above the Btg horizon. This Bt friable; common fine and medium roots; few horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and medium black weakly cemented nodules (iron and chroma of 3 to 6. It has common or many manganese oxides); common medium and coarse redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, depletions; few medium distinct strong brown yellow, or red. (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Btg1—8 to 19 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay Louin Series loam; moderate medium subangular blocky The Louin series consists of very deep, somewhat structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; poorly drained soils that formed in acid, clayey common faint clay films on faces of peds; few sediments overlying alkaline clays and soft limestone medium black weakly cemented nodules (iron and (chalk). These soils are on uplands in the southwestern manganese oxides); many medium distinct part of the county. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine prominent These soils are fine, smectitic, thermic Aquic yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron Dystruderts. accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy Louin soils are geographically associated with boundary. Boswell, Maytag, Oktibbeha, and Sumter soils. Btg2—19 to 38 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay; Boswell soils are in higher positions than those of the moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; Louin soils, have mixed mineralogy, and are reddish in few fine and medium roots; common faint clay the upper part of the solum. Maytag and Sumter soils films on faces of peds; many medium prominent are commonly in higher positions than those of the strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) and common medium Louin soils and are alkaline throughout. Oktibbeha soils prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron are in the slightly higher, more convex positions and accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy are reddish in the upper part of the subsoil. boundary. Typical pedon of Louin silty clay, 0 to 2 percent Btg3—38 to 68 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) slopes; about 0.8 mile southwest of Isney; 1,400 feet clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; north and 800 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. firm; few fine and medium roots; common faint clay 3, T. 9 N., R. 5 W. films on faces of peds; many fine and medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) and few medium Ap1—0 to 2 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron clay; strong fine subangular blocky structure; firm; Choctaw County, Alabama 147

many fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or abrupt smooth boundary. 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. The texture is silty clay or Ap2—2 to 8 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay; strong clay. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid, fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; except where lime has been applied. common fine and medium roots; few very dark The Bt horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or gray organic stains on faces of peds; very strongly 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. It has acid; abrupt smooth boundary. common or many redoximorphic accumulations in Bt—8 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) shades of red and brown and redoximorphic depletions clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to in shades of gray. It is clay or silty clay. It is very strong fine and medium subangular blocky; firm; strongly acid or strongly acid. common fine and few medium roots; few faint clay The Btss or Bss horizon commonly has hue of films on faces of peds; few fine black stains (iron 10YR or 2.5Y and value of 5 or 6 and has chroma of 4 and manganese oxides) on faces of peds; many to 8 in ped interiors and 1 or 2 on ped exteriors; or it medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron has no dominant matrix color and is multicolored in depletions; very strongly acid; clear smooth shades of red, brown, yellow, and gray. The quantity of boundary. redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and Btss1—14 to 30 inches; 40 percent light brownish gray redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and (10YR 6/2), 30 percent yellowish red (5YR 5/6), red ranges from few to many and generally increases and 30 percent red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate with depth. The texture is clay or silty clay. Reaction medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. and medium roots; common large intersecting The Bkss horizon, which occurs in most pedons, slickensides that have faintly grooved surfaces; dominantly has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y and value of 4 to very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. 6 and has chroma of 4 to 6 in ped interiors and 1 or 2 Btss2—30 to 38 inches; clay, brownish yellow (10YR on ped exteriors. In some pedons, however, it has no 6/6) interior and gray (2.5Y 6/1) exterior; weak dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of coarse angular blocky structure parting to brown, gray, and red. It has common or many moderate medium angular blocky; very firm; few redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and fine and medium roots; common large intersecting redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and slickensides that have distinct polished and red. It has few to many soft masses or nodules or both grooved surfaces; common coarse distinct of calcium carbonate. It is clay or silty clay. Reaction brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline. accumulation; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The C or 2C horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR Bkss—38 to 54 inches; clay, brownish yellow (10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 6; or it has no 6/6) interior and gray (2.5Y 6/1) exterior; weak dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of coarse angular blocky structure parting to gray, brown, olive, and red. It has few or common moderate fine and medium angular blocky; firm; redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and few fine roots; common large intersecting redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, slickensides that have prominent grooved and olive, and red. It is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. It polished surfaces; few fine and medium soft is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline. masses and nodules of calcium carbonate; The 2Cr horizon, if it occurs, is soft limestone violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear (chalk). It is massive or has platy rock structure. It can irregular boundary. be cut with hand tools and is rippable by light C—54 to 76 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) clay; massive; machinery. firm; many fine and medium soft masses and nodules of calcium carbonate; common medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of Lucedale Series iron accumulation; violently effervescent; The Lucedale series consists of very deep, well moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. drained soils that formed in loamy sediments. These 2Cr—76 to 80 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) soft soils are on ridgetops in uplands in the southwestern limestone (chalk); moderate thick platy rock part of the county. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. structure; very firm; violently effervescent; These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, moderately alkaline. thermic Rhodic Paleudults. The depth to a horizon that has secondary Lucedale soils are geographically associated with carbonates is more than 36 inches. Savannah and Smithdale soils. Savannah soils are 148 Soil Survey

in landscape positions similar to those of the Luverne soils are geographically associated with Lucedale soils but are at lower elevations, are Arundel, Boykin, Halso, Smithdale, and Wadley soils. brownish, and have a fragipan. Smithdale soils are Arundel and Halso soils are in landscape positions on side slopes adjacent to areas of the Lucedale similar to those of the Luverne soils but are commonly soils and are not dark red in the upper part of the at slightly lower elevations. Arundel soils have bedrock argillic horizon. within a depth of 20 to 40 inches. Halso soils have Typical pedon of Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 shale bedrock within a depth of 40 to 60 inches. Boykin percent slopes; in Isney; 1,600 feet south and 2,300 feet and Smithdale soils are in landscape positions similar west of the northeast corner of sec. 2, T. 9 N., R. 5 W. to those of the Luverne soils. Boykin soils have a thick, sandy epipedon. Smithdale soils are fine-loamy. Ap1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) fine sandy Wadley soils are in slightly higher positions than loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many Luverne soils and have a thick, sandy epipedon. fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Luverne fine sandy loam, in an Ap2—3 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) fine sandy area of Boykin-Luverne-Smithdale complex, 15 to 35 loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; percent slopes, eroded; about 2 miles northeast of friable; common fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt Pennington; 100 feet north and 800 feet west of the smooth boundary. southeast corner of sec. 26, T. 15 N., R. 1 W. Bt1—5 to 8 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) sandy clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; A—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy friable; common fine roots; common faint clay films loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth many fine and common medium and coarse roots; boundary. strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bt2—8 to 17 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay loam; E—3 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; friable; common fine and medium and few coarse common fine roots; common faint clay films on roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy Bt1—7 to 19 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam; weak boundary. medium prismatic structure parting to moderate Bt3—17 to 34 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) sandy clay fine and medium subangular blocky; firm; few faint loam; moderate medium subangular blocky clay films on faces of peds; few medium distinct structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint clay brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy wavy boundary. boundary. Bt4—34 to 80 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) sandy clay Bt2—19 to 36 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam; loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces firm; few fine and medium roots; many distinct of peds; very strongly acid. strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The solum is more than 60 inches thick. BC—36 to 49 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam; weak The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine of 3, and chroma of 2 to 4. Reaction is strongly acid or roots; few fine light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) moderately acid, except in areas where lime has been fragments of weathered shale; common medium applied. and coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) The Bt horizon has hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 3, masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; and chroma of 4 to 6. It is loam, sandy clay loam, or gradual wavy boundary. clay loam. It is very strongly acid or strongly acid. C—49 to 80 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam; massive; firm; common thin discontinuous strata of Luverne Series sandy loam; common fine and medium fragments of light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) shale; many The Luverne series consists of very deep, well medium and coarse prominent brownish yellow drained soils that formed in stratified clayey and loamy (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; very marine sediments. These soils are on ridgetops and strongly acid. side slopes in the uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 35 percent. These soils are fine, mixed, semiactive, The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 50 thermic Typic Hapludults. inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid Choctaw County, Alabama 149

throughout the profile, except where the surface layer Typical pedon of Mayhew silty clay loam, 0 to 2 has been limed. percent slopes; about 2.5 miles northeast of Edna; The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 2,600 feet south and 2,000 feet east of the northwest 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is sandy loam or corner of sec. 1, T. 15 N., R. 1 W. fine sandy loam. A1—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is sandy loam or fine firm; many fine and medium and few coarse roots; sandy loam. very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR A2—2 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay; or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm; quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of common fine and medium and few coarse roots; red, brown, and yellow ranges from none to common. common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR The texture is clay loam, sandy clay, or clay. 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; few fine soft The lower part of the Bt horizon has the same range black masses (iron and manganese oxides); very in color as the upper part, or it has no dominant matrix strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. color and is multicolored in shades of red, brown, and Btg1—6 to 13 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) yellow. The quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky shades of red, brown, and yellow ranges from none to structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; many. The texture is sandy clay loam, clay loam, or clay. many pressure faces; common faint clay films on The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR or faces of peds; common medium distinct dark 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8; or it has no yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and brownish yellow dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; few fine red, brown, and yellow. It has few to many soft black masses (iron and manganese oxides); redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, red, very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. and yellow and redoximorphic depletions in shades of Btg2—13 to 22 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) gray. It is sandy clay loam or clay loam. silty clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting The C horizon is commonly stratified. It has hue of to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. common fine and few medium roots; many It has few to many redoximorphic accumulations in pressure faces; common faint clay films on faces shades of red, brown, and yellow. The quantity of of peds; common medium distinct brownish yellow redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray ranges (10YR 6/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses from none to common. The quantity of fragments of of iron accumulation; few fine soft black masses soft shale also ranges from none to common. The (iron and manganese oxides); extremely acid; clear texture is dominantly sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or wavy boundary. clay loam. In some pedons, however, the horizon has Bssg1—22 to 42 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty thin strata of finer or coarser material. clay; weak very coarse subangular blocky structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; Mayhew Series firm; few fine roots; common large intersecting slickensides that have distinct polished and The Mayhew series consists of very deep, poorly grooved surfaces; planes of slickensides are 2 to 3 drained soils that formed in acid, clayey sediments and inches apart; common medium distinct strong the underlying clayey shale. These soils are on broad, brown (7.5YR 5/8) and common fine prominent nearly level ridgetops in the northeastern part of the yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron county. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils accumulation; few fine soft black masses (iron and are fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystraquerts. manganese oxides); extremely acid; clear wavy Mayhew soils are geographically associated with boundary. Luverne, Savannah, and Wilcox soils. The well drained Bssg2—42 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Luverne soils are in higher positions than the Mayhew clay; weak very coarse subangular blocky soils and have a reddish argillic horizon. Wilcox soils structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; are on the slightly higher, more convex slopes on broad firm; few fine roots; common large intersecting ridgetops and on side slopes. They are reddish in the slickensides that have distinct polished and upper part of the subsoil. Savannah soils are on grooved surfaces; planes of slickensides are 1 or 2 stream terraces at lower elevations than the Mayhew inches apart; common fine fragments of shale; soils, have a fragipan, and are fine-loamy. common medium and coarse distinct strong brown 150 Soil Survey

(7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and Typical pedon of Maytag silty clay loam in an area few medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of of Sumter-Maytag complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, iron accumulation; few fine soft black masses (iron eroded; about 1.3 miles south of Melvin; 1,600 feet and manganese oxides); extremely acid; clear south and 200 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. irregular boundary. 22, T. 11 N., R. 5 W. Cr—60 to 80 inches; clayey shale; strong thick platy Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silty rock structure; firm; very strongly acid. clay loam; moderate medium granular structure; The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more friable; common fine and medium roots; many fine than 60 inches. Depth to clayey shale is 60 inches or soft masses of calcium carbonate; strongly more. The quantity of soft, dark masses of iron and effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy manganese oxides ranges from none to common boundary. throughout the profile. Bk—5 to 11 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. The texture is silty clay loam structure; firm; common fine and few medium or silty clay. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly roots; common soft masses and hard nodules of acid, except where lime has been applied. calcium carbonate; many fine prominent brownish The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; to 6, and chroma 1 or 2. It has few to many violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, wavy boundary. brown, and red. It is dominantly silty clay or clay. In Bkss1—11 to 18 inches; silty clay, light yellowish some pedons, however, the upper part of the horizon brown (2.5Y 6/4) interior and light gray (2.5Y 7/2) has a thin subhorizon of silty clay loam. Reaction exterior; moderate coarse prismatic structure ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid. parting to strong coarse angular blocky; firm; few The Bssg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of fine and medium roots; few large intersecting 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it has no dominant slickensides that have faint, slightly grooved matrix color and is multicolored in shades of gray, surfaces; common soft masses and hard nodules yellow, brown, and red. It is clay or silty clay. Reaction of calcium carbonate; light gray colors on faces of ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid. peds and slickensides are iron depletions; many The Cr horizon is clayey shale. It has platy or medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) conchoidal rock structure and is restrictive to root masses of iron accumulation; violently growth. It can be excavated with difficulty with hand effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy tools and is rippable by light machinery. boundary. Bkss2—18 to 30 inches; silty clay, light yellowish Maytag Series brown (2.5Y 6/4) interior and light gray (2.5Y 7/2) exterior; moderate coarse subangular blocky The Maytag series consists of very deep, structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; moderately well drained soils that formed in alkaline, common large intersecting slickensides that have clayey sediments underlain by chalk. These soils are prominent polished and grooved surfaces; common on ridgetops and side slopes in the uplands in the soft masses and hard nodules of calcium southwestern part of the county. Slopes range from 3 carbonate; light gray colors on faces of peds and to 15 percent. These soils are fine, smectitic, thermic slickensides are iron depletions; common medium Oxyaquic Hapluderts. prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of Maytag soils are geographically associated with iron accumulation; violently effervescent; Boswell, Brantley, Leeper, Oktibbeha, and Sumter moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. soils. Boswell soils are in higher landscape positions Bkss3—30 to 42 inches; silty clay, light yellowish than those of the Maytag soils and are acid throughout. brown (2.5Y 6/4) interior and light gray (2.5Y 7/2) Brantley and Oktibbeha soils are commonly in lower exterior; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; landscape positions than those of the Maytag soils. firm; few large intersecting slickensides that have Brantley soils are acid throughout. Oktibbeha soils are faint, slightly grooved surfaces; common soft acid in the upper part of the subsoil. The somewhat masses and hard nodules of calcium carbonate; poorly drained Leeper soils are on flood plains. Sumter light gray colors on faces of peds and slickensides soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the are iron depletions; many coarse distinct light Maytag soils but are moderately deep over chalk. yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses of iron Choctaw County, Alabama 151

accumulation; violently effervescent; moderately McCrory Series alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. BC—42 to 52 inches; silty clay loam, light yellowish The McCrory series consists of very deep, poorly brown (2.5Y 6/4) interior and light gray (2.5Y 7/2) drained soils that formed in loamy sediments that exterior; weak coarse angular blocky structure; contain appreciable amounts of exchangeable sodium. firm; common pressure faces; common soft These soils are on low terraces and are subject to masses and hard nodules of calcium carbonate; occasional flooding for brief periods. Slopes are 0 to 1 many coarse distinct olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) percent. These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, active, masses of iron accumulation; violently thermic Albic Glossic Natraqualfs. effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy McCrory soils are geographically associated with boundary. Deerford, Izagora, and Kinston soils. The somewhat C1—52 to 70 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) silty clay; poorly drained Deerford soils are in positions similar to massive; firm; common soft masses and hard those of McCrory soils but are on slightly convex nodules of calcium carbonate; common medium slopes. Izagora soils are on stream terraces at the distinct light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) masses of slightly higher elevations and do not have a natric iron accumulation; violently effervescent; horizon. The poorly drained Kinston soils are on flood moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. plains. C2—70 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) Typical pedon of McCrory loam, in an area of silty clay; massive; firm; common soft masses and McCrory-Deerford complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, hard nodules of calcium carbonate; common fine occasionally flooded; about 4.3 miles southwest of distinct olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) masses of iron Jachin; 2,600 feet south and 1,400 feet east of the accumulation; violently effervescent; moderately northwest corner of sec. 20, T. 14 N., R. 2 W. alkaline. Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) The thickness of the solum ranges from 45 to more loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very than 60 inches. Depth to soft chalk is more than 60 friable; many fine, medium, and coarse roots; inches. The quantity of soft masses and hard nodules extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary. of calcium carbonate is few or common throughout the B/E—4 to 10 inches; 80 percent grayish brown (10YR profile. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately 5/2) loam (B); moderate medium subangular blocky alkaline throughout the profile. structure; friable; common fine, medium, and The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value coarse roots; about 20 percent light brownish gray of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is silty clay (10YR 6/2) loam (E) in streaks and surrounding loam or silty clay. peds; common coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR The Bk horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, 5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 or 4. The quantity of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and boundary. redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow and Btg—10 to 22 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak brown ranges from none to many. The texture is silty coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate clay loam, silty clay, or clay. medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine and The Bkss horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4 medium roots between peds; common faint clay to 7, and chroma of 2 to 5. It has common or many films on faces of peds; thin seams of light gray redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and (10YR 7/2) loam between prisms; few fine black redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow and masses (iron and manganese oxides); common brown. It is silty clay or clay. medium and coarse prominent strong brown The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5Y, value (7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) of 6 or 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. It has common or masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; many redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and clear wavy boundary. redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow and Btng1—22 to 36 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) brown. It is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting The C horizon, which occurs in most pedons, has to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 6 or 7, and chroma of 2 to few fine and very fine roots between peds; 4. It has few or common redoximorphic depletions in common faint clay films on faces of peds; thin shades of gray and redoximorphic accumulations in seams of light gray (10YR 7/2) loam between shades of yellow and brown. It is silty clay loam, silty prisms; few fine black masses (iron and clay, or clay. manganese oxides); common medium distinct 152 Soil Survey

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish brown Reaction ranges from extremely acid to neutral in the (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; upper part and from strongly acid to moderately extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. alkaline in the lower part. Btng2—36 to 43 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) The C horizon, if it occurs, has colors similar to clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting those of the Btng horizon. The texture is fine sandy to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; loam or very fine sandy loam. Reaction ranges from common faint clay films on faces of peds; few fine neutral to moderately alkaline. black masses (iron and manganese oxides); common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR McLaurin Series 5/8) and red (2.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; extremely acid; gradual wavy The McLaurin series consists of very deep, well boundary. drained soils that formed in loamy sediments. These Btng3—43 to 50 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) soils are on broad ridgetops in the uplands in the clay loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky southwestern part of the county. Slopes range from 2 structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces of to 5 percent. These soils are coarse-loamy, siliceous, peds; few fine black masses (iron and manganese subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults. oxides); common medium prominent strong brown McLaurin soils are geographically associated with (7.5YR 5/8) and red (2.5YR 5/8) masses of iron Boykin, Luverne, Smithdale, and Wadley soils. Boykin accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy and Wadley soils are in positions similar to those of the boundary. McLaurin soils but at slightly higher elevations or on Btng4—50 to 63 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) the lower side slopes. They have a thick, sandy sandy clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky epipedon. Luverne and Smithdale soils are commonly structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces of in the lower positions on side slopes. Luverne soils peds; few fine white crystals; few fine black have a clayey argillic horizon. Smithdale soils are fine- masses (iron and manganese oxides); common loamy and do not have a bisequual profile. medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and Typical pedon of McLaurin fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron percent slopes; about 1.5 miles east of Aquilla; 1,200 accumulation; neutral; clear wavy boundary. feet south and 2,400 feet west of the northeast corner C—63 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) very of sec. 33, T. 9 N., R. 4 W. fine sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine black Ap1—0 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine masses (iron and manganese oxides); light sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) and dark yellowish friable; common fine, medium, and coarse roots; brown (10YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. slightly alkaline. Ap2—2 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; than 60 inches. very friable; common fine and medium roots; very The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Reaction ranges from Ap3—6 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) extremely acid to strongly acid. fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky The B/E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, structure; very friable; common fine and medium value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. The quantity of roots; common spots of strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and fine sandy loam; very strongly acid; clear wavy red ranges from none to many. The texture is sandy boundary. loam, fine sandy loam, or loam. Reaction ranges from Bt1—9 to 14 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) fine sandy extremely acid to strongly acid. loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; The Btg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, very friable; common fine and few medium roots; value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to sand grains coated and bridged with clay; few faint many redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown clay films in pores and root channels; very strongly and red. It is loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam. acid; clear wavy boundary. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid. Bt2—14 to 22 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) loam; moderate The Btng horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many common fine and few medium roots; few faint clay redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, films on faces of peds and lining root channels and yellow, and red. It is sandy clay loam or clay loam. pores; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Choctaw County, Alabama 153

Bt3—22 to 36 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) fine iron depletions in the upper part of the solum. The sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky poorly drained Una soils and the somewhat poorly structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; few drained Urbo soils are in the slightly lower positions on faint clay films on faces of peds; sand grains the flood plain. coated and bridged with clay; very strongly acid; Typical pedon of Mooreville loam, in an area of Urbo- clear wavy boundary. Mooreville-Una complex, gently undulating, frequently B/E—36 to 48 inches; 85 percent yellowish red (5YR flooded; about 1.5 miles southeast of Lavaca; 2,300 5/6) fine sandy loam (B); weak coarse subangular feet south and 100 feet east of the northwest corner of blocky structure; very friable; 15 percent light sec. 2, T. 13 N., R. 1 W. brown (7.5YR 6/4) loamy fine sand (E); massive; A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) very friable; very strongly acid; clear wavy loam; moderate fine granular structure; very friable; boundary. many fine and common medium and coarse roots; B´t—48 to 80 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; Bw1—3 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak very friable; sand grains coated and bridged with medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; clay; very strongly acid. many fine and few medium and coarse roots; The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the Bw2—8 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) profile, except where the surface layer has been limed. clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, structure; firm; common fine and few medium value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value Bw3—18 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. The texture is loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; commonly sandy loam or fine sandy loam. Less firm; common fine roots; common fine and medium commonly, it is loamy fine sand. distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 depletions; few medium distinct strong brown or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam, fine sandy (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very loam, or loam. strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The B part of the B/E horizon has the same range in Bw4—27 to 41 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay color as the Bt horizon. It is fine sandy loam or sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; loam. The E part has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 6 firm; few fine roots; few black stains (iron and to 8, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loamy sand or loamy manganese oxides) on faces of peds; many fine sand. medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron The B´t horizon has hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 4 depletions; common medium distinct strong brown or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. In some pedons it has relic (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, brown, strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. and yellow. The texture is sandy loam or sandy clay Bw5—41 to 51 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam. loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; few black stains (iron and manganese Mooreville Series oxides) on faces of peds; many medium and coarse distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron The Mooreville series consists of very deep, depletions; many medium and coarse distinct moderately well drained soils that formed in loamy strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron alluvium. These soils are on the higher parts of the accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth flood plains along the Tombigbee River and other large boundary. streams. In most years they are subject to flooding for C1—51 to 72 inches; 45 percent yellowish brown brief periods in late winter or in spring. Slopes range (10YR 5/6), 35 percent light brownish gray (10YR from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, 6/2), and 20 percent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) siliceous, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts. sandy clay loam; massive; friable; areas of Mooreville soils are geographically associated with yellowish brown and strong brown are masses of Bigbee, Riverview, Una, and Urbo soils. Bigbee and iron accumulation; areas of light brownish gray are Riverview soils are in slightly higher positions than iron depletions; very strongly acid; gradual smooth those of the Mooreville soils. Bigbee soils are sandy boundary. throughout. Riverview soils do not have low-chroma C2—72 to 80 inches; 45 percent light brownish gray 154 Soil Survey

(2.5Y 6/2), 40 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), percent slopes, frequently flooded; about 4 miles and 15 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy southwest of Jachin; 1,200 feet north and 2,300 feet loam; massive; very friable; areas of light brownish east of the southwest corner of sec. 17, T. 14 N., R. 2 W. gray are iron depletions; areas of yellowish brown A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam; and strong brown are masses of iron accumulation; weak medium granular structure; very friable; very strongly acid. common fine, medium, and coarse roots; very The solum is more than 40 inches thick. Reaction is strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the A2—3 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) profile. The quantity of black stains and concretions of sandy loam; weak coarse granular structure; very iron and manganese oxides ranges from none to friable; common fine and medium roots; very common throughout the profile. strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and C1—10 to 14 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) chroma of 2 or 3. loamy fine sand; massive; very friable; common The upper part of the Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; gradual value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. The quantity of wavy boundary. redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and C2—14 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine yellow and redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray sandy loam; massive; very friable; few fine roots; ranges from none to common. The lower part has hue common thin strata of light yellowish brown (10YR of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6; or it has 6/4) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy no dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades loam; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. of gray and brown. It has few to many redoximorphic C3—30 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) accumulations in shades of brown and redoximorphic loamy fine sand; single grained; loose; very depletions in shades of gray. The texture of the Bw strongly acid. horizon is loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, or Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid clay loam. throughout the profile, except where the surface layer The C horizon commonly has no dominant matrix has been limed. color and is multicolored in shades of brown and gray, The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to or it has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Some pedons have a buried A chroma of 3 to 6. It has few to many redoximorphic horizon below a depth of 25 inches. The buried A accumulations in shades of brown and redoximorphic horizon has the same range in color and texture as the depletions in shades of gray. The texture is commonly A horizon. sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam. In The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 many pedons, however, the horizon has thin strata of to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loamy fine sand, loamy finer- and coarser-textured materials. sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. Ochlockonee Series Okeelala Series The Ochlockonee series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in loamy and sandy alluvium. The Okeelala series consists of very deep, well These soils are on the higher parts of flood plains drained soils that formed in loamy marine sediments. along large streams. They are subject to flooding for These soils are on side slopes in the uplands in the very brief periods several times in most years, mostly southern part of the county. Slopes range from 15 to 60 in winter and spring. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, soils are coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic semiactive, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs. Typic Udifluvents. Okeelala soils are geographically associated with Ochlockonee soils are geographically associated with Boswell, Brantley, Hannon, and Toxey soils. Boswell Bibb, Bigbee, Iuka, and Kinston soils. The poorly drained soils are in lower positions than those of the Okeelala Bibb soils are in the lower positions. Bigbee soils are in soils and have a clayey argillic horizon. Brantley soils the slightly higher positions and are sandy throughout. are in landscape positions similar to those of the The moderately well drained Iuka soils are in the slightly Okeelala soils and have a clayey argillic horizon. lower positions. The poorly drained Kinston soils are in Hannon and Toxey soils are in higher positions than the lower positions and are fine-loamy. those of the Okeelala soils and have clayey subsoil Typical pedon of Ochlockonee sandy loam, in an layers. area of Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1 Typical pedon of Okeelala loamy sand, in an area of Choctaw County, Alabama 155

