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Erazmo Vitelijaus (Cioleko) Pirmutines Dienos Romoje

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Erazmo Vitelijaus (Cioleko) Pirmutines Dienos Romoje MOKSLINIAI STRAIPSNIAI SALTINil) PUBLTK ACJJOS ERAZMO VITELIJAUS (CIOLEKO) PIRMUTINES DIENOS ROMOJE. ISTRAUKOS IS JONO BURKARDO 1501 MET1J DIENORASCIO LIBER NOTARUM K~STUTIS PAULIUS ZYGAS Arizonos valstybinis universitetas, JAY Profesorius Kr:stutis Paulius Zygas (g. 1942 m.) studijavo architektfirq ir meno istorijq Harvardo universitete. Apgyne daktaro diser­ tacijq avangardo ir modernizmo tema Cornelio universitete. 1977- 1984 m. deste architektiiros istorijq Piet11 Kalifornijos universite­ te, nuo 1985 m. iki dabar desto Arizonos valstybiniame universitete. Architektiiros projektus yra vykdifs Bastone ir Londone. Archi­ tekttlros istorijos vasaros kursus skaite Romoje, Florencijoje ir Venecijoje. 1991- 1992 m. buvo f);tauto Didi iojo universiteto Mem1 ir hwnanitarinit1 mokshlfakulteto dekanas. Yra paskelbifs studijlj apie Paiaislio vienuoly nq ir Sv. Kazimiero koplyCiq: , Dogma, Art and Politics: Roman Aspects of St. Casimir 's Chapel in Vilnius", Journal of Baltic Studies, t. XXVII, Nr. 3, 1996; , The Spirit ofAusterity and the Materials of Opulence: Architectural Sources of St. Casimir's Chapel in Vilnius", Journal of Baltic Studies, t. XXXI, Nr. 1, 2000, pavasaris; , The Symbolic Geometry of the Baroque Camaldolese Monastery at Paiaislis ", Meno istorija ir k.titika, Nr. 5: Siluva Lietuvos kultiiroje, Kaunas, 2009. Erazillo Vitelijaus Cioleko (1474--1522) vaidmuo Lie­ dviejl! popiezil! ir jl! ipedinil! buvo tas, kad vieni norejo, tuvos istoriografijoje dazniausiai iskeliamas del jo 1501 ill. jog Sventasis Sostas butl! Roilloje, kiti - kad Avinjone. keliones i Roml! Lietuvos Didziosios Kunigaikstystes Del to visa Europa susiskalde. Anglija, Danija, Vengrija, ir Vilniaus vyskupystes reikalais, o ypac del jo prakal­ Airija, Norvegija, Svedija, Lenkija, Sventoji Roillos imperija bos, pasakytos popieziui Aleksandrui Vl. 1 Cia bandysi­ ir Siaures ltalija bendrai reme Roilloje esantj popiezil!. Pran­ me aptarti tos audiencijos pagrindl! ir eillisaro prieilliillo clizija, Aragonas, Kastilija ir Leonas, Kipras, Burgundija, aplinkybes.2 Mus11 pagrindinis saltinis bus popieziaus Savoja, Neapolis ir Skotija reme Avinjone gyvenanti popie­ ceremonijl! illeistro Jono Burkardo dienorascio Liber zil!. 1409 ill. Ba:lnycios konsilija, susirinkusi Pizoje, bande notarum irasai. J. Burkardas stebejo Vitelijl} nuo pat jo · issprysti klausiml! del sios keistos padeties, bet tik paastrino atvykimo, skyre jam nuolatini deillesi, kartais beveik situacijl!, isrinkdailla trecil!ii popiezil!. Taip atsi.rado trys Sven­ nepaleido is akil}. Istorikas Kazimierzas Hartlebas truill­ tl!ii Sostl! uzimantys popiezi.ai, kiekvienas galejo ekskomuni­ pai aptare J. Burkardo vaidmeni, susijusi su tuo 1501 m. kuoti du kih1s. Galop Konstancos susirinkimas (1414--1418) Vitelijaus apsilankyillu ir audiencija Sventajame Soste.3 u:lbaige sill Ba:lnyCil! ska1danCil! painiavl! ir kontroversijl!, pri­ Taciau jis sutruillpino J. Burkardo irasus, neisspausdino versdamas visus tris popiezius atsistatydinti ir pakeisdamas viso lotynisko teksto. Cia pateikiaille visl! J. Burkardo juos naujai isrinktu popieziuilli Martynu V lotyniskl! irast) transkripcijl! kartu su vertiillu i lietuvil} Tuo keturiasdesiillties illeh! laikotarpiu valdovq kriks­ kalbl! (zr. priedl!) 