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FA 33 Zahid Militant Jihad Centre Français de Recherche sur le Renseignement FOREIGN ANALYSIS N°33 INFLUENCES OF ABU ALA MAUDUDI ON ISLAMO-JIHADI THOUGHTS OF ABDULLAH AZZAM THE FATHER OF MODERN JIHAD MOVEMENT Dr Farhan Zahid Ph D, Counter-Terrorism and Security Analyst (Pakistan). Marc Sageman, a prominent terrorism expert, describes Muslims as latecomers to modern terrorism. He further seconded that Islam like all other religions professes peace but like every other religions, Islam also has violent radical sects, voicing violent extremism on the name of religion1. David Rapoport also listed Islamist terrorism as fourth and the current wave in modern history of terrorism. He explained the wave as, “Islam is at the heart of the wave. Islamic groups have conducted the most significant, deadly, and profoundly international attacks. Equally significant, the political events providing the hope for the fourth wave originated in Islam, and the successes achieved apparently influenced terror groups elsewhere2.” Radical Islamist ideologues Abul Ala Maududi, Syed Qutb, Abdul Salam Faraj and Abu Mohammad al-Maqidisi had been producing jihadist texts since the first quarter of twentieth century but their works did not get wide prominence until the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and US involvement in that conflict. Founder of Islamist party Jamaat-e- Islami Pakistan, Abul Ala Maududi may be termed as the most prolific as far as his influence on other ideologues was concerned. Before 1979, there had been incidents involving violent Islamist organizations but their impact was minimal. Now it’s a fait accompli that it was the US role during Afghan War and material support rendered to jihadist organizations that eventually strengthened and boasted them. Four countries could be directly or indirectly involved in allowing the jihadi movement to take its roots, namely : Egypt, where the jihadi movement started during late 1960s after the execution of Syed Qutb by the hands of Jamal Nasir’s military regime; Saudi Arabia, which bankrolled the jihadi movement and granted asylum to most of Egyptian Islamist ideologues; Pakistan, where Islamist military regime of General Zia ul Haq allowed jihadis to receive training at camps in 1 Marc Sageman, Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009, p.28 2 David C Rapoport, “The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism”, Current History, (December 2001), pp. 419- 25. ___________________________________________________________________________ 21 boulevard Haussmann, 75009 Paris - France Tél. : 33 1 53 43 92 44 - Fax : 33 1 53 43 92 92 - www.cf2r.org Association régie par la loi du 1er juillet 1901 - SIRET n° 453 441 602 000 19 2 Pakistan and then fight against the Soviet forces in Afghanistan; and finally the United States, for providing training of trainers and providing necessary equipment for the violent Islamist movement. The CIA-ISI-GID troika was instrumental in training, funding, arming and facilitating not only the Afghan Islamist groups but also Arabs and other radical Muslims who flocked to Pakistan and received training at the camps established during that period.1 During Afghan War period (1979-89), the potential jihadists were provided with the best opportunity to actually implement and execute jihadist agendas. It was during that period that jihadists from Indonesia to North America had flocked to Pakistan and taken advantage to training camps in border areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan and in tribal areas of Pakistan. Islamist officials at the helm of affairs in Pakistan were too generous to include them in training programs and there they received state of art training, indeed taught first to Pakistani instructors by US trainers (training of trainers/ToT Programs). Pakistan had truly become the epicenter of Islamist radicals who flocked to the country for ‘jihad, glory and honor’. It is pertinent to note here that before Afghan War the center for Islamist movements and jihadist ideologues was Egypt, and it was from Egypt that most of stalwart jihadist turned to Pakistan. According to Steve Coll, by 1986 Afghan Cell headed by Brigadier Mohammad Yousaf of Pakistani intelligence had been able to construct a network of training camps for Afghan Islamist guerillas near Afghan border. “Between sixteen thousand and eighteen thousand fresh recruits passed through his camps and training courses each year.2”. According to one Pakistani intelligence source, “some 5,000 Saudis, 3,000 Yemenis, 2,000 Egyptians, 2,800 Algerians, 400 Tunisians, 370 Iraqis, 200 Libyans, and scores of Jordanians were fighting in Afghanistan against the Soviet forces3.”4. Those camps continued to produce fresh graduates even after Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989 and even after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Saudi Arabia’s General Intelligence Department (GID), headed by Prince Turki al- Faisal, played a pivotal role after the Siege of Mecca incident of 1979.5 After that incident the