Brantley-Okeelala complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, range from 1 to 5 percent. These soils are very-fine, eroded; about 4.2 miles south of Melvin; 100 feet south smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystruderts. and 900 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 2, T. Oktibbeha soils are geographically associated with 10 N., R. 5 W. Boswell, Louin, Maytag, and Sumter soils. Boswell soils are in higher landscape positions than those of A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) the Oktibbeha soils, have mixed mineralogy, and are loamy sand; single grained; loose; many fine and acid throughout. Louin soils are in the slightly lower, few medium and coarse roots; strongly acid; abrupt less convex positions, are somewhat poorly drained, smooth boundary. and have a brownish subsoil. Maytag and Sumter soils E—2 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy are in slightly higher positions than those of the sand; single grained; loose; common fine and Oktibbeha soils and are alkaline throughout. medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy Typical pedon of Oktibbeha clay, 1 to 5 percent boundary. slopes; about 0.8 mile southwest of Isney; 1,300 feet Bt1—12 to 16 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy north and 100 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very 3, T. 9 N., R. 5 W. friable; common fine and few medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; Ap—0 to 2 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay; moderate clear smooth boundary. medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many Bt2—16 to 30 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting smooth boundary. to moderate medium subangular blocky; friable; Bt—2 to 8 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; few fine and medium roots; common faint clay moderate medium subangular blocky structure; films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual firm; common fine and medium roots; few faint clay wavy boundary. films on faces of peds; few fine distinct red (2.5YR Bt3—30 to 52 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; few medium loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions; very very friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. faces of peds; sand grains coated and bridged with Btss1—8 to 17 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; clay; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. strong medium angular blocky structure; firm; C—52 to 80 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy common fine, medium, and coarse roots; few large loam; massive; very friable; very strongly acid. intersecting slickensides that have faintly grooved surfaces; few faint clay films on faces of peds; The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60 many medium distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid depletions; few fine distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) throughout the profile. masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and clear wavy boundary. chroma of 2 to 4. It is loamy sand or fine sandy loam. Btss2—17 to 24 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay; strong The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value coarse angular blocky structure; firm; common fine of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loamy sand, sandy and medium roots; common large intersecting loam, or fine sandy loam. slickensides that have distinct polished and The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 grooved surfaces; many medium prominent light or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam, loam, brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and pale brown (10YR sandy clay loam, or clay loam. 6/3) iron depletions; common medium distinct The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture is commonly accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy sandy loam. Less commonly, it is loamy sand or boundary. stratified loamy sand and sandy loam. Btss3—24 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay; strong medium and coarse angular blocky Oktibbeha Series structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; common large intersecting slickensides that have The Oktibbeha series consists of very deep, prominent polished and grooved surfaces; few moderately well drained soils that formed in acid, black stains (iron and manganese oxides) on clayey sediments overlying alkaline clays and soft surfaces of slickensides; common medium distinct limestone (chalk). These soils are on ridgetops in the light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; uplands in the southwestern part of the county. Slopes strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 156 Soil Survey

Bkss—36 to 61 inches; clay, brownish yellow (10YR to many soft masses and nodules of calcium 6/8) interior and pale brown (10YR 6/3) exterior; carbonate. It is clay or silty clay. Reaction ranges from weak coarse angular blocky structure; firm; neutral to moderately alkaline. common fine and medium roots; common large The 2C horizon, if it occurs, is soft limestone (chalk) intersecting slickensides that have prominent or calcareous clay. It is massive or has platy rock polished and grooved surfaces; common fine and structure. It is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline. medium soft masses and nodules of calcium Some pedons have a 2Cr horizon below a depth of 60 carbonate; many medium distinct light gray (10YR inches. It can be excavated with difficulty with hand 7/2) iron depletions; common fine and medium tools and is rippable by light machinery. distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; violently effervescent; moderately Rayburn Series alkaline; clear wavy boundary. 2C—61 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) The Rayburn series consists of deep, moderately soft limestone (chalk); weak thick platy rock well drained soils that formed in acid, clayey marine structure; few fine fractures in the upper part; firm; sediments and the underlying siltstone. These soils are few fine roots; many fine and medium soft masses on footslopes, toeslopes, and benches in the uplands and hard nodules of calcium carbonate; common in the southeastern part of the county. Slopes range medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) from 5 to 15 percent. These soils are fine, smectitic, masses of iron accumulation; violently thermic Vertic Hapludalfs. effervescent; moderately alkaline. Rayburn soils are geographically associated with Arundel, Cantuche, Luverne, and Williamsville soils. The depth to an alkaline horizon ranges from 30 to Arundel and Cantuche soils are in higher positions than 50 inches. those of the Rayburn soils. Arundel soils are The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, moderately deep over bedrock. Cantuche soils are value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Reaction is very shallow over bedrock. Luverne and Williamsville soils strongly acid or strongly acid, except in areas where are in higher positions than those of the Rayburn soils, lime has been applied. have mixed mineralogy, and are very deep over The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 bedrock. or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. The quantity of Typical pedon of Rayburn silt loam, 5 to 15 percent redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red and slopes, eroded; about 2 miles southeast of Bladon brown and redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray Springs; 2,500 feet south and 1,500 feet east of the ranges from none to common. Reaction ranges from northwest corner of sec. 33, T. 9 N., R. 2 W. extremely acid to strongly acid. The upper part of the Btss horizon has hue of A—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to weak medium granular structure; very friable; many 8; or it has no dominant matrix color and is fine and medium roots; extremely acid; abrupt multicolored in shades of red, brown, and gray. The smooth boundary. lower part has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, E—2 to 5 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt and chroma of 4 to 6; or it has no dominant matrix loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; color and is multicolored in shades of brown, gray, very friable; many fine and medium roots; few and red. The Btss horizon has few to many medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and of iron accumulation; extremely acid; abrupt redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown smooth boundary. and red. The quantity of redoximorphic features Bt—5 to 12 inches; red (2.5YR 5/6) clay; moderate generally increases with depth. Reaction ranges medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common from very strongly acid to moderately acid. fine, medium, and coarse roots; few faint clay films The Bkss horizon dominantly has hue of 10YR to on faces of peds; extremely acid; clear wavy 5Y and value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 4 to 8 in ped boundary. interiors and 2 to 4 on ped exteriors and on faces of Btss1—12 to 19 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; slickensides. In some pedons, however, the horizon moderate medium subangular blocky structure; does not have a dominant matrix color and is firm; common fine roots; common large multicolored in shades of brown, gray, and red. The intersecting slickensides that have polished and Bkss horizon has common or many redoximorphic slightly grooved surfaces; few faint clay films on depletions in shades of gray and redoximorphic faces of peds; 5 percent pararock fragments of accumulations in shades of brown and red. It has few siltstone; many medium distinct light brownish gray Choctaw County, Alabama 157

(2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; common medium dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron red, brown, yellow, and gray. It has common or many accumulation; extremely acid; clear wavy redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, brown, boundary. and yellow and redoximorphic depletions in shades of Btss2—19 to 34 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) silty gray. It is silty clay loam, clay loam, silty clay, or clay. clay; moderate medium subangular blocky The Cr horizon is weathered siltstone or claystone. structure; firm; common fine roots; common large It is massive or has thick platy rock structure. It can intersecting slickensides that have polished and be cut with hand tools with difficulty and is rippable by grooved surfaces; few faint clay films on faces of light equipment. peds; 5 percent pararock fragments of siltstone; extremely acid; gradual wavy boundary. Riverview Series Btss3—34 to 43 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky The Riverview series consists of very deep, well structure; firm; few fine roots; common large drained soils that formed in loamy alluvium. These intersecting slickensides that have polished and soils are on natural levees on the flood plain along the grooved surfaces; few faint clay films on faces of Tombigbee River. These soils are subject to occasional peds; about 10 percent pararock fragments of flooding for brief periods. Slopes range from 0 to 2 siltstone; common medium prominent yellowish percent. These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, active, brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; thermic Fluventic Dystrudepts. extremely acid; gradual smooth boundary. Riverview soils are geographically associated with BC—43 to 55 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) silty clay; Bigbee, Mooreville, Una, and Urbo soils. Bigbee soils weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; are in slightly higher positions on the natural levees about 10 percent pararock fragments of siltstone; than the Riverview soils and are sandy throughout. The many coarse prominent brownish yellow (10YR moderately well drained Mooreville soils and the 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; extremely acid; somewhat poorly drained Urbo soils are in the slightly gradual wavy boundary. lower positions on the flood plains. The poorly drained Cr—55 to 65 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) siltstone; Una soils are in the lower, more concave positions on massive; very firm; common coarse prominent the flood plains. yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron Typical pedon of Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent accumulation on surfaces; extremely acid. slopes, occasionally flooded; about 1.8 miles southeast of Womack Hill in the Choctaw National The thickness of the solum and the depth to Wildlife Refuge; 1,900 feet south and 1,000 feet west bedrock range from 40 to 60 inches. The content of of the northeast corner of sec. 21, T. 10 N., R. 2 W. pararock fragments of siltstone ranges from 0 to 15 percent throughout the profile. Reaction is extremely A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; acid or very strongly acid throughout the profile. moderate fine granular structure; very friable; many The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to fine and common medium and coarse roots; very 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value Bw1—5 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sandy loam, medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; sandy loam, or silt loam. common fine, medium, and coarse roots; very The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The quantity of Bw2—9 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky red ranges from none to common. The texture is silty structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; clay or clay. very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. The Btss horizon has hue of 5YR to 5Y, value of 5 Bw3—12 to 33 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) or 6, and chroma of 2 to 6; or it has no dominant matrix loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; color and is multicolored in shades of red, brown, very friable; common fine and few medium roots; yellow, and gray. It has common or many very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, brown, Bw4—33 to 51 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and yellow and few to many redoximorphic depletions fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky in shades of gray. It is silty clay or clay. structure; very friable; few fine roots; very strongly The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR to 5Y, acid; gradual smooth boundary. value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 or 3; or it has no C1—51 to 61 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy 158 Soil Survey

loam; massive; very friable; very strongly acid; common fine and medium and few coarse roots; clear smooth boundary. very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. C2—61 to 80 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Ap2—3 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak loam; massive; very friable; very strongly acid. fine granular structure; very friable; common fine, medium, and coarse roots; strongly acid; clear The thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to 60 smooth boundary. inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to E—7 to 11 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silt moderately acid throughout the profile, except where loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; the surface layer has been limed. Some pedons have very friable; common fine, medium, and coarse a buried A horizon or a buried B horizon or both roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. below a depth of 25 inches. These horizons have the Bt1—11 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) same range in color and texture as the A and B loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; horizons. friable; common fine and medium and few coarse The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; few 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. fine rounded weakly cemented slightly brittle The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value masses that have black centers (iron and of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. The quantity of manganese oxides); very strongly acid; clear wavy redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown boundary. and red ranges from none to common. The texture is Bt2—24 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to loam. moderate medium subangular blocky; very friable; The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 few faint clay films on faces of peds; common fine to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The quantity of rounded weakly cemented slightly brittle masses redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, red, that have black centers (iron and manganese and yellow and redoximorphic depletions in shades of oxides); few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR gray ranges from none to common. The texture is 6/2) iron depletions; few medium prominent red dominantly loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, (2.5YR 4/6) and few fine distinct strong brown fine sandy loam, or loam. In some pedons, however, (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very the horizon has thin strata of finer- and coarser- strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. textured materials. Btx1—30 to 46 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure; firm; Savannah Series dense and brittle in about 65 percent of the matrix; common faint clay films on faces of peds; The Savannah series consists of very deep, common fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR moderately well drained soils that have a fragipan. 6/2) iron depletions; common medium distinct These soils formed in loamy sediments on high stream strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common coarse terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. These soils prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron are fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy Fragiudults. boundary. Savannah soils are geographically associated with Btx2—46 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Izagora, Luverne, and Smithdale soils. Izagora soils loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure; are in positions similar to those of the Savannah soils firm; dense and brittle in about 60 percent of the but are at lower elevations and do not have a fragipan. matrix; common faint clay films on faces of peds; The well drained Luverne and Smithdale soils are on continuous thin gray (10YR 5/1) clay depletions on ridgetops at the higher elevations and on side slopes at faces of peds; common medium distinct light the higher or lower elevations. Luverne soils have a brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; common clayey argillic horizon. Smithdale soils are reddish and medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses do not have a fragipan. of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy Typical pedon of Savannah silt loam, 2 to 5 percent boundary. slopes; about 1.6 miles northeast of Pushmataha; B´t—65 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay 2,000 feet south and 2,400 feet east of the northwest loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; corner of sec. 1, T. 14 N., R. 4 W. firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds; Ap1—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt common medium distinct light brownish gray loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; (10YR 6/2) and pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron Choctaw County, Alabama 159

depletions; common medium prominent yellowish percent slopes; about 2.8 miles northeast of Aquilla; red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very 1,100 feet north and 900 feet west of the southeast strongly acid. corner of sec. 16, T. 9 N., R. 4 W. The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Depth to Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loamy fine the fragipan ranges from 20 to 34 inches. Reaction is sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the many fine and medium roots; strongly acid; clear profile, except where the surface layer has been limed. wavy boundary. The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to E—5 to 13 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, structure; very friable; common fine and medium value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is sandy loam, roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam. Bt1—13 to 49 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam; The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The quantity of common fine and few medium roots; few faint clay redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, yellow, films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy and brown ranges from none to common, and the boundary. quantity of redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray Bt2—49 to 65 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy is none or few. The texture is loam, sandy clay loam, or loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; clay loam. very friable; few fine and medium roots; few faint The Btx horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 clay films on faces of peds; sand grains are to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It has common or many bridged and coated with clay; very strongly acid. redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, yellow, The thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to more and brown and redoximorphic depletions in shades of than 80 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or gray. It is loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam. strongly acid throughout the profile, except where the The B´t horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or surface layer has been limed. 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It has The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or common or many redoximorphic accumulations in 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. The texture is loamy sand, shades of red, yellow, and brown and redoximorphic loamy fine sand, or sandy loam. depletions in shades of gray. It is loam, sandy clay The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value loam, or clay loam. of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. Smithdale Series The BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy The Smithdale series consists of very deep, well loam or loam. drained soils that formed in loamy sediments. These The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 soils are on narrow ridgetops and side slopes in the or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is loam, sandy clay loam, uplands throughout the county. Slopes range from 1 to or clay loam in the upper part and sandy loam or loam 35 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, in the lower part. subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults. Smithdale soils are geographically associated with Arundel, Boykin, Luverne, McLaurin, Savannah, and Sumter Series Wadley soils. Arundel soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the Smithdale soils but at slightly The Sumter series consists of moderately deep, lower elevations, have a clayey argillic horizon, and are well drained soils that formed in alkaline, loamy and moderately deep over bedrock. Boykin and Luverne clayey materials weathered from soft limestone (chalk). soils are in positions similar to those of the Smithdale These soils are on ridgetops and side slopes in the soils. Boykin soils have a thick, sandy epipedon. uplands in the southwestern part of the county. Slopes Luverne soils have a clayey argillic horizon. McLaurin range from 3 to 15 percent. These soils are fine-silty, soils are on broad ridgetops and are coarse-loamy. carbonatic, thermic Rendollic Eutrudepts. Savannah soils are on high stream terraces, are Sumter soils are geographically associated with brownish, and have a fragipan. Wadley soils are in the Boswell, Brantley, Leeper, Maytag, and Oktibbeha slightly higher positions on ridgetops and have a thick, soils. Boswell soils are in higher landscape positions sandy epipedon. than those of the Sumter soils, are acid throughout the Typical pedon of Smithdale loamy fine sand, 5 to 15 profile, and do not have bedrock within a depth of 40 160 Soil Survey

inches. Brantley and Oktibbeha soils are commonly in 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. The lower lower positions than those of the Sumter soils. Brantley part has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and soils are acid throughout. Oktibbeha soils have vertic chroma of 2 to 6. The texture is clay, silty clay, or silty properties and are acid in the upper part of the subsoil. clay loam. The quantity of masses of iron accumulation Maytag soils are in landscape positions similar to in shades of yellow, brown, and olive ranges from none those of the Sumter soils but do not have bedrock to common in the upper part and from few to many in within a depth of 40 inches. The somewhat poorly the lower part. The horizon has few to many soft drained Leeper soils are on flood plains. masses and nodules of calcium carbonate. Typical pedon of Sumter silty clay loam, in an area The Cr horizon is chalk or weathered limestone. It is of Sumter-Maytag complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, massive or has platy rock structure. It can be cut with eroded; about 2 miles southeast of Isney; 1,500 feet hand tools with difficulty and is rippable by light south and 500 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. equipment. 7, T. 9 N., R. 4 W. Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty Toxey Series clay loam; strong fine granular structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; strongly The Toxey series consists of very deep, moderately effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth well drained soils that formed in marine sediments boundary. consisting of thin strata of acid clay underlain by Bk1—5 to 10 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) stratified alkaline, loamy and clayey sediments and silty clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting chalk or marl. These soils are in the uplands in the to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; southwestern part of the county. They are on narrow common fine roots; common fine and medium soft ridgetops and on benches. Slopes range from 3 to 8 masses and few fine nodules of calcium percent. These soils are fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic carbonate; strongly effervescent; moderately Eutrudepts. alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Toxey soils are geographically associated with Bk2—10 to 17 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3) silty clay; Brantley, Hannon, and Okeelala soils. Brantley soils moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; are in the slightly higher positions on ridgetops or in the few fine roots; common fine and medium soft lower positions on side slopes. They have a clayey masses and few medium nodules of calcium argillic horizon and are acid throughout. Hannon soils carbonate; common fine and medium distinct are in positions similar to those of the Toxey soils and brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and light yellowish have hue of 7.5YR or redder in the upper part of the brown (2.5Y 6/4) masses of iron accumulation; solum. Okeelala soils are in lower positions than those strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear of the Toxey soils and are fine-loamy. wavy boundary. Typical pedon of Toxey clay, in an area of Toxey- Bk3—17 to 27 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) clay; weak Brantley-Hannon complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common eroded; 4.25 miles south of Melvin; 1,900 feet south fine and medium soft masses and many medium and 2,000 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 2, T. nodules of calcium carbonate; common medium 10 N., R. 5 W. and coarse distinct light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) Ap—0 to 3 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay; and few medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; violently common very fine and few fine roots; common effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy spots of olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) clay; common fine boundary. fragments of charcoal; very strongly acid; abrupt Cr—27 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) wavy boundary. chalk; moderate thick platy rock structure; very Bw1—3 to 7 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) clay; strong firm; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common The thickness of the solum and the depth to soft fine, medium, and coarse roots; common fine bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. Reaction is fragments of charcoal; common fine distinct slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline throughout the yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron profile. accumulation on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 wavy boundary. to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. Bw2—7 to 15 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3) clay; weak The upper part of the Bk horizon has hue of 10YR or coarse prismatic structure parting to strong fine Choctaw County, Alabama 161

and medium subangular blocky; firm; common and redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, coarse, medium, and fine roots; many pressure yellow, and red ranges from none to common. The faces; common medium distinct yellowish brown lower part has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and (10YR 5/6) and few fine distinct dark yellowish chroma of 3 to 6. It has few to many redoximorphic brown (10YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation on depletions in shades of gray and redoximorphic faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. accumulations in shades of brown, yellow, and red. The BC—15 to 24 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3) and light texture of the Bw horizon is silty clay or clay. Reaction yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) silty clay; strong ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid. conchoidal rock structure; firm; few fine and very The BC horizon, which occurs in most pedons, has fine roots; common fine soft black masses and the same range in color as the lower part of the Bw stains (iron and manganese oxides); common soft horizon. It is silty clay loam, clay loam, silty clay, or masses of calcium carbonate; many coarse clay. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to moderately distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and few alkaline. The quantity of soft masses and nodules of fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR calcium carbonate ranges from none to common. 5/6) masses of iron accumulation on fracture The 2C horizon is commonly stratified. It commonly planes; slightly acid; clear irregular boundary. has hue of 10YR to 5Y or less commonly 7.5YR, value 2C1—24 to 44 inches; pale yellow (5Y 7/3) silty clay; of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6; or it has no dominant weak thick platy rock structure parting to strong matrix color and is multicolored in shades of olive, coarse and medium angular blocky; vertical and brown, and gray. It is massive or has platy or blocky horizontal fracture planes are 1 to 2 inches apart; rock structure. It is sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, very firm; few thin strata of brownish yellow (10YR clay loam, silty clay, or clay. It commonly contains few 6/6) silty clay; common fine soft black masses and to many angular, soft shale-like fragments. It is slightly stains (iron and manganese oxides); common fine alkaline or moderately alkaline. It has few to many soft white fragments of shell; common soft masses of masses or nodules or both of calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate; common medium distinct dark quantity of soft black masses or stains of iron and yellowish brown (10YR 4/6), strong brown (7.5YR manganese oxides ranges from none to common. 4/6), and dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) masses of iron Some pedons have strata of chalk or marl below a accumulation on fracture planes; strongly depth of 60 inches. effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear irregular boundary. Una Series 2C2—44 to 53 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) silty clay loam; massive; many dark sand grains; few The Una series consists of very deep, poorly fine and medium nodules of calcium carbonate; drained soils that formed in clayey alluvium. These few fine soft masses of calcium carbonate; soils are in swales, sloughs, and oxbows on flood violently effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear plains along the Tombigbee River and other large irregular boundary. streams. They are subject to frequent flooding, and 2C3—53 to 63 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3) clay loam; most areas are ponded for long periods, especially massive; many dark sand grains; common fine during winter and spring. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. nodules of calcium carbonate; violently These soils are fine, mixed, active, acid, thermic Typic effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Epiaquepts. boundary. Una soils are geographically associated with 2C4—63 to 80 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay Bigbee, Mooreville, Riverview, and Urbo soils. Bigbee loam; massive; many dark sand grains; few fine soils are in higher positions than those of the Una soils nodules of calcium carbonate; strongly and are sandy throughout. The moderately well drained effervescent; slightly alkaline. Mooreville soils are in the higher, more convex positions. The well drained Riverview soils are on high The depth to an alkaline horizon ranges from 10 to parts of natural levees and are fine-loamy. The 35 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges from 10 somewhat poorly drained Urbo soils are in the slightly to 50 inches. higher, more convex positions. The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value Typical pedon of Una clay, ponded; about 2.5 miles of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is very strongly acid southeast of Lavaca; 3,000 feet south and 600 feet or strongly acid. west of the northeast corner of sec. 2, T. 13 N., R. 1 W. The upper part of the Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. The A—0 to 4 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay; moderate quantity of redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common 162 Soil Survey

fine and medium roots; common medium distinct Typical pedon of Urbo silty clay, in an area of Urbo- reddish brown (5YR 4/4) masses of iron Mooreville-Una complex, gently undulating, frequently accumulation on faces of peds; very strongly acid; flooded; about 3.2 miles south-southeast of Lavaca; abrupt wavy boundary. 1,600 feet north and 1,300 feet west of the southeast Bg1—4 to 15 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; moderate corner of sec. 15, T. 13 N., R. 1 W. medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine A—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty and medium roots; few medium prominent strong clay; moderate medium subangular blocky brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common medium prominent structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. accumulation on faces of peds; few medium faint Bw—9 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. blocky structure; firm; common fine and medium Bg2—15 to 62 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; weak roots; few fine soft black masses and stains coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common (iron and manganese oxides); many fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), and brownish yellow depletions on faces of peds; common fine (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; very distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of strongly acid. iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is boundary. very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the Bg1—14 to 26 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) profile. clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value structure; firm; common fine roots; few pressure of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. The texture is clay or faces; few fine soft black masses and stains (iron silty clay loam. and manganese oxides); many fine and medium The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, brown, boundary. or yellow. It is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. Bg2—26 to 43 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine Urbo Series roots; few pressure faces; common fine and medium soft black masses and stains (iron and The Urbo series consists of very deep, somewhat manganese oxides); many fine and medium poorly drained soils that formed in clayey alluvium. distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and few fine faint These soils are on low parts of the flood plains along yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron the Tombigbee River and other large streams. In most accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy years they are subject to flooding for brief periods in boundary. late winter and in spring. Slopes range from 0 to 2 Bssg1—43 to 51 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) percent. These soils are fine, mixed, active, acid, clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky thermic Vertic Epiaquepts. structure; firm; few fine roots; common large The Urbo soils in this survey area are taxadjuncts to intersecting slickensides; common fine and the Urbo series because they are in the smectitic clay medium soft black masses and stains (iron and mineralogy class rather than the mixed. This manganese oxides); many medium prominent difference, however, does not significantly affect the strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and common medium use, management, or interpretations of the soils. The prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron Urbo soils in this survey area are fine, smectitic, acid, accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy thermic Vertic Epiaquepts. boundary. Urbo soils are geographically associated with Bssg2—51 to 67 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Bigbee, Mooreville, Riverview, and Una soils. Bigbee clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky soils are in the higher positions and are sandy structure; firm; common large intersecting throughout. The moderately well drained Mooreville slickensides; few pressure faces; common fine and soils and the well drained Riverview soils are in the medium soft black masses and stains (iron and slightly higher, more convex positions and are fine- manganese oxides); many medium and coarse loamy. The poorly drained Una soils are in the slightly prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and few lower, more concave positions on the flood plains. medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron Choctaw County, Alabama 163

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy and medium roots; few medium nodules of boundary. ironstone; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bssg3—67 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) E2—21 to 37 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy clay; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; sand; single grained; loose; common fine and firm; common large intersecting slickensides; few medium roots; common streaks of uncoated sand; pressure faces; many medium and coarse strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) and many medium E3—37 to 55 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) loamy prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron sand; single grained; loose; few fine and medium accumulation; very strongly acid. roots; few thin discontinuous yellowish red (5YR 5/6) lamellae; common streaks of uncoated sand; The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the Bt1—55 to 73 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy profile. Few or common soft, brown and black masses loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; of iron and manganese oxides are throughout the very friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on profile. faces of peds; sand grains coated and bridged with The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to clay; common thin streaks of uncoated sand on 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. vertical faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, wavy boundary. and chroma of 3 or 4, or it has no dominant matrix Bt2—73 to 80 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam; color and is multicolored in shades of brown and gray. weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; It is clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. few fine and medium roots; few faint clay films on The Bg and Bssg horizons have hue of 10YR or faces of peds; common faint red (2.5YR 4/6) clay 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. In most films in pores; common coarse prominent brownish pedons they have common or many redoximorphic yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; accumulations in shades of brown, yellow, or red. The very strongly acid. texture is clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. The solum is more than 80 inches thick. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid Wadley Series throughout the profile, except in areas where lime has been applied. The Wadley series consists of very deep, somewhat The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to excessively drained soils that formed in sandy and 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. loamy sediments. These soils are on ridgetops in the The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 5 percent. These soils to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loamy sand or loamy are loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Grossarenic fine sand. Paleudults. The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 Wadley soils are geographically associated with to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam or sandy Boykin, Luverne, and Smithdale soils. Luverne and clay loam. Smithdale soils are commonly in slightly lower landscape positions than those of the Wadley soils and do not have a thick, sandy epipedon. Boykin soils are Wilcox Series in landscape positions similar to those of the Wadley The Wilcox series consists of deep, somewhat soils and have a sandy epipedon that is 20 to 40 poorly drained soils that formed in acid, clayey inches thick. sediments and the underlying clayey shale. These soils Typical pedon of Wadley loamy fine sand, 1 to 5 are on ridgetops and side slopes in the uplands in the percent slopes; about 1.5 miles northwest of Wimberly; northeastern part of the county. Slopes range from 1 to 2,200 feet south and 1,500 feet west of the northeast 15 percent. These soils are very-fine, smectitic, corner of sec. 15, T. 11 N., R. 3 W. thermic Chromic Dystruderts. Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Wilcox soils are geographically associated with loamy fine sand; weak fine granular structure; very Luverne and Mayhew soils. The well drained Luverne friable; many fine and medium roots; strongly acid; soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the abrupt wavy boundary. Wilcox soils but are at higher elevations and do not E1—7 to 21 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) have vertic properties. The poorly drained Mayhew loamy sand; single grained; loose; common fine soils are on broad, nearly level ridgetops. 164 Soil Survey

