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On the Urban Heat Island in Beirut Noushig Kaloustian

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On the Urban Heat Island in Beirut Noushig Kaloustian On the Urban Heat Island in Beirut Noushig Kaloustian To cite this version: Noushig Kaloustian. On the Urban Heat Island in Beirut. Architecture, space management. Université Paris-Est, 2015. English. NNT : 2015PESC1141. tel-01305945 HAL Id: tel-01305945 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01305945 Submitted on 26 Apr 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THЀSE DE DOCTORAT de l’Université Paris-Est et l’Université de Balamand - Académie Libanaise des Beaux-Arts Spécialité: Génie Urbain Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Noushig Kaloustian Le 17 Novembre 2015 L’îlot de chaleur urbaine à Beyrouth On the urban heat island in Beirut Directeurs de thèse Youssef Diab et Hassãn Bitar Jury: AKL Ziad Examinateur BITAR Hassãn Directeur de thèse BLANPAIN Olivier Rapporteur BOURDIN Alain Examinateur DIAB Youssef Directeur de thèse MADY Christine Examinateur MASSON Valéry Examinateur REITTER Sigrid Rapporteur 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I want to thank my family who has been my foundation throughout my entire educational career. To two loved and respected educators – my grandfathers – who instilled our drive. My dad, all your support and encouragement from the very start has been unparalleled and you are my greatest role model. Mum, there is no one like you in this world, and there never will be. I am thankful for you every day. Your unconditional love is a gift to me and I aspire to have the strength that you have every day, especially in the face of personal struggles. Thank you for believing in me. My dearest sisters, Garene and Talar, your emotional support helped me through long hours of writing, rewriting and rewriting. You were my rocks. To my husband Harout, thank you for your unconditional support, for your patience and encouragement, especially at times when I was struggling most. And let’s not forget my two treasures and angels, Lila and Alec who, although would continuously ask me when my “assignments” would end, would also encourage me to finish quickly while sitting not so patiently on my lap. To Dominique Tohme, my brother-in-law, and Marc Geara, a dear friend, thank you for your help in my attempt to master the French language. Certainly Yousef Diab, I thank you for your endless support, continuous motivation and encouragement. Your exemplary guidance through your constructive feedback and yet positive attitude was unsurpassed. Hassãn Bitar, you challenged me to reach my maximum capacity of delivery and productivity, and for this I am truly grateful. To Paula Samaha also, for your encouragement, I thank you. Valéry Masson, your unmatched support throughout the process of my research was most sincerely appreciated. Aude Lemonsu, considering your extremely busy 3 schedule, and not to mention your personal agenda, you still dedicated a substantial amount of time to help me perfect my research and for that I am truly grateful. To Ali Msallem and Wissam Katerji I thank you for your unparalleled support in helping me to master the ArcGIS software. To Jobran Hammoud, my close friend and colleague you were without doubt the greatest support throughout the full four years of my PhD venture and for that I thank you most sincerely. My dearest friend and colleague Rodolf Ghoussoub, you personally and painstakingly worked with me and helped me progress with my research work well into the wee hours of the morning. Thank you! Vahakn Kabakian, my friend and colleague, your support throughout this process in providing any necessary information was invaluable. Sami Ibrahim, my friend and colleague, you provided me with endless amounts of crucial data. Abood Hajjar and Martin Hendel, my enthusiastic colleagues, I thank you for your continuous support, even amid your busy schedules. Morgane Colombert, I thank you for your dedicated time and guidance especially during my trips to Paris. Pierre El Khoury, your valuable contribution was and will always be truly appreciated. To a friend and colleague Dr. Christine Mady who introduced me to this program from the start and of course I could not forget Dr. Jala Makhzoumi, a dear colleague who encouraged me most sincerely to start this program, given my not so easy personal circumstances. And finally, I thank the following institutions without which this project would not have been possible: the Neighborhood Initiative of the American University of Beirut led by Dr. Cynthia Myntti; the Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI) headed by Dr. Michel Afram; the Central Administration of Statistics (CAS); the Ministry of Energy of Water; the Ministry of Environment; Directorate General of Urban Planning; 4 and the Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation (LCEC). I am hopeful that our work together will better the quality of life for the residents of our country, and set an example to neighbouring countries. 