J

Jacaranda acutifolia J. rhombifolia G. F. W. May., syn. auct. non-Humb. & Bonpl. J. filicifolia D. Don is grown in Indi- an gardens. Extracts of the plant show Synonym  J. mimosifolia D. Don insecticidal properties. J. ovalifolia R. Br. Several species of Jacaranda are used Family  Bignoniaceae. for syphilis in Brazil and other parts  of South America under the names Habitat Cultivated in Indian carobin, carabinha etc. A crystalline gardens. substance, carobin, besides resins, Folk  Nili-gulmohar. acids and caroba balsam, has been Action  Leaves’ volatile oil—applied isolated from them. to buboes. Leaves and bark of the plant—used for syphilis and blennorrhagia. An infusion of the Jasminum angustifolium Vahl. bark is employed as a lotion for  ulcers. Family Oleaceae. Habitat  South India. The leaves contain jacaranone, ver-  bascoside and phenylacetic-beta-glu- English Wild Jasmine. coside along with a glucose ester, jaca- Ayurvedic  Bana-mallikaa, Vana- ranose. Flavonoid scutellarein and malli, Kaanan-mallikaa, Aasphotaa. its -glucuronide, and hydroquinones Siddha/Tamil  Kaatumalli. were also isolated. Fruits contain beta-  sitosterol, ursolic acid and hentriacon- Action Root—used in ringworm. tane; stem bark gave lupenone and Leaves—juice is given as an emetic beta-sitosterol. in cases of poisoning. The flowers contain an anthocyanin. Fresh flowers gave indole. In Pakistan, the flowers are sold as a substitute for the Unani herb Gul-e- Gaozabaan. The lyophylized aqueous extract of Jasminum arborescens Roxb. the stem showed a high and broad  antimicrobial activity against human Synonym J. roxburghianum Wall. urinary tract bacteria, especially Pseu- Habitat  Sub-Himalayan tract, domonas sp. Bengal, Central and South India. The fatty acid, jacarandic acid, iso- English  Tree Jasmine. lated from the seed oil, was found to  be a strong inhibitor of prostaglandin Ayurvedic Nava-mallikaa. biosynthesis in sheep. Siddha/Tamil  Nagamalli. 342 Jasminum auriculatum Vahl.

Folk  Chameli (var.), Maalati (var.). Family  Oleaceae. Action  Leaves—astringent and Habitat  Assam, Mizoram, stomachic. Juice of the leaves, with Meghalaya and Western Ghats. pepper, garlic and other stimulants, Ayurvedic  Maalati (var.). is used as an emetic in obstruction of the bronchial tubes due to viscid Siddha/Tamil  Ramabanam mullai. phlegm. Folk  Chameli (var.). Action  See Jasminum officinale.

Jasminum auriculatum Vahl.

Family  Oleaceae. Jasminum heterophyllum Habitat  Cultivated throughout Roxb. non-Moench. J India, especially in Uttar Pradesh Family  Oleaceae. and Tamil Nadu. In Uttar Pradesh,  cultivated on commercial scale in Habitat Nepal, North Bengal, Ghazipur, Jaunpur, Farrukhabad Assam hills, Khasi hills and and Kannauj for its fragrant flowers Manipur. which yield an essential oil. Ayurvedic  Svarna-yuuthikaa (var.). Ayurvedic  Yuuthikaa, Yuuthi, Folk  Juuhi (yellow var.). Mugdhee. Action  See Jasminum humile. Siddha/Tamil  Usimalligai. Folk  Juuhi. Action  See Jasminum humile. Jasminum humile Linn. The leaves gave lupeol, its epimer, Synonym  J. humile auct. non L. hentriacontane and n-tricantanol, J. bignoniaceum Wall ex G. Don. a triterpenoid, jasminol; d-mannitol; Family  Oleaceae. volatile constituent, jasmone. The pin Habitat  Sub-tropical Himalayas type pointed flower buds (long styled) from Kashmir to Nepal and in the on solvent extraction yielded higher Nilgiris, Palni Hills, Western Ghats concrete content rich in indole and and Kerala. methyl anthranilate, whereas thrum type (short styled) buds yield high- English  Yellow Jasmine, Nepal er absolute with benzyl acetate as the Jasmine, Italian Jasmine. prominent constituent. Ayurvedic  Svarna-yuuthikaa, Svarnajaati, Hemapushpikaa, Vaasanti. Jasminum flexile Vahl. Siddha/Tamil  Semmalligai. Synonym  J. azoricum Linn. Folk  Juuhi (yellow var.). Jasminum officinale Linn. var. grandiflorum (L.) Kobuski. 343