Typical pedon of Wilcox silty clay, 1 to 5 percent (2.5Y 5/2) rounded and angular fragments of shale slopes; about 1.5 miles northeast of Edna; 2,000 feet (C); strong medium platy rock structure; 40 percent south and 700 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay (B); massive; few 2, T. 15 N., R. 1 W. fine roots; common medium and coarse distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) and brownish yellow Ap—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; silty clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky extremely acid; abrupt irregular boundary. structure; firm; common medium and few fine Cr—60 to 80 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) shale; roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. strong thick platy rock structure; fractured in upper Bt1—3 to 9 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; strong part; very firm; very strongly acid. medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine, medium, and coarse roots; common pressure The thickness of the solum and the depth to faces; few faint clay films on faces of peds; very bedrock range from 40 to 60 inches. The surface layer strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. is very strongly acid or strongly acid, except where Bt2—9 to 13 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; strong lime has been applied. The B and C horizons range medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common from extremely acid to strongly acid. fine, medium, and coarse roots; common pressure The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, faces; few faint clay films on faces of peds; and chroma of 1 to 3. common medium distinct light brownish gray The Bt and Btss horizons have hue of 2.5YR to (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; few fine faint red 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma 4 to 6. They have (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron accumulation; few to many redoximorphic depletions in shades of extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. gray and redoximorphic accumulations in shades of Btss—13 to 20 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate brown, yellow, and red. coarse subangular blocky structure parting to The Bssg horizon commonly has hue of 10YR or strong fine angular blocky; firm; common fine and 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few medium roots; few large intersecting slickensides to many redoximorphic accumulations in shades of that have slightly grooved surfaces; many medium red, brown, and yellow. and coarse prominent gray (10YR 5/1) iron A transition horizon, such as a BC, CB, B/C, or C/B depletions; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR horizon, occurs in many pedons. These horizons have 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; extremely acid; a range in properties similar to that of the horizons clear wavy boundary. from which they are derived. Bssg1—20 to 30 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) The Cg horizon, if it occurs, has a gray matrix and clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure few to many redoximorphic accumulations in shades of parting to strong fine angular blocky; firm; few fine brown, yellow, and red. It is clay or silty clay. and medium roots; common large intersecting The Cr horizon is clayey shale. It has platy or slickensides that have distinct polished and conchoidal rock structure and is restrictive to root grooved surfaces; common fine and medium growth. It can be excavated with difficulty with hand prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) and few fine distinct tools and is rippable by light machinery. yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy Williamsville Series boundary. Bssg2—30 to 35 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) The Williamsville series consists of very deep, well clay; weak coarse subangular blocky structure drained soils that formed in clayey marine sediments parting to strong fine angular blocky; firm; few fine that contain appreciable amounts of weathered and very fine roots; common large intersecting glauconite. These soils are on ridgetops and side slickensides that have distinct polished and slopes in the uplands in the southern part of the grooved surfaces; few fine shale fragments; county. Slopes range from 2 to 35 percent. These soils common fine and medium nodules of ironstone; are fine, mixed, active, thermic Typic Hapludults. common medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) and Williamsville soils are geographically associated many fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and with Arundel, Cantuche, Lauderdale, Rayburn, and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron Smithdale soils. Arundel, Cantuche, Lauderdale, and accumulation; very strongly acid; clear irregular Rayburn soils are in slightly lower positions than those boundary. of the Williamsville soils. Arundel soils are moderately C/B—35 to 60 inches; 60 percent grayish brown deep over bedrock. Cantuche and Lauderdale soils are Choctaw County, Alabama 165

shallow over bedrock. Rayburn soils are deep over Bt3—43 to 59 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam; bedrock. Smithdale soils are in slightly higher positions weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; than those of the Williamsville soils and are fine-loamy. few fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of Typical pedon of Williamsville fine sandy loam, 2 to peds; common coarse distinct olive brown (2.5Y 8 percent slopes; about 2 miles north-northeast of 4/3) iron depletions; common coarse distinct light Cullomburg; 300 feet north and 2,300 feet east of the olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of iron southwest corner of sec. 16, T. 9 N., R. 3 W. accumulation; the iron depletions and masses of iron accumulation are relic redoximorphic features; A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very C—59 to 80 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam; friable; many very fine and fine and common massive; friable; common thin strata of sandy medium and coarse roots; moderately acid; abrupt loam; many coarse distinct olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) smooth boundary. iron depletions that are relic redoximorphic E—5 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; features; very strongly acid. weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; many very fine and common fine, medium, The thickness of the solum ranges from 50 to more and coarse roots; strongly acid; clear smooth than 60 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly boundary. acid to moderately acid in the surface layer and is very BE—14 to 17 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) fine strongly acid or strongly acid in the subsoil. sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 structure; very friable; many very fine and few fine or 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. and medium roots; common fine streaks of The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; very of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is fine strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. sandy loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand. Bt1—17 to 27 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay; weak The BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR or coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is medium subangular blocky; firm; common very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam. and few fine and medium roots; common faint clay The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10R to films on faces of peds and in pores; very strongly 5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is clay acid; clear wavy boundary. loam, sandy clay, or clay. The lower part has hue of Bt2—27 to 43 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; common 10R to 5YR, value of 4, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is clay medium prominent olive (5Y 4/4) mottles; weak loam or sandy clay loam. medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to very fine and few fine roots; common faint clay 6, and chroma of 3 to 6; or it has no dominant matrix films on faces of peds; common medium distinct color and is multicolored in shades of olive, brown, and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron red. It is loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy loam and accumulation that are relic redoximorphic features; commonly has thin strata of finer- and coarser-textured very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. material.

167

Formation of the Soils

In this section, the factors of soil formation are erosion, shrink-swell potential, and cation-exchange related to the soils in Choctaw County, the capacity. processes of horizon differentiation are explained, The soils in Choctaw County formed mainly in three and the geologic processes in the county are kinds of parent material—loamy and clayey marine described. sediments that have undergone considerable weathering in place, water-deposited material on Factors of Soil Formation stream terraces and flood plains, and materials weathered from soft limestone (chalk), claystone, Soil is a natural, three-dimensional body on the siltstone, or shale. Boswell, Boykin, Brantley, Luverne, earth’s surface that supports plants. It forms through McLaurin, Okeelala, Smithdale, Wadley, and weathering and other processes that act on deposited Williamsville soils formed in stratified, sandy, loamy, or or accumulated geologic material. The kind of soil that clayey marine sediments on uplands. Annemaine, forms depends on the type of parent material; the Bigbee, Cahaba, Deerford, Freest, Izagora, Latonia, climate under which soil material has existed since Lenoir, Lucedale, McCrory, and Savannah soils formed accumulation; the relief, or lay of the land; the plant in the water-deposited material on stream terraces. and animal life in and on the soil; and the length of time Bibb, Iuka, Kinston, Leeper, Mooreville, Ochlockonee, that the forces of soil formation have acted on the soil Riverview, Una, and Urbo soils formed in the water- material. The relative importance of each of these deposited material on flood plains. Hannon, Louin, factors differs from place to place; in some areas, one Maytag, Oktibbeha, and Sumter soils formed in the factor is more important, and in other areas another materials weathered from soft limestone (chalk) and may dominate. A modification or variation in any of the alkaline clays on uplands. Arundel, Cantuche, factors results in a different kind of soil. Lauderdale, and Rayburn soils are upland soils that Climate and living organisms are the active factors formed in materials weathered from claystone or of soil formation. They act on parent material and siltstone. Conecuh, Halso, Mayhew, and Wilcox soils change it into a natural body that has definite are upland soils that formed in materials weathered characteristics. The effects of climate and living from shale. organisms are conditioned by relief, which influences surface drainage; the amount of water that percolates Climate through the soil; the rate of erosion; and the kind of vegetation that grows on the soil. The nature of the The climate of Choctaw County is warm and humid. parent material also affects the kind of soil profile that Summers are long and hot. Winters are short and mild, is formed. Time is needed for the parent material to and the ground rarely freezes to a depth of more than a change into a soil. The development of a distinct soil few inches. The climate is fairly even throughout the horizon normally requires a long period of time. county and accounts for few differences between the soils. Rainfall averages about 58 inches a year. Parent Material Detailed information about the climate in the county is given in the section “General Nature of the County” and Parent material is the initial physical body that is in tables 1, 2, and 3. changed by the other soil-forming factors over time. The mild, humid climate favors rapid decomposition Generally, the younger the soil, the greater the of organic matter and increases the rate of chemical influence of the parent material on soil properties. The reactions in the soil. The plentiful rainfall leaches large nature of the parent material can be expressed in many amounts of soluble bases and carries the less soluble ways in the soil profile, including color, texture, and fine particles downward, resulting in acid soils that mineralogy. These properties can be related to physical have a sandy surface layer and that are low in natural and chemical properties, such as susceptibility to fertility. The large amount of moisture and the warm 168 Soil Survey

temperature favor the growth of bacteria and fungi and county but can be used as a guide to plants presently speed the decomposition of organic matter, resulting in in the county. soils that have a low content of organic matter. The plant communities in the county are also reflected in the species distribution of fauna. Animals, Relief in turn, have an impact on the soil properties of a particular area. For example, ants, worms, moles, Relief varies significantly in Choctaw County and armadillo, and gophers can improve aeration in a generally can be related to the physiographic regions compacted soil. Microbes that thrive in a particular and geologic units in the county. It ranges from very plant community react to various soil conditions and low on the flood plains and stream terraces to very consequently influence the soil profile by providing high in the dissected hills. decayed organic matter and nitrogen to the soil matrix. Relief influences the formation of soil through its effect on drainage, runoff, and erosion. Soil properties Time that are influenced by relief include the thickness of the solum, the thickness of the A horizon, the color of If all other factors of soil formation are equal, the the profile, the degree of horizon differentiation, and the degree of soil formation is in direct proportion to time. relative wetness of the profile. The thickness of the If soil-forming factors have been active for a long time, solum is one of the properties most obviously related horizon development is stronger than if these same to relief. Soils on nearly level summits tend to have a factors have been active for a relatively short time. thicker solum than that of soils on steep side slopes. Some parent materials are more easily weathered than Relief also affects moisture relationships in soil. It others. The rate of weathering is dependent on the affects the depth to ground water and the amount of mineral composition and degree of consolidation of the water that is available for plant growth. Generally, the parent material. “Time zero” for soil formation is water table is closer to the surface in depressions than considered to be that point in time when fresh parent on the high parts of the landscape. material is first exposed to the other soil forming- factors. Commonly, this is a catastrophic occurrence, Plants and Animals such as a flood, a change in topography resulting from a geologic event, a severe episode of erosion, or the Living organisms greatly influence the processes of influence of humans on the landscape. soil formation and the characteristics of the soils. Geologically, the soils in Choctaw County are Trees, grasses, insects, earthworms, rodents, fungi, relatively young. The youngest soils are the alluvial bacteria, and other forms of plant and animal life are soils on active flood plains along streams and rivers. affected by the other soil-forming factors. Animal These soils receive deposits of sediment and are activity is largely confined to the surface layer of the undergoing a cumulative soil-forming process. In most soil. The soil is continually mixed by this activity, which cases, these young soils have weakly defined improves water infiltration. Plant roots create channels horizons, mainly because the soil-forming processes through which air and water move more rapidly, thereby have been active for only a short time. Bibb, Iuka, improving soil structure and increasing the rate of Kinston, Leeper, Mooreville, Riverview, Una, and Urbo chemical reactions in the soil. soils are examples of young soils. Microorganisms help to decompose organic matter, Soils on terraces along the Tombigbee River and which releases plant nutrients and chemicals into the other major streams are older than soils on flood plains soil. These nutrients are either used by the plants or but are still relatively young. Although they formed in are leached from the soil. Human activities that material deposited by the river, these soils are no influence plant and animal populations in the soil affect longer reached by frequent overflows because the river the rate of soil formation. channel is now deeper. Many of these soils have The native vegetation in Choctaw County consisted relatively strong horizon development. Annemaine, dominantly of loblolly-shortleaf pine and oak-pine forest Cahaba, Deerford, Freest, Izagora, Latonia, Lenoir, types in the uplands and oak-hickory and oak-gum- Lucedale, McCrory, and Savannah soils are examples cypress forest types in the bottom lands. The of soils on stream terraces having varying age and understory species consisted of numerous species, elevation. including holly, panicums, bluestems, American Soils on uplands are generally older than soils on beautyberry, Indiangrass, longleaf uniola, and flowering terraces or flood plains and range in age from young to dogwood. These species represent only a very limited very old. The degree of soil development depends on number of the wide variety of plants native to the landscape position and composition of the parent Choctaw County, Alabama 169

material. Arundel, Boswell, Boykin, Brantley, Cantuche, contributes to the development of distinct horizons and Luverne, and Smithdale soils are examples of soils on to the naturally low fertility and acid reaction of most uplands. soils on the Coastal Plain. Some of the soils in the Blackland Prairie area formed in materials weathered Processes of Horizon from soft limestone (chalk). These soils are high in natural fertility and are alkaline throughout. Examples Differentiation are Maytag and Sumter soils. In uniform materials, natural drainage generally is The main processes involved in the formation of soil closely associated with slope or relief. It generally horizons are accumulation of organic matter, leaching affects the color of the soil. Soils that formed under of calcium carbonate and other bases, reduction and good drainage conditions have a subsoil that is transfer of iron, and formation and translocation of uniformly bright in color. Boykin, Lucedale, and silicate clay minerals. These processes can occur in Smithdale soils are examples. Soils that formed under combination or individually, depending on the poor drainage conditions have grayish colors. Kinston, integration of the factors of soil formation. Una, and Urbo soils are examples. Soils that formed Most soils have four main horizons. The A horizon is where drainage is intermediate have a subsoil that is the surface layer. It is the horizon of maximum mottled in shades of gray, red, and brown. Annemaine, accumulation of organic matter. It commonly is darker Boswell, Iuka, Lenoir, Louin, and Mayhew soils are than horizons below it because of the influence of the examples. The grayish colors persist even if artificial organic matter. Organic matter has accumulated to drainage is provided. The dark grayish brown colors in form an A horizon in all of the soils in the county. The the upper part of the Leeper soils and the olive mottles content of organic matter varies between soils because in the Williamsville soils are assumed to be inherited of differences in relief, wetness, and natural fertility. from the parent material. The E horizon, usually called the subsurface layer, In steep areas, the surface soil erodes. In low areas occurs in many of the soils in the county, especially and in depressions, soil materials commonly those soils on uplands. It is the horizon of maximum accumulate and add to the thickness of the surface loss of soluble or suspended material. It commonly is layer. In some areas, the rate of formation of soil lighter in color and coarser in texture than the overlying materials and the rate of removal of soil materials are and underlying horizons. Boykin and Smithdale soils in equilibrium. have both an A horizon and an E horizon. Other soils have an A horizon but do not have an E horizon. Examples are Bibb, Kinston, and Urbo soils. Geologic Processes The B horizon, usually called the subsoil, is immediately below the A or E horizon. It is the horizon The soils of Choctaw County formed in reworked of maximum accumulation of dissolved or suspended clastic (transported weathered rock) material that material, such as iron or clay. Soils on old, stable originated to the north and was deposited under both landforms generally have a thick, well structured B marine and continental environments. Sedimentation horizon. Examples are Lucedale, McLaurin, and occurs when earthy material is transported by such Savannah soils. Soils on flood plains either do not agents as wind, water, and ice and is then deposited at have a B horizon or have a weakly developed B another location. The environment of deposition is that horizon. Examples are Bibb, Iuka, and Kinston soils. of the location in which the deposition occurs The C horizon is the substratum. It has been (Plummer and McGeary, 1993). Continental, or land- affected very little by the soil forming processes but is based, depositional environments include alluvial fans, typically somewhat modified by weathering. flood plains, river channels, lakes, and dunes. Marine The chemical reduction and transfer of iron, called environments include submerged deltas, beaches, gleying, is evident in the wet soils in the county. lagoons, reefs, relatively shallow marine shelves, and Gleying results in gray colors in the subsoil and gray the deep ocean floor. Sediments deposited in marine mottles in other horizons. The gray colors indicate the environments are influenced by precipitation of salts in reduction and loss of iron and manganese. The seawater, organic environments on the sea floor, and horizons of some soils, such as Annemaine and the accumulation of overlapping sediments in concave Izagora soils, have reddish and brownish ocean basins. The transition zone between the marine redoximorphic features, which indicate a segregation of and continental environments is an estuarine iron. environment where freshwater mixes with salt water Leaching of carbonates and bases has occurred in and tidal influences are strong. most of the soils in the county. This process The depositional environments that were present 170 Soil Survey

when the materials were emplaced and the erosional shorelines, sediment grain size decreases offshore. processes that worked on the materials over time vary Deposits of claystone, siltstone, and shale are typical across the county. The resulting stratigraphy that of this environment. Coarser grained material tends to comprises the surficial geology of the county is be nearshore and is influenced by wave action and differentiated based upon the time frame of deposition, ocean fauna to varying degrees. Limestone is the depositional environment, and the nature of the associated with relatively shallow-water environments, source material. Most of the clastic material such as reefs, lagoons, and barrier islands, where the comprising the uplands in the county was originally sediments are solidified by carbonates from the deposited during the Tertiary Period in a marine or decomposition of marine life. Deltaic sequences tend nearshore environment (Copeland, 1968; Toulmin, to be chaotic as river sediment is deposited into LaMoreaux, and Lanphere, 1951). Arundel, Boykin, standing water and tidal zones. These deposits can be Brantley, Luverne, and Smithdale soils are examples of a variety of interbedded siltstone, mudstone, and soils that formed in this clastic material. The current shale, with coarse channels and with layers of organic landscape of uplands, terraces, and flood plains has lignites and shell beds. been reworked and sculpted during the subsequent The Tertiary Period gave way to the Pleistocene Quaternary Period. Epoch of the Quaternary Period. The Pleistocene On the Coastal Plain in Alabama, the geologic Epoch, from about 2 million to 10 thousand years ago, history during the Tertiary Period (from about 65 million was an era of repeated worldwide glaciation. Although to 2 million years before present) is characterized by continental glaciers never covered the southeastern the deposition of materials derived from much older part of the United States, they produced global rocks. The ancient sedimentary rocks were exposed to impacts on climate, weather, vegetation, and sea level. weathering during the Appalachian uplift and Piedmont During periods of maximum glaciation, mean sea level region development that began over 180 million years was significantly lower because much of the global ago. These rocks were buckled into folds and locally moisture was bound up in the massive ice sheets. metamorphosed by the intrusion of granitic plutons During the warmer interglacial stages, much of the ice (large masses of rock consolidated from molten was calved off into the sea in the form of icebergs or material beneath the surface of the earth). The Coastal melted to form huge continental rivers, thus raising sea Plain resulted from this uplift and subsequent erosion. level. In addition, great amounts of moisture were Thickening sediments of clastic material were released into the atmosphere, resulting in periods of deposited on the outer margins of the continent. During intense rainfall, erosion, and sediment deposition. This this time of sediment loading, much of the part of also contributed to raising the mean sea level. Most of Alabama that was not being uplifted was covered by a the present geomorphic landforms have been shallow sea. It is believed that the weight of those established since that time. Many geologists agree that water-laden transported sediments upon a relatively the coastline of Alabama was more than 300 feet thin portion of the earth’s crust contributed to a above the present mean sea level during pre- southward downwarping of the Coastal Plain (Toulmin, Pleistocene and early- to mid-Pleistocene times. LaMoreaux, and Lanphere, 1951). This subsidence, During the late-Pleistocene Epoch, a drop in the sea accompanied by the Appalachian uplift, simultaneous level resulted in the coastline receding to about 60 erosion, and the slowly retreating shoreline of the miles offshore from its present location (Smith, 1988). shallow sea, is responsible for the banded effect of The changes in sea level were accompanied by the Coastal Plain geologic surfaces evident in Choctaw fluctuation of the base level of major streams (Smith, County. As the Tertiary Period progressed through the 1988). The base level of streams with respect to the Eocene and Oligocene Epochs, the thickening Coastal high points on the landscape affects stream gradient. A Plain began a hesitant emergence from its marine steeper gradient results in greater erosive power and environment. The end of the Tertiary Period is higher sediment carrying capacity. During earlier characterized in southwestern Alabama by the periods of elevated sea level, a predominantly deposition of estuarine and deltaic sediments of depositional environment existed. The base levels of Miocene age. major streams were situated at higher points on the The variety of the sedimentary beds of the Tertiary less-dissected landscape than at present. Fluvial Period reflects the different marine and nearshore deposits were spread across the terrain as the environments (Plummer and McGeary, 1993). In immature, sediment-laden streams meandered across general, fine-grained shales and siliceous marine rocks broad areas that lacked relief. As the sea level fell, the and massive marine clays are offshore, deepwater gradient became steeper and the streams became deposits. On broad, shallow marine shelves adjacent to more deeply incised into the landscape. The energized Choctaw County, Alabama 171

streams, seeking the Gulf of Mexico with their the Porters Creek and Naheola Formations (Midway increased erosive power, carved northerly facing Group) of the Paleocene Series; the Nanafalia “cuestas” or steep escarpments as the banded, bedded Formation, Tuscahoma Sand, and Hatchetigbee sediments resisted the entrenching process. Arundel Formation (Wilcox Group), the Tallahatta Formation and and Cantuche soils are examples of soils that formed Lisbon Formation/Gosport Sand (Claiborne Group), and on steep escarpments of resistant beds of siltstone the Moodys Branch Formation and Yazoo Clay and claystone. Layers of sediment on the surface of (Jackson Group) of the Eocene Series; the Red Bluff the landscape underwent erosion processes. Some of and Marianna Formations of the Oligocene Series; the these sediments were transported downslope to Miocene and Pleistocene Series; high terrace deposits become deposits on footslopes and toeslopes or to of the Pleistocene Series; and alluvium of the become valley fill. Stream action reworked the valley Holocene Series. The Jackson Group and the fill deposits and redistributed this material on flood Oligocene Series are not separated on the geologic plains. On uplands, the underlying older sediments map because of their similar lithologies, indistinct were commonly exposed, especially on side slopes. In contact, and weathered exposure. Similarly, the some cases strata of geologic formations were eroded Miocene and high terrace deposits of the Pleistocene off to expose younger formations. Boykin-Luverne- Series are not separated in the southwestern part of Smithdale complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded, the county. In the northeastern part of the county, occurs on side slopes that expose several strata of however, the Pleistocene aged high terrace deposits sediments. The clayey Luverne soils, the fine-loamy that are associated with the Tombigbee River are Smithdale soils, and the sandy Boykin soils are separated (Turner and Newton, 1971). examples of soils that formed over different strata. The Porters Creek Formation crops out in the Sediments of Quaternary or Pleistocene age northeastern corner of the county. It consists primarily sometimes cap ridgetops or form terraces adjacent to of gray and black, tough, massive marine clay that has major streams. They are remnant deposits on summits a distinct conchoidal fracture. Only about the upper 100 of stable landform surfaces on which the erosion feet of this formation is exposed in the county. Wilcox processes have been less effective. McLaurin soils on and Mayhew soils formed in this material. ridgetops and Savannah soils on terraces are The Naheola Formation conformably overlies the examples of soils that formed on these geomorphic Porters Creek Formation and occurs in the surfaces. northeastern part of the county in the uplands adjacent The Quaternary age alluvial flood plains and low to Kinterbish Creek. The formation is generally about terrace deposits of the Holocene Epoch were created 180 feet thick. It consists of gray, laminated, thin- during the period of 10 thousand years to the present. bedded, carbonaceous clay, silt, and very fine grained During this period, the geomorphic restructuring has sand on the bottom (Oak Hill Member) and of gray, continued, although at a slower rate than when sea laminated, thin-bedded, micaceous, carbonaceous clay level and the stream base-level were lower than at and gray and yellow fine- to medium-grained sand present. Bibb, Kinston, Una, and Urbo soils are containing glauconite (Coal Bluff Marl Member). It is examples of soils on the lower parts of flood plains. separated by a thin bed of lignite in some areas. The Iuka, Mooreville, Ocklockonee, and Riverview soils are soils that formed in this material are represented by the examples of soils on the intermediate to higher parts of Luverne and Smithdale series. natural levees adjacent to stream channels. Soils that The Nanafalia Formation disconformably overlies formed on high, intermediate, and low terraces the Naheola Formation in the northeastern part of the adjacent to flood plains are typified by the Savannah, county. It ranges from 100 to 130 feet in thickness and Izagora, and McCrory series, respectively. trends in a northwest to southeast direction in the uplands drained by the eastern portions of Tuckabum, Geologic Surfaces Yantley, and Clear Creeks. It is comprised of three components—the Gravel Creek Sand Member at the Twelve major outcrops of geologic units, ranging in bottom, an unnamed middle member, and the age from Paleocene to Recent, are defined in Choctaw Grampian Hills Member at the top. The lower member County on the geologic map (Copeland, 1968; is chiefly white and yellow, cross-bedded, medium- to Raymond et al., 1988; Tew, 1992; Toulmin, LaMoreaux, coarse-grained sands. The unnamed middle member is and Lanphere, 1951; Toulmin, 1977; Turner and Newton, gray, calcareous, glauconitic silty clay, sand, marl, and 1971). They are of sedimentary origin and consist of sandstone that is fossiliferous throughout. It is known sand, silt, clay, gravel, claystone, siltstone, sandstone, as the “Ostrea thirsae beds” because in some areas it marl, and limestone. From oldest to youngest, they are contains an abundance of this ancient oyster species. 172 Soil Survey

The upper member consists of medium- to dark-gray, when exposed to air and breaks up into angular blocks massive clay. Luverne, Smithdale, and Boykin soils that have a pronounced conchoidal fracture. In places, formed on upland landforms of this unit. the claystone has been cemented with silica to form The Tuscahoma Sand overlies the Nanafalia light gray and gray quartzite, which was the main Formation and crops out in a wide belt trending from source material for the construction of stone tools in the northwestern part of the county to the east-central this region of the gulf Coastal Plain. part. It is about 350 feet thick in the outcrop and The Tallahatta Formation is the most dramatic consists mainly of fine- to medium-grained, cross- outcropping of rock on the Coastal Plain in Alabama. It bedded sand; fossiliferous greensand marl; and gray, has a rugged, north-facing escarpment (cuesta) laminated and thin-bedded clay, very fine- or fine- characterized by steep hills, many outliers, and relief grained sand, and silt. The latter laminated material that is commonly 300 to 400 feet above streams. The comprises most of the unit in the outcrop. The primary resistant claystone protects the softer underlying soils that formed in this unit are Luverne, Smithdale, Hatchetigbee material, which commonly forms up to Boykin, Halso, and Conecuh soils. 100 feet of the lower strata of the cuesta. Arundel, The Hatchetigbee Formation is about 250 feet thick Cantuche, Lauderdale, and Rayburn soils formed in and overlies the Tuscahoma Sand. Where the material that weathered from this formation. Hatchetigbee Formation outcrops in the central part of Sand of the overlying Lisbon Formation caps much the county, it parallels the Tuscahoma Sand. The of the top and the southward facing backslope of the Hatchetigbee Formation also crops out in the cuesta rim. The Lisbon Formation disconformably southeastern part of the county. It is the oldest overlies the Tallahatta Formation and is overlain by the formation on the crest of the Hatchetigbee Anticline Gosport Sand. The Lisbon Formation and Gosport (Pashin et al., 1998). The Hatchetigbee Formation is Sand are not differentiated on the geologic map separated from the underlying similar beds of the because they have similar lithologies. They have a Tuscahoma Sand by about 20 to 30 feet of the Bashi combined thickness that ranges from about 125 feet to Marl Member, which is characterized by greenish-gray, 250 feet. They crop out in an irregular band along a calcareous, glauconitic, fossiliferous sand with large large section of the south-central part of the county calcareous sandstone concretions. Large stone- and and also crop out along the flanks of the Hatchetigbee boulder-sized concretions have been exposed by Anticline in the southeastern part. Generally, the unit excavations on some hillslopes in the vicinity of Butler. consists of beds of very fine grained to coarse grained The upper unnamed member of the Hatchetigbee glauconitic greensand with indurated calcareous layers, Formation is similar in stratigraphy to the Tuscahoma beds of light tan and brown sandy clay, and medium- Sand in having thin-bedded, laminated, carbonaceous fine to coarse sand, sandstone, marl, and clay. The clay, silt, and very fine grained sand and fine grained base of the Lisbon Formation is distinctive light blue- glauconitic sand. In some exposures, the Hatchetigbee green, clayey, glauconitic sand. Williamsville soils Formation is capped with a light colored, medium to formed in this material. Much of the unit is highly coarse sand that is hard to separate from the weathered. Boykin, Luverne, Smithdale, and Wadley intermittent Meridian Sand Member of the overlying soils formed in this highly weathered material. Brantley Tallahatta Formation. Luverne and Smithdale soils are and Okeelala soils formed in areas where the dominant on the Hatchetigbee Formation. Also, Boykin underlying calcareous material has not completely soils occur near the contact with the Tallahatta weathered and leached away. Formation. The Jackson Group disconformably overlies the The Tallahatta Formation ranges in thickness from Gosport Sand. It crops out in a narrow, northwest to 80 to about 130 feet. It crops out in the central part of southeast trending belt in the southwestern part of the the county and is also exposed south of its normal county. It also crops out in an irregular pattern in the outcrop around the flanks of the Hatchetigbee Anticline south-central part of the county, where it is associated in the southeastern part of the county. Locally known with the Gilbertown and West Bend fault zone. It as “buhrstone,” the formation is primarily composed of occurs sporadically, mostly on the downthrown side of light gray, thin-bedded to massive, sparsely fault lines, from Melvin in the western part of the fossiliferous to unfossiliferous, siliceous, indurated county to Womack Hill in the eastern part. At its base, clay, claystone, mudstone, and siltstone with an the Jackson Group is comprised of the Moodys Branch abundance of fine-grained, indurated, biosiliceous Formation. The Jackson Group is overlain conformably (diatomaceous) sediment (Ivany, 1998). It also by the Yazoo Clay. It is not differentiated on the contains thin layers of sandy clay, glauconitic sand, geologic map because of the thinness of the and sandstone. The indurated clay becomes brittle components and the indistinct nature of the Moodys Choctaw County, Alabama 173

