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The White Ensign Magazine Issue 5 ISSUE 05 WINTER 2008 COMMEMORATIVE ISSUE: THE NAVY AND NUCLEAR TESTING IN THE PACIFIC www.navymuseum.mil.nz COMMEMORATIVE ISSUE: THE NAVY AND NUCLEAR TESTING IN THE PACIFIC Te Waka Taonga o Te Taua Moana o Aotearoa EDITOR: Theresa Manson P: 09 4461824 Deck Plate from HMNZS PUKAKI PUKAKI’s motto: Kua Pukekotai (to become experienced or knowing). E: [email protected] DESIGN AND PHOTOGRAPHY: Nikki Payne P: 09 4461820 DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE E: [email protected] ARCHIVE PHOTOGRAPHS: WELcomE to issue five of The White Ensign. 2299 Paul Restall In 1956 over 500 New Zealand Sailors aboard HMNZ Ships R contents P: 09 4461825 PUKAKI and ROTOITI sailed to Christmas Island in the Pacific ON THE COVER: ISSUE 05 WintER 2008 E: [email protected] Ocean to witness Britain’s Nuclear Bomb testing. September this year Leading Telegraphist Dennis Horne’s Crossing the Line Certificate Code Name: Operation GRAPPLE DISTRIBUTION: marks the 50th Anniversary of the last of these tests, code named - HMNZS ROTOITI 1957. 04 Christine Hodgson Operation GRAPPLE. P: 09 4461821 Late in 1973 the Navy again witnessed nuclear testing in the pacific, 08 A Personal Recollection E: [email protected] this time as political protestors against French Nuclear testing. Finally HMNZS PUKAKI at Grapple YANKEE in 1995 with Operation VALERIAN HMNZS TUI was sent by the EDITORIAL ADVISORS: CDR David Wright New Zealand Government to protest against the last French Nuclear 10 Mururoa Mr Cliff Heywood test at Mururoa Atoll. French Nuclear Testing at Mururoa LT CDR Barbara Cassin The Navy was also heavily involved in another twist to the nuclear testing story when, in 1985, the Greenpeace Flagship the Rainbow Our Sailors Speak PRINT: Warrior was bombed and sunk in Auckland harbour, the Navy was 14 APN Print NZ Ltd. called on to salvage the vessel and to assist police with gathering Bert Anscombe REGULAR CONTRIBUTORS: evidence for the investigation. Katherine Bol Collections In this commemorative issue of The White Ensign we remember 50 Souvenir Poster KK 0006 16 Rose Evans Project Manager, Exhibitions years of the Navy’s involvement in nuclear testing in the Pacific both as T Operation GRAPPLE Claire Freeman Collection Manager witness and as protester. Russ Glackin Museum Guide All members of the Ships Company who I am also very pleased to be able to announce that we have recently Mururoa 1995-6 Cliff Heywood Deputy Director participated in the H-bomb tests at 18 Kelly-Ana Morey Oral Historian received approval to redevelop the Navy Museum at Torpedo Bay. Christmas Island 1957-58 were given a Operation VALERIAN Debbie McKinney Team Leader Guides While the approval is tremendous news for the Museum and all our Pewter Tankard with Operation GrappLE SLF 0002 badge on front. Paul Restall Photo Archivist supporters it represents only the beginning of a long road as we now Unofficial homemade flag - Memories of Operation GrappLE HMNZS CANTERBURY 1973. CDR David Wright Director commence the very hard work of developing a new Navy Museum of 20 Michael Wynd Researcher Terry Bruce which we can all be extremely proud. Our Christmas edition of The White Ensign will focus on the The White Ensign (ISSN 117-8008) is published Recollections of Mururoa quarterly and is the official journal of the Royal New incredible history of Torpedo Bay and also provide every one with the 22 Gerry Wright Zealand Navy Museum. The views expressed in it latest news and hopefully some plans of the new development. are not necessarily those of the RNZN or the NZDF. Archival photographs are the property of the Navy From the Collection Museum and are not to be reproduced without DC WRIGHT 24 written permission. Anyone who would like to Commander, RNZN Ephemera and Memorabilia contribute an article to The White Ensign is asked to Director Navy Museum first contact the Editor. To join or leave our mailing Medal list please contact Christine Hodgson. 25 The New Zealand Special Service Medal (Nuclear Testing) All enquiries: Navy Museum, Private Bag 32 901, Devonport, North Shore City 0744, New Zealand 26 RNZN Salvage Operation Salvage of the Rainbow Warrior O 0029 Did you know? AA 30 Information BACK COVER PHOTO: Highlights Testing for radiation hot spots after bomb detonation. HMNZS PUKAKI c1957. Upcoming Exhibitions and Events Deck Plate from HMNZS ROTOITI ROTOITI’s motto: Takain (Bind Together). THE WHITE ENSIGN WINTER 08 3 HISTCOLUOMRICALN HEAD BACKGROUND OPERATION GRAPPLE 1956-1958 CODE NAME: Operation Grapple Britain’s Development of the Nuclear Bomb When the USA dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in August 1945 to end World War 2 in the Pacific, they made the possession of G nuclear power a major Wright . P requisite for Great Power rivate C status in the post-war world. ollection The British, no