Action  Flower—astringent, cardiac Ethanolic extract of fresh leaves tonic. Root—used in ringworm. and flowers contain the secoiridoid The milky juice, exuded from lactones, jasmolactone A, B, C and incisions in the bark, is used for D; and secoiridoid glycosides. Jas- treating chronic fistulas. The plant molactone B and D and the secoiri- is also used for treating hard lumps. doid glycosides (multifloroside and -hydroxyoleuropein) exhibited va- The leaves gave alpha-amyrin, be- sodilatory and cardiotropic activities. tulin, friedelin, lupeol, betulinic, olea- nolic and ursolic acids; beta-sitosterol, -cinnamoyloxyoleoside--methyl- ester (jasminoside) and a secoiridoid Jasminum officinale Linn. var. glycoside. grandiflorum (L.) Kobuski. Synonym  J. grandiflorum Linn. J Jasminum malabaricum Wight. Family  Oleaceae.  Family  Oleaceae. Habitat North-Western Himalayas  and Persia; cultivated in Kumaon, Habitat Deccan, West Coast, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Western Ghats and in the Nilgiris. Pradesh; in gardens throughout Ayurvedic  Mudgara. India.  Folk Mogaraa (var.), Ran-mogaraa. English  Spanish Jasmine.  Action See Jasminum sambac. Ayurvedic  Jaati, Jaatikaa, Jaatimalli, Pravaaljaati, Saumanasyaayani, Sumanaa, Chetikaa, Hriddgandhaa, Jasminum multiflorum Maalati, Chameli. (Burm. f.) Andr. Unani  Yaasmin.  Synonym J. pubescens Willd. Siddha/Tamil  Manmadabanam, J. hirsutum Willd. Mullai, Padar-malligai, Pichi, Malli J. bracteatum Roxb. Folk  Chameli. Family  Oleaceae. Action  Flowers—calming and Habitat  Sub-Himalayan tract and in moist forests of Western Ghats. sedative, CNS depressant, astringent and mild anaesthetic. A syrup  English Downy Jasmine. prepared from the flowers is Ayurvedic  Kunda, Kasturi Mogaraa. used for coughs, hoarsenesses Siddha/Tamil  Magarandam, Malli. and other disorders of the chest. Plant—diuretic, anthelmintic,  Folk Kasturi Mogaraa. emmenagogue; used for healing Action  Diuretic, emetic. Boiled chronic ulcers and skin diseases. bark—applied on burns. Oil—externally relaxing. 344 Jasminum rottlerianum Wall. ex DC.