Branch in weathered outcrops. It has a combined by the Miocene Series and an overtopping admixture thickness of about 110 to 160 feet. of possibly early-Pleistocene sediments. The Miocene/ The Yazoo Clay is comprised of four members. In Pleistocene unit is less than 150 feet thick. It consists ascending order, they are the North Twistwood Creek, of varicolored, fine- to coarse-grained sand, gravelly Cocoa Sand, Pachuta Marl, and Shubuta Members. sand, and gray clay that weathers to shades of gray, The North Twistwood Creek Member consists chiefly of pink, and yellow. These sediments are of fluvial and light-gray and greenish-gray, plastic, calcareous, deltaic origin and occur on ridges and upper side massive clay that is sparsely fossiliferous. The Cocoa slopes in the southwestern part of the county near Sand Member is a light-gray, fine- to medium-grained Aquilla. McLaurin and Smithdale soils occur on broad calcareous sand containing fossils, clay partings, and ridgetops. Smithdale, Luverne, and Boykin soils are on white nodules of calcium carbonate. The Pachuta Marl side slopes. Member is primarily a light-gray and white, indurated, Quaternary terrace deposits and alluvium chalky, fossiliferous marl and limestone that is sandy unconformably overlie older sediments throughout the and glauconitic in some exposures. The Pachuta Marl county adjacent to the Tombigbee River and its major Member commonly contains large fossils, including tributaries. On the surface, these deposits consist of remains of the State fossil of Alabama: Basilosaurus unconsolidated sand, silt, and clay and contain minor cetoides (Owen), an ancient whale. The uppermost amounts of gravel. High terrace deposits of Shubuta Member consists of a light greenish-gray and Pleistocene age occur in the northeastern part of the white, highly calcareous clay that has abundant county in the vicinity of Oakchia and Lavaca. Alluvium nodules of calcium carbonate. The Moodys Branch and intermediate terrace deposits of late Pleistocene Formation is mostly a greenish-gray and yellowish- and Holocene age fill the valleys of all major streams. gray, glauconitic, marly sand that has abundant fossils. These terrace deposits are remnants of former flood In some areas, it contains concentrations of the sand plains that are no longer subject to flooding because dollar Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) and is known as the the streams have incised to a lower level. Savannah “Scutella bed.” Sumter and Maytag soils formed in and Freest soils occur on these landforms. Urbo, Una, limestone, marl, chalk, and the calcareous clays. and Mooreville soils occur on flood plains along the Brantley, Boswell, Hannon, Louin, Okeelala, Tombigbee River. Riverview soils occur on the natural Oktibbeha, and Toxey soils mostly formed in areas that levees adjacent to the river channel. Ochlockonee, have been modified by reworked materials or by the Kinston, Iuka, and Bibb soils occur on the flood plains dissolution of calcareous material in the upper part. of the tributaries to the Tombigbee River, including The Oligocene Series overlies the Shubuta Member Kinterbish, Yantley, Tuckabum, and Okatuppa Creeks. of the Yazoo Clay. Two members of the Oligocene Annemaine, Bigbee, Cahaba, and Izagora soils are on Series are exposed in Choctaw County: the Marianna low terraces adjacent to the major streams. Limestone and the Red Bluff Clay. Most of the components of the Oligocene Series have a combined Geologic Structure thickness of only about 70 feet or less and have become indistinct because of removal, dissolution of Typically, geologic formations in Choctaw County calcareous materials, and overlapping by the Miocene strike northwest to southeast and dip southwestward at Series and younger sediments. The Marianna about 35 feet per mile (Turner and Newton, 1971). Limestone is a white and cream colored, soft, chalky, However, a deeply buried, evaporative seabed (similar porous, fossiliferous limestone. The Red Bluff Clay to the Great Salt Lake) that formed in arid climates consists of yellow, sandy, glauconitic, fossiliferous during the Jurassic period (about 150 to 200 million limestone; light-gray and greenish-gray, massive, years ago) is responsible for some interesting calcareous, glauconitic clay; and gray silty clay that structural expressions in the southwestern part of has thin beds of sand. In some areas, the massive Alabama (Copeland, 1968; Pashin et al., 1998; Turner clay bed in the middle contains gypsum crystals and Newton, 1971). The weight of thickening seawater- (selenite) and nodules of calcium carbonate. laden sediments and the differing densities of the salt Exposures of the Oligocene Series dominantly occur in beds (Louann Salt) compared to other sediment and a thin belt in the southwestern part of the county. In rock layers have caused an upward welling of the salt addition, minor outcroppings are related to fault action deposits over geologic time. These “salt domes” in the vicinity of Melvin and Womack Hill. Brantley, caused a deformation of the overlying sediments. The Okeelala, Toxey, Hannon, Oktibbeha, and Boswell soils southwestern part of Choctaw County is over the are associated with this unit. margins of the buried Mississippi Salt Basin. The The Oligocene Series is overlapped unconformably Gilbertown fault zone and the Hatchetigbee Anticline 174

are features associated with the movement of buried The physiography of the southwestern part of salt in Choctaw County. The fault zone is in the south- Choctaw County has also been affected by the central part of the county. It trends southeastward from geologic structure. The orderly progression from oldest about Melvin through Toxey to the north and through to youngest outcroppings of geologic formations, which Gilbertown to the south. It continues on through normally proceeds in belted fashion in a southwestward Womack Hill and across the Tombigbee River. In the direction towards the Gulf of Mexico, has been western part of the county, two of the larger faults form disrupted. Several geologic formations that would a graben, which is a downthrown elongated block of normally be buried by overlying layers have been geologic material between two faults. In this case, the exposed at the surface. This has produced some graben may be a result of subsidence following rugged topography associated with resistant beds of migration of the salt. The Hatchetigbee Anticline is the limestone and buhrstone. The Hatchetigbee, Tallahatta, largest crustal fold exposed on the Alabama Coastal and Lisbon Formations are exposed south of their Plain (Turner and Newton, 1971). It is an asymmetrical normal outcrops. They outcrop on the crest, shoulders, ridge about 30 miles long and has a southeastward and flanks of the anticline in the southeastern part of trending axis that passes through Silas and Bladon the county. Arundel, Cantuche, Lauderdale, and Springs and continues on into the northwestern parts Rayburn soils are associated with the Tallahatta of Washington County and the southwestern parts of Formation. Williamsville soils are associated with Clarke County. greenish, heavily glauconitic sands at the base of the The anomalies of the Coastal Plain—the salt- Lisbon Formation. Luverne, Smithdale, and Boykin domes, the Gilbertown fault zone, the Hatchetigbee soils occur in areas defined by the Hatchetigbee Anticline, and the grabens—result in several unique Formation and the upper parts of the Gosport/Lisbon features of the natural resources, physiography, Formation. Also, less weathered calcareous beds that landscape, and associated soils of Choctaw County. are associated with the Eocene and Oligocene The stresses of the combined forces of downwarping deposits are found north of their normal outcrops. They of the continental shelf and upwelling of the salt basin are on or near the surface in the vicinity of the flanks caused fracturing in the earth’s crust. The fractures of the anticline and along the margins of the fault zone. provide subsurface repositories for the pooling of oil Calcareous soils, such as Sumter and Maytag soils, and natural gas. The first oil well drilled in Alabama was occur south and east of Melvin. Soils associated with in Choctaw County at Gilbertown (Copeland, 1968; the Blackland Prairie dominate the landscape of some Toulmin, LaMoreaux, and Lanphere, 1951). The oil field areas in the southwestern part of the county and in the at Gilbertown is located geologically along the vicinity of Womack Hill. Brantley, Toxey, and Hannon northwestern flank of the Hatchetigbee Anticline and is soils occur on ridges, Freest soils occur on terraces, associated with the two parallel, east to west trending and Brantley and Okeelala soils occur on steep and main faults of the Gilbertown fault zone. very steep, highly dissected side slopes. 175

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Glossary

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon. available for use by most plants. It is commonly AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon. defined as the difference between the amount of Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or soil water at field moisture capacity and the on steep, rocky slopes. amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a poorly expressed as: aerated soil is considerably higher in carbon Very low ...... 0 to 3 dioxide and lower in oxygen. Low ...... 3 to 6 Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single Moderate ...... 6 to 9 mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as High ...... 9 to 12 granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods Very high ...... more than 12 are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. Alkali (sodic) soil. A soil having so high a degree of Backslope. The geomorphic component that forms the alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a percentage steepest inclined surface and principal element of of exchangeable sodium (15 percent or more of the many hillsides. Backslopes in profile are total exchangeable bases), or both, that plant commonly steep, are linear, and may or may not growth is restricted. include cliff segments. Alluvial cone. The material washed down the sides of Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree, mountains and hills by ephemeral streams and generally referring to the section at breast height deposited at the mouth of gorges in the form of a and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of moderately steep, conical mass descending stand density, commonly expressed in square equally in all directions from the point of issue. feet. Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it Base saturation. The degree to which material having issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary cation-exchange properties is saturated with stream near or at its junction with its main stream. exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, expressed as a percentage of the total cation- deposited on land by streams. exchange capacity. Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 millimeters 1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, lacustrine, presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A or marine sediment. positive reaction indicates a type of redoximorphic Bedding system. A drainage system made by feature. plowing, grading, or otherwise shaping the surface Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage of a flat field. It consists of a series of low ridges required by one mature cow of approximately separated by shallow, parallel dead furrows. 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and month. other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized the surface. by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where features. the configuration and relief of the landforms are Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by determined or strongly influenced by the underlying an accumulation of illuvial clay. bedrock. Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces. Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of Available water capacity (available moisture which consists of an illuvial horizon and the capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water overlying eluvial horizons. 178 Soil Survey

Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or most hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal of the soil material has been removed by the wind. plow depth. A blowout has a flat or irregular floor formed by a Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less resistant layer or by an accumulation of pebbles or than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural cobbles. In some blowouts the water table is class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, exposed. less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 percent silt. centimeters) in diameter. Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above the content of iron, manganese, and clay because of ground surface; the point on a tree where diameter the chemical reduction of iron and manganese and measurements are ordinarily taken. the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A type Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a of redoximorphic depletion. nearby central area for transport to a processing Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly rounded generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or the fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 entire log is suspended. centimeters) in diameter. Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 percent, carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium by volume, rounded or partially rounded rock carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 centimeters) in cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. diameter. Very cobbly soil material has 35 to 60 Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See percent of these rock fragments, and extremely Crown.) cobbly soil material has more than 60 percent. Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, particles and in tiny spaces between particles. moved by creep, slide, or local wash and Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds deposited at the base of steep slopes. capillary water in the soil. Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a landscape or establishing terraces, diversions, and other that formed in similar kinds of parent material but water-control structures on a complex slope is have different characteristics as a result of difficult. differences in relief and drainage. Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, or so small in area that it is not practical to map magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. them separately at the selected scale of mapping. Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of The pattern and proportion of the soils or exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 areas. grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal stated pH value. The term, as applied to soils, is symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a synonymous with base-exchange capacity but is plane. They typically take the form of concentric more precise in meaning. layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate, Cement rock. Shaly limestone used in the iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common manufacture of cement. compounds making up concretions. If formed in Channery soil material. Soil material that is, by place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of oxide are generally considered a type of sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as redoximorphic concentration. much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in longest axis. A single piece is called a channer. combination with needed cultural and Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation management practices. In a good conservation through the use of chemicals. cropping system, the soil-improving crops and Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or practices more than offset the effects of the soil- more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems Choctaw County, Alabama 179

are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting practices in a conservation cropping system grazing land for a prescribed period. include the use of rotations that contain grasses Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over and legumes and the return of crop residue to the bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches soil. Other practices include the use of green deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; and shallow, 10 tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest to 20 inches. control. Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not surface for the specified use. invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, of crop residue on the surface throughout the year. generally a terrace, built to protect downslope Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes duration of wet periods under conditions similar to resistance of soil material to rupture and to those under which the soil formed. Alterations of penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness the water regime by human activities, either of puddled soil material; and the manner in which through drainage or irrigation, are not a the soil material behaves when subject to consideration unless they have significantly compression. Terms describing consistence are changed the morphology of the soil. Seven classes defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” of natural soil drainage are recognized— Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that excessively drained, somewhat excessively follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing drained, well drained, moderately well drained, crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled crops somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and very or summer fallow. poorly drained. These classes are defined in the Control section. The part of the soil on which “Soil Survey Manual.” classification is based. The thickness varies Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that from an area. part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface of and 40 or 80 inches. mineral soils. It consists of fallen plant material Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical that is in the process of decomposition and action that dissolves or weakens concrete or includes everything from the litter on the surface to uncoated steel. underlying pure humus. Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution improve and protect the soil between periods of or colloidal suspension from one place to another regular crop production, or a crop grown between within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. through eluviation are eluvial; those that have Cropping system. Growing crops according to a received material are illuvial. planned system of rotation and management Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in practices. which all horizons between the upper boundary Crop residue management. Returning crop residue to of saturation and a depth of 2 meters are the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, saturated. organic matter content, and fertility and helps to Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, control erosion. that flows only in direct response to precipitation. It Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting farming receives no long-continued supply from melting operations on sloping farmland in such a way that snow or other source, and its channel is above the tillage is across the general slope. water table at all times. Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a living branches and their foliage. perched water table in a soil in which saturated Cuesta. A hill or ridge that has a gentle slope on one layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated side and a steep slope on the other; specifically, layers within 2 meters of the surface. an asymmetric, homoclinal ridge capped by Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by resistant rock layers of slight or moderate dip. water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations such processes as gravitational creep. tend to cave in or slough. Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic 180 Soil Survey

processes acting over long geologic periods and Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. resulting in the wearing away of mountains and the Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants building up of such landscape features as flood (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition erosion. and development because of given physical and Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid biological factors by which it may be differentiated than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human from other stands. or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in such as a fire, that exposes the surface. porosity and content of organic matter and low or Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. or cliff breaking the general continuity of more A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel or pressure rather than to deform slowly. sand for construction purposes. Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers Excess sodium (in tables). Excess exchangeable especially to the processes or soil-forming factors sodium in the soil. The resulting poor physical responsible for the formation of the solum, or true properties restrict the growth of plants. soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore Gilgai. Commonly, a succession of microbasins and productivity through accumulation of moisture. microknolls in nearly level areas or of microvalleys Summer fallow is common in regions of limited and microridges parallel with the slope. Typically, rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is tilled the microrelief of clayey soils that shrink and swell for at least one growing season for weed control considerably with changes in moisture content. and decomposition of plant residue. Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water resulting in the reduction of iron and other into the soil. elements in the profile and in gray colors. Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper grade toward a protected waterway. balance, for the growth of specified plants when Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed waterway, light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth typically broad and shallow, seeded to grass as factors are favorable. protection against erosion. Conducts surface water Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a away from cropland. soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as much weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters) in drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 diameter. An individual piece is a pebble. days after a soaking rain; also called normal field Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock capacity. fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as 3 Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to stop Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving crop or help control creeping or running fires. It also grown to be plowed under in an early stage of serves as a line from which to work and to maturity or soon after maturity. facilitate the movement of firefighters and Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of equipment. Designated roads also serve as the material below the water table. firebreaks. Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, running water and through which water ordinarily subject to frequent or occasional flooding. runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is stream and is subject to flooding unless protected an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to artificially. be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary action, as a fluvial plain. tillage. Footslope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and Choctaw County, Alabama 181

corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue according to their runoff potential. The soil from these crops can be used to control erosion properties that influence this potential are those until the next crop in the rotation is established. that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on These crops return large amounts of organic a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting matter to the soil. when the soil is not frozen. These properties are Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as depth to a seasonal high water table, the infiltration much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, rate and permeability after prolonged wetting, and commonly of limited summit area and having a depth to a very slowly permeable layer. The slope well defined outline; hillsides generally have slopes and the kind of plant cover are not considered but of more than 15 percent. The distinction between a are separate factors in predicting runoff. hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is dependent on Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one local usage. horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to material is removed from an upper horizon and the surface, having distinct characteristics deposited in a lower horizon. produced by soil-forming processes. In the Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is represents the major horizons. Numbers or absolutely impervious to air and water all the lowercase letters that follow represent subdivisions time. of the major horizons. An explanation of the Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey Manual.” immediate surface of soil or other material, as The major horizons of mineral soil are as contrasted with percolation, which is movement of follows: water through soil layers or material. O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and decaying Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates plant residue. the surface of the soil at any given instant, A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the usually expressed in inches per hour. The rate surface in which an accumulation of humified can be limited by the infiltration capacity of the organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. soil or the rate at which water is applied at the Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was surface. originally part of a B horizon. Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main that flows for prolonged periods only when it feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or receives ground-water discharge or long, continued some combination of these. contributions from melting snow or other surface B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A and shallow subsurface sources. horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low transition from the overlying A to the underlying C content of iron and manganese oxide because of horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; type of redoximorphic depletion. (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) a production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: combination of these. Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, excluding plains surrounded by levees or dikes. indurated bedrock, that is little affected by soil- Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a forming processes and does not have the strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled properties typical of the overlying soil material. The by small earth ridges called border dikes, or material of a C horizon may be either like or unlike borders. that in which the solum formed. If the material is Controlled flooding.—Water is released at intervals known to differ from that in the solum, an Arabic from closely spaced field ditches and distributed numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the letter C. uniformly over the field. Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely the soil. spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close-growing Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable crops or in orchards so that it flows in only one part of the organic matter in mineral soils. direction. Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and under 182 Soil Survey

low pressure to the surface of the soil or into the Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment soil through such applicators as emitters, porous for seeding, brush management, and other tubing, or perforated pipe. management practices. Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made by Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, silt cultivation implements. Furrows are used for tree loam, or silt. and row crops. Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil low in organic material. Its bulk density is more surface through pipes or nozzles from a than that of organic soil. pressure system. Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or production and prevention of soil damage. tile lines until the water table is raised enough to Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no wet the soil. natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy loam, allowed to flow onto an area without controlled sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. distribution. Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent loam, or silty clay loam. landforms. Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water including the texture, structure, porosity, and exposed when the water level is lowered or the consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, elevation of the land is raised. and biological properties of the various horizons, Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of and the thickness and arrangement of those soil and loose rock, generally when wet or horizons in the soil profile. saturated. The speed and distance of movement, Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that as well as the amount of soil and rock material, vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as vary greatly. follows: abundance— few, common, and many; Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches (7.6 size— fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast— centimeters) or more across. Large stones faint, distinct, and prominent. The size adversely affect the specified use of the soil. measurements are of the diameter along the Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 other material by percolating water. millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, passes from a plastic to a liquid state. more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay Mudstone (claystone, siltstone). Sedimentary rock particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less formed by induration of silt and clay in than 52 percent sand particles. approximately equal amounts. Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees of silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from three simple variables—hue, value, and chroma. these crops is not adequate to control erosion until For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a color with the next crop in the rotation is established. These hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of 4. crops return little organic matter to the soil. Natric horizon. A special kind of argillic horizon that Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to support contains enough exchangeable sodium to have an loads. adverse effect on the physical condition of the Marl. An earthy, unconsolidated deposit consisting subsoil. chiefly of calcium carbonate mixed with clay in Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. approximately equal amounts. (See Reaction, soil.) Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and with the surrounding soil material and cannot be manganese oxide are common compounds making removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of iron making up masses are calcium carbonate, gypsum oxide or manganese oxide are considered types of or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and manganese redoximorphic concentrations. oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide or Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant manganese oxide generally are considered a type essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly of redoximorphic concentration. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, Choctaw County, Alabama 183

magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or water. pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in Plasticity index. The numerical difference between the various stages of decomposition. The content of liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of organic matter in the surface layer is described as moisture content within which the soil remains follows: plastic. Low ...... 0.5 to 2.0 percent Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil Medium ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent changes from semisolid to plastic. High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent Plateau. An extensive upland mass with relatively flat summit area that is considerably elevated (more Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the than 100 meters) above adjacent lowlands and movement of water and the growth of roots. For separated from them on one or more sides by example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, and escarpments. traffic pan. Plinthite. The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highly Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and weathered mixture of clay with quartz and other mineral material in which soil forms. diluents. It commonly appears as red mottles, Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a usually in platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns. granule, a prism, or a block. Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.” hardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeated A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to wetting and drying, especially if it is exposed also permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from to heat from the sun. In a moist soil, plinthite can about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 be cut with a spade. It is a form of laterite. square meters), depending on the variability of the Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil directly soil. below the plowed layer. Percolation. The downward movement of water Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed through the soil. depressions. Unless the soils are artificially Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water drained, the water can be removed only by through the soil adversely affects the specified use. percolation or evapotranspiration. Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid or air to move downward through the profile. The permeability, the soil may not adequately filter rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is effluent from a waste disposal system. accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated material consisting mainly of particles of nearly the hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil same size. Because there is little difference in size Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in of the particles, density can be increased only the engineering profession and with traditional slightly by compaction. usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content describing permeability, measured in inches per of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has hour, are as follows: no properties restricting the penetration of roots to Extremely slow ...... 0.0 to 0.01 inch this depth. Very slow ...... 0.01 to 0.06 inch Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch specific management purposes, under the Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch appropriate conditions of weather and soil moisture Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches and at the proper time of day. Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for producing Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches a specified plant or sequence of plants under Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches specific management. Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on through all its horizons and into the parent material. features that affect its use and management, such Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that as slope, stoniness, and flooding. maintains enough cover to protect the soil and 184 Soil Survey

maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, desirable vegetation. This practice increases the weathered or partly weathered mineral material that vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants accumulated as consolidated rock disintegrated in and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch place. necessary to conserve soil and water. Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction machinery. because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The degrees Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH values, means during road construction. It is commonly on are: the uphill side of the road. Ultra acid ...... less than 3.5 Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a Extremely acid ...... 3.5 to 4.4 diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 by plant roots. Slightly alkaline...... 7.4 to 7.8 Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 channels from an area. The water that flows off the Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 surface of the land without sinking into the soil is Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil before reaching surface streams is called Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules, ground-water runoff or seepage flow from ground concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other water. features resulting from the accumulation of iron or Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral manganese oxide. An indication of chemical fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in reduction and oxidation resulting from diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a saturation. soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from sand and not more than 10 percent clay. which iron and manganese oxide or a combination Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been sand-sized particles. removed. These zones are indications of the Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive chemical reduction of iron resulting from pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of saturation. saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic into an unlined auger hole. concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced Second bottom. The first terrace above the normal matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alpha- flood plain (or first bottom) of a river. dipyridyl, and other features indicating the Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and deposited from suspension in water. The chief manganese compounds resulting from kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, saturation. formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are The chemical reduction results from nearly many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a sand is consolidated into sandstone. change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified type of redoximorphic feature. use. Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) loose earth material above the solid rock. Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, almost alike, except for differences in texture of considered collectively. the surface layer. All the soils of a series have Choctaw County, Alabama 185

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, Classes for complex slopes are as follows: and arrangement. Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a Gently undulating ...... 0 to 3 percent clay deposit. Undulating ...... 3 to 8 percent Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of Rolling ...... 5 to 15 percent soil material from the land surface by the action of Hilly ...... 15 to 25 percent rainfall and surface runoff. Steep ...... 15 to 35 percent Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when dry Very steep ...... 35 percent and higher and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and swelling can damage roads, dams, building foundations, Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special and other structures. It can also damage plant practices are required to ensure satisfactory roots. performance of the soil for a specific use. Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water mineral form is called quartz. into the soil. Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine stones adversely affect the specified use of the sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil soil. that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 Sodic (alkali) soil. A soil having so high a degree of percent clay. alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a percentage Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly of exchangeable sodium (15 percent or more of the silt-sized particles. total exchangeable bases), or both, that plant Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic growth is restricted. criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, Sodicity. The degree to which a soil is affected by and have similar conservation needs or exchangeable sodium. Sodicity is expressed as a management requirements for the major land uses sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of a saturation in the survey area. extract, or the ratio of Na+ to Ca++ + Mg++. The Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces degrees of sodicity and their respective ratios are: produced by one mass sliding past another. In Slight ...... less than 13:1 soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip Moderate ...... 13-30:1 surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of Strong ...... more than 30:1 blocks, prisms, and columns; and in swelling clayey soils, where there is marked change in Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with moisture content. trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to other equipment commonly used in construction. movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s wet. surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the properties resulting from the integrated effect of horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical climate and living matter acting on earthy parent distance divided by horizontal distance, then material, as conditioned by relief over periods of multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a time. drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 this survey, classes for simple slopes are as millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging follows: between specified size limits. The names and Level ...... 0 to 1 percent sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent the United States are as follows: Very gently sloping ...... 1 to 3 percent Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 Gently sloping ...... 2 to 5 percent Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 Moderately sloping ...... 5 to 8 percent Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 Strongly sloping ...... 5 to 15 percent Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 Moderately steep ...... 15 to 25 percent Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 Steep ...... 25 to 35 percent Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 Very steep ...... 35 percent and higher Clay ...... less than 0.002 186 Soil Survey

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed horizon, in which the processes of soil formation across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil the material in these horizons are unlike those of or flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in the material below the solum. The living roots and a field generally is built so that the field can be plant and animal activities are largely confined to farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage the solum. has a deep channel that is maintained in Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 permanent sod. centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat 24 inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. flat. Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural that interfere with or prevent tillage. classes, in order of increasing proportion of fine Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, arrangement of strips or bands that provide loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam, vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. erosion. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam classes Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil may be further divided by specifying “coarse,” particles into compound particles or aggregates. “fine,” or “very fine.” The principal forms of soil structure are— platy Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of that is too thin for the specified use. aggregates longer than horizontal), columnar Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related (prisms with rounded tops), blocky (angular or to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling subangular), and granular. Structureless soils emergence, and root penetration. are either single grained (each grain by itself, as Toeslope. The outermost inclined surface at the base in dune sand) or massive (the particles adhering of a hill; part of a footslope. without any regular cleavage, as in many Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most hardpans). favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of rich in organic matter and is used to topdress the solum below plow depth. roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan. zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. in extremely small amounts. They are essential to Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, plant growth. or EB) below the surface layer. Unstable fill (in tables). Risk of caving or sloughing on Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its banks of fill material. equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than the from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the lowlands along streams. “Ap horizon.” Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons, assumed to be inherited from the parent material considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions rather than to be the result of poor drainage. of these horizons. Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a series areas that are excavated at an angle across a recognized in the classification system. Such soils sloping road. They are used to reduce the are named for a series they strongly resemble and downward velocity of water and divert it off and are designated as taxadjuncts to that series away from the road surface. Water bars can easily because they differ in ways too small to be of be driven over if constructed properly. consequence in interpreting their use and behavior. Weathering. All physical and chemical changes Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only when one produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the or more of their characteristics are slightly outside earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These the range defined for the family of the series for changes result in disintegration and decomposition which the soils are named. of the material. Choctaw County, Alabama 187

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The coarse grained particles that are well distributed moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so normally can be easily increased in density and much that it does not recover when placed in a bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with humid, dark chamber. poorly graded soil.