less than the Russians and French, ABOVE: Christmas Island 1957. scrambled to close the BELOW: Pennant from HMNZS ROTOITI. alarming nuclear gap that ALLIES AT ODDS Britain’s scientists had long conceived they were impressed at how technically had been opened by the of the concept of nuclear power and advanced the British were and pressed Americans and so began a were committed to the development of Roosevelt to set up the Manhattan nuclear arms race that was nuclear weapons but it was not until two Project and propose a joint collaboration nuclear scientists at the University of with the British. Britain’s chilly response the very essence of the Cold Birmingham published a paper in 1940 was ironically at odds with what later War. There in lay the seeds of theorising on the source of the fast chain transpired but they were concerned at the reaction necessary for an atomic bomb, ability of the Americans to keep secrets. Britain’s Operation GRAPPLE that the concept became a feasibility. They were uneasy about America’s in the South Pacific. The Maud Committee was immediately neutral position in the war at that point set up to explore the possibility of the and they were understandably reluctant feasibility becoming a reality. to surrender their nuclear advantage When the Americans read the which would be vital in the post-war first Maud Report world. Britain needed America’s help to win the war. Churchill, accompanied u AA O 0027 ABOVE: 15 May 1957, HMNZS PUKAKI, crew seated on the deck awaiting the atomic blast. 2299 R 4 THE WHITE ENSIGN WINTER 08 THE WHITE ENSIGN WINTER 08 5 HISTCOLUOMRICALN HEAD BACKGROUND OPERATION GRAPPLE 1956-1958 The test site at Maralinga was completed involvement in nuclear testing in early 1956 at a cost of five million when RNZN sailors were deployed Successful testing of Britain’s megaton range pounds. At the same time construction at the request of the British to nuclear weapons during Operation GRAPPLE had already begun at Christmas Island. witness nuclear testing off the required the cooperation of the three military coasts of Christmas and Malden services and civilian scientists. These four DEVELOPING A BRITISH H-BOMB Islands in the Pacific Ocean. main arms are symbolised in the 4-pointed Britain decided to manufacture its own These tests were the final block grapnel carried by a cormorant. The cormorant H-bomb in June 1954 as the Americans carried out by Britain in Australia is a symbol frequently used for inter-service and the Russians had already developed and the Pacific. 551 men and two cooperation. and tested their H-bombs. They got frigates (HMNZS ROTOITI a “bigger bang for their buck” as the and PUKAKI) comprised New This booklet was created for the information of H-bomb was cheaper to manufacture Zealand’s contribution. Their the men who worked on Operation GRAPPLE. than the A-bomb. The original Test official duties were to witness the The introduction by Task Force Commander Air Agreement with the Australians had explosions and collect weather Vice-Marshall W. E. Oulton suggests it would specifically excluded hydrogen weapon data, although some New Zealand “serve as a pleasant souvenir of what must testing on the Australian mainland so the sailors also monitored the test area surely be one of the most interesting periods hunt was on for another testing ground. for Russian and American spy- of your lives.” The requirements for the new site were subsmarines. British ownership in the largest area of The first bomb was dropped LEFT: PUKAKI Operation GRAPPLE funnel Insignia from a Valiant bomber at 13000 ABOVE RIGHT: Souvenir Booklet for men serving in Operation sea with the least number of adjacent land GRAPPLE, published by the British Government c1956. masses and the least number of people. feet on the 15 May 1957. Many The finger fell upon Christmas Island, who witnessed the blast were the Pacific’s largest atoll, a 1000 miles astonished and terrified by its by his daughter, travelled to America to and could see no political advantage for Australia to start a nuclear energy south of Hawaii and 1500 miles north of power. William Oates, a storeman O 0028 request Franklin Roosevelt to come into in continued collaboration with a poor programme of their own, readily agreed Fiji, and adjacent to Malden Island. on the island recalled: ‘Probably AA the war. relation. The McMahon Act of 1946 to allow Britain’s first atomic bomb test to The British H-bomb Tests on the thing that scared me the most ABOVE: Scrubbing the decks in overalls and gas masks, the PUKAKI crew attempt to remove radioactive fallout. made it illegal for Americans to pass be conducted on the uninhabited Monte Christmas Island were code-named was not the ball of flame in the PEARL HARBOUR BOMBING information to another country on pain Bello Islands off Australia’s north-west Operation GRAPPLE.
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