Indian oil sample gave benzyl ac- English  Arabian Jasmine, Tuscan etate ., benzyl benzoate ., phytol Jasmine, Double Jasmine. ., jasmone ., methyl jasmonate Ayurvedic  Mallikaa, Madayanti, ., linalool ., geranyl linalool ., Madyantikaa, Nava-Mallikaa, eugenol ., isophytyl acetate ., and Shita-bhiru, Vaarshiki. isophytol .%.  The leaves gave ascorbic acid, an- Unani Mograa. thranilic acid and its glucoside, indole Siddha  Malligai. oxygenase, alkaloid jasminine and sal- Folk  Belaa, Motiaabelaa; Mogaraa icylic acid. (Maharashtra). The flowers contain pyridine and  nicotinate derivatives; tested positive Action Root—emmenagogue, for indole. blood purifier. Flowers—lactifuge. The flowers and leaf juice is used for Alcoholic extract—hypotensive. J treating tumours. Leaves—antibacterial; used against indolent and breast tumours. Dosage  Dried leaves—– g The leaves contain the secoiridoid powder for decoction (API, Vol. glycosides, jasminin, quercitrin, iso- III.); Juice—– ml. (CCRAS.). quercitrin, rutin, quercitrin--dirham- noglycoside, kaempferol--rhamno- glycoside, mannitol, alpha-amyrin, Jasminum rottlerianum beta-sitosterol and an iridoid glyco- Wall. ex DC. side, sambacin. The absolute contains several pyridine and nicotinate deriva-  Family Oleaceae. tives. Habitat  Western Peninsula, from Dosage  Decoction—– ml. Konkan southwards to Kerala. (CCRAS.) Ayurvedic  Vana-mallikaa. Siddha/Tamil  Erumaimullai, Kattumalligei, Uyyakondan. Jateorhiza palmata Miers.  Action Leaf—used in eczema. Synonym  J. calumba Miers. Family  Menispermaceae. Habitat  Indigenous to south-east Jasminum sambac (Linn.) Ait. tropical Africa. Imported into Family  Oleaceae. India.  Habitat  Cultivated throughout English Calumba, Colombo. India, especially in Uttar Pradesh, Ayurvedic  Kalambaka. (Coscinium on a large scale in Jaunpur, Kannauj, fenestratum Colebr., known as False Ghazipur and Farrukhabad for its calumba, is used as a substitute for fragrant flowers. J. palmata.) Jatropha glandulifera Roxb. 345

Siddha/Tamil  Kolumbu. English  Physic Nut, Purging Nut. Action  Root—bitter tonic without Ayurvedic  Vyaaghrairanda (var.), astringency, carminative, gastric Sthula-eranda, Kaanan-eranda. tonic, antiflatulent, hyptotensive, Siddha/Tamil  Kattu Amanaku. orexigenic, uterine stimulant,  sedative. Used in anorexia, Folk Bagharenda (var.). poor digestion, hypochlorhydria, Action  Seed—highly toxic. Nut— amoebic dysentery and menstrual purgative. Plant—used for scabies, disorders. Antifungal. ringworm, eczema, whitlow, warts, Key application  As appetite syphilis. Stem bark—applied to stimulant. (The British Herbal wounds of animal bites; root bark Pharmacopoeia.) to sores. The root gave isoquinoline alkaloids The protein of the seed contains the –%; palmatine, jaterorrhizine and its toxic albumin curcin (protein .%, J dimer bis-jateorrhizine, columbamine; curcin .%). bitters (including chasmanthin and Seed and seed oil—more drastic palmanin). Volatile oil contains thy- purgative than castor seed oil and mol. milder than Croton tiglium oil. The alkaloid jateorrhizine is seda- An aqueous (%) infusion of leaves tive, hypotensive. Palmatine is a uter- increased cardiac contraction is small ine stimulant. doses. EtOH (%) extract of aerial As calumba contains very little vola- parts—diuretic and CNS depressant. tile oil and no tannins, it is free from as- The seed contain phorbol deriva- tringency which is common with other tives. The plant also contains cur- bitter herbs. cosones and lathyrane diterpenes. The root alkaloids exhibit narcot- ic properties and side effects similar to morphine. It is no longer used Jatropha glandulifera Roxb. (in Western herbal) as a digestive aid,  and is rarely used as an antidiarrhoeal Family Euphorbiaceae. agent. (Natural Medicines Comprehen- Habitat  South India and Bengal. sive Database, .) Ayurvedic  Vyaaghrairanda. Siddha/Tamil  Adalai, Eliya- manakku. Jatropha curcas Linn. Folk  Bagharenda, Jangali-erandi. Family  Euphorbiaceae. Action  Root and oil from seed— Habitat  Native to tropical purgative. Oil—antirheumatic, America. Now cultivated along antiparalytic. Used externally on with Cromandel Coast and in ringworm and chronic ulcers. Travancore. Root—used for glandular swellings. 346 Jatropha gossypifolia Linn.