189

Tables 190 Soil Survey

Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Thomasville, Alabama)

______| | | Temperature | Precipitation |______| | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| | | | | |______10 will have-- | Average | |______will have-- | Average | Month |Average|Average|Average| | |number of|Average| | |number of|Average | daily | daily | daily | Maximum | Minimum | growing | | Less | More |days with|snowfall |maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch| | | | | higher | lower | days* | | | | or more | ______| | | | than-- | than-- | | | | | | | o F_ | o_F | o_F | o_F | o F_ | Units_____ | In__ | In__ | In__ | | In__ | | | | | | | | | | | January-----| 56.3 | 33.1 | 44.7 | 77 | 8 | 67 | 5.43 | 3.45 | 7.22 | 8 | 0.3 | | | | | | | | | | | February----| 61.0 | 36.0 | 48.5 | 81 | 16 | 97 | 5.53 | 3.13 | 7.65 | 6 | .1 | | | | | | | | | | | March------| 69.6 | 43.8 | 56.7 | 86 | 23 | 250 | 6.88 | 3.70 | 9.68 | 7 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | April------| 77.5 | 51.7 | 64.6 | 89 | 33 | 442 | 4.56 | 2.02 | 6.72 | 5 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | May------| 83.3 | 59.5 | 71.4 | 93 | 44 | 663 | 4.69 | 1.65 | 7.21 | 6 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | June------| 89.4 | 66.6 | 78.0 | 99 | 53 | 839 | 4.28 | 1.77 | 6.41 | 6 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | July------| 91.1 | 69.5 | 80.3 | 100 | 61 | 940 | 6.01 | 3.49 | 8.26 | 8 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | August------| 90.7 | 68.9 | 79.8 | 98 | 60 | 915 | 4.20 | 2.13 | 6.01 | 7 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | September---| 86.9 | 63.8 | 75.4 | 98 | 46 | 760 | 3.70 | 1.32 | 5.67 | 5 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | October-----| 78.0 | 51.8 | 64.9 | 92 | 34 | 447 | 2.82 | 0.70 | 4.66 | 3 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | November----| 68.3 | 43.3 | 55.8 | 85 | 24 | 221 | 4.47 | 2.42 | 6.27 | 5 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | December----| 59.8 | 36.2 | 48.0 | 79 | 13 | 105 | 5.94 | 3.31 | 8.26 | 7 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average----| 76.0 | 52.0 | 64.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Extreme----| 104 | -1 | --- | 101 | 6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Total------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5,745 | 58.51 |49.66 |66.98 | 73 | .4 ______| | | | | | | | | | |

* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (50 degrees F). Choctaw County, Alabama 191

Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Thomasville, Alabama)

______| | Temperature |______Probability | | | | 24oF | 28oF | 32oF ______| or lower | or lower | or lower | | | | | | Last freezing | | | temperature | | | in spring: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 13 | Mar. 24 | Apr. 3 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 5 | Mar. 16 | Mar. 29 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Feb. 19 | Mar. 3 | Mar. 20 | | | First freezing | | | temperature | | | in fall: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 21 | Nov. 8 | Oct. 27 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 28 | Nov. 14 | Nov. 1 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Dec. 13 | Nov. 25 | Nov. 11 ______| | |

Table 3.--Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Thomasville, Alabama)

______| | Daily minimum temperature | during growing season |______Probability | | | | Higher | Higher | Higher | than | than | than | 24oF | 28oF | 32oF ______| | | | ____Days | ____Days | ____Days | | | 9 years in 10 | 246 | 232 | 214 | | | 8 years in 10 | 256 | 241 | 221 | | | 5 years in 10 | 275 | 258 | 234 | | | 2 years in 10 | 295 | 276 | 248 | | | 1 year in 10 | 305 | 285 | 255 ______| | | 192 Soil Survey

Table 4.--Suitability and Limitations of General Soil Map Units for Specified Uses ______|Extent | | | | Map unit | of | Cultivated | Pasture and | Forestland | Urban uses ______| area | crops | hayland | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | 1. Urbo-Mooreville-Una------| 6 |Poorly suited: |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Not suited: | | flooding, | flooding, | restricted use | flooding, | | wetness. | wetness. | of equipment, | wetness. | | | | seedling | | | | | survival, | | | | | plant | | | | | competition. | | | | | | 2. Lenoir-Izagora-Annemaine--| 2 |Suited: |Suited: |Well suited-----|Poorly suited: | | wetness. | wetness. | | flooding, | | | | | wetness, | | | | | restricted | | | | | permeability. | | | | | 3. Izagora-Ochlockonee- | | | | | Kinston------| 10 |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Suited: |Not suited: | | flooding, | flooding, | restricted use | flooding, | | wetness. | wetness. | of equipment, | wetness. | | | | seedling | | | | | survival, | | | | | plant | | | | | competition. | | | | | | 4. Savannah-Izagora-Luverne--| 9 |Suited: |Well suited-----|Well suited-----|Suited: | | hazard of | | | wetness, | | erosion, | | | restricted | | wetness, | | | permeability, | | low fertility. | | | shrink-swell. | | | | | 5. Luverne-Smithdale------| 17 |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Well suited-----|Suited: | | hazard of | hazard of | | slope, | | erosion, | erosion, | | restricted | | low fertility. | low fertility, | | permeability, | | | restricted use | | shrink-swell. | | | of equipment. | | | | | | | 6. Luverne-Smithdale-Boykin--| 12 |Not suited: |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited: | | hazard of | restricted use | restricted use | slope, | | erosion, | of equipment, | of equipment, | restricted | | restricted use | low fertility, | hazard of | permeability, | | of equipment, | droughtiness, | erosion, | shrink-swell, | | low fertility, | hazard of | seedling | droughtiness. | | droughtiness. | erosion. | survival. | | | | | | 7. Smithdale-Boykin-Luverne--| 17 |Not suited: |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited: | | hazard of | restricted use | restricted use | slope, | | erosion, | of equipment, | of equipment, | restricted | | restricted use | low fertility, | seedling | permeability, | | of equipment, | droughtiness, | survival, | droughtiness. | | low fertility, | hazard of | hazard of | | | droughtiness. | erosion. | erosion. | | | | | | 8. Brantley-Okeelala- | | | | | Smithdale------| 10 |Not suited: |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited: | | hazard of | restricted use | restricted use | slope, | | erosion, | of equipment, | of equipment, | restricted | | restricted use | hazard of | hazard of | permeability, | | of equipment. | erosion. | erosion. | shrink-swell. | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 193

Table 4.--Suitability and Limitations of General Soil Map Units for Specified Uses--Continued ______|Extent | | | | Map unit | of | Cultivated | Pasture and | Forestland | Urban uses ______| area | crops | hayland | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | 9. Brantley-Sumter-Maytag----| 1.5 |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited: |Poorly suited: | | hazard of | hazard of | restricted use | slope, | | erosion, | erosion, | of equipment, | depth to rock, | | poor tilth, | restricted use | seedling | shrink-swell, | | restricted use | of equipment. | survival. | restricted | | of equipment. | | | permeability. | | | | | 10. Wilcox-Mayhew------| 0.5 |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited: | | hazard of | restricted use | restricted use | shrink-swell, | | erosion, | of equipment, | of equipment, | restricted | | poor tilth, | wetness. | seedling | permeability, | | wetness. | | survival. | wetness, | | | | | low strength. | | | | | 11. Arundel-Cantuche- | | | | | Smithdale------| 15 |Not suited: |Poorly suited: |Poorly suited: |Poorly suited: | | restricted use | restricted use | restricted use | slope, | | of equipment, | of equipment, | of equipment, | depth to rock, | | hazard of | hazard of | seedling | shrink-swell, | | erosion, | erosion. | survival, | restricted | | stoniness, | | hazard of | permeability. | | depth to rock. | | erosion. | ______| | | | | 194 Soil Survey

Table 5.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent ______symbol| | | | | | | | | AnA |Annemaine silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 3,420 | 0.6 ArF |Arundel-Cantuche complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, stony------| 54,800 | 9.3 AwE |Arundel-Williamsville complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes------| 6,280 | 1.1 BbA |Bibb-Iuka complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded------| 37,400 | 6.3 BeB |Bigbee loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 540 | 0.1 BgD2 |Boswell fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 1,600 | 0.3 BkB |Boykin loamy fine sand, 1 to 5 percent slopes------| 1,040 | 0.2 BnE2 |Boykin-Luverne-Smithdale complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded------| 82,700 | 14.0 BrE2 |Brantley-Okeelala complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded------| 26,400 | 4.5 BrF |Brantley-Okeelala complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes------| 10,120 | 1.7 CaA |Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 2,090 | 0.3 CoC2 |Conecuh loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, eroded------| 680 | 0.1 FaA |Fluvaquents, ponded------| 1,040 | 0.2 FrA |Freest fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 3,740 | 0.6 HaB |Halso silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes------| 440 | 0.1 IzA |Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 33,400 | 5.7 LaA |Latonia loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 560 | 0.1 LdC2 |Lauderdale-Arundel complex, 2 to 10 percent slopes, stony, eroded------| 3,500 | 0.6 LeA |Leeper silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded------| 4,620 | 0.8 LfA |Lenoir silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 6,850 | 1.2 LgA |Louin silty clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 170 | * LhA |Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 150 | * LnB |Luverne sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes------| 32,100 | 5.4 LnD2 |Luverne sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------| 49,650 | 8.4 LnE2 |Luverne sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded------| 21,700 | 3.7 MaA |Mayhew silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 250 | * MdA |McCrory-Deerford complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 9,880 | 1.7 MnB |McLaurin fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 180 | * OKA |Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded----| 26,540 | 4.5 OtB |Oktibbeha clay, 1 to 5 percent slopes------| 180 | * Pt |Pits------| 120 | * RbD2 |Rayburn silt loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------| 3,540 | 0.6 RvA |Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 2,660 | 0.4 SaA |Savannah silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 11,030 | 1.9 SaB |Savannah silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 14,720 | 2.5 SmB |Smithdale sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 44,480 | 7.6 SmD |Smithdale loamy fine sand, 5 to 15 percent slopes------| 27,580 | 4.7 StD2 |Sumter-Maytag complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, eroded------| 1,740 | 0.3 StE2 |Sumter-Maytag complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------| 2,330 | 0.4 ToC2 |Toxey-Brantley-Hannon complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, eroded------| 4,590 | 0.8 UnA |Una clay, ponded------| 4,680 | 0.8 UrB |Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently undulating, frequently flooded------| 30,250 | 5.1 WaB |Wadley loamy fine sand, 1 to 5 percent slopes------| 2,100 | 0.4 WcB |Wilcox silty clay, 1 to 5 percent slopes------| 900 | 0.1 WcD2 |Wilcox silty clay, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------| 1,890 | 0.3 WmC |Williamsville fine sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes------| 4,070 | 0.7 | Areas of water less than 40 acres in size------| 3,300 | 0.6 | Areas of water more than 40 acres in size------| 7,470 | 1.3 | | ------| ---- | Total------| 589,470 | 100.0 ______| | |

* Less than 0.1 percent. Choctaw County, Alabama 195

Table 6.--Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil.)

______| | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | map symbol | capability | Cotton lint | Corn | Soybeans | Watermelon | Wheat ______| | | | | | | | ___Lbs | __Bu | __Bu | ___Cwt | __Bu | | | | | | AnA------| IIw | 800 | 100 | 40 | --- | 40 Annemaine | | | | | | | | | | | | ArF------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Arundel-Cantuche | | | | | | | | | | | | AwE------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Arundel-Williamsville | | | | | | | | | | | | BbA------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Bibb-Iuka | | | | | | | | | | | | BeB------| IIIs | --- | 50 | --- | 140 | --- Bigbee | | | | | | | | | | | | BgD2------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Boswell | | | | | | | | | | | | BkB------| IIs | 600 | 70 | 25 | 140 | 30 Boykin | | | | | | | | | | | | BnE2------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Boykin-Luverne-Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | BrE2, BrF------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Brantley-Okeelala | | | | | | | | | | | | CaA------| I | 800 | 100 | 35 | 200 | 50 Cahaba | | | | | | | | | | | | CoC2------| IVe | --- | --- | 25 | --- | --- Conecuh | | | | | | | | | | | | FaA------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Fluvaquents | | | | | | | | | | | | FrA------| IIw | 650 | 90 | 35 | --- | 50 Freest | | | | | | | | | | | | HaB------| IIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Halso | | | | | | | | | | | | IzA------| IIw | 650 | 100 | 35 | 200 | 50 Izagora | | | | | | | | | | | | LaA------| IIs | 650 | 70 | 25 | 170 | 35 Latonia | | | | | | | | | | | | LdC2------| IVs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Lauderdale-Arundel | | | | | | | | | | | | LeA------| IVw | --- | --- | 30 | --- | --- Leeper | | | | | | | | | | | | LfA------| IIIw | 525 | 100 | 40 | --- | 35 Lenoir | | | | | | | | | | | | 196 Soil Survey

Table 6.--Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | map symbol | capability | Cotton lint | Corn | Soybeans | Watermelon | Wheat ______| | | | | | | | ___Lbs | __Bu | __Bu | ___Cwt | __Bu | | | | | | LgA------| IIIw | 500 | 45 | 30 | --- | 30 Louin | | | | | | | | | | | | LhA------| I | 800 | 110 | 40 | 200 | 50 Lucedale | | | | | | | | | | | | LnB------| IIIe | 550 | 75 | 30 | 170 | 40 Luverne | | | | | | | | | | | | LnD2------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Luverne | | | | | | | | | | | | LnE2------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Luverne | | | | | | | | | | | | MaA------| IIIw | --- | --- | 30 | --- | 30 Mayhew | | | | | | | | | | | | MdA------| IVw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- McCrory-Deerford | | | | | | | | | | | | MnB------| IIe | 600 | 75 | 25 | 170 | 35 McLaurin | | | | | | | | | | | | OKA------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Ochlockonee, Kinston, and| | | | | | Iuka | | | | | | | | | | | | OtB------| IIIe | 500 | 75 | 35 | --- | 40 Oktibbeha | | | | | | | | | | | | Pt------| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | RbD2------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Rayburn | | | | | | | | | | | | RvA------| IIw | 800 | 120 | 40 | 200 | 50 Riverview | | | | | | | | | | | | SaA------| IIw | 700 | 90 | 35 | 180 | 40 Savannah | | | | | | | | | | | | SaB------| IIe | 650 | 85 | 30 | 170 | 35 Savannah | | | | | | | | | | | | SmB------| IIe | 650 | 70 | 30 | 170 | 30 Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | SmD------| IVe | 400 | 55 | 25 | 140 | --- Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | StD2------| IVe | --- | --- | 25 | --- | 35 Sumter-Maytag | | | | | | | | | | | | StE2------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Sumter-Maytag | | | | | | | | | | | | ToC2------| IVe | --- | 50 | --- | --- | 30 Toxey-Brantley-Hannon | | | | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 197

Table 6.--Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | map symbol | capability | Cotton lint | Corn | Soybeans | Watermelon | Wheat ______| | | | | | | | ___Lbs | __Bu | __Bu | ___Cwt | __Bu | | | | | | UnA------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Una | | | | | | | | | | | | UrB------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Urbo-Mooreville-Una | | | | | | | | | | | | WaB------| IIIs | --- | --- | --- | 140 | --- Wadley | | | | | | | | | | | | WcB------| IIIe | --- | --- | 25 | --- | --- Wilcox | | | | | | | | | | | | WcD2------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Wilcox | | | | | | | | | | | | WmC------| IVe | 600 | 70 | 25 | 170 | 30 Williamsville | | | | | | ______| | | | | | 198 Soil Survey

Table 7.--Yields per Acre of Pasture and Hay

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil.)

______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Improved |Bahiagrass |Tall fescue| Improved |Cool season| Johnson- |Dallisgrass- map symbol | bermuda- | | | bermuda- | annuals | grass hay | clover ______| grass | | | grass hay | | | | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____Tons | ____AUM* | ____Tons | ___AUM* | | | | | | | AnA------| 8.5 | 9.0 | --- | 5.0 | 5.0 | --- | 8.0 Annemaine | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ArF------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Arundel- | | | | | | | Cantuche | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AwE------| 7.0 | 6.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Arundel- | | | | | | | Williamsville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BbA------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Bibb-Iuka | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BeB------| 7.0 | 7.0 | --- | 4.0 | 4.5 | --- | --- Bigbee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BgD2------| 6.0 | 5.5 | --- | 3.5 | 3.0 | --- | --- Boswell | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BkB------| 7.0 | 7.0 | --- | 3.5 | --- | --- | --- Boykin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BnE2------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Boykin-Luverne-| | | | | | | Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BrE2, BrF------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Brantley- | | | | | | | Okeelala | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaA------| 10.0 | 8.5 | --- | 6.0 | 5.0 | --- | --- Cahaba | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CoC2------| 6.0 | 5.5 | --- | 3.5 | 4.0 | --- | --- Conecuh | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FaA------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Fluvaquents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FrA------| 9.0 | 9.0 | 7.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | 8.0 Freest | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HaB------| 7.0 | 6.0 | --- | 4.0 | 4.5 | --- | --- Halso | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IzA------| 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | 8.0 Izagora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LaA------| 9.5 | 8.5 | --- | 5.5 | 4.5 | --- | --- Latonia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LdC2------| --- | 5.5 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Lauderdale- | | | | | | | Arundel | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Choctaw County, Alabama 199

Table 7.--Yields per Acre of Pasture and Hay--Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Improved |Bahiagrass |Tall fescue| Improved |Cool season| Johnson- |Dallisgrass- map symbol | bermuda- | | | bermuda- | annuals | grass hay | clover ______| grass | | | grass hay | | | | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____Tons | ____AUM* | ____Tons | ___AUM* | | | | | | | LeA------| --- | 6.0 | 8.5 | --- | --- | 4.5 | 8.0 Leeper | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LfA------| 8.0 | 7.5 | --- | 4.5 | --- | --- | 7.5 Lenoir | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LgA------| --- | 8.5 | --- | --- | --- | 5.0 | 7.0 Louin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LhA------| 10.0 | 8.5 | --- | 6.0 | 5.0 | --- | --- Lucedale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LnB------| 9.5 | 8.5 | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | --- Luverne | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LnD2------| 8.0 | 7.0 | --- | 4.0 | 4.0 | --- | --- Luverne | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LnE2------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Luverne | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MaA------| --- | 8.0 | 6.0 | --- | --- | --- | 5.5 Mayhew | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MdA------| --- | 5.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- McCrory- | | | | | | | Deerford | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnB------| 9.0 | 8.0 | --- | 5.0 | 5.0 | --- | --- McLaurin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | OKA------| --- | 6.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.0 Ochlockonee, | | | | | | | Kinston, and | | | | | | | Iuka | | | | | | | | | | | | | | OtB------| --- | --- | 8.0 | --- | --- | 5.0 | 7.5 Oktibbeha | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pt. | | | | | | | Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RbD2------| 6.0 | 5.5 | --- | 3.5 | 3.0 | --- | --- Rayburn | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RvA------| 10.0 | 9.0 | --- | 7.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 7.0 Riverview | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SaA------| 8.5 | 8.0 | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | --- Savannah | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SaB------| 8.5 | 8.0 | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | --- Savannah | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmB------| 9.0 | 8.0 | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | --- Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmD------| 8.5 | 7.5 | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | --- Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 200 Soil Survey

Table 7.--Yields per Acre of Pasture and Hay--Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Improved |Bahiagrass |Tall fescue| Improved |Cool season| Johnson- |Dallisgrass- map symbol | bermuda- | | | bermuda- | annuals | grass hay | clover ______| grass | | | grass hay | | | | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____Tons | ____AUM* | ____Tons | ___AUM* | | | | | | | StD2------| --- | --- | 3.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- Sumter-Maytag | | | | | | | | | | | | | | StE2------| --- | --- | 3.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- Sumter-Maytag | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ToC2------| --- | --- | 8.0 | --- | --- | 5.0 | 6.5 Toxey-Brantley-| | | | | | | Hannon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnA------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Una | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UrB------| --- | --- | 5.5 | --- | --- | --- | 5.0 Urbo- | | | | | | | Mooreville-Una| | | | | | | | | | | | | | WaB------| 7.0 | 7.0 | --- | 3.5 | --- | --- | --- Wadley | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WcB------| --- | 7.0 | 8.5 | --- | --- | 5.0 | 7.0 Wilcox | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WcD2------| --- | 6.0 | 6.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- Wilcox | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WmC------| 9.0 | 8.0 | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | --- Williamsville | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | |

* Animal-unit-month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days. Choctaw County, Alabama 201

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity

(Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that information was not available.)

______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AnA------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Yellow-poplar, Annemaine | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | loblolly pine, | | | | | |Slash pine------| 90 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 85 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 95 | --- | American | | | | | |American sycamore---| 90 | --- | sycamore. | | | | | |Water oak------| 90 | --- | | | | | | | | | | ArF: | | | | | | | | | Arundel------| 9R |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cantuche------| 7R |Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 75 | 1.8 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 65 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 65 | --- | | | | | | | | | | AwE: | | | | | | | | | Arundel------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | | | | | Williamsville--| 10R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Slash pine------| 95 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 85 | --- | | | | | | | | | | BbA: | | | | | | | | | Bibb------| 9W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Water oak------| 90 | --- | green ash, | | | | | |Blackgum------| --- | --- | willow oak, | | | | | |Green ash------| 80 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | | | | | Iuka------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 110 | --- | Shumard's oak, | | | | | |Water oak------| 100 | --- | yellow-poplar, | | | | | |Green ash------| 90 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | | | | | BeB------| 7S |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 75 | 1.6 |Loblolly pine, Bigbee | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 65 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | BgD2------| 8C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, Boswell | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 75 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | | | | | BkB------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, Boykin | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 75 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 75 | --- | | | | | | |Slash pine------| 85 | --- | | | | | | | | | | BnE2: | | | | | | | | | Boykin------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 75 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 75 | --- | | | | | | |Slash pine------| 85 | --- | | | | | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. 202 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BnE2: | | | | | | | | | Luverne------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Slash pine------| 90 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine, | | | | | |Slash pine------| 90 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | | | | | BrE2: | | | | | | | | | Brantley------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 75 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | |Slash pine------| 85 | --- | | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 80 | --- | longleaf pine, | | | | | | | | | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | BrF: | | | | | | | | | Brantley------| 8R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 75 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------| 8R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 75 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | CaA------| 10A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine, Cahaba | | | | | |Slash pine------| 95 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 105 | --- | water oak, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 95 | --- | longleaf pine, | | | | | |Water oak------| 95 | --- | cherrybark oak. | | | | | | | | | CoC2------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Conecuh | | | | | |Slash pine------| 90 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Water oak------| 90 | --- | water oak, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | sweetgum. | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | | | | | | | | | | FaA------| --- |Slight |Severe |Severe |Slight |Baldcypress------| 80 | --- |Baldcypress, Fluvaquents | | | | | |Blackgum------| --- | --- | green ash. | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Swamp tupelo------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | FrA------| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine, Freest | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 90 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Slash pine------| 95 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | cherrybark oak. | | | | | | | | | HaB------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Halso | | | | | |Slash pine------| 90 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | water oak, | | | | | |Water oak------| 90 | --- | sweetgum. | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | | | | | | | | | | IzA------| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine, Izagora | | | | | |Slash pine------| 95 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | --- | yellow-poplar, | | | | | |Water oak------| 95 | --- | water oak. | | | | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. Choctaw County, Alabama 203

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LaA------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Latonia | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Slash pine------| 90 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | LdC2: | | | | | | | | | Lauderdale-----| 6D |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine------| 70 | 1.4 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | shortleaf | | | | | | | | | pine. | | | | | | | | | Arundel------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | | | | | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | LeA------| 6W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Water oak------| 95 | 1.1 |Sweetgum, Leeper | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 105 | --- | water oak, | | | | | |Green ash------| 90 | --- | Nuttall oak, | | | | | | | | | green ash, | | | | | | | | | cherrybark | | | | | | | | | oak. | | | | | | | | | LfA------| 9W |Slight |Severe |Slight |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Lenoir | | | | | |Water oak------| 75 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 80 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Swamp chestnut oak--| 70 | -- | cherrybark | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | -- | oak, water | | | | | |Blackgum------| --- | -- | oak. | | | | | | | | | LgA------| 8C |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 80 | 1.8 |Loblolly pine, Louin | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 65 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| 45 | --- | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 70 | --- | | | | | | |Post oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | LhA------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Lucedale | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 75 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Slash pine------| 90 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | LnB, LnD2------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Luverne | | | | | |Slash pine------| 90 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 80 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | LnE2------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Luverne | | | | | |Slash pine------| 90 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 80 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | MaA------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Mayhew | | | | | |Water oak------| 80 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Post oak------| --- | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | Shumard's oak. | | | | | | | | | MdA: | | | | | | | | | McCrory------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Water oak------| 95 | 1.1 |Sweetgum, water | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 95 | --- | oak, willow | | | | | |Willow oak------| 95 | --- | oak, loblolly | | | | | |Loblolly pine------| 80 | --- | pine, slash | | | | | | | | | pine. | | | | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. 204 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MdA: | | | | | | | | | Deerford------| 9W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Slash pine------| 90 | --- | water oak, | | | | | |Water oak------| 90 | --- | Shumard's oak, | | | | | |Willow oak------| 90 | --- | cherrybark | | | | | | | | | oak. | | | | | | | | | MnB------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, McLaurin | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Slash pine------| 85 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | OKA: | | | | | | | | | Ochlockonee----| 11W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 110 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 110 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Water oak------| 100 | --- | water oak, | | | | | |American sycamore---| 110 | --- | yellow-poplar, | | | | | |Green ash------| 85 | --- | green ash, | | | | | | | | | American | | | | | | | | | sycamore. | | | | | | | | | Kinston------| 9W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | water oak, | | | | | |Green ash------| 80 | --- | willow oak, | | | | | |Water oak------| 100 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 90 | --- | cherrybark | | | | | | | | | oak, green | | | | | | | | | oak, sweetgum. | | | | | | | | | Iuka------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | eastern | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 105 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | |Water oak------| 100 | --- | yellow-poplar, | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 110 | --- | cherrybark | | | | | | | | | oak, slash pine. | | | | | | | | | OtB------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine. Oktibbeha | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| --- | --- | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | RbD2------| 9C |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Rayburn | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | | | | | RvA------| 11A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine, Riverview | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 110 | --- | yellow-poplar, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 105 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Green ash------| 85 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Water oak------| 100 | --- | eastern | | | | | |Swamp chestnut oak--| 90 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | | | | | American | | | | | | | | | sycamore. | | | | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. Choctaw County, Alabama 205

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SaA, SaB------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Savannah | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 80 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Slash pine------| 90 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 85 | --- | longleaf | | | | | | | | | pine, yellow- | | | | | | | | | poplar. | | | | | | | | | SmB, SmD------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, Smithdale | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine, | | | | | |Slash pine------| 85 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | | | | | StD2, StE2: | | | | | | | | | Sumter------| 3C |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Eastern redcedar----| 40 | ** |Eastern | | | | | | | | | redcedar. | | | | | | | | | Maytag------| 3C |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Eastern redcedar----| 40 | ** |Eastern | | | | | |Sugarberry------| --- | -- | redcedar. | | | | | | | | | ToC2: | | | | | | | | | Toxey------| 7C |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 75 | 1.6 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| 40 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | | | | | Brantley------| 8A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 75 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | | | | | Hannon------| 8C |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 80 | 1.8 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| -- | --- | | | | | | | | | | UnA------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Water tupelo------| 65 | 0.5 |Baldcypress, Una | | | | | |Baldcypress------| 80 | --- | swamp tupelo, | | | | | |Swamp tupelo------| --- | --- | green ash, | | | | | |Overcup oak------| --- | --- | water oak. | | | | | |Black willow------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | UrB: | | | | | | | | | Urbo------| 10W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 95 | 2.5 |Sweetgum, | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 95 | --- | cherrybark | | | | | |Green ash------| 85 | --- | oak, slash | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 95 | --- | pine, loblolly | | | | | |Water oak------| 90 | --- | pine, swamp | | | | | |Willow oak------| 90 | --- | chestnut oak, | | | | | | | | | Nuttall oak. | | | | | | | | | Mooreville-----| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Cherrybark oak, | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 105 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Green ash------| 85 | --- | water oak, | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 100 | --- | green ash, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 105 | --- | loblolly pine, | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 100 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Water oak------| 100 | --- | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | Una------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Water tupelo------| 65 | 0.5 |Baldcypress, | | | | | |Baldcypress------| 80 | --- | swamp tupelo, | | | | | |Swamp tupelo------| --- | --- | green ash, | | | | | |Overcup oak------| --- | --- | water oak. | | | | | |Black willow------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. 206 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WaB------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 80 | 1.8 |Slash pine, Wadley | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine, | | | | | |Slash pine------| 80 | --- | loblolly pine. | | | | | | | | | WcB, WcD2------| 9C |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine. Wilcox | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | | | | | | |Slash pine------| 90 | --- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Post oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | WmC------| 10C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine, Williamsville | | | | | |Slash pine------| 95 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 80 | --- | longleaf pine. ______| | | | | | | | |

* Volume is expressed as the average yearly growth in cords per acre per year calculated at the age of 25 years for fully stocked, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine and at the age of 30 years for fully stocked, unmanaged stands of oak and gum. ** Volume for eastern redcedar is 140 board feet per acre per year calculated at the age of 40 years for fully stocked, natural stands. Choctaw County, Alabama 207

Table 9.--Recreational Development

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated.)

