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Christmas Island CHRISTMAS ISLAND AND ITS POSTAL HISTORY By THE PACIFIC ISLANDS CIRCLE OF THE ROYAL SYDNEY PILATELIC CLUB CHRISTMAS ISLAND AND ITS POSTAL HISTORY By THE PACIFIC ISLANDS CIRCLE OF THE ROYAL SYDNEY PILATELIC CLUB With an introduction by J. WHITSED DOVEY, F.R.P.S.L. MELBOURNE THE HAWTHORN PRESS 1953 "CHRISTMAS ISLAND AND ITS POSTAL HISTORY" is the second of a series of monographs concerning the stamps of Australia and the Pacific Islands to be published at regular intervals by The Hawthorn Press The edition is limited to 300 copies No 1: South-West Pacific Islands No 2: Christmas Island and Its Postal History I N T R O D U C T I O N The stamps of the Pacific Islands have long been prime favourites, particularly with Australian collectors. There is an aura of romance about the South Seas with its voyages of discovery, tropic islands, waving palms and colourful person- alities; even if the history of many island groups has it darker side. Apart from the stamps listed in the standard catalogue there is a special fascination in those issues which served local needs where no government service existed, and in this field the stamps of Christmas Island, which form the subject of this monograph, are of particular interest to philatelists, so little having been known about them until recent years. The Pacific Island Circle ("Pixies") of the Royal Sydney Philatelic Club was founded in 1941 by the late J.F. Hambly, the father of Pacific Islands collecting in Australia, and Mr Romney Gibbons, the present convener, to bring together a limited number of specialists for intensive study of the stamps of the various island groups. Members meet monthly for dinner before adjourning for discussion of particular problems and the Circle makes a feature of entertaining interstate and overseas visitors interested in Pacific Islands stamps. The Circle has given displays annually at the meetings of the Sydney Club for many years, also occasional displays at meetings of other societies. The members have published their researches on the stamps of Aitutaki, British Solomon Islands, and Chatham Islands, in addition to the present work , and are now engaged on Cook Islands. Other questions concerning specific stamps and covers are brought up from time to time and the group aims at functioning as a Court of Appeal on philatelic matters concerning the Pacific Islands. One of the problems facing the Circle in the study of the issues of Christmas Island has been the scarcity of material, only the last issue being comparatively easy to find, and it is hoped that the publicity now given to these stamps will bring further stamps and covers to light. From the material available, however, the Circle has made a careful study of the method of printing, the use made of the stamps and the cancellations employed; while the record of the use of the stamps of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands there since 1939 and the use of U.S.A. stamps by the Army Post Office during the war rounds off the philatelic history of this outpost of Empire. Combination covers showing these local stamps used with the stamps of the U.S.A. or the French Oceanic Settlements have a wide appeal and the interest of subject collectors is catered for by the picture of the Ysabel May and the red- tailed Tropic Bird or Bosun Bird on all the local stamps. 1 CHRISTMAS ISLAND AND ITS POSTAL HISTORY It is hoped that this monograph dealing with stamps which, although only known to a limited circle of collectors, have actually served genuine postal needs since 1918, will open up a new field for Pacific Islands specialists, and Christmas Island being located at one of the staging posts of trans-Pacific flight is likely to come more and more into the news. J. WHITSED DOVEY, F.R.P.S.L. President, The Royal Sydney Philatelic Club 2 CHRISTMAS ISLAND AND ITS POSTAL HISTORY I. GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL Christmas Island is situated in the Pacific, just north of the equator, 1.59° North latitude and 157,30° West longitude, and about 164 miles south-east by east of Fanning Island. It is about 100 miles in circumference, surrounding one of the largest lagoons in the Pacific. It was discovered by Captain Cook, who sighted it on 24 December 1777, and remained there until 2 January of the following year, during which time he was occupied in observing an eclipse and catching turtle, which abounded on the island. The date of the discovery by Captain Cook accounts for the island's name. In 1902 the British Government leased the island for a term of 99 years to Lever's Pacific Plantations Ltd. who planted certain areas with coconut palms. In December 1913 the lease was transferred to "Father" Emmanuel Rougier, who registered a Company in London styled