0 Cioniskos istikiillybes pareiskimas pasidare svarbesnis Vitelijaus pasiuntinybe i Roml! buvo pagrista sena tradi­ negu bet kada anksCiau. Naujai i sostus atejy karaliai turejo cija - k:rikscionio karaliaus lojalumo pareiskimu Sventajaill pasirinkti tarp popieziaus Avinjone, Romoje arba trumpai Sostui. Si tradicija atsekama net nuo 689 ill. , kada Anglijos rezidavusiojo Pizoje. Pasirinky vienl! ar kitl!, valdovai jam Vakarq Saksonijos karalius Kaedvallas atkeliavo i Roml!, pasil!sdavo specialiai paskirtl! eillisarl!, kuris savo karaliaus kad popiezius ji pakrikstytl}. Toki11 gestl} prestizas smar­ vardu tl! popiezil! pripazindavo teisetu sv. Petro ipediniu kiai pakilo nuo 800 ill., popieziui Leonui III paCioje Sv. ir Kristaus vikaru zeilleje. Tokie eillisal'l! prisistatyillai vir­ Petro bazilikoje karunavus Karoli Didi.ii Sventosios Ro­ to proga valdovams pasigirti savo kaip Dievo palaimintqjl} illOS iillperatoriumi. Aillziams begant si cereillonija igijo Jaiillejiillais, kurie budavo irodomi ernisaro svitos prasma­ varian1l!, transformavosi. Sios tradicijos politiniai atspal­ tnumu ir Sventajam Soshli atvez1l! dovanl! gausuillu bei viai sillarkiai isryskejo Didziosios Vakarq scbizmos laiko­ kokybe. XV a. si ceremonija galutinai isitvirtino. tarpiu, ardant Katalikq baznyCil! nuo 1378 ill. iki 141 7 m. Kazimierui Jogailaiciui 1492 m. illirus, Lietuvos ponl} Schizilla prasidejo paci11 kardinoll! iniciatyva.4 1378 m. taryba Vilniuje isrinko Aleksandrl! Jogailaiti Lietuvos di­ pavasari vykusioje konklavoje Urbonas VI tapo popie­ dziuoju kunigaiksciu. Inauguracijos cereillonialai praside­ ziumi. Taciau per kelis illenesius kardinolai apsigalvojo jo Vilniaus pilyje, baigesi Sv. Stanislovo katedroje. 5 Vys­ ir pakeite savo nuomony apie,ji. Rugpjuti vel susirinko kupas Albertas Taboras, tuomet vadovavys Vilniaus die­ konklava ir isrinko popiezil} Kleillensl! VII, nors nese­ cezijai, palaiillino naujl!ii valdovl! per iskilmingas apeigas niai teisetai isrinktas popiezius Urbonas VI tebebuvo katedroje. A. Taboras, buvys tarp Aleksandro artirniausil} sveikas ir gyvas. Abu pasiskelbe esantys tikrieji Sv. Pet­ patarejl!, turejo ji informuoti apie krikscionil} valdoYll par­ ro apastalo ipediniai, legalus popieziai su visomis jiems eigl! isreiksti savo Jojaluilll! Sventajam Soshli.6 priklausanCioillis teiseillis ir privilegijoillis. Nedelsdami Taciau, neatsizvelgdaillas i kin! Europos valdovq el­ abu paskyre naujus kardinolus, kurie veliau isrinkda­ gesi, Aleksandras neskubejo tuctuojau ivykdyti to tradi­ vo tl! popiezil} ipedinius. Ryskiausias skirtuillas tarp tl} cinio pagarbos ir paklusnuillo gesto. Lietuvos didysis ku- 168 LIETUVOS PILYS 2009 ERAZMO VITELIJAUS (GIOLEKO) PIRMUTINES DIENOS ROMOJE nigaikstis tmejo kitq neatideliotinll reikalll. Svarbiausias riipestis, be abejones, buvo 1492 m. pabaigoje prasidej!(s karas su Maskvos didziuoju kunigaiksCiu Ivanu III. Konf­ liktas baigesi Aleksandrui priemus jvairias Lietuvai ne­ naudingas sqlygas. Be kitko, jis sutiko vesti lvano dukrq kunigaikstyt!