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Soil and Leaf Nutrient Analysis of the Endangered Herb, Baptisia Arachnifera, in Georgia, United States

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Soil and Leaf Nutrient Analysis of the Endangered Herb, Baptisia Arachnifera, in Georgia, United States International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 7(5): 265-272, 2015; Article no.IJPSS.2015.153 ISSN: 2320-7035 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Soil and Leaf Nutrient Analysis of the Endangered Herb, Baptisia arachnifera, in Georgia, United States Ruth Ann Steinbrecher1, Lissa Leege1 and Subhrajit Saha1* 1Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. This study is part of a master’s thesis research carried out by the primary author (RAS) and supervised by the two coauthors (LL, SS). The study was designed by all authors. Author RAS did the literature searches, conducted the experiment, performed the statistical analysis and wrote the thesis. Authors SS and LL served as major adviser and co-adviser, respectively and reformatted the thesis chapter and prepared the manuscript draft for submission. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/IJPSS/2015/17959 Editor(s): (1) L. S. Ayeni, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo State, Nigeria. Reviewers: (1) Anonymous, Serbia. (2) Anonymous, National Research Centre, Egypt. (3) Kolawole, Gani Oladejo, Crop Production and Soil Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=1097&id=24&aid=9531 Received 31st March 2015 th Original Research Article Accepted 15 May 2015 Published 1st June 2015 ABSTRACT A better understanding of the soil conditions and management practices of an endangered plant may help develop improved restoration and conservation plans. Proper soil and plant nutrient management is critical for the plant’s growth and health. To accomplish this goal, it is important to understand the nutrient status of the plant and the soil in which it is growing. Baptisia arachnifera (Hairy Rattleweed) is an endangered herbaceous legume for which basic nutrient information is not available. This species occurs only in Wayne and Brantley Counties of Georgia, United States and is found primarily in pine plantations. This study was conducted to investigate the plant and soil nutrient content of B. arachnifera populations. Leaf and soil samples were collected from six sites where the species was present and soil samples were collected from six sites where the species was historically absent. Samples were analyzed at the University of Georgia and Georgia Southern University, GA. Results indicated that leaf nutrients including aluminum, boron, copper, iron, manganese, sodium, and zinc ranged from 42.5–96.6, 18–33.1, 3.6–17, 48.8–79.9, 27.8–191.2, 1491.1–5964.1 and 10.6–19.9 ppm, respectively and differed significantly among sites. Differences _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Steinbrecher et al.; IJPSS, 7(5): 265-272, 2015; Article no.IJPSS.2015.153 were found in carbon, calcium and nitrogen, concentrations and it varied from 482–12969, 348–870 and <5–99 ppm, respectively. As most of the remaining populations exist in commercial pine plantations, timber management practices such as tillage, soil preparation, fertilizer application and harvesting may affect the nutrient status of soil and plant tissue. This study gives a baseline information about leaf nutrient content of B. arachnifera and relevant soil nutrient information, which may have implications to conservation and restoration strategies for this endangered species. Further research should be conducted to understand how soil nutrient availability may influence the leaf nutrient status and population distribution of B. arachnifera. Keywords: Conservation; hairy rattleweed; pine; timber management. 1. INTRODUCTION managed for timber [6]. B. arachnifera is classified with a rarity rank of G1, S1 (globally Approximately one third of the 17,000 native and statewide critically imperiled with 5 or fewer vascular plant species in the United States are occurrences or fewer than 1,000 individuals) [7]. considered endangered or threatened [1]. The This endangered perennial legume derives its southeastern coastal plain region of the United name from the dense tomentose hairs that cover States is an ecoregion that is forested the leaves and stem [8], giving it a “cobwebby” predominantly with species of oak, hickory and appearance. It prefers the open pinewoods and pine, especially longleaf pine. The longleaf pine mixed pine-hardwoods with sandy soil, common ecosystem is home to approximately 187 species in the coastal plain of southeast Georgia [6]. of rare plants, most of which have narrow habitat B. arachnifera has been listed as endangered requirements [2]. One such species is Baptisia since 1978 due to loss of habitat and low arachnifera (also known as hairy rattle weed). It numbers of individuals [6]. It has lost more than is a federally endangered species that is 80% of individuals in monitoring populations (in endemic to only Wayne and Brantley Counties of sites