______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AnA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Annemaine | flooding. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | ArF: | | | | | Arundel------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | large stones. | large stones. | | | | | Cantuche------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | large stones, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | small stones, | large stones. | slope, | | | depth to rock. | | droughty. | | | | | AwE: | | | | | Arundel------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | Williamsville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | BbA: | | | | | Bibb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | Iuka------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | BeB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Bigbee | flooding. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | BgD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Boswell | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | erodes easily. | slope. | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | BkB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Boykin | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | BnE2: | | | | | Boykin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | too sandy, | slope. | | | | slope. | | | | | | Luverne------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Smithdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | BrE2, BrF: | | | | | Brantley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | 208 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BrE2, BrF: | | | | | Okeelala------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | CaA------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Cahaba | flooding. | | | | | | | | | CoC2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Conecuh | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | erodes easily. | slope. | | | | | FaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Fluvaquents | flooding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | FrA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Freest | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | HaB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Slight. Halso | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | IzA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Izagora | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | LaA------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Latonia | flooding. | | small stones. | | droughty. | | | | | LdC2: | | | | | Lauderdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | erodes easily, | depth to rock, | | | depth to rock. | large stones. | large stones. | | | | | Arundel------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | large stones. | large stones. | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | LeA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Leeper | flooding, | percs slowly. | wetness, | wetness, | flooding. | wetness, | | flooding. | flooding. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | LfA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Lenoir | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | LgA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Louin | wetness, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey. | too clayey. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness. | | | | | | | LhA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Lucedale | | | | | | | | | | LnB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Luverne | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | | | | small stones, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | LnD2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Luverne | slope, | slope, | slope. | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 209

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LnE2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Luverne | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | MaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Mayhew | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | erodes easily. | | | | | | MdA: | | | | | McCrory------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | excess sodium, | wetness, | excess sodium. | excess sodium. | | wetness. | excess sodium. | | | | | | | | | Deerford------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | excess sodium, | wetness, | excess sodium. | excess sodium. | | wetness. | excess sodium. | | | | | | | | | MnB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. McLaurin | | | slope. | | | | | | | OKA: | | | | | Ochlockonee------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | Kinston------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | Iuka------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | OtB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Oktibbeha | percs slowly, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey. | too clayey. | too clayey. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | Pt------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Pits | | | | | | | | | | RbD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Rayburn | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | erodes easily. | slope. | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | RvA------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Riverview | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | SaA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Savannah | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | | | | SaB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Savannah | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | SmB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Smithdale | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | 210 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmD------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Smithdale | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | StD2: | | | | | Sumter------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | StD2: | | | | | Maytag------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | too clayey. | too clayey. | too clayey. | too clayey. | too clayey. | | | | | | | StE2: | | | | | Sumter------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | Maytag------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | too clayey. | too clayey. | slope, | too clayey. | too clayey. | | | too clayey. | | | | | | | ToC2: | | | | | Toxey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | percs slowly, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey. | too clayey. | too clayey. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | Hannon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | percs slowly, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey. | too clayey. | too clayey. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | UnA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Una | flooding, | ponding, | too clayey, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | too clayey, | ponding, | too clayey. | flooding, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | flooding. | | too clayey. | | | | | UrB: | | | | | Urbo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding, | percs slowly. | wetness, | wetness, | flooding. | wetness, | | flooding. | flooding. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | Mooreville------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | flooding. | | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | Una------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | ponding, | too clayey, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | too clayey, | ponding, | too clayey. | flooding, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | flooding. | | too clayey. | | | | | WaB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Wadley | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 211

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WcB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Wilcox | percs slowly, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey. | too clayey. | too clayey. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | WcD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Wilcox | percs slowly, | too clayey, | slope, | too clayey. | too clayey. | too clayey. | percs slowly. | too clayey, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | WmC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Williamsville | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | ______| | | | | 212 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat

(See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated.)

______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AnA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor. Annemaine | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ArF: | | | | | | | | | | Arundel------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Cantuche------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | AwE: | | | | | | | | | | Arundel------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Williamsville-----|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BbA: | | | | | | | | | | Bibb------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good. | | | | | | | | | | Iuka------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor. | | | | | | | | | | BeB------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very Bigbee | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BgD2------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Boswell | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BkB------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Boykin | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BnE2: | | | | | | | | | | Boykin------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Luverne------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BrE2: | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BrF: | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CaA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Cahaba | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 213

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CoC2------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Conecuh | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | FaA------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good. Fluvaquents | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FrA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Freest | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HaB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Halso | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | IzA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Izagora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LaA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Latonia | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | LdC2: | | | | | | | | | | Lauderdale------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Arundel------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | LeA------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Good |Fair. Leeper | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LfA------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair. Lenoir | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LgA------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Poor. Louin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LhA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Lucedale | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | LnB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Luverne | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | LnD2------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Luverne | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | LnE2------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Luverne | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | MaA------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair. Mayhew | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MdA: | | | | | | | | | | McCrory------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair. | | | | | | | | | | Deerford------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair. | | | | | | | | | | MnB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very McLaurin | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | OKA: | | | | | | | | | | Ochlockonee------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 214 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | OKA: | | | | | | | | | | Kinston------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Iuka------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor. | | | | | | | | | | OtB------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very Oktibbeha | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Pt------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very Pits | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | RbD2------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Rayburn | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | RvA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Riverview | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SaA, SaB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Savannah | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Smithdale | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | SmD------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Smithdale | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | StD2: | | | | | | | | | | Sumter------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Maytag------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | StE2: | | | | | | | | | | Sumter------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Maytag------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | ToC2: | | | | | | | | | | Toxey------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor. | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Hannon------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor. | | | | | | | | | | UnA------|Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good. Una | | poor. | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | UrB: | | | | | | | | | | Urbo------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair. | | | | | | | | | | Mooreville------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor. | | | | | | | | | | Una------|Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good. | | poor. | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 215

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WaB------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very Wadley | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | WcB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Wilcox | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WcD2------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Wilcox | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | WmC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Williamsville | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. ______| | | | | | | | | | 216 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Building Site Development

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation.)

______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AnA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Annemaine | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength. | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | ArF: | | | | | | Arundel------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | shrink-swell, | slope, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope, | large stones. | slope, | shrink-swell, | slope, | low strength, | large stones. | | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | | | | | | | Cantuche------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones. | slope, | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | slope. | | large stones. | | | droughty. | | | | | | AwE: | | | | | | Arundel------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope. | | slope. | shrink-swell. | slope. | low strength, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | Williamsville----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | BbA: | | | | | | Bibb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | Iuka------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | BeB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Bigbee | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | droughty. | | | | | | BgD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Boswell | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | slope. | | | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | BkB------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Boykin | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty. | | | | | | BnE2: | | | | | | Boykin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Luverne------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | Smithdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 217

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BrE2, BrF: | | | | | | Brantley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | slope. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | Okeelala------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | CaA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight. Cahaba | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | | CoC2------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Conecuh | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | droughty. | cutbanks cave.| | | | low strength. | | | | | | | FaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Fluvaquents | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | ponding, | | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding, | flooding. | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | FrA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Freest | wetness. | shrink-swell. | wetness. | shrink-swell. | low strength. | | | | | | | | | | | | | HaB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight. Halso | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | | | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | IzA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight. Izagora | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength. | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | LaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Latonia | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | droughty. | | | | | | LdC2: | | | | | | Lauderdale------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | large stones. | depth to rock, | large stones. | depth to rock,| large stones. | slope, | | large stones. | | large stones. | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | Arundel------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | large stones. | too clayey, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | low strength, | | large stones. | | | | large stones. | | | | | | | LeA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Leeper | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | flooding. | | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | low strength, | | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | flooding. | | | | | | | LfA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Lenoir | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength. | wetness. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | LgA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Louin | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | shrink-swell, | too clayey. | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength. | | | | | | | LhA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Lucedale | | | | | | | | | | | | 218 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LnB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Luverne | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength. | | | | | | | LnD2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Luverne | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope. | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | LnE2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Luverne | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | MaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Mayhew | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | shrink-swell, | wetness. | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | MdA: | | | | | | McCrory------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | excess sodium, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | wetness. | | | | | | Deerford------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | excess sodium, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | wetness. | | | | | | MnB------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: McLaurin | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty. | | | | | | OKA: | | | | | | Ochlockonee------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | Kinston------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | flooding. | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | Iuka------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | OtB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Oktibbeha | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | too clayey. | | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | Pt------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | RbD2------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Rayburn | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope. | wetness, | | | slope. | low strength. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | RvA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Riverview | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | SaA, SaB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Savannah | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness. | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | SmB------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 219

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmD------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Smithdale | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | StD2: | | | | | | Sumter------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | depth to rock. | too clayey. | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | Maytag------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | too clayey. | | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | StE2: | | | | | | Sumter------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope, | too clayey, | | | slope. | low strength. | depth to rock. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Maytag------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | slope, | shrink-swell, | too clayey. | | | | shrink-swell. | low strength. | | | | | | | ToC2: | | | | | | Toxey------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | too clayey. | too clayey. | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | Brantley------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | Hannon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | too clayey. | | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | UnA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Una | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | ponding, | | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | low strength, | flooding, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | ponding. | too clayey. | | | | | | UrB: | | | | | | Urbo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | flooding. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | | | | | | | Mooreville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength, | flooding. | | | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | | Una------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | ponding, | | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | low strength, | flooding, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | ponding. | too clayey. | | | | | | WaB------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: Wadley | cutbanks cave.| | | | cutbanks cave.| droughty. | | | | | | WcB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Wilcox | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | too clayey. | | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | 220 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WcD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Wilcox | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | too clayey. | | | | slope. | low strength. | | | | | | | WmC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Williamsville | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | | slope. | | ______| | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 221

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "good," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation.)

______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | AnA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Annemaine | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | ArF: | | | | | Arundel------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | Cantuche------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | | large stones. | | | | | AwE: | | | | | Arundel------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | Williamsville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | | too clayey. | | | | | | | BbA: | | | | | Bibb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | Iuka------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | BeB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Bigbee | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | poor filter. | | wetness. | | too sandy. | | | | | BgD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Boswell | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | BkB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Good. Boykin | percs slowly. | seepage. | | seepage. | | | | | | BnE2: | | | | | Boykin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | slope. | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | Luverne------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | slope. | | | | | 222 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | BnE2: | | | | | Smithdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | BrE2, BrF: | | | | | Brantley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | slope. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | Okeelala------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | slope, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | seepage. | | | | | | CaA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Cahaba | flooding. | seepage. | seepage. | flooding. | thin layer. | | | | | CoC2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: Conecuh | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | FaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Fluvaquents | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding. | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | | | | | | FrA------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Freest | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | HaB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Halso | percs slowly. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey, | | slope. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | IzA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Izagora | wetness, | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | LaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Latonia | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | thin layer. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | LdC2: | | | | | Lauderdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | percs slowly. | | | | large stones. | | | | | Arundel------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | LeA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Leeper | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | LfA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Lenoir | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 223

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | LgA------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Louin | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | LhA------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Good. Lucedale | | seepage. | | | | | | | | LnB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: Luverne | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | LnD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Luverne | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | LnE2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Luverne | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | slope. | | | | | MaA------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Mayhew | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | MdA: | | | | | McCrory------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | excess sodium. | percs slowly. | | excess sodium. | | | | | | | Deerford------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | excess sodium. | percs slowly. | | excess sodium. | | | | | | | MnB------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Good. McLaurin | | seepage. | | seepage. | | | | | | OKA: | | | | | Ochlockonee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good. | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | wetness. | | | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | Kinston------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | Iuka------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | OtB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: Oktibbeha | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | Pt------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Pits | | | | | | | | | | 224 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | RbD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Rayburn | wetness, | slope. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | wetness, | hard to pack. | | | | slope. | | | | | | RvA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good. Riverview | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | SaA, SaB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Savannah | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | SmB------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good. Smithdale | | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | SmD------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Smithdale | slope. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | | | StD2: | | | | | Sumter------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | Maytag------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate------|Poor: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | StE2: | | | | | Sumter------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | Maytag------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | ToC2: | | | | | Toxey------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | Brantley------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Hannon------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | UnA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Una | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | ponding. | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 225

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | UrB: | | | | | Urbo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | Mooreville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | Una------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | ponding. | | | | | WaB------|Slight------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Poor: Wadley | | seepage. | too sandy. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | WcB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Wilcox | wetness, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey, | percs slowly. | slope. | wetness. | wetness. | hard to pack. | | | | | WcD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Wilcox | wetness, | slope. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | wetness, | wetness, | hard to pack. | | | too clayey. | slope. | | | | | | WmC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Fair: Williamsville | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. ______| | | | | 226 Soil Survey

Table 13.--Construction Materials

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation.)

______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | AnA------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Annemaine | wetness, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | ArF: | | | | Arundel------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | | | large stones, | low strength. | | | slope. | | | | Cantuche------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | large stones, | | | large stones, | slope. | | | slope. | | | | AwE: | | | | Arundel------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | | | small stones, | low strength. | | | slope. | | | | Williamsville------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | slope. | | | | BbA: | | | | Bibb------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | | | | | Iuka------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | BeB------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Bigbee | | | excess fines. | too sandy. | | | | BgD2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Boswell | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | BkB------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Boykin | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy. | | | | BnE2: | | | | Boykin------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | Luverne------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | slope. | | | | Smithdale------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 227

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | BrE2, BrF: | | | | Brantley------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | slope. | | | | Okeelala------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | CaA------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: Cahaba | | | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | CoC2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Conecuh | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | FaA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Fluvaquents | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | FrA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Freest | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | HaB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Halso | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | IzA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Izagora | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | LaA------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: Latonia | | | excess fines. | thin layer. | | | | LdC2: | | | | Lauderdale------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | | | | large stones. | | | | Arundel------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | | | large stones. | low strength. | | | | | | | LeA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Leeper | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | LfA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Lenoir | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | | | | | LgA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Louin | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | LhA------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Lucedale | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | LnB, LnD2------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Luverne | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | 228 Soil Survey

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | LnE2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Luverne | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | slope. | | | | MaA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Mayhew | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength, | | | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | MdA: | | | | McCrory------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness, | | | | excess sodium. | | | | Deerford------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness, | wetness. | | | excess sodium. | | | | MnB------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. McLaurin | | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | OKA: | | | | Ochlockonee------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | Kinston------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | Iuka------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | OtB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Oktibbeha | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | Pt------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Pits | | | | | | | | RbD2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Rayburn | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | RvA------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Riverview | | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | SaA, SaB------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Savannah | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer. | | | | SmB------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Smithdale | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | | | | | SmD------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Smithdale | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | slope. | | | | StD2, StE2: | | | | Sumter------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | shrink-swell, | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 229

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | StD2, StE2: | | | | Maytag------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | ToC2: | | | | Toxey------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | Brantley------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Hannon------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | UnA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Una | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness, | | | wetness. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | UrB: | | | | Urbo------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Mooreville------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Una------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness, | | | wetness. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | WaB------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: Wadley | | | excess fines. | too sandy. | | | | WcB, WcD2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Wilcox | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | WmC------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Williamsville | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. ______| | | | 230 Soil Survey

Table 14.--Water Management

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation.)

______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | AnA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Wetness, |Percs slowly. Annemaine | seepage. | hard to pack, | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | ArF: | | | | | | Arundel------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | depth to rock.| depth to rock, | | | | | | large stones. | | | | | | Cantuche------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Large stones, | depth to rock,| thin layer, | | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | slope. | large stones. | | droughty. | depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | | AwE: | | | | | | Arundel------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | | Williamsville----|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. | slope. | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | | | BbA: | | | | | | Bibb------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness. |Wetness. | seepage. | seepage, | | flooding. | | | | wetness, | | | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Iuka------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness------|Wetness. | seepage. | piping, | | flooding. | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | BeB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy------|Droughty. Bigbee | seepage. | seepage, | | fast intake. | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | BgD2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, Boswell | slope. | hard to pack. | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | BkB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing---|Droughty. Boykin | seepage. | piping. | | droughty, | | | | | | fast intake. | | | | | | | | BnE2: | | | | | | Boykin------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | piping. | | droughty, | soil blowing. | droughty. | slope. | | | fast intake. | | | | | | | | Luverne------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. | slope. | piping, | | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 231

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | BrE2, BrF: | | | | | | Brantley------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | thin layer, | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | CaA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable------|Favorable. Cahaba | seepage. | thin layer, | | | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | CoC2------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily, Conecuh | slope. | hard to pack. | | droughty. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | FaA------|Slight------|Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness, Fluvaquents | | piping, | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | ponding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | | | FrA------|Slight------|Moderate: |Favorable------|Wetness------|Wetness------|Favorable. Freest | | piping, | | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | HaB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly---|Percs slowly. Halso | depth to rock.| hard to pack. | | | | | | | | | | IzA------|Slight------|Moderate: |Favorable------|Wetness------|Wetness------|Favorable. Izagora | | piping, | | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | LaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy------|Droughty. Latonia | seepage. | seepage, | | fast intake. | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | LdC2: | | | | | | Lauderdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily, | depth to rock.| thin layer. | | depth to rock,| erodes easily,| depth to rock, | | | | erodes easily.| large stones. | large stones. | | | | | | Arundel------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock, | depth to rock,| hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | LeA------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness, Leeper | | hard to pack, | flooding. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | LfA------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Lenoir | | wetness. | | percs slowly, | wetness, | erodes easily, | | | | erodes easily.| percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | LgA------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness, Louin | | hard to pack. | | slow intake. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | LhA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable------|Favorable. Lucedale | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | LnB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. Luverne | slope. | piping, | | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | | | 232 Soil Survey

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | LnD2, LnE2------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. Luverne | slope. | piping, | | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | | | MaA------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Mayhew | | hard to pack, | | percs slowly. | wetness. | erodes easily. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | MdA: | | | | | | McCrory------|Slight------|Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Wetness------|Wetness, | | piping, | excess sodium.| droughty. | | excess sodium, | | wetness, | | | | droughty. | | excess sodium.| | | | | | | | | | Deerford------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | | wetness, | excess sodium.| percs slowly, | wetness. | excess sodium, | | excess sodium,| | rooting depth.| | erodes easily. | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | MnB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. McLaurin | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | OKA: | | | | | | Ochlockonee------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Flooding------|Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Kinston------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness------|Wetness. | seepage. | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | | | Iuka------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness------|Wetness. | seepage. | piping, | | flooding. | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | OtB------|Slight------|Severe: |Deep to water |Slow intake, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly. Oktibbeha | | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | Pt------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | RbD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, Rayburn | slope. | hard to pack. | slope. | wetness. | erodes easily,| erodes easily, | | | | | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | RvA------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Flooding------|Favorable. |Favorable. Riverview | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | SaA, SaB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness------|Erodes easily, |Erodes easily, Savannah | seepage. | piping. | | | wetness. | rooting depth. | | | | | | SmB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. Smithdale | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | SmD------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Fast intake, |Slope------|Slope. Smithdale | seepage, | piping. | | slope. | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | StD2: | | | | | | Sumter------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily, | seepage, | thin layer. | | percs slowly. | erodes easily,| depth to rock, | depth to rock,| | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 233

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | StD2: | | | | | | Maytag------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly. | slope. | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | StE2: | | | | | | Sumter------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | thin layer. | | percs slowly. | depth to rock,| erodes easily, | | | | | erodes easily.| depth to rock. | | | | | | Maytag------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | hard to pack. | | slow intake, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | ToC2: | | | | | | Toxey------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water, |Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily, | slope. | thin layer, | percs slowly. | slow intake, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | Brantley------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly. | seepage, | thin layer, | | percs slowly. | | | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Hannon------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slow intake, |Percs slowly---|Droughty, | slope. | hard to pack. | | slope, | | percs slowly. | | | | droughty. | | | | | | | | UnA------|Slight------|Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness, Una | | ponding. | percs slowly, | slow intake, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | flooding. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | UrB: | | | | | | Urbo------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | | wetness. | flooding. | percs slowly. | wetness, | erodes easily, | | | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | Mooreville------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. | seepage. | wetness. | | erodes easily,| wetness. | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | | Una------|Slight------|Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness, | | ponding. | percs slowly, | slow intake, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | flooding. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | WaB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing---|Droughty. Wadley | seepage. | seepage, | | droughty, | | | | piping. | | fast intake. | | | | | | | | WcB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily, Wilcox | depth to rock,| hard to pack. | slope. | wetness, | wetness. | percs slowly. | slope. | | | slow intake. | | | | | | | | WcD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, Wilcox | slope. | hard to pack. | slope. | wetness, | erodes easily,| erodes easily, | | | | slow intake. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | WmC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. Williamsville | slope. | piping, | | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | ______| | | | | | 234 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties

(Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated.)

______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | AnA------| 0-4 |Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 |95-100|95-100|90-100|70-90 | 20-35 | 5-20 Annemaine | | | | | | | | | | | 4-35 |Clay, silty clay,|CH, MH, |A-7-5 |95-100|95-100|90-100|80-99 | 45-70 | 20-35 | | silty clay loam.| CL, ML | | | | | | | | 35-65 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6, |95-100|95-100|80-100|36-80 | 20-45 | 8-27 | | loam, clay loam.| | A-7-6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ArF: | | | | | | | | | | Arundel------| 0-4 |Loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 |85-100|77-98 |75-98 |60-90 | 0-30 | NP-10 | 4-32 |Silty clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 |85-100|80-100|80-100|65-90 | 44-70 | 22-41 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | 32-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Cantuche------| 0-6 |Very channery |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, A-6 |65-90 |60-85 |50-80 |36-65 | 20-30 | 4-11 | | sandy loam. | CL, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 6-11 |Extremely |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, A-6 |65-90 |60-85 |50-80 |36-65 | 20-30 | 4-11 | | channery loam, | CL, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | extremely | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | 11-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | AwE: | | | | | | | | | | Arundel------| 0-8 |Sandy loam------|ML, SM |A-4, A-2-4|85-100|84-98 |70-98 |30-60 | <20 | NP | 8-36 |Silty clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 |85-100|80-100|80-100|65-90 | 44-70 | 22-41 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | 36-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Williamsville---| 0-4 |Fine sandy loam |SC-SM, SM,|A-2, A-4 |98-100|95-100|80-95 |36-70 | 18-30 | 3-10 | | | CL-ML, ML| | | | | | | | 4-36 |Clay, sandy clay,|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 |98-100|80-100|80-100|50-80 | 38-60 | 20-36 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | 36-62 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 |98-100|80-100|60-90 |36-65 | 25-40 | 8-20 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 62-80 |Sandy loam, loam,|SM |A-2, A-4 |98-100|80-100|60-75 |15-45 | <20 | NP-3 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BbA: | | | | | | | | | | Bibb------| 0-3 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 |95-100|90-100|60-90 |30-60 | <25 | NP-7 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 3-45 |Sandy loam, loam,|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 |60-100|50-100|40-100|30-90 | <30 | NP-7 | | silt loam. | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 45-60 |Sand, loamy sand,|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3, |95-100|90-100|40-90 | 8-35 | <20 | NP | | loamy fine sand.| | A-1-b | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Iuka------| 0-9 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4, A-2 |95-100|90-100|70-100|30-60 | <20 | NP-7 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 9-42 |Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|85-100|65-100|36-75 | <30 | NP-7 | | loam, sandy | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 42-60 |Sandy loam, fine |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 |95-100|90-100|70-100|25-60 | <30 | NP-7 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 235

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | BeB------| 0-6 |Loamy sand------|SM |A-2-4 | 100 |95-100|60-90 |15-30 | <20 | NP Bigbee | 6-23 |Loamy sand, fine |SM, SP, |A-2-4, A-3| 100 |95-100|50-80 |10-25 | <20 | NP | | sand. | SP-SM | | | | | | | | 23-70 |Sand, fine sand |SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-3|85-100|85-100|50-75 | 5-20 | <20 | NP | | | | | | | | | | BgD2------| 0-4 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML |A-4 | 100 | 100 |60-85 |40-55 | <20 | NP Boswell | 4-80 |Clay, silty clay,|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-95 | 50-70 | 25-40 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BkB------| 0-5 |Loamy fine sand |SM, SC-SM |A-2-4, A-4|97-100|95-100|75-98 |17-45 | 16-25 | NP-5 Boykin | 5-22 |Loamy fine sand, |SM, SC-SM |A-2-4, A-4|97-100|95-100|70-98 |17-45 | 16-25 | NP-5 | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | | 22-60 |Fine sandy loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6, |95-100|95-100|80-98 |36-55 | 22-45 | 8-30 | | sandy clay loam.| | A-7-6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BnE2: | | | | | | | | | | Boykin------| 0-3 |Loamy fine sand |SM, SC-SM |A-2-4, A-4|97-100|95-100|75-98 |17-45 | 16-25 | NP-5 | 3-33 |Loamy fine sand, |SM, SC-SM |A-2-4, A-4|97-100|95-100|70-98 |17-45 | 16-25 | NP-5 | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | | 33-80 |Fine sandy loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6, |95-100|95-100|80-98 |36-55 | 22-45 | 8-30 | | sandy clay loam.| | A-7-6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Luverne------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |ML, SM |A-4, A-2 |95-100|90-100|80-100|30-60 | <20 | NP | 7-36 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH |A-5, A-7, |95-100|90-100|85-100|50-95 | 38-70 | 8-30 | | clay, clay. | | A-4 | | | | | | | 36-49 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH, SM|A-4, A-5, |95-100|85-100|85-100|36-76 | 32-56 | 8-30 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | 49-80 |Sandy loam, sandy|SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|70-100|36-65 | 28-49 | 8-30 | | clay loam, clay | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| 0-13 |Loamy sand------|SM |A-2 | 100 |85-100|50-75 |15-30 | <20 | NP | 13-48 |Clay loam, sandy |SC-SM, SC,|A-6, A-4 | 100 |85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16 | | clay loam, sandy| CL, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 48-80 |Loam, sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4 | 100 |85-100|65-95 |36-70 | <30 | NP-10 | | | CL, SC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BrE2: | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------| 0-2 |Loam------|SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|95-100|36-55 | <30 | NP-7 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 2-34 |Clay, clay loam, |CL, ML |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|60-75 | 41-50 | 16-22 | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | | | 34-54 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, SM, |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|80-100|36-70 | 30-40 | 7-15 | | clay loam. | CL, ML | | | | | | | | 54-65 |Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, ML|A-2, A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-100|30-60 | <38 | NP-9 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------| 0-12 |Loamy sand------|SM |A-2 |98-100|85-100|50-85 |15-35 | <20 | NP | 12-52 |Clay loam, sandy |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 |98-100|85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16 | | clay loam, sandy| CL, ML | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 52-80 |Loamy sand, sandy|SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-3|98-100|85-100|50-75 | 5-35 | <20 | NP | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 236 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | BrF: | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------| 0-10 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|95-100|36-55 | <30 | NP-7 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 10-46 |Clay, clay loam, |CL, ML |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|60-75 | 41-50 | 16-22 | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | | | 46-80 |Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, ML|A-2, A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-100|30-60 | <38 | NP-9 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------| 0-16 |Fine sandy loam |SM |A-2 |98-100|85-100|75-85 |20-35 | <20 | NP | 16-61 |Clay loam, sandy |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 |98-100|85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, ML | | | | | | | | 61-80 |Loamy sand, sandy|SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-3|98-100|85-100|50-75 | 5-35 | <20 | NP | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaA------| 0-13 |Sandy loam------|SM |A-4, A-2-4|95-100|95-100|65-90 |30-45 | <20 | NP Cahaba | 13-38 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 |90-100|80-100|75-90 |40-75 | 22-35 | 8-15 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 38-60 |Loamy sand, fine |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4 |95-100|90-100|60-85 |10-35 | <20 | NP | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CoC2------| 0-5 |Loam------|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|80-100|60-85 | 20-35 | 5-15 Conecuh | 5-48 |Clay loam, clay, |ML, MH, |A-7, A-6 |95-100|95-100|85-100|70-95 | 35-60 | 10-30 | | silty clay. | CL, CH | | | | | | | | 48-76 |Clay, silty clay |ML, MH, CH|A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|80-98 | 45-70 | 15-45 | 76-80 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | FaA------| 0-7 |Loam------|SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 100 |90-100|60-90 |30-60 | <25 | NP-7 Fluvaquents | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | 7-80 |Stratified sandy |ML, CL |A-7, A-4, | 100 |90-100|75-100|60-95 | 20-45 | 8-22 | | loam to clay. | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FrA------| 0-12 |Fine sandy loam |SM, CL, |A-4 | 100 |95-100|60-90 |40-70 | <30 | NP-8 Freest | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 12-29 |Loam, sandy clay |CL |A-4, A-6 | 100 |95-100|80-95 |55-75 | 25-40 | 7-20 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 29-80 |Clay loam, clay, |CL, CH |A-7 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-95 | 41-55 | 20-30 | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HaB------| 0-2 |Silt loam------|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|80-100|70-90 | 20-35 | 5-15 Halso | 2-6 |Clay loam, silty |ML, MH, |A-7, A-6 |95-100|95-100|85-100|70-95 | 35-60 | 10-30 | | clay loam. | CL, CH | | | | | | | | 6-30 |Clay, silty clay |ML, MH |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|80-98 | 45-70 | 15-35 | 30-45 |Clay loam, silty |CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 |65-95 |65-80 |60-80 |55-75 | 30-65 | 12-30 | | clay loam, clay.| | | | | | | | | 45-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | IzA------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-95 |40-65 | <25 | NP-5 Izagora | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 7-65 |Loam, clay loam, |CL, ML |A-4, A-6, |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-95 | 25-45 | 8-25 | | silty clay loam.| | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LaA------| 0-6 |Loamy sand------|SM |A-2-4 |90-100|85-100|50-80 |15-35 | <20 | NP Latonia | 6-43 |Sandy loam, loam,|SM |A-2-4, A-4|90-100|85-100|60-85 |30-50 | <20 | NP-10 | | fine sandy loam.| | | | | | | | | 43-68 |Sand, loamy sand |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4 |90-100|85-100|50-75 |10-30 | <20 | NP | | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 237