Latex—applied to warts and Jatropha multifida Linn. tumours. Family  Euphorbiaceae. The plant contain alkannins (iso- hexenylnaphthazarins). The presence Habitat  Native to South America. of alkannins in this plant (a member of Naturalized in various parts of Euphorbiaceae)shouldbeconsidered India. as an exception. English  Coral plant, Physic Nut. The root gave jatropholone A, frax-  etin and a coumarinolignan. Ayurvedic Brihat-Danti (bigger var. of Danti, also equated with Dosage  Seed—– mg powder. Baliospermum montanum). (CCRAS.) Folk  Danti (var.). Action  Seeds—purgative, emetic. J Jatropha gossypifolia Linn. Fruits—poisonous. Leaves—used for scabies. Latex—applied to  Family Euphorbiaceae. wounds and ulcers. Habitat  Native to Brazil; cultivated as an ornamental. The latex from the plant showed an-  tibacterial activity against Staphylococ- English Tua-Tua. cus aureus. It contains immunologi- Ayurvedic  Rakta-Vyaaghrairanda. cally active acylphloroglucinols, mul- Siddha/Tamil  Stalai. tifidol, phloroglucinol and multifidol beta-D-glucopyranoside. The latex al- Folk  Laal Bagharenda. so contains an immunologically active,  Action Leaf and seed—purgative. cyclic decapeptide, labaditin. Leaf—antidermatosis. Bark— J. panduraefolia Andr. (native to emmenagogue. Seed—emetic. America), widely grown in Indian gar- Seed fatty oil—used in paralytic dens, is known as Fiddle-leaved Jat- affections, also in skin diseases. ropha. The latex from the plant shows The leaves contain triterpenes, a tri- fungitoxic activity against ringworm hydroxy ketone and corresponding fungus, Microsporum gypseum. diosphenol. The root contains the diterpenes, jatropholone A and jat- rophatrione. A tumour-inhibitor ma- Juglans regia Linn. crocyclic diterpene, jatrophone, has been isolated from roots. Family  Juglandaceae. The seeds contain phorbol deriva-  tives, jatropholones A and B, hydroxy- Habitat Native to Iran; now jatrophone and hydroxyisojatrophone. cultivated in Kashmir, Himachal Hotwaterextractoftheplantex- Pradesh., Khasi Hills and the hills hibits antimalarial activity against Plas- of Uttar Pradesh. modium falciparum. English  Walnut tree. Juncus effusus Linn. 347

Ayurvedic  Akshoda, Akshoda- The leaves contain napthoquinones, ka, Akshota, Shailbhava, Pilu, mainly juglone. The root bark gave Karparaal, Vrantphala. , ,-bis-juglone and oligomeric ju- Unani  Akhrot. glones. Unripe fruit husk also gave napthoquinones.  Siddha/Tamil Akrottu. The kernels of Indian walnuts con- Action  Leaves and bark— tain .% protein, % carbohydrates, alterative, laxative, antiseptic, mild .% mineral matter (sodium, potas- hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, sium, calcium, magnesium, iron, cop- antiscrofula, detergent. An infusion per, phosphorus, sulphur and chorine). of leaves and bark is used for Iodine (. mcg/ g), arsenic, zinc, herpes, eczema and other cutaneous cobalt and manganese are also report- affections; externally to skin ed. Kernels are also rich in vitamins of eruptions and ulcers. Volatile oil— the B group, vitamin A ( IU/ g), antifungal, antimicrobial. andascorbicacid(mg/g). J Key application (leaf)  In mild, The juice of unripe fruits showed superficial inflammation of the skin significant thyroid hormone enhanc- and excessive perspiration of hands ing activity (prolonged use of such ex- and feet. (German Commission E.). tract may cause serious side effect). When English Walnuts (Juglans White Walnut, Lemon Walnut, But- regia) are added to low fat diet, total ternut, Oilnut of the USA is equat- cholesterol may be decreased by – ed with Juglans cineraria L. The inner % and LDL by –%. (Natural bark gave napthoquinones, including Medicines Comprehensive Database, juglone, juglandin, juglandic acid, tan- .) nins and an essential oil. Butternut is used as a dermatologi- Walnut hull preparations are used cal and antihaemorrhoidal agent. Ju- for skin diseases and abscesses. glone exhibits antimicrobial, antipara- Walnut is eaten as a dry fruit. Be- sitic and antineoplastic activities. cause of its resemblance to the brain, it was thought, according to the “doc- Dosage  Dried cotyledons—– g trine of signatures”, to be a good brain (API, Vol. II.) tonic. Walnuts are also eaten to lower the cholesterol levels. From the volatile oil of the leaves terpenoid substances (monoterpenes, Juncus effusus Linn. sesquiterpenes, diterpene and triter- Synonym  J. communis E. Mey. pene derivatives) and eugenol have been isolated. Fatty acids, including Family  Juncaceae. geranic acid; alpha-and beta-pinene, Habitat  Eastern Himalayas and ,,cincole, limonene, beta-eudesmol Khasi Hills. and juglone are also important con- stituents of the volatile oil. English  Rush, Matting Rush. 348 Juniperus communis Linn. var. saxatillis Palias.