managed for timber) over the past 23 years southeast Georgia, USA (Fig. 1). Conservation [9]. All of the remaining populations are within 16 efforts should focus primarily on species that are km of each other. A study [10] showed that the rare, as these species have a greater chance of close proximity of the populations and the extinction than those that are common [3-5] and reduction in populations’ sizes suggests that now B. arachnifera is one such species. Most of its separate populations may be fragments of a populations exist on land that is currently once more continuous gene pool. Fig. 1. Field sites with and without Baptisia arachnifera 266 Steinbrecher et al.; IJPSS, 7(5): 265-272, 2015; Article no.IJPSS.2015.153 To develop the recovery efforts of endangered The objectives of this study were to, i) measure species, it is important to study and understand the leaf nutrient contents of B. arachnifera, the patterns of the decline of the species [11]. ii) compare soil nutrients between the sites with Discovering what causes these patterns is and without B. arachnifera and iii) determine the equally as important to the conservation efforts of differences in B. arachnifera leaf nutrients among this endangered species. Nutrients are required the sites. The findings of this study may help by plants for both developmental and better understand the nutrient dynamics of physiological processes and deficiency of a B. arachnifera, which in turn may develop better nutrient may result in disorder, sickness and conservation and restoration strategies of this even death of plants. It is very important to endangered species. understand the nutrient dynamics in the plant and soil to develop better conservation and 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS restoration strategies. One or more nutrient(s) may play critical role(s) in growth and survival of Baptisia arachnifera leaves were collected in the species. On the other hand, soils are the May 2014 from six different sites in Wayne and reservoirs and sources of the nutrients and that Brantley counties, Georgia that has a history and may determine the presence and distribution presence of this endangered plant (Fig. 1). Five of the plant species. However, no study of those sites: Tom Road (site 1), Dan Harper has measured the plant nutrient status of Road (site 2), Oilwell Road (site 3), Crooked B. arachnifera and the soil in which it grows. Road (site 4), and Wire Road (site 5) are owned by a pulp and paper company, and a sixth site Timber management practices and their (Lewis Tract) is owned by the Nature consequences have been shown to affect the Conservancy. The sites on pulp and paper availability of nutrients [12]. Application of Company property received management fertilizer in forest stands may significantly affect practices such as bedding, thinning, fertilizer nutrient levels available to plants. Five common application, spraying of herbicide, and tree fertilizer types are used in pine stands of the harvesting and no prescribed burning. The southeastern US with varying N-P-K values [13]. Nature Conservancy (site 6), received treatments These include triple superphosphate (TSP, 0-46- including sporadic burning and thinning, with no 0), diammonium phosphate (DAP, 18-46-0) for bedding, fertilizer or herbicide application. Ten phosphorous, ammonium nitrate (34-0-0) and mature B. arachnifera plants were randomly urea (46-0-0) for nitrogen, and muriate of potash selected from each site (total 60 plants) and 10– (MOP, 0-0-60) for potassium fertilization. The 15 recently mature leaves were collected from amount of fertilizer applied in pine plantations each plant, totaling 60 sets of 10-15 leaf varies and is usually based on a previous foliar samples. analysis [14]. Management practices such as soil preparation and harvesting can affect nutrient Soil samples were collected from the same six availability. Soil nutrients can be lost from timber sites and from six additional sites in which sites through the removal of biomass as well as B. arachnifera was absent. These additional six through the increased nutrient mobilization and sites were owned by the same pulp and paper leaching that can occur during soil disturbance company and had no historical record of any [15,16]. Both harvesting and mechanical site presence of B. arachnifera. These sites include preparation have the potential to accelerate the Yeargan Road (site 7), Poley Ford Road (site 8), mineralization of nutrients [15]. Additionally, it Carl Road (site 9), Polecat Road (site 10), has been found that the clear-cutting of trees on Brackin Road (site 11) and Turkey Road (site 12) sites may lead to increased erosion rates and/or (Fig. 1). percolation losses of nutrients in the soil [17]. Another study [18] reported that short cutting The 12 sites exhibited a variety of soil profiles rotations and clear cutting of sites leads to (Table 1) including mostly loamy sand with increased loss of nutrients and reduction of site several of fine sand [21]. At each of the 12 sites, quality.
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