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | LdC2: | | | | | | | | | | Lauderdale------| 0-3 |Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 |85-100|77-98 |75-98 |60-90 | <25 | NP-10 | | | CL | | | | | | | | 3-16 |Clay loam, sandy |CL |A-4, A-6 |85-98 |77-95 |70-85 |60-80 | 20-35 | 8-20 | | clay loam, silty| | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | 16-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Arundel------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |ML, SM |A-4, A-2-4|85-100|84-98 |70-98 |30-60 | <20 | NP | 7-34 |Silty clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 |85-100|80-100|80-100|65-90 | 44-70 | 22-41 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | 34-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | LeA------| 0-4 |Silty clay loam |CH, CL |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-95 | 45-55 | 25-35 Leeper | 4-60 |Clay, silty clay,|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-97 | 52-75 | 30-50 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LfA------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|ML, CL, |A-4 | 100 | 100 |70-98 |40-85 | 20-35 | 3-10 Lenoir | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | 8-80 |Clay, silty clay,|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |85-99 |55-95 | 40-65 | 11-35 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LgA------| 0-2 |Silty clay------|MH, CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 50-60 | 20-30 Louin | 2-38 |Clay, silty clay |CH, MH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 50-90 | 30-50 | 38-76 |Clay, silty clay |CH, MH |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-100| 50-90 | 30-52 | 76-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | LhA------| 0-5 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | 100 |95-100|80-95 |25-65 | <30 | NP-3 Lucedale | 5-80 |Sandy clay loam, |CL-ML, SC,|A-4, A-6, |95-100|95-100|80-100|30-75 | 25-40 | 4-15 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, SC-SM| A-2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LnB------| 0-11 |Sandy loam------|ML, SM |A-4, A-2 |87-100|84-100|80-100|30-60 | <20 | NP Luverne | 11-29 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH |A-5, A-7, |95-100|90-100|85-100|50-95 | 38-70 | 8-30 | | clay, clay. | | A-4 | | | | | | | 29-42 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH, SM|A-4, A-5, |95-100|85-100|85-100|36-76 | 32-56 | 8-30 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | 42-65 |Sandy loam, clay |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|70-100|36-65 | 28-49 | 8-30 | | loam, sandy clay| SC-SM | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LnD2, LnE2------| 0-10 |Sandy loam------|ML, SM |A-4, A-2 |87-100|84-100|80-100|30-60 | <20 | NP Luverne | 10-29 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH |A-5, A-7, |95-100|90-100|85-100|50-95 | 38-70 | 8-30 | | clay, clay. | | A-4 | | | | | | | 29-49 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH, SM|A-4, A-5, |95-100|85-100|85-100|36-76 | 32-56 | 8-30 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | 49-80 |Sandy loam, clay |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|70-100|36-65 | 28-49 | 8-30 | | loam, sandy clay| SC-SM | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MaA------| 0-2 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-95 | 36-50 | 15-28 Mayhew | 2-42 |Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-7-6, | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95 | 46-75 | 25-50 | | silty clay, | | A-7-5 | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | 42-60 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7-6 | 100 |90-100|90-100|75-95 | 45-80 | 25-50 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 60-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | 238 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | MdA: | | | | | | | | | | McCrory------| 0-4 |Loam------|SM, SC-SM |A-4 | 100 | 100 |70-85 |40-50 | <25 | NP-7 | 4-63 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 100 | 100 |70-90 |40-55 | 20-40 | 5-15 | | clay loam, loam.| CL-ML | | | | | | | | 63-80 |Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2 | 100 | 100 |60-85 |25-50 | <25 | NP-7 | | very fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Deerford------| 0-10 |Loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 100 | 100 | 100 |95-100| <28 | NP-7 | 10-49 |Clay loam, loam, |CL |A-6, A-7-6| 100 | 100 | 100 |95-100| 32-49 | 11-25 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 49-80 |Loam, very fine |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4, | 100 | 100 |80-100|50-95 | 25-49 | 5-25 | | sandy loam, | | A-7-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnB------| 0-6 |Fine sandy loam |SM |A-4 |90-100|90-100|70-85 |36-45 | <30 | NP-4 McLaurin | 6-36 |Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-4 |90-100|90-100|85-95 |36-45 | <30 | NP-10 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 36-48 |Loamy fine sand, |SM |A-2, A-4 |90-100|90-100|50-85 |15-45 | <20 | NP-4 | | loamy sand, | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | 48-80 |Sandy loam, sandy|SC, ML, |A-4, A-6 |90-100|90-100|70-80 |36-55 | 30-40 | 6-15 | | clay loam. | CL, SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | OKA: | | | | | | | | | | Ochlockonee-----| 0-10 |Sandy loam------|SM, ML, |A-4, A-2 | 100 |95-100|65-90 |40-70 | <26 | NP-5 | | | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | 10-60|Fine sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-4 | 100 |95-100|95-100|36-75 | <32 | NP-9 | | sandy loam, | SC, CL | | | | | | | | | loamy fine sand.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kinston------| 0-4 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 100 |98-100|55-100|25-49 | 20-35 | NP-10 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | 4-60 |Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6, | 100 |95-100|75-100|60-95 | 20-45 | 8-22 | | sandy clay loam.| | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Iuka------| 0-6 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4, A-2 |95-100|90-100|70-100|30-60 | <20 | NP-7 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 6-32 |Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|85-100|65-100|36-75 | <30 | NP-7 | | loam, sandy | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 32-60 |Sandy loam, fine |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 |95-100|90-100|70-100|25-60 | <30 | NP-7 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | OtB------| 0-2 |Clay------|CH, CL |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|90-100| 42-64 | 30-40 Oktibbeha | 2-17 |Clay------|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 55-75 | 35-50 | 17-36 |Clay------|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 55-75 | 35-50 | 36-61 |Clay, silty clay |CL |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|90-100| 42-65 | 30-45 | 61-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Pt------| 0-60 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RbD2------| 0-5 |Silt loam------|CL-ML, ML,|A-4 | 100 | 100 |75-99 |60-90 | 16-30 | NP-10 Rayburn | | | CL | | | | | | | | 5-55 |Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-95 | 51-80 | 25-50 | 55-65 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 239

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | RvA------| 0-5 |Loam------|ML, SM, |A-2, A-4 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |30-60 | <20 | NP-7 Riverview | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | 5-33 |Clay loam, loam, |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 100 | 100 |90-100|60-95 | 20-40 | 3-20 | | fine sandy loam.| CL-ML | | | | | | | | 33-80 |Loamy fine sand, |SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | 100 | 100 |50-95 |15-45 | <20 | NP-7 | | fine sandy loam,| | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SaA, SaB------| 0-11 |Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 100 |90-100|80-100|60-90 | <25 | NP-7 Savannah | 11-30 |Sandy clay loam, |CL, SC, |A-4, A-6 |98-100|90-100|80-100|40-80 | 23-40 | 7-19 | | clay loam, loam.| CL-ML | | | | | | | | 30-80 |Loam, clay loam, |CL, SC, |A-4, A-6, |94-100|90-100|60-100|30-80 | 23-43 | 7-19 | | sandy clay loam.| CL-ML | A-7, A-2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmB------| 0-5 |Sandy loam------|SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2 | 100 |85-100|60-95 |28-49 | <20 | NP-5 Smithdale | 5-58 |Clay loam, sandy |SC-SM, SC,|A-6, A-4 | 100 |85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 58-65 |Loam, sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4 | 100 |85-100|65-95 |36-70 | <30 | NP-10 | | | CL, SC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmD------| 0-5 |Loamy fine sand--|SM |A-2-4 | 100 |85-100|50-80 |15-35 | <20 | NP Smithdale | 5-13 |Loamy fine sand, |SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | 100 |85-100|60-95 |28-49 | <20 | NP-5 | | fine sandy loam.| | | | | | | | | 13-49 |Clay loam, sandy |SC-SM, SC,|A-6, A-4 | 100 |85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 49-65 |Loam, sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4 | 100 |85-100|65-95 |36-70 | <30 | NP-10 | | | CL, SC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | StD2: | | | | | | | | | | Sumter------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-7, A-6 |90-100|85-100|80-98 |75-90 | 35-50 | 16-25 | 5-27 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 |85-100|78-98 |75-95 |75-95 | 35-55 | 16-32 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 27-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Maytag------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6, |98-100|95-100|90-100|75-90 | 20-45 | 3-25 | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | 5-52 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, MH |A-7 |98-100|95-100|90-100|85-98 | 60-95 | 30-60 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 52-80 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, MH |A-7 |98-100|95-100|90-100|75-98 | 60-95 | 30-60 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | StE2: | | | | | | | | | | Sumter------| 0-2 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-7, A-6 |90-100|85-100|80-98 |75-90 | 35-50 | 16-25 | 2-29 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 |85-100|78-98 |75-95 |75-95 | 35-55 | 16-32 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 29-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Maytag------| 0-2 |Silty clay loam--|CH, MH |A-7 |98-100|95-100|90-100|85-98 | 50-70 | 20-35 | 2-50 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, MH |A-7 |98-100|95-100|90-100|85-98 | 60-95 | 30-60 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 50-80 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, MH |A-7 |98-100|95-100|90-100|75-98 | 60-95 | 30-60 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 240 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | ToC2: | | | | | | | | | | Toxey------| 0-3 |Clay------|CL, CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 42-64 | 30-40 | 3-15 |Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 65-85 | 45-60 | 15-24 |Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 100 |95-100|95-100|90-100| 45-60 | 30-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 24-80 |Clay loam, silty |CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 100 |90-100|70-100|55-95 | 35-60 | 15-40 | | clay loam, clay.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------| 0-2 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|95-100|36-55 | <30 | NP-7 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 2-21 |Clay, clay loam, |CL, ML |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|60-75 | 41-50 | 16-22 | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | | | 21-66 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, SM, |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|80-100|36-70 | 30-40 | 7-15 | | clay loam. | CL, ML | | | | | | | | 66-92 |Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, ML|A-2, A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-100|30-60 | <38 | NP-9 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hannon------| 0-3 |Clay------|CH, CL |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|90-100| 42-64 | 30-40 | 3-24 |Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 55-75 | 35-50 | 24-29 |Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 55-75 | 35-50 | 29-80 |Stratified sandy |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 100 |90-100|80-90 |75-85 | 35-55 | 15-30 | | loam to clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnA------| 0-4 |Clay------|CH, CL |A-7 | 100 |94-100|90-100|75-95 | 41-65 | 20-40 Una | 4-60 |Clay, silty clay |CH, CL |A-7 | 100 |94-100|90-100|75-95 | 41-65 | 20-40 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UrB: | | | | | | | | | | Urbo------| 0-9 |Silty clay------|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 30-40 | 15-25 | 9-80 |Silty clay, clay |CL, CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-98 | 44-62 | 20-36 | | loam, silty clay| | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Mooreville------| 0-3 |Loam------|CL-ML, CL,|A-4 | 100 | 100 |80-100|40-85 | 20-30 | 5-10 | | | SC-SM, SC| | | | | | | | 3-51 |Sandy clay loam, |CL, SC |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |80-95 |45-80 | 28-50 | 15-30 | | clay loam, loam.| | | | | | | | | 51-80 |Loam, sandy clay |SC, CL |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |80-95 |45-80 | 28-50 | 15-30 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Una------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam--|CH, CL |A-7 | 100 |94-100|90-100|75-95 | 41-65 | 20-40 | 5-60 |Clay, silty clay |CH, CL |A-7 | 100 |94-100|90-100|75-95 | 41-65 | 20-40 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WaB------| 0-7 |Loamy fine sand--|SM |A-2-4 | 100 |95-100|60-90 |15-30 | <20 | NP Wadley | 7-55 |Loamy fine sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2 |98-100|95-100|75-100|10-40 | <20 | NP | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | | 55-80 |Sandy loam, fine |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4, | 100 |95-100|70-100|20-50 | <40 | NP-17 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WcB, WcD2------| 0-3 |Silty clay------|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-98 | 30-90 | 25-60 Wilcox | 3-35 |Clay------|CH, MH |A-7-5 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-98 | 55-95 | 22-63 | 35-60 |Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7-5 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-98 | 55-95 | 39-60 | 60-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 241

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | WmC------| 0-5 |Fine sandy loam |ML, SM |A-4, A-2 | 100 |95-100|80-95 |36-70 | <20 | NP Williamsville | 5-17 |Fine sandy loam, |ML, SM |A-4, A-2 |87-100|84-100|80-100|30-60 | <20 | NP | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | | 17-43 |Clay loam, sandy |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 |95-100|90-100|85-100|50-95 | 38-70 | 20-30 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | 43-59 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH, SM|A-4, A-5, |95-100|85-100|85-100|36-76 | 32-56 | 8-30 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | 59-80 |Stratified loamy |SM, ML |A-4, A-6, |90-100|85-100|70-100|25-65 | 28-49 | 3-16 | | sand to sandy | | A-2, A-7 | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | 242 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils

(Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated.)

______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | AnA------| 0-4 | 9-20 |1.30-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 Annemaine | 4-35| 35-60 |1.25-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.37| | |35-65| 20-40 |1.30-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.14-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | ArF: | | | | | | | | | | Arundel------| 0-4 | 15-25 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.28| 3 | .5-2 | 4-32| 35-70 |1.55-1.65| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.0 |High------|0.32| | |32-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Cantuche------| 0-6 | 10-20 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.13|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 2 | .5-2 | 6-11| 10-20 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | |11-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | AwE: | | | | | | | | | | Arundel------| 0-8 | 7-20 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.15|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.28| 3 | .5-2 | 8-36| 35-70 |1.55-1.65| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.0 |High------|0.32| | |36-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Williamsville---| 0-4 | 10-18 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 | 4-36| 35-55 |1.40-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.24| | |36-62| 12-30 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |62-80| 8-25 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | BbA: | | | | | | | | | | Bibb------| 0-3 | 2-18 |1.50-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 2-5 | 3-45| 2-18 |1.45-1.75| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | |45-60| 2-12 |1.60-1.75| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.15| | | | | | | | | | | | Iuka------| 0-9 | 6-15 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-3 | 9-42| 8-18 |1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |42-60| 5-15 |1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | BeB------| 0-6 | 4-10 |1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.10| 5 | .5-1 Bigbee | 6-23| 2-10 |1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.08|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.10| | |23-70| 1-10 |1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.08|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | BgD2------| 0-4 | 5-20 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 Boswell | 4-70| 38-60 |1.30-1.60| <0.06 |0.14-0.18|3.6-5.0 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | BkB------| 0-5 | 3-10 |1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.09|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| 5 | .5-1 Boykin | 5-22| 3-10 |1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.09|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | |22-60| 18-30 |1.45-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | BnE2: | | | | | | | | | | Boykin------| 0-3 | 3-10 |1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.09|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| 5 | .5-1 | 3-33| 3-10 |1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.09|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | |33-80| 18-30 |1.45-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Luverne------| 0-7 | 7-20 |1.35-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 | 7-36| 35-50 |1.25-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |36-49| 20-40 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |49-80| 10-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| 0-13| 2-8 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| 5 | .5-2 |13-48| 18-33 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |48-80| 12-27 |1.40-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 243

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | BrE2: | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------| 0-2 | 8-21 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 | 2-34| 35-55 |1.35-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |34-54| 25-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |54-65| 10-25 |1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------| 0-12| 4-10 |1.30-1.50| 6.0-20.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| 5 | .5-2 |12-52| 18-35 |1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |52-80| 5-18 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.07-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| | | | | | | | | | | | BrF: | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------| 0-10| 8-21 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 |10-46| 35-55 |1.35-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |46-80| 10-25 |1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------| 0-16| 7-15 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 5 | .5-2 |16-61| 18-35 |1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |61-80| 2-18 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.07-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| | | | | | | | | | | | CaA------| 0-13| 7-17 |1.35-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 Cahaba |13-38| 18-35 |1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | |38-60| 5-20 |1.40-1.70| 2.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | CoC2------| 0-5 | 10-25 |1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.24|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 5 | .5-2 Conecuh | 5-48| 35-50 |1.35-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |48-76| 45-70 |1.30-1.55| <0.06 |0.08-0.19|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.32| | |76-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | FaA------| 0-7 | 2-18 |1.25-1.35| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 3-10 Fluvaquents | 7-80| 15-45 |1.35-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | FrA------| 0-12| 3-10 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 Freest |12-29| 10-25 |1.40-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |29-80| 27-50 |1.40-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.15-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | HaB------| 0-2 | 9-27 |1.25-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.32| 4 | .5-2 Halso | 2-6 | 27-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | | 6-30| 40-70 |1.10-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |High------|0.32| | |30-45| 25-65 |1.30-1.65| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.24| | |45-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | IzA------| 0-7 | 6-20 |1.40-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 Izagora | 7-65| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | LaA------| 0-6 | 3-12 |1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| 5 | .5-2 Latonia | 6-43| 10-16 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | |43-68| 3-10 |1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | LdC2: | | | | | | | | | | Lauderdale------| 0-3 | 10-15 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.37| 2 | .5-2 | 3-16| 20-35 |1.40-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.20|3.6-5.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |16-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Arundel------| 0-7 | 7-20 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 3 | .5-2 | 7-34| 35-70 |1.55-1.65| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.0 |High------|0.32| | |38-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | LeA------| 0-4 | 27-35 |1.45-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.18-0.22|6.1-8.4 |High------|0.32| 5 | 1-4 Leeper | 4-60| 35-50 |1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.18-0.20|6.1-8.4 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | 244 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | LfA------| 0-8 | 6-20 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 1-4 Lenoir | 8-80| 35-60 |1.20-1.35| 0.06-0.2 |0.13-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | LgA------| 0-2 | 40-60 |1.10-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.32| 5 | 1-5 Louin | 2-38| 40-60 |1.00-1.30| <0.06 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Very high----|0.32| | |38-76| 40-75 |1.10-1.40| <0.06 |0.10-0.15|6.6-8.4 |Very high----|0.32| | |76-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- |7.9-8.4 |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | LhA------| 0-5 | 5-18 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|5.1-6.5 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 Lucedale | 5-80| 20-30 |1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | LnB------| 0-11| 7-20 |1.35-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 Luverne |11-29| 35-50 |1.25-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |29-42| 20-40 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |42-65| 10-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | LnD2, LnE2------| 0-10| 7-20 |1.35-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 Luverne |10-29| 35-50 |1.25-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |29-49| 20-40 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |49-80| 10-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | MaA------| 0-2 | 27-40 |1.35-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.20-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.37| 5 | 1-3 Mayhew | 2-42| 35-60 |1.40-1.55| <0.06 |0.18-0.20|3.5-5.5 |High------|0.32| | |42-60| 35-75 |1.40-1.55| <0.06 |0.18-0.20|3.5-5.5 |High------|0.32| | |60-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | MdA: | | | | | | | | | | McCrory------| 0-4 | 10-27 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.15|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 4 | 1-4 | 4-63| 15-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.18|3.5-8.4 |Low------|0.32| | |63-80| 5-20 |1.30-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.03-0.12|6.6-8.4 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | Deerford------| 0-10| 5-27 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.21-0.23|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 4 | 1-4 |10-49| 10-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.18|3.5-8.4 |Low------|0.32| | |49-80| 10-30 |1.30-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.03-0.12|6.6-8.4 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | MnB------| 0-6 | 5-10 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 5 | .5-2 McLaurin | 6-36| 10-18 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | |36-48| 5-15 |1.30-1.70| 2.0-6.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | |48-80| 5-27 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | OKA: | | | | | | | | | | Ochlockonee-----| 0-10| 3-18 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.07-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 5 | .5-2 |10-60| 8-18 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | Kinston------| 0-4 | 5-18 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.13-0.19|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 2-5 | 4-60| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | Iuka------| 0-6 | 6-15 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 | 6-32| 8-18 |1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |32-60| 5-15 |1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | OtB------| 0-2 | 40-60 |1.10-1.40| 0.00-0.06 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.32| 5 | 1-4 Oktibbeha | 2-17| 60-80 |1.00-1.30| 0.00-0.06 |0.05-0.10|3.5-5.5 |Very high----|0.32| | |17-36| 60-80 |1.00-1.30| 0.00-0.06 |0.05-0.10|3.5-6.5 |Very high----|0.32| | |36-61| 50-70 |1.10-1.40| 0.00-0.06 |0.05-0.10|6.6-8.4 |Very high----|0.32| | |61-80| --- | --- | 0.00-0.06 | --- |7.9-8.4 |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Pt. | | | | | | | | | | Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 245

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | RbD2------| 0-5 | 10-27 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|3.5-5.0 |Low------|0.43| 4 | .5-3 Rayburn | 5-55| 40-62 |1.30-1.50| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|3.5-5.0 |High------|0.37| | |55-65| --- | --- | 0.01-0.6 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | RvA------| 0-5 | 10-27 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 Riverview | 5-33| 18-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | |33-80| 4-18 |1.20-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.07-0.11|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | SaA, SaB------| 0-11| 3-16 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.24|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 4 | .5-2 Savannah |11-30| 18-32 |1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |30-80| 18-32 |1.60-1.80| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | SmB------| 0-5 | 2-15 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 Smithdale | 5-58| 18-33 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |58-65| 12-27 |1.40-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | SmD------| 0-5 | 2-8 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| 5 | .5-2 Smithdale | 5-13| 2-15 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |13-49| 18-33 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |49-65| 12-27 |1.40-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | StD2: | | | | | | | | | | Sumter------| 0-5 | 28-40 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-2.0 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | 2-5 | 5-27| 35-57 |1.15-1.55| 0.06-2.0 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |High------|0.37| | |27-80| --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- |7.4-8.4 |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Maytag------| 0-5 | 30-40 |1.20-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.20|6.6-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.32| 5 | 2-5 | 5-52| 35-60 |1.15-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |High------|0.32| | |52-80| 35-70 |1.15-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | StE2: | | | | | | | | | | Sumter------| 0-2 | 28-40 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-2.0 |0.12-0.17|6.6-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | 2-5 | 2-29| 35-57 |1.15-1.55| 0.06-2.0 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |High------|0.37| | |29-80| --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Maytag------| 0-2 | 30-40 |1.15-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|7.4-8.4 |High------|0.32| 5 | 2-5 | 2-50| 35-60 |1.15-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |High------|0.32| | |50-80| 35-70 |1.15-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | ToC2: | | | | | | | | | | Toxey------| 0-3 | 40-70 |1.10-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.32| 2 | 2-5 | 3-15| 60-80 |1.00-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.16|4.5-6.0 |High------|0.32| | |15-24| 35-60 |1.00-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.16|6.1-8.4 |High------|0.37| | |24-80| 27-50 |1.00-1.40| <0.06 |0.08-0.12|7.4-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------| 0-2 | 8-21 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 | 2-21| 35-55 |1.35-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |21-66| 25-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |66-92| 10-25 |1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | Hannon------| 0-3 | 40-60 |1.10-1.30| 0.01-0.06 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.32| 5 | 1-4 | 3-24| 50-75 |1.10-1.30| 0.01-0.06 |0.05-0.10|5.1-6.5 |Very high----|0.32| | |24-29| 50-75 |1.10-1.30| 0.01-0.06 |0.05-0.10|7.4-8.4 |Very high----|0.32| | |29-80| 25-60 |1.15-1.50| 0.01-0.06 |0.05-0.10|7.4-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | UnA------| 0-4 | 40-50 |1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.19-0.20|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.32| 5 | 1-3 Una | 4-60| 35-55 |1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.15-0.20|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | UrB: | | | | | | | | | | Urbo------| 0-9 | 40-48 |1.40-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.19-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.49| 5 | 1-3 | 9-80| 34-55 |1.45-1.55| <0.06 |0.18-0.20|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | 246 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | UrB: | | | | | | | | | | Mooreville------| 0-3 | 5-27 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 5 | .5-2 | 3-51| 18-35 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |51-80| 10-40 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Una------| 0-5 | 40-50 |1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.15-0.20|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.32| 5 | 1-3 | 5-60| 35-55 |1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.15-0.20|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | WaB------| 0-7 | 4-10 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.15| 5 | .5-1 Wadley | 7-55| 2-10 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.15| | |55-80| 13-35 |1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.13|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | WcB, WcD2------| 0-3 | 40-70 |1.10-1.35| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.37| 4 | .5-2 Wilcox | 3-35| 60-85 |1.00-1.35| <0.06 |0.05-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Very high----|0.32| | |35-60| 40-85 |1.10-1.40| <0.06 |0.05-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Very high----|0.28| | |60-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | WmC------| 0-5 | 3-12 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-3 Williamsville | 5-17| 3-20 |1.35-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | |17-43| 35-50 |1.25-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |43-59| 20-40 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |59-80| 10-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | ______| | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 247

Table 17.--Soil and Water Features

("Flooding" and "water table" and terms such as "rare," "brief," "apparent," and "perched" are explained in the text. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated.)