5 Abstract Replacement of natural surfaces with artificial surfaces, anthropogenic heat emissions and urban geometry can lead to one of the more widely documented phenomena of climate change known as the urban heat island (UHI). In Beirut, there is no evidence that the UHI has been investigated or even considered in relevant policies or construction standards. In this research, the UHI is investigated across Beirut to find the most suitable mitigation solutions within urban planning and design disciplines. The methodology adopted included using the Town Energy Balance model of Météo France (Masson, 2000) which parameterizes the surface-atmospheric energy exchanges. Simulations determined that raising the solar reflectance of roof materials had the highest impact on alleviation of the UHI followed by increasing garden fractions. Improvements could be made in the Urban Planning Law #69 (dated 1983), the Building Code #646 (dated 2004) and the existing institutional framework to ensure protection of the urban microclimate. Transfer of urban climatic knowledge amongst all relevant stakeholders could also be beneficial in this regard. Indeed, TEB could be an important decision-making tool and a means to promote evidence-based planning and design practices in Beirut. Limitations included limited data availability, which were accordingly extrapolated using aerial imagery. TEB also requires simplified architectural data requirements and does not have the option to include street orientations in its simulations. Future research could include investigation of the impacts of cooling by increasing evaporation, and cooling by implementation of water-film surfaces, as well as 6 the investigation of the actual possibility of intervention and implementation of proposed mitigating actions for Beirut, taking into consideration economic and social conditions. Key words: Urban Heat Island, Beirut, Town Energy Balance, Urban Planning, Building Code 7 Résumé Le remplacement des surfaces naturelles par des surfaces artificielles, les émissions de chaleur anthropique et la géométrie urbaine peut résulter au phénomène plus ou moins documenté du changement climatique, aussi connu sous le nom de l’Ilot de Chaleur Urbain (ICU). il n’y aurait pas de preuves que ce phénomène a été le sujet d'enquêtes approfondies ou même encore pris en considération dans l'élaboration des politiques nationales relatives ou des standards de construction. Dans cette étude, le ICU sera le sujet d’enquête à travers Beyrouth afin d’identifier les solutions atténuantes au sein même des disciplines de planification urbaine et de la conception. La méthodologie adoptée inclue l’utilisation du model Town Energy Balance de Météo France (Masson, 2000) qui fournit des paramètres sur l’échange d’énergie entre les surfaces et l’atmosphère. Les simulations ont déterminé que l’augmentation de l’aptitude de réflexion solaire des matériaux des toits est le facteur le plus important sur la réduction de l’ICU dans la ville de Beyrouth, suivit par l’augmentation des espaces verts. Des améliorations pourraient être introduites à la loi sur la planification urbaine 69 de 1983, le code de construction 646 de 2004 et le cadre institutionnel existant pour assurer la protection du microclimat urbain. Le transfert de connaissance sur le climat urbain entre les différents acteurs pourrait aussi être bénéfique à ce sujet. Au fait, TEB pourrait être un outil de prise de décision important et un moyen pour promouvoir une planification fondée sur les preuves et des pratiques de conception à Beyrouth. 8 Les limites dont a souffert cette étude ont été les informations disponibles limitées, qui ont été tout de même extrapolées à travers l’utilisation de l’imagerie aérienne. Le EVV requit aussi des exigences d’information architecturale simplifiées et ne fournit pas l’option d’inclure le sens des rues dans la simulation. Les recherches à l’avenir pourraient inclure des enquêtes sur l’impact du refroidissement à travers l’augmentation de l’évaporation et le refroidissement à travers l’installation de surfaces de films d’eau, ainsi que la considération de la possibilité pratique d’intervention et la mise en place des mesures d’atténuation suggérées pour
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