Action  Pith—antilithic, discutient, (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.) diuretic, depurative, pectoral. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of Root—diuretic, especially in India recommends the dried fruit strangury. in malabsorption syndrome.

Theleavesgaveflavonoids, lutcoline- Animal studies have shown an in- -glucoside, diosmin and hesperidin; crease in urine excretion as well as a di- aerial parts gave phenolic constituents, rect effect on sooth muscle contraction. effusol and juncusol. Juncusol is an- (German Commission E, ESCOP.)Con- timicrobial. A dihydrodibenzoxepin, traindicated in kidney disease. (Sharon isolated from the plant, showed cyto- M. Herr.) toxic activity. (In Kerala, Hapushaa and Mundi are considered to be synonyms; Syphaer- anthus indicus,Asteraceae, is used as J Juniperus communis Linn. var. Hapushaa.) saxatillis Palias. The major constituents of the vola- tile oil are alpha-pinene, sabinene and  Synonym J. communis auct. non L. alpha-terpinene. Methanolic extract Family  Pinaceae; Cupressaceae. of the plant gave several labdane diter- Habitat  Native to Europe and penoids and diterpenes. The leaves North America. Distributed in contain the biflavones, cupressufla- Western Himalayas from Kumaon vone, amentoflavone, hinokiflavone, westwards at ,–, m. isocryptomerin and sciadopitysin. The berries also contain condensed tan-  English Common Juniper. nins. Seeds gave haemagglutinin. Ayurvedic  Hapushaa, Havushaa, Juniperus recurva Buch-Ham ex D. Haauber, Matsyagandha. Don, syn. J. excelsa auct. non-Bieb. Unani  Abahal, Haauber, Hubb-ul- (temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to arar, Aarar. Bhutan) is known as Weeping Blue Ju- niper. J. macropoda Boiss. (the Hi-  Action Berries—diuretic, urinary malaya from Nepal onwards) is known antiseptic, carminative, digestive, as Himalayan Indian Juniper. Both sudorific, anti-inflammatory, the species are used like J. communis emmenagogue. Used for acute and var. saxatillis. chronic cystitis, renal suppression The berries gave a diterpene ketone, (scanty micturition), catarrh sugrol, beta-sitosterol glucoside and of the bladder, albuminuria, -nonacosanol. amenorrhoea, leucorrhoea. Aerial Plant extract can be used in tooth- parts—abortifacient. pastes and mouth-rinses to reduce den- Key application  In dyspepsia. tal plaque and bleeding. (German Commission E.)Juniper berry may increase glucose levels in Dosage  Dried fruit—– g powder. diabetics. (ESCOP.)Asadiuretic. (API, Vol. III.) Justicia betonica Linn. 349

Juniperus virginiana Linn. Jussiaea suffruticosa Linn.

Family  Pinaceae; Cupressaceae. Synonym  Ludwigia octovalvis Habitat  Native to North America; (Jacq.) Raven. introduced into India. Oenothera octovalis Jacq.  English  Pencil Cedar, Red Cedar. Family Onagraceae.  Action  The berries in decoction are Habitat A native of the New World; diaphoretic and emmenagogue like foundinmarshyfieldsinIndia. those of common juniper; leaves Ayurvedic  Jala-lavanga, Bhuu- are diuretic. Red cedar oil is used lavanga, Bana-laung. in the preparation of insecticides.  Small excrescences, called cedar Siddha/Tamil Nirkkrambu. apples, are sometimes found on Action  Cooling, diuretic, as- the branches. These are used as tringent, mild laxative. Used in J an anthelmintic. (Yellow Cedar is catarrhal affections of children; equated with Thuja occidentalles.) applied externally for burns and scalds. Pulp of the plant, steeped Juniperus procera Hochst. (East in buttermilk, is used for dysentery. African Cedar), J. bermudiana Linn. Root—febrifuge. (BermudaCedar)andJ. Chinensis Linn. (Chinese Juniper) have also been in- troduced into India. Jussiaea tenella Burm. f.

Synonym  J. linifolia Vahl. Jurinea macrocephala Benth. J. fissendocarpa Haines.  Synonym J. dolomiacea Boiss. Family  Onagraceae.  Family Compositae; Asteraceae. Habitat  Watery and swampy places Habitat  The Himalayas from in Bihar and Orissa and in some Kashmir to Kumaon. parts of South India. Ayurvedic  Jaatukanda, Gugguluka. Ayurvedic  Jala-lavanga (var.). Folk  Guugal, Dhuup. Action  See J. suffruticosa.  Action Roots—used as incense. An infusion of the root is given in Stimulant, given in colic, also in syphilis. The plant is employed in poul- fever after child birth. Bruised roots tice for pimples. are applied to eruptions. The alcoholic extract of the root inhibits about % growth of NK Justicia betonica Linn. strain of Plasmodium berghei at a dose of  g/kg per day in  days. Family  Acanthaceae. 350 Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.

 Habitat Throughout greater parts Justicia procumbens Linn. of India, in waste lands, hedges and rocky ravines. Family  Acanthaceae.  Siddha/Tamil  Velimungil. Habitat Western Ghats, West Coast from Konkan to Kerala; abundant Folk  Had-paata (Bihar), Prameha- in the rainy season. harati, Mokandar. (Madhya Pradesh). Ayurvedic  Parpata (substitute).  Action  Plant—used in diarrhoea; Action The plant contains externally for swellings and boils. naphthofuranones, justicidin A, B, C, D, G and H, and diphyllin, which are used for the treatment of osteoporosis. The flowers contain Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. peonidine glucoside. Essential oil— J Synonym  Gendarussa vulgaris antifungal. Nees. Family  Acanthaceae. Justica tranquebariensis Linn. f. Habitat  Throughout the greater part of India and Andaman Family  Acanthaceae. Islands. Habitat  Deccan, Mysore south- Ayurvedic  Krishna Vaasaa (blue wards. var.), Nila-nirgundi, Krishna- Folk  Sivanarvembu (Tamil Nadu). nirgundi, Nila-manjari. Action  Leaves—cooling, aperient;  Siddha/Tamil Karunochhi, given for smallpox to children, Vadaikkuthi. bruisedleavesappliedtocontusions. Action  Febrifuge, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue. Infusion of The alcoholic extract of the aeri- leaves—given internally in cephalal- al parts yielded several lignans, phy- gia, hemiplegia and facial paralysis. tosterols, brassicasterol, campesterol, Fresh leaves—used topically in ,-ergostadienol, stigmasterol, sitos- oedema and rheumatism. Bark— terol, spinasterol, -isofucostil and emetic. a sterol glucoside, beta-sitosterol--O- glucoside. The leaves contain beta-sitosterol, Justica vasculosa Wall. (Eastern Hi- an alkaloid, lupeol, friedelin and aro- malayas, Assam Khasi Hills) is also matic amines. used for inflammations.