disgruntled Saudi Wahabi jihadists had started to pose a new and crucial problem for the Kingdom. In this connection, the potentially radical Saudi youth were provided with the opportunity to participate in that war and were given preferential treatment. Keeping in view of the jihadi threat within after the Siege of Mecca incident, the Saudi GID became actively involved in the Afghan War against the Soviets, alongside CIA and ISI. The Saudis dispatched fresh recruits to Pakistan and then to facilitate them to reach at the battlefields required a wide network. In this regard, the Saudis were lucky enough to have Professor Abdullah Azzam by their side. Azzam, a former Muslim Brotherhood activist - and contemporary of Shaikh Omar Abdul Rehman (instigator of Twin Tower Bombings, 1995), Mohammad Qutb (brother of Syed Qutb), Ayman al-Zawahiri and Islambouli Brothers (main conspirators in Anwar Saadat’s assassination in 1981) - 1 Robert D Billard Jr., “Operation Cyclone: How the United States Defeated the Soviet Union”, Undergraduate Research Journal at University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Volume 3.2, October 2010 2 Steve Coll, Ghost War s: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 2001, Penguin Publisher, 2004, p.144 3 Mohammad Amir Rana, Safdar Sial, and Abdul Basit, Dynamics of Taliban Insurgency in FATA, Pakistan Institute of Peace Studies (2010), PIPS Publication, p. 13. 4 Interviews with retired intelligence officers confirmed the figures but requested for anonymity. 5 Khalid Hasan, “The Siege of Mecca”, Khalid Hasan Online, available at : http://www.khalidhasan.net/2008/10/17/the-siege-of-mecca/ 3 became a central figure and in years to come and also to become the strategic founder of Al-Qaeda1. Azzam, a professor of theology at Jeddah University, could truly be called as the father of modern day jihad movement. A Palestinian by descent, Azzam studied at prestigious Al-Azhar University, Cairo, from where he received doctorate in theology. Azzam’s credentials, social background, and zeal, were significant for making him a brand new jihadist ideologue. He moved to Peshawar, Pakistan, in 1981, and opened up Maktab-ul Khidmat (Services Office) for facilitating the arrival of radical Islamist youth in Pakistan from Arab countries. Maktab was their base camp in Peshawar. It was Maktab that later transformed into Al-Qaeda upon Azzam’s death in Peshawar in 1989.2 Azzam’s writings hold the key in painting the fresh picture of militant jihadism. Although many of his ideas were borrowed ones from the writings of earlier Islamist ideologues but Azzam’s influence was unmatched. He was himself there at the ‘base camp’ of jihad, practically professing it to ‘holy warriors’ and preaching ‘virtues’ of militant jihad against ‘infidel’ Soviets elsewhere in the world.3 Azzam’s philosophy was jihadist from the beginning and throughout his stay in Peshawar during Afghan War as facilitator of Arab mujahedeen he focused on no other issue. Altogether he co-founded three Wahabi/Salafist militant organizations during his career as jihadist. First, he was instrumental in setting the stage for Al-Qaeda, which he called Al- Qaeda al-Sulba (the solid base). His plan was to establish a platform of jihadist worldwide or we could say Jihad International. He envisioned Afghan War as the beginning of a worldwide conflict led by Islamist forces with eventual target of liberating Palestine or in simple words global jihad4. Second, he was amongst the founding members of Palestinian terrorist organization Hamas at Gaza in 1987, which he considered as the Middle Eastern wing of his Al-Qaeda al-Sulba. Shaikh Ahmed Yassin and Mahmoud Zahar were former members of Muslim Brotherhood like Azzam and espoused same jihadist tendencies. To this day Azzam’s Islamist jihad ideology is the main driving force for Hamas.5 Third, he provided seed money and laid the foundations of Lashkar-e-Taiba with Hafiz Mohammad Saeed and Professor Zafar Iqbal at Kumar province of Afghanistan in 1987, The LeT is now a formidable Wahabi/Salafist terrorist organization and a major non-state armed actor based in Pakistan6. One thing common amongst these three major terrorist organizations is Saudi financial support. Within short span these small groups have turned into serious regional and global security threats. Azzam’s militant jihadism could be seen in action by examining any Wahabi/Salafist/Deobandi Islamist organization worldwide. Whether its Nigerian Boko 1 Op. cit., Coll, p.156 2 “Profile: Abdullah Azzam”, Global Security, available at : http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/abdullah_azzam.htm 3 LCDR Youssef Aboul-Enein, “The Late Sheikh Abdullah Azzam’s Books, Part I: Strategic Leverage of the Soviet-Afghan War to Undertake Perpetual Jihad”, Center for Combating Terrorism (CTC) at West Point, 2008, p. 6. 4 LCDR Youssef Aboul-Enein, “The Late Sheikh Abdullah Azzam’s Books: Strategic Leverage of the Soviet- Afghan War to undertake Perpetual Jihad, Part-I”, Combating Terrorism Center, Guest Commentary, p.
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