______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | | map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AnA------| C |Rare------| --- | --- |1.5-2.5|Apparent|Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Annemaine | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ArF: | | | | | | | | | | | Arundel------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Cantuche------| D |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20|Soft |Low------|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | AwE: | | | | | | | | | | | Arundel------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Williamsville----| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | BbA: | | | | | | | | | | | Bibb------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|0.5-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Iuka------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.0-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BeB------| A |Rare------| --- | --- |3.5-6.0|Apparent|Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. Bigbee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BgD2------| D |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate. Boswell | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BkB------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |High. Boykin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BnE2: | | | | | | | | | | | Boykin------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |High. | | | | | | | | | | | Luverne------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | BrE2, BrF: | | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | CaA------| B |Rare------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate. Cahaba | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CoC2------| D |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. Conecuh | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FaA------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr| +2-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Jul| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Fluvaquents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FrA------| C |None------| --- | --- |1.5-2.5|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Freest | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HaB------| D |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |40-60|Soft |High-----|High. Halso | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 248 Soil Survey

Table 17.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | | map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IzA------| C |Rare------| --- | --- |2.0-3.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. Izagora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LaA------| B |Rare------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. Latonia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LdC2: | | | | | | | | | | | Lauderdale------| D |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20|Soft |Low------|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | Arundel------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | LeA------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.0-2.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Low. Leeper | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LfA------| D |Rare------| --- | --- |1.0-2.5|Apparent|Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Lenoir | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LgA------| D |None------| --- | --- |1.0-2.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Louin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LhA------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate. Lucedale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LnB, LnD2, LnE2---| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. Luverne | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MaA------| D |None------| --- | --- | 0-1.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Mayhew | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MdA: | | | | | | | | | | | McCrory------| D |Occasional--|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|0.5-1.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | Deerford------| D |Occasional--|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|0.5-1.5|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | MnB------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. McLaurin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | OKA: | | | | | | | | | | | Ochlockonee------| B |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|3.0-5.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Kinston------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr| 0-1.0|Apparent|Dec-May| >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Iuka------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.0-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. | | | | | | | | | | | OtB------| D |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. Oktibbeha | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pt------| --- |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- | --- Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RbD2------| D |None------| --- | --- |2.5-4.5|Perched |Jan-Mar|40-60|Soft |High-----|High. Rayburn | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RvA------| B |Occasional--|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|3.0-5.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. Riverview | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SaA, SaB------| C |None------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. Savannah | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmB, SmD------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 249

Table 17.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | | map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | StD2, StE2: | | | | | | | | | | | Sumter------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft |Moderate |Low. | | | | | | | | | | | Maytag------| D |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|Low. | | | | | | | | | | | ToC2: | | | | | | | | | | | Toxey------| D |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Hannon------| D |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|Low. | | | | | | | | | | | UnA------| D |Frequent----|Long------|Dec-Apr| +2-0.5|Perched |Dec-Jul| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Una | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UrB: | | | | | | | | | | | Urbo------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.0-2.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Mooreville------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.5-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. | | | | | | | | | | | Una------| D |Frequent----|Long------|Dec-Apr| +2-0.5|Perched |Dec-Jul| >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | WaB------| A |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|High. Wadley | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WcB, WcD2------| D |None------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Jan-Mar|40-60|Soft |High-----|High. Wilcox | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WmC------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. Williamsville | | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | 250 Soil Survey

Table 18.--Physical Analyses of Selected Soils

______| | | Particle-size distribution Soil name and | Depth | Horizon |______(Percent less than 2.0 mm) sample number | | | Sand | Silt | Clay ______| | | (2.0-0.05 mm) | (0.05-0.002 mm) | (<0.002 mm) | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Annemaine:* | 0-4 | Ap | 36.7 | 54.0 | 9.3 (S89AL-023-2) | 4-8 | Bt1 | 14.3 | 39.4 | 46.3 | 8-19 | Bt2 | 12.6 | 37.5 | 49.9 | 19-35 | Bt3 | 15.0 | 32.5 | 52.5 | 35-51 | Bt4 | 39.9 | 25.5 | 34.6 | 51-62 | Bt5 | 27.4 | 33.0 | 39.6 | 62-65 | Bt6 | 42.2 | 25.4 | 32.4 | | | | | Arundel:** | 3-21 | Bt | 9.3 | 23.0 | 67.7 (S78AL-023-1) | 21-31 | BC | 16.6 | 29.8 | 53.6 | 31-39 | C | 8.1 | 25.1 | 66.8 | | | | | Deerford:* | 0-3 | A | 34.8 | 42.7 | 22.5 (S92AL-023-1) | 3-7 | E | 64.3 | 30.9 | 4.8 | 7-10 | E/B | 63.2 | 31.5 | 5.3 | 10-20 | Btn1 | 48.2 | 28.0 | 23.8 | 20-27 | Btn2 | 48.1 | 26.2 | 25.7 | 27-35 | Btn3 | 33.8 | 34.8 | 31.4 | 35-49 | Btng | 50.8 | 28.8 | 20.4 | 49-61 | BC | 53.2 | 28.8 | 18.0 | 61-80 | C | 60.9 | 22.7 | 16.4 | | | | | Izagora:* | 0-7 | Ap | 47.3 | 46.3 | 6.4 (S89AL-023-3) | 7-13 | E | 40.9 | 50.2 | 8.9 | 13-22 | Bt1 | 33.3 | 44.7 | 22.0 | 22-27 | Bt2 | 39.9 | 42.5 | 17.6 | 27-36 | Bt3 | 39.9 | 39.1 | 21.0 | 36-47 | Bt4 | 37.7 | 32.6 | 29.7 | 47-55 | Bt5 | 18.9 | 47.0 | 34.1 | 55-65 | Bt6 | 16.7 | 47.7 | 35.6 | | | | | Mayhew:* | 0-2 | A1 | 7.1 | 55.1 | 37.8 (S92AL-023-3) | 2-6 | A2 | 7.4 | 51.2 | 41.4 | 6-13 | Btg1 | 5.5 | 45.4 | 49.1 | 13-22 | Btg2 | 5.7 | 42.4 | 51.9 | 22-42 | Bssg1 | 4.4 | 40.8 | 54.8 | 42-60 | Bssg2 | 4.4 | 36.0 | 59.6 | 60-80 | C | 2.5 | 33.1 | 64.4 | | | | | McCrory:* | 0-4 | Ap | 35.3 | 47.1 | 17.6 (S92AL-023-2) | 4-10 | B/E | 28.9 | 45.4 | 25.7 | 10-22 | Btg | 26.1 | 40.7 | 33.2 | 22-36 | Btng1 | 28.0 | 38.7 | 33.3 | 36-43 | Btng2 | 33.1 | 33.9 | 33.0 | 43-50 | Btng3 | 43.4 | 27.1 | 29.5 | 50-63 | Btng4 | 46.5 | 28.2 | 25.3 | 63-80 | C | 59.1 | 23.7 | 17.2 | | | | | Rayburn:* | 0-2 | A | 29.2 | 60.3 | 10.5 (S93AL-023-3) | 2-5 | E | 31.5 | 55.3 | 13.2 | 5-12 | Bt | 2.5 | 36.1 | 61.4 | 12-19 | Btss1 | 1.2 | 38.8 | 60.0 | 19-34 | Btss2 | 0.7 | 46.5 | 52.8 | 34-43 | Btss3 | 1.8 | 50.3 | 47.9 | 43-55 | BC | 1.2 | 47.4 | 54.1 | 55-65 | Cr | 0.8 | 50.2 | 49.0 | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 251

Table 18.--Physical Analyses of Selected Soils--Continued

______| | | Particle-size distribution Soil name and | Depth | Horizon |______(Percent less than 2.0 mm) sample number | | | Sand | Silt | Clay ______| | | (2.0-0.05 mm) | (0.05-0.002 mm) | (<0.002 mm) | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Savannah:* | 0-3 | Ap1 | 43.0 | 51.5 | 5.5 (S91AL-023-1) | 3-7 | Ap2 | 44.0 | 50.5 | 5.5 | 7-11 | E | 36.0 | 57.1 | 6.9 | 11-24 | Bt1 | 24.4 | 49.2 | 26.4 | 24-30 | Bt2 | 33.4 | 47.8 | 18.8 | 30-46 | Btx1 | 35.4 | 43.6 | 21.0 | 46-65 | Btx2 | 38.7 | 35.6 | 25.7 | 65-80 | B't | 42.9 | 29.5 | 27.6 | | | | | Toxey:* | 0-3 | Ap | 7.6 | 29.6 | 62.8 (S95AL-023-3) | 3-7 | Bw1 | 6.3 | 25.5 | 68.2 | 7-15 | Bw2 | 3.5 | 29.9 | 66.6 | 15-24 | BC | 2.7 | 43.5 | 53.8 | 24-44 | 2C1 | 4.5 | 52.2 | 43.3 | 44-53 | 2C2 | 15.7 | 56.7 | 27.6 | 53-63 | 2C3 | 32.0 | 28.7 | 39.3 | 63-80 | 2C4 | 42.2 | 26.0 | 31.8 | | | | | Wilcox:* | 0-3 | Ap | 17.8 | 42.1 | 40.1 (S89AL-023-1) | 3-9 | Bt1 | 3.2 | 22.8 | 74.0 | 9-13 | Bt2 | 3.3 | 20.6 | 76.1 | 13-20 | Btss | 3.7 | 18.5 | 77.8 | 20-30 | Bssg1 | 2.2 | 24.4 | 73.4 | 30-35 | Bssg2 | 10.0 | 19.4 | 70.6 | 35-60 | C/B | 1.1 | 31.3 | 67.6 | | | | | Williamsville:* | 0-5 | A | 66.2 | 30.3 | 3.5 (S96AL-023-1) | 5-14 | E | 68.3 | 28.7 | 3.0 | 14-17 | BE | 56.2 | 28.3 | 15.5 | 17-27 | Bt1 | 39.2 | 14.0 | 46.8 | 27-43 | Bt2 | 44.6 | 8.1 | 47.3 | 43-59 | Bt3 | 59.3 | 7.1 | 33.6 | 59-80 | C | 72.1 | 3.5 | 24.4 | | | | | ______

* This is the typical pedon for the series in Choctaw County. For the description and location of the pedon, see the section "Soil Series and Their Morphology." Analyses by the Agronomy and Soils Clay Mineralogy Laboratory, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. ** This pedon is an included similar soil in an area of Lauderdale-Arundel complex, 2 to 10 percent slopes, stony, eroded. These soils are very-fine, smectitic, thermic, Typic Hapludults. The pedon is about 1,200 feet south and 1,000 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 7, T. 9 N., R. 2 W. Analyses by the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Lincoln, Nebraska. 252 Soil Survey

Table 19.--Chemical Analyses of Selected Soils ______| | | Extractable bases | | Cation-exchange | | Soil name | | |______|Extract-| ______capacity | Base | and sample |Depth|Horizon| | | | | able | | |saturation| pH number | | | Ca | Mg | K | Na |acidity | CEC-7 | ECEC | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | __In | |------Milliequivalents______per 100 grams of soil------| ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | Annemaine:* | 0-4 | Ap | 2.58| 0.26 |0.15| 0.13| 0.88 | 5.15 | 4.00 | 45 | 5.4 (S89AL-023-2) | 4-8 | Bt1 | 1.84| 1.37 |0.19| 0.14| 4.08 | 12.20 | 7.62 | 33 | 5.0 | 8-19| Bt2 | 1.62| 1.93 |0.19| 0.14| 5.33 | 14.43 | 9.22 | 24 | 4.9 |19-35| Bt3 | 0.33| 2.66 |0.19| 0.19| 8.51 | 16.85 | 11.88 | 18 | 5.0 |35-51| Bt4 | 0.14| 1.09 |0.70| 0.20| 8.23 | 12.65 | 10.36 | 12 | 4.8 |51-62| Bt5 | 0.18| 1.19 |0.66| 0.19| 10.73 | 16.20 | 12.94 | 11 | 4.4 |62-65| Bt6 | 0.24| 0.96 |0.33| 0.17| 8.42 | 12.51 | 10.12 | 11 | 5.0 | | | | | | | | | | | Arundel:** | 3-21| Bt | 8.7 | 7.4 |0.9 | 0.1 | 34.9 | 44.7 | 19.2 | 33 | 4.4 (S78AL-023-1) |21-31| BC | 0.7 | 3.2 |1.0 | 0.7 | 34.5 | 39.8 | 8.1 | 14 | 3.9 |31-39| C | 0.6 | 4.1 |0.9 | 0.2 | 43.4 | 45.0 | 8.8 | 12 | 3.8 | | | | | | | | | | | Deerford:* | 0-3 | A | 2.37| 2.37 |0.18| 2.30| 4.85 | 25.29 | 12.07 | 44 | 3.8 (S92AL-023-1) | 3-7 | E | 0.46| 0.37 |0.04| 0.57| 0.49 | 2.57 | 1.92 | 58 | 5.4 | 7-10| E/B | 0.37| 0.47 |0.04| 0.78| 0.36 | 2.67 | 2.01 | 61 | 5.4 |10-20| Btn1 | 2.55| 3.66 |0.13| 4.94| 0.00 | 9.51 | 11.27 | 88 | 6.2 |20-27| Btn2 | 3.07| 4.99 |0.18| 6.06| 0.00 | 11.37 | 14.31 | 92 | 7.5 |27-35| Btn3 | 4.43| 6.14 |0.25| 6.10| 0.00 | 14.30 | 16.92 | 87 | 8.0 |35-49| Btng | 3.15| 4.49 |0.18| 4.33| 0.00 | 10.34 | 12.15 | 96 | 8.1 |49-61| BC | 3.68| 4.88 |0.21| 4.02| 0.00 | 11.31 | 12.79 | 94 | 8.2 |61-80| C | 4.62| 4.96 |0.21| 3.07| --- | 11.68 | 17.13 | 96 | 8.2 | | | | | | | | | | | Izagora:* | 0-7 | Ap | 0.49| 0.14 |0.65| 0.11| 1.80 | 5.70 | 3.18 | 21 | 4.8 (S89AL-023-3) | 7-13| E | 0.41| 0.36 |0.42| 0.11| 0.75 | 2.36 | 2.05 | 34 | 5.4 |13-22| Bt1 | 0.30| 0.94 |0.62| 0.13| 3.36 | 6.87 | 5.35 | 24 | 5.1 |22-27| Bt2 | 0.16| 0.75 |0.47| 0.12| 2.90 | 5.48 | 4.39 | 22 | 5.2 |27-36| Bt3 | 0.19| 1.10 |0.41| 0.12| 3.55 | 7.17 | 5.37 | 28 | 5.1 |36-47| Bt4 | 0.17| 1.66 |0.65| 0.11| 6.71 | 11.17 | 9.30 | 18 | 4.8 |47-55| Bt5 | 0.16| 2.24 |0.34| 0.18| 9.74 | 15.33 | 12.66 | 19 | 4.6 |55-65| Bt6 | 0.17| 2.29 |0.49| 0.17| 10.39 | 16.00 | 13.50 | 18 | 5.0 | | | | | | | | | | | Mayhew:* | 0-2 | A1 | 6.03| 5.47 |0.57| 0.34| 0.96 | 31.51 | 13.36 | 68 | 4.9 (S92AL-023-3) | 2-6 | A2 | 3.72| 5.52 |0.61| 0.29| 4.34 | 22.75 | 14.47 | 66 | 4.6 | 6-13| Btg1 | 3.41| 5.87 |0.65| 0.43| 8.41 | 24.85 | 18.77 | 63 | 4.5 |13-22| Btg2 | 2.91| 6.21 |0.70| 0.56| 9.73 | 26.02 | 20.11 | 62 | 4.4 |22-42| Bssg1 | 3.58| 8.09 |0.79| 0.97| 9.53 | 28.36 | 22.96 | 68 | 4.4 |42-60| Bssg2 | 3.84|10.49 |0.99| 1.46| 8.58 | 32.46 | 25.36 | 71 | 4.4 |60-80| C | 6.22|16.05 |1.51| 2.14| 6.87 | 42.10 | 32.79 | 87 | 4.0 | | | | | | | | | | | McCrory:* | 0-4 | Ap | 0.47| 0.64 |0.17| 0.61| 7.03 | 11.51 | 8.92 | 25 | 4.1 (S92AL-023-2) | 4-10| B/E | 0.66| 0.81 |0.15| 0.57| 7.89 | 12.06 | 10.09 | 25 | 4.5 |10-22| Btg | 0.99| 1.88 |0.20| 1.74| 7.94 | 16.40 | 12.76 | 38 | 4.8 |22-36| Btng1 | 1.78| 4.24 |0.27| 6.63| 3.94 | 16.64 | 16.87 | 72 | 4.1 |36-43| Btng2 | 3.13| 5.71 |0.31| 9.46| 1.62 | 16.10 | 20.22 | 86 | 4.3 |43-50| Btng3 | 3.22| 5.12 |0.26| 9.02| 0.82 | 13.74 | 18.44 | 85 | 4.6 |50-63| Btng4 | 4.62| 4.53 |0.26| 7.39| 0.03 | 12.89 | 16.83 | 84 | 7.0 |63-80| C | 3.00| 4.16 |0.22| 4.93| 0.05 | 11.15 | 12.35 | 94 | 7.4 | | | | | | | | | | | Rayburn:* | 0-2 | A | 0.50| 0.83 |0.14| 0.00| 4.62 | 9.26 | 6.10 | 17 | 4.1 (S93AL-023-3) | 2-5 | E | 0.25| 0.65 |0.12| 0.01| 4.68 | 7.43 | 5.71 | 12 | 4.3 | 5-12| Bt | 2.28|13.20 |0.92| 0.12| 17.58 | 41.56 | 34.10 | 73 | 4.4 |12-19| Btss1 | 2.17|14.72 |0.92| 0.19| 17.58 | 42.27 | 35.59 | 74 | 4.2 |19-34| Btss2 | 1.67|13.74 |0.76| 0.49| 12.66 | 34.97 | 29.33 | 71 | 4.2 |34-43| Btss3 | 1.83|13.63 |0.72| 0.62| 10.06 | 31.44 | 26.86 | 70 | 4.2 |43-55| BC | 2.72|16.92 |0.76| 1.07| 8.37 | 35.21 | 29.85 | 75 | 4.0 |55-65| Cr | 3.67|18.37 |0.83| 1.51| 5.12 | 30.69 | 29.51 | 77 | 3.9 | | | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 253

Table 19.--Chemical Analyses of Selected Soils--Continued ______| | | Extractable bases | | Cation-exchange | | Soil name | | |______|Extract-| ______capacity | Base | and sample |Depth|Horizon| | | | |aable | | |saturation| pH number | | | Ca | Mg | K | Na |acidity | CEC-7 | ECEC | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | __In | |------Milliequivalents______per 100 grams of soil------| ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | Savannah:* | 0-3 | Ap1 | 1.14| 0.55 |0.12| 0.10| 0.76 | 6.34 | 2.67 | 34 | 4.9 (S91AL-023-1) | 3-7 | Ap2 | 0.95| 0.48 |0.08| 0.09| 0.25 | 4.07 | 1.85 | 42 | 5.4 | 7-11| E | 0.76| 0.45 |0.06| 0.08| 0.27 | 2.75 | 1.62 | 46 | 5.5 |11-24| Bt1 | 1.08| 2.00 |0.16| 0.11| 2.63 | 8.40 | 5.99 | 37 | 5.0 |24-30| Bt2 | 0.46| 0.96 |0.11| 0.11| 2.29 | 5.35 | 3.92 | 25 | 4.9 |30-46| Btx1 | 0.19| 0.94 |0.09| 0.10| 2.69 | 5.47 | 4.01 | 21 | 4.9 |46-65| Btx2 | 0.12| 0.82 |0.11| 0.14| 3.52 | 6.82 | 4.71 | 17 | 5.0 |65-80| B't | 0.10| 1.01 |0.10| 0.22| 3.94 | 7.11 | 5.38 | 19 | 5.0 | | | | | | | | | | | Toxey:* | 0-3 | Ap | 31.64| 4.31 |0.96| 0.05| 0.27 | 60.83 | 37.24 | 87 | 5.0 (S95AL-023-3) | 3-7 | Bw1 | 36.44| 5.14 |0.75| 0.12| 0.38 | 60.58 | 42.82 | 93 | 5.1 | 7-15| Bw2 | 34.96| 4.33 |0.75| 0.28| 0.13 | 62.87 | 40.43 | 90 | 5.3 |15-24| BC | 37.59| 5.09 |1.04| 0.28| 0.16 | 61.46 | 44.17 | 96 | 6.4 |24-44| 2C1 | 89.10| 2.81 |0.78| 0.67| 0.24 | 44.87 | 93.61 | 98 | 7.5 |44-53| 2C2 |107.84| 1.99 |0.40| 0.51| 0.00 | 27.23 | 110.75 | 99 | 7.8 |53-63| 2C3 |103.77| 4.22 |0.84| 0.72| 0.05 | 37.69 | 109.60 | 99 | 7.7 |63-80| 2C4 | 94.68| 3.48 |0.69| 0.63| 0.07 | 33.33 | 99.55 | 98 | 7.6 | | | | | | | | | | | Wilcox:* | 0-3 | Ap | 8.50| 6.95 |0.72| 0.19| 0.86 | 26.37 | 17.22 | 76 | 5.3 (S89AL-023-1) | 3-9 | Bt1 | 10.46|12.79 |1.44| 0.26| 7.14 | 42.39 | 32.08 | 78 | 4.7 | 9-13| Bt2 | 9.17|12.02 |1.37| 0.39| 12.29 | 42.79 | 35.24 | 64 | 4.4 |13-20| Btss | 8.44|12.02 |1.41| 0.60| 13.94 | 44.77 | 36.40 | 57 | 4.4 |20-30| Bssg1 | 8.62|13.34 |1.28| 0.72| 12.88 | 43.10 | 36.84 | 62 | 4.6 |30-35| Bssg2 | 8.87|13.26 |1.15| 0.90| 11.26 | 42.95 | 35.43 | 61 | 4.6 |35-60| C/B | 9.54|15.49 |1.07| 1.32| 5.99 | 38.49 | 33.41 | 75 | 4.2 | | | | | | | | | | | Williamsville:* | 0-5 | A | 1.88| 0.43 |0.10| 0.02| 0.31 | 6.08 | 2.74 | 42 | 5.6 (S96AL-023-1) | 5-14| E | 0.51| 0.19 |0.05| 0.10| 0.18 | 2.00 | 1.03 | 49 | 5.3 |14-17| BE | 1.43| 1.42 |0.20| 0.11| 1.50 | 6.51 | 4.66 | 52 | 4.9 |17-27| Bt1 | 3.65| 4.53 |0.54| 0.13| 6.48 | 21.79 | 15.33 | 45 | 4.9 |27-43| Bt2 | 2.06| 3.44 |0.55| 0.19| 8.68 | 21.71 | 14.93 | 33 | 4.8 |43-59| Bt3 | 0.85| 2.99 |0.40| 0.15| 8.92 | 18.36 | 13.31 | 29 | 4.7 |59-80| C | 0.61| 2.00 |0.29| 0.07| 6.37 | 12.22 | 9.55 | 31 | 4.6 ______| | | | | | | | | | |

* This is the typical pedon for the series in Choctaw County. For the description and location of the pedon, see the section "Soil Series and Their Morphology." Analyses by the Agronomy and Soils Clay Mineralogy Laboratory, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. ** This pedon is an included similar soil in an area of Lauderdale-Arundel complex, 2 to 10 percent slopes, stony, eroded. These soils are very-fine, smectitic, thermic, Typic Hapludults. The pedon is about 1,200 feet south and 1,000 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 7, T. 9 N., R. 2 W. Analyses by the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Lincoln, Nebraska. 254 Soil Survey

Table 20.--Engineering Index Test Data

(Analyses by the Alabama Department of Highways and Transportation, Montgomery, Alabama)

______| | Grain-size distribution | | |______Moisture density Soil name, | Classification | Percentage passing sieve-- |Liquid|Plas- | Maximum | report number, |______| | limit|ticity| dry | Optimum horizon, and | AASHTO |Unified | 2 | 1 |No. |No. |No. |No. | |index | density | moisture ______depth in inches | | | in.| in.| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200| | | | | | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | ______Lb/cu ft| ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | Annemaine: | | | | | | | | | | | | (S89AL-023-2) | | | | | | | | | | | | Bt2------8-19 | A-7-5 | CH |100 |100 |100 |100 |100 | 91 | 56 | 26 | 95 | 22 Bt3------19-35 | A-7-5 | MH |100 |100 |100 |100 |100 | 89 | 53 | 21 | 94 | 23 Bt4------35-51 | A-7-6 | CL |100 |100 |100 |100 |100 | 73 | 43 | 27 | 101 | 19 Bt6------62-65 | A-7-6 | CL |100 |100 |100 |100 |100 | 67 | 45 | 20 | 101 | 19 | | | | | | | | | | | | Mayhew: | | | | | | | | | | | | (S92AL-023-3) | | | | | | | | | | | | Btg1------6-13 | A-7-6 | CH |100 |100 |100 |100 | 97 | 93 | 58 | 28 | 95 | 21 Btg2------13-22 | A-7-6 | CH |100 |100 |100 | 99 | 97 | 94 | 60 | 32 | 93 | 21 Bssg1----- 22-42 | A-7-5 | CH |100 |100 |100 | 99 | 97 | 95 | 71 | 40 | 94 | 26 Bssg2----- 42-60 | A-7-6 | CH |100 |100 |100 | 98 | 97 | 95 | 68 | 41 | 92 | 25 | | | | | | | | | | | | Savannah: | | | | | | | | | | | | (S91AL-023-1) | | | | | | | | | | | | Bt1------11-24 | A-6 | CL |100 |100 |100 |100 | 99 | 78 | 34 | 15 | 111 | 16 Btx1------30-46 | A-6 | CL |100 |100 |100 |100 | 99 | 71 | 33 | 11 | 110 | 15 Btx2------46-65 | A-6 | CL |100 |100 |100 |100 |100 | 67 | 35 | 15 | 111 | 15 B't------65-80 | A-7-6 | CL |100 |100 |100 |100 |100 | 63 | 41 | 17 | 107 | 16 | | | | | | | | | | | | Wilcox: | | | | | | | | | | | | (S89AL-023-1) | | | | | | | | | | | | Btss------13-20 | A-7-5 | CH |100 |100 |100 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 90 | 56 | 83 | 29 Bssg1----- 20-30 | A-7-5 | CH |100 |100 |100 | 95 | 99 | 98 | 94 | 63 | 88 | 26 C/B------35-60 | A-7-5 | CH |100 |100 |100 | 99 |100 | 98 | 92 | 56 | 86 | 26 ______| | | | | | | | | | | | Choctaw County, Alabama 255

Table 21.--Classification of the Soils

(An asterisk in the first column indicates that the soil is a taxadjunct to the series. See text for a description of those characteristics of the soil that are outside the range of the series.) ______| Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class ______| | Annemaine------| Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults Arundel------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Typic Hapludults Bibb------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents Bigbee------| Thermic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments Boswell------| Fine, mixed, active, thermic Vertic Paleudalfs Boykin------| Loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Arenic Paleudults Brantley------| Fine, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs Cahaba------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Cantuche------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, acid, thermic, shallow Typic Udorthents Conecuh------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludults *Deerford------| Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Albic Glossic Natraqualfs Fluvaquents------| Typic Fluvaquents Freest------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Aquic Paleudalfs Halso------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludults Hannon------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Hapluderts Iuka------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Aquic Udifluvents Izagora------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aquic Paleudults Kinston------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, acid, thermic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts Latonia------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Lauderdale------| Loamy, mixed, active, thermic, shallow Typic Hapludults Leeper------| Fine, smectitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts Lenoir------| Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aeric Paleaquults Louin------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Aquic Dystruderts Lucedale------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Rhodic Paleudults Luverne------| Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Mayhew------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystraquerts Maytag------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Oxyaquic Hapluderts McCrory------| Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Albic Glossic Natraqualfs McLaurin------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults Mooreville------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts Ochlockonee------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Typic Udifluvents Okeelala------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs Oktibbeha------| Very-fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystruderts Rayburn------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludalfs Riverview------| Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Fluventic Dystrudepts Savannah------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiudults Smithdale------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Sumter------| Fine-silty, carbonatic, thermic Rendollic Eutrudepts Toxey------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Eutrudepts Una------| Fine, mixed, active, acid, thermic Typic Epiaquepts *Urbo------| Fine, mixed, active, acid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts Wadley------| Loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults Wilcox------| Very-fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystruderts Williamsville------| Fine, mixed, active, thermic Typic Hapludults ______|

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