( Elenq, ir 1495 m. Vi lniaus katedroje vysku­ pas A. Taboras jq sutuoke su Aleksandru. Deja, tuo jtampa tarp Vilniaus ir Maskvos nesibaige. Elena liko uoli graikl! krikscioniq baznycios ispazineja, tuo duodama Ivanui III pretekstus kistis j Lietuvos reikalus. Ivanas bande ir kitais biidais nutraukti taikos sutartj. Nenuostabu, kad dar kele­ rius metus kunigaikscio Aleksandro lojalumo pareiskimo popieziui reikalas nejudejo is vietos. Erazmas Vitelijus Ciolekas (1474-1522), vyskupoA. Ta­ boro patiketinis, 1494-1495 m. tapo kunigaikscio Alek­ sandro sekretoriwni ir buvo paskirtas valdovo ir vyskupo emisaru Romoje (1 ir 2 pav.). 7 Nors paskyrimas sutapo su Sventojo Sosto paskelbtais 1500 m. jubiliejiniais me­ tais, Vitelijus neskubejo keliauti j Romq. Arba nebuvo visiskai pasiruos!(s, arba kelione buvo apgalvotai atideta. Vienaip ar kitaip Vitelijus biitq isveng!(s Amzinqjj miestq 1 pav. Erazmo Vitelijaus (Cioleko) herbas. Is Erasmi Vitellii ( ... ) aplankancill piligrimll srautq. Jjo misijq biitq kreipiama oratio, [Rome, 1501]. IsS. Narbutas, ,Vilniaus prepozito Erazmo Vitelijaus kalba popieziui Aleksandrui VI: tekstas ir jo kontekstai'; daugiau demesio. Vitelijaus pagrindinis valstybinis tikslas Lietuvos didysis kunigaikstis Aleksandras ir jo epocha, Vilnius, buvo pareiks ti apie Lietuvos didziojo kunigaikscio Alek­ 2007, p. 210. sandro tvirtq istikimyb!( popieziui Aleksandrui VI. Fig 1. The armorial of Bishop Erazmus Vitelius. Unknown art- 1500 m. Iiepos 17 d. Vitelijus isvyko is Vilniaus ir rug­ ist. Published in Erasmi Vitellii ( ... ) oratio, [Rome, 1501}. pjiicio 18 d. pasieke Kmkuvq.8 K.itt) metq sausio 1 d. jis From S. Narbutas, ,Vilniaus prepozito Erazmo Vitelijaus kalba iskeliavo i Venecijq, jq pasieke vasario 14 d. Pabuvtts joje popieziui Aleksandrui VI: tekstas ir jo kontekstai'; Lietuvos didysis sesias dienas, isvyko j Amzinqjj miestq ir kovo 11 d. jj pa­ kunigaikstis Aleksandras ir jo epocha, Vilnius, Vilnius, 2007, p. 210. sieke. K.eliones marsrutas sutapo su tiikstanciq piligrimll nueitais keliais - keliaudami jubiliejinill metq proga jie ismyne visus Europos kelius, vedancius j Romq. Kadangi piligrimq keliones siuo laikotarpiu yra tarsi analogai val­ dovq emisarq apsilankymams Romoje, trumpai sustokime prie jubiliejiniq metq iskilmil). Jubiliejinill metq istakos aptinkamos Senajame Tes­ tamente ir viduramziq vienuolit) penkiasdesimtmeCit! minejimuose. Romenq jos buvo vadinamos ludi saecula­ res.9 Sias tradicijas popiezius Bonifacas VIII (1294-1303) jtvirtino oficialiai paskelbdamas 1300 m. annus jubileus. 10 Dalyviai privalejo aplankyti Romq, melstis Sv. Petro bazili­ koje (trisdesimt dienll is ei les, jeigu yra vietiniai; penkiolika dienq be pertraukos-jeigu piligrimai is tolimesniq krastq), eiti ispazinties ir atgailauti uz savo nuodemes. Jvykdziu­ siems reikalavimus buvo suteikiama visuotine indulgencija. Be Sv. Petro bazi I ikos, lankytinq baznyciq sqrasq laips­ niskai papilde Sv. Jono Laterane (Basilica di S. Giovanni in Laterano ), Sv. Pauliaus uz miesto siem) (S. Paolo fuori le Mura) ir Svc. Marijos Didzioji (S . Maria Maggiore) ba­ zilikos. Veliau buvo pasiiilyta mineti jubiliejinius meh1s kas trisdesimt trejus metus, menant Kristaus gyvenimo am:lil). Taciau tas pasii"ilymas nebuvo priimtas. Popieziaus Pauliaus
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