Central Pacific Cocoanut Plantations Ltd. In a book, published in 1914, Rougier states, "the intention is to populate the island with colonists and workers of all nationalities and colours." The colonisation scheme failed and for years the plantations were worked by imported Tahitian labour, controlled by Rougier, who had his headquarters in Tahiti. About 1200 acres were under coconuts but periodic droughts caused the production of copra to be low. Rougier died in 1932 but operations were continued by his nephew until the end of 1939, when the personnel of Central Pacific Cocoanut Plantations Ltd were withdrawn. During this period the following vessels were registered as owned by Rougier and presumably maintained periodic communications with the island. 1925-31 - Roy Somers, schooner, 315 tons 1932-35 - Marechal Foch, three masted schooner, 383 tons 1935-39 - Tooya, twin-screw motor vessel, 597 tons. The advance of aviation brought the island into prominence as a potential seaplane base and in February 1937 a British warship visited the island and landed an official British representative to maintain a daily radio weather service. By an Order in Council, dated 31 July 1918, Christmas Island had been incorporated 5 CHRISTMAS ISLAND AND ITS POSTAL HISTORY 6 CHRISTMAS ISLAND AND ITS POSTAL HISTORY into the Gilbert and Ellice Island Colony, but it was not until February 1939 that a branch of the Colony's Post Office was opened there. At this period representatives of the Public Works Department of New Zealand made surveys for both air-strips and a sea-plane base, a long stone jetty being built for the later project. During World War II the U.S. Army built an air-base at the north-east of the island and an American Army Post Office functioned there from 11/2/42 until it closed in September 1948. The civil Post Office ceased to operate during the war period, but re-opened in December 1948. During the war period and after, the plantations were worked by imported Gilbertese, but in 1952 it was decided that the District Officer for the area should move his residence from Fanning to Christmas Island and that Gilbertese families should be settled on the plantations. 7 II. THE LOCAL STAMPS There is no evidence that any postal organisation existed on Christmas Island until Rougier's arrival. Before then any letters must have been sent by vessels chartered by Levers or by chance opportunity. Rougier's Company, however, was responsible for the existence of certain local stamps, which may have originated in connection with his colonisation scheme. The late Fred J. Melville, in his Phantom Philately, summed up the position as known to him by stating that letters and packets carried by the Company's vessel "have to bear the Christmas Island stamp, the face value of which is denoted as 5 cents, and according to what port the ship puts in to, it is the equivalent value of 5 cents American, 25 centimes French or 2½d in British money. The stamp is cancelled by the Co's agent and, on reaching the port, the Captain affixes the necessary stamps of the country at which he arrives, to ensure the letter or packet being carried to its ultimate destination. The labels thus serve to ensure the transport of letters to the first connection with an official British, French or United States post, and to reimburse the Company for its expense in transit and in affixing the necessary postage stamps at the port of arrival." It may be noted that the above extract only covers letters requiring to be forwarded through an official postal organisation; articles carried to destinations by the Company required only the local stamp to be affixed. As to arrangements for inward mail, apart from a paragraph in Stamp Collecting of 15 October 1921, stating that most of the inward mail passed through Tahiti and that the local stamp was attached en route, we have no evidence on this aspect. This stamp is first mentioned in the philatelic press in the Collectionneur de Timbres Poste of July 1916, but the first evidence of their use we have been able to trace is confined to the following five covers: Date Addressed to 11/1/18 Mademoiselle Alice Rougier de Rochigoude, Kaiau, C.I. 21/1/18 Zenira Lane (?) Motutatu, C.I. 14/2/18 Mlle Mthe Pugeaut, C.I. 21/2/18 Joe B. English, Manager, Kaiau, C.I. 31/3/18 Joe B. English, Tarawa, C.I. All the above have the stamp postmarked with the cancellation referred to later as Type 2, with inscription CHRISTMAS ISLAND - LOOCAL POST. 8 CHRISTMAS ISLAND AND ITS POSTAL HISTORY From a map in Rougier's book, which shows the island at the time it was being worked by Levers, Kaihau was the settlement on the southern point of the only entrance to the lagoon, called Cook's passage, which settlement was renamed "Paris" by